COMMENTARY[1]
OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE, ON
THE EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE TO THE GALATIANS
By
St. John Chrysostom
CHAPTER I
VERSE I-3.
"Paul, an Apostle, (not from men, neither through man, but through
Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised Him from the dead ;) and
all the brethren which are with me, unto the Churches of Galatia: Grace
to you and peace from God the Father, and our Lord Jesus Christ."
The exordium[2] is full of a vehement and lofty
spirit, and not the exordium only, but also, so to speak, the whole
Epistle. For always to address one's disciples with mildness, even when
they need severity is not the part of a teacher but it would be the
part of a corrupter and enemy. Wherefore our Lord too, though He
generally spoke gently to His disciples, here and there uses sterner
language, and at one time pronounces a blessing, at another a rebuke.
Thus, having said to Peter, "Blessed art thou, Simon Barjona," (Matt.
xvi: 17.)and having promised to lay the foundation of the Church upon
his confession, shortly afterwards He says, "Get thee behind Me, Satan:
thou art a stumbling block unto Me." (Matt. xvi: 23.) Again, on another
occasion, "Are ye also even yet without understanding?" (Matt. xv: 16.)
And what awe He inspired them with appears from John's saying, that,
when they beheld Him conversing. with the Samaritan woman, though they
reminded Him to take food, no one ventured to say, "What seekest Thou,
or why speakest thou with her?" (John iv: 27.) Thus taught, and walking
in the steps of his Master, Paul hath varied his discourse according to
the need of his disciples, at one time using knife and cautery, at
another, applying mild remedies. To the Corinthians he says, "What will
ye? shall I come unto you with a rod, or in love, and in a spirit of
meekness?" (I Cor. vi: 21.) but to the Galatians, "O foolish
Galatians." (Gal. iii: 1 .) And not once only, but a second time, also
he has employed this reproof, and towards the conclusion he says with a
reproachful allusion to them, "Let no man trouble me; "(Gal. vi: 17).
but he soothes them again with the words, "My little children, of whom
"I am again in travail:" (Gal. iv: 19.) and so in many other instances.
Now that this Epistle breathes an indignant spirit,
is obvious to every one even on the first perusal; but I must explain
the cause of his anger against the disciples. Slight and unimportant it
could not be, or he would not have used such vehemence. For to be
exasperated by common 'matters is the part of the little-
2
minded, morose, and peevish; just as it is that of the more redolent
and sluggish to lose heart in weighty ones. Such a one was not Paul,
What then was the offence which roused him? it was grave and momentous,
one which was estranging them all from Christ, as he himself says
further on, "Behold, I Paul say unto you, that if ye receive
circumcision, Christ will profit you nothing;" (Gal. v: 2.) and again,
"Ye who would be justified by the Law, ye are fallen away from Grace."
(Gal. v: 4.) What then is this? For it must be explained more clearly.
Some of the Jews who believed, being held down by the preposessions of
Judaism, and at the same time intoxicated by vain-glory, and desirous
of obtaining for themselves the dignity of teachers,. came to the
Galatians, and taught them that the observance of circumcision,
sabbaths, and new-moons, was necessary, and that Paul in abolishing
these things was not to be borne. For, said they, Peter and James and
John, the chiefs of the Apostles and the companions of Christ, forbade
them not. Now in fact they did not forbid these things, but this was
not by way of delivering positive doctrine, but in condescension to the
weakness of the Jewish believers, which condescension paul had no need
of when preaching to the Gentiles; but when he was in Judaea, he
employed it himself[1] also. But these deceivers, by withholding the
causes both of Paul's condescension and that of his brethren, misled
the simpler ones, saying that he was not to be tolerated, for he
appeared but yesterday, while Peter and his colleagues were from the
first,--that he was a disciple of the Apostles, but they of
Christ,--that he was single, but they were many, and pillars of the
Church. They accused him too of acting a part; saying, that this very
man who forbids circumcision observes the rite elsewhere, and preaches
one way to you and another way to others.
Since Paul then saw the whole Galatian people in a
state of excitement, a flame kindled against their Church, and the
edifice shaken and tottering to its fall, filled with the mixed
feelings of just anger and despondency, (which he has expressed in the
words, "I could wish to be present with you now, and to change my
voice, "--Gal. iv: 20. )he writes the Epistle as an answer to these
charges. This is his aim from the very commencement, for the
underminers of his reputation had said, The others were disciples of
Christ but this man of the "Apostles." Wherefore he begins thus, "Paul,
an Apostle not from men, neither through man." For, these
deceivers, as I was saying before, had said that this man was the last
of all the Apostles and was taught by them, for Peter, James, and John,
were both first called, and held a primacy among the disciples, and had
also received their doctrines from Christ Himself; and that it was
therefore fitting to obey them rather than this man; and that they
forbad not circumcision nor the observance of the Law. By this and
similar language and by depreciating Paul, and exalting the honor of
the other Apostles, though not spoken for the sake of praising them,
but of deceiving the Galatians, they induced them to adhere
unseasonably to the Law. Hence the propriety of his commencement. As
they disparaged his doctrine, saying it came from men, while that of
Peter came from Christ, he immediately addresses himself to this point,
declaring himself an apostle "not from men, neither through man." It
was Ananias who baptized him, but it was not he who delivered him from
the way of error and initiated him into the faith; but Christ Himself
sent from on high that wondrous voice, whereby He inclosed him in his
net. For Peter and his brother, and John and his brother, He called
when walking by the seaside, (Matt. iv: 18.) but Paul after His
ascension into heaven. (Acts. ix: 3, 4.) And just as these did not
require a second call, but straightway left their nets and all that
they had, and followed Him, so this man at his first vocation pressed
vigorously forward, waging, as soon as he was baptized, an implacable
war with the jews. In this respect he chiefly excelled the other
Apostles, as he says, "I labored more abundantly than they all;" (I
Cot. xv: 10.) at present, however, he makes no such claim, but is
content to be placed on a level with them. Indeed his eat object was,
not to establish any superiority for himself, but, to overthrow the
foundation of their error. The not being "from men" has reference to
all alike for the Gospel's root and origin is divine, but the not being
"through man" is peculiar to the Apostles; for He called them not by
men's agency, but by His own.[2]
But why does be not speak of his vocation rather
than his apostolate, and say, "Paul" called "not by man?" Because here
lay the whole question; for they said that the office of a teacher had
been committed to him by men, namely by the Apostles, whom therefore it
behooved him to obey. But that it was not entrusted to him by men, Luke
declares in the
3
words, "As they ministered to the Lord, and fasted, the Holy Ghost
said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul." (Acts xiii: 2.)
From this passage it is manifest[1] that the power
of the Son and Spirit is one, for being commissioned by the Spirit, he
says that he was commissioned by Christ. This appears in another place,
from his ascription of the things of God to the Spirit, in the words
which he addresses to the elders at Miletus: "Take heed unto
yourselves, and to all the flock, in the which the Holy Ghost hath made
you bishops." (Acts xx: 28. ) Yet in another Epistle he says, "And God
hath set some in the Church, first Apostles, secondly prophets, thirdly
teachers." (I Cor. xii: 28.) Thus he ascribes indifferently the things
of the Spirit to God, and the things of God to the Spirit. Here too he
stops the mouths of heretics, by the words "through Jesus Christ and
God the Father;" for, inasmuch as they said this term "through" was
applied to the Son as importing inferiority, see what he does. He
ascribes it to the Father, thus teaching us not to prescribe laws to
the ineffable Nature, nor define the degrees of Godhead which belong to
the Father and Son. For to the words "through Jesus Christ" he has
added, "and God the Father;" for if at the mention of the Father alone
he had introduced the phrase "through whom," they might have argued
sophistically that it was peculiarly applicable to the Father, in that
the acts of the Son were to be referred to Him. But he leaves no
opening for this cavil, by mentioning at once both the Son and the
Father, and making his language apply to both. This he does, not as
referring the acts of the Son to the Father, but to show that the
expression implies no distinction of Essence.[2] Further, what can now
be said by those, who have gathered a notion of inferiority from the
Baptismal formula,--from our being baptized into the name of the
Father, Son, and Holy Spirit?[3] For if the Son be inferior because He
is named after the Father, what will they say seeing that, in the
passage before us, the Apostle beginning from Christ proceeds to
mention the Father?--but let us not even utter such a blasphemy, let us
not swerve from the truth in our contention with them; rather let us
preserve, even if they rave ten thousand times, the due measures of
reverence. Since then it would be the height of madness and impiety to
argue that the Son was greater than the Father because Christ was first
named, so we dare not hold that the Son is inferior to the Father,
because He is placed after Him in the Baptismal formula. "Who raised
Him from the dead."
Wherefore is it, O Paul, that, wishing to bring
these Judaizers to the faith, you introduce none of those great and
illustrious topics which occur in your Epistle to the Philippians, as,
"Who, being in the form of God, counted it not a prize to be on an
equality with God," (Phil. ii: 6.) or which you afterwards declared in
that to the Hebrews, "the effulgence of his glory, and the very image
of His substance;" (Heb. i: 3.) or again, what in the opening of his
Gospel the son of thunder sounded forth, "In the beginning was the
Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God;" (John i: I.) or
what Jesus Himself oftentimes declared to the Jews, "that His power and
authority was equal to the Father's?" (John v: 19, 27, &c.) Do you
omit all these, and make mention of the economy of His Incarnation
only, bringing forward His cross and dying? "Yes," would Paul answer.
For had this discourse been addressed to those who had unworthy
conceptions of Christ, it would have been well to mention those things;
but, inasmuch as the disturbance comes from persons who fear to incur
punishment should they abandon the Law, he therefore mentions that
whereby all need of the Law is excluded, I mean the benefit conferred
on all through the Cross and the Resurrection. To have said that "in
the beginning was the Word," and that "He was in the form of God, and
made Himself equal with God," and the like, would have declared the
divinity of the Word, but would have contributed nothing to the matter
in hand. Whereas it was highly pertinent thereto to add, "Who raised
Him from the dead," for our chiefest benefit was thus brought to
remembrance, and men in general are less interested by discourses
concerning the majesty of God, than by those which set forth the
benefits which come to mankind. Wherefore, omitting the former topic,
he discourses of the benefits which bad been conferred on us.
But here the heretics insultingly exclaim, "Lo, the
Father raises the Son!" For when once infected, they are wilfully deaf
to all sublimer doctrines; and taking by itself and insisting on what
is of a less exalted nature, and expressed in less exalted terms,
either on account of the Son's humanity, or in honor of the Father, or
for some other temporary purpose, they outrage, I will not say the
Scripture, but themselves. I would fain ask such persons, why they say
this? do they hope to prove the Son weak and powerless to raise one
body?
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Nay, verily, faith in Him enabled the very shadows of those who
believed in Him. to effect the resurrection of the dead. (Acts. v: 15.)
Then believers in Him, though mortal, yet by the very shadows of their
earthly bodies, and by the garments which had touched these bodies,
could raise the dead, but He could not raise Himself? Is not this
manifest madness, a great stretch of folly? Hast thou not heard His
saying, "Destroy this Temple, and in three days I will raise it up?"
(John ii: 19.) and again, "I have power to lay down my life, and I have
power to take it again?" (John x: 18.) Wherefore then is the Father
said to have raised Him up, as also to have done other things which the
Son Himself did? It is in honor of the Father, and in compassion to the
weakness of the hearers. "And all the brethren which are with me." Why
is it that he has on no other occasion in sending an epistle added this
phrase? For either he puts his own name only or that of two or three
others, but here has mentioned the whole number and so has mentioned no
one by name. On what account then does he this?
They made the slanderous charge that he was singular
in his preaching, and desired to introduce novelty in Christian
teaching. Wishing therefore to remove their suspicion, and to show he
had many to support him in his doctrine, he has associated with himself
"the brethren," to show that what he wrote he wrote with their
accord.[1] "Unto the Churches of Galatia."
Thus it appears, that the flame of error had spread
over not one or two cities merely, but the whole Galatian people.
Consider too the grave indignation contained in the phrase, "unto the
Churches of Galatia:" he does not say, "to the beloved" or "to the
sanctified," and this omission of all names of affection or respect,
and this speaking of them as a society merely, without the addition
"Churches of God," for it is simply "Churches of Galatia," is strongly
expressive of deep concern and sorrow. Here at the outset, as well as
elsewhere, he attacks their irregularities, and therefore gives them
the name of "Churches," in order to shame them, and reduce them to
unity. For persons split into many parties cannot properly claim this
appellation, for the name of' "Church" is a name of harmony and concord.
"Grace to you and peace from God the Father, and our
Lord Jesus Christ."
This he always mentions as indispensible, and in
this Epistle to the Galatians especially; for since they were in danger
of falling from grace he prays that they may recover it again, and
since they had come to be at war with God, he beseeches God to restore
them to the same peace. "God the Father."
Here again is a plain confutation of the heretics,
who say that John in the opening of his Gospel, where he says "the Word
was God," used the word <greek>Qeos</greek> without the
article, to imply an inferiority in the Son's Godhead; and that Paul,
where he says that the Son was "in the form of God," did not mean the
Father, because the word <greek>?eos</greek> without
the article. For what can they say here, where Paul says,
<greek>apo</greek> <greek>Qeou</greek>
II<greek>atros</greek>, and not
<greek>epo</greek> <greek>tou</greek>
<greek>?eou</greek>? And it is in no indulgent mood towards
them that he calls God, "Father," but by way of severe rebuke, and
suggestion of the source whence they became sons, for the honor was
vouch-safed to them not through the Law, but through the washing of
regeneration. Thus everywhere, even in his exordium, he scatters traces
of the goodness of God, and we may conceive him speaking thus: "O ye
who were lately slaves, enemies and aliens, what right have ye suddenly
acquired to call God your Father? it was not the Law which conferred
upon you this relationship; why do ye therefore desert Him who brought
you so near to God, and return to your tutor?[2]
But the Name of the Son, as well as that of the
Father, had been sufficient to declare to them these blessings. This
will appear, if we consider the Name of the Lord Jesus Christ with
attention; for it is said, "thou shalt call His Name Jesus; for it is
He that shall save His people from their sins;" (Matt. i: 21.) and the
appellation of" Christ" calls to mind the unction of the Spirit. Ver 4.
"Who gave himself for our sins."[3] Thus it appears, that the ministry
which He undertook was free and uncompelled; that He was delivered up
by Himself, not by another. Let not therefore the words of John, "that
the Father gave His only-begotten Son" (Jo. iii: 16.) for us, lead you
to derogate from the dignity of the Only-begotten, or to infer
therefrom that He is only human. For the Father is said to have given
Him, not as implying that the Son's ministry was a servile one, but to
teach us that it seemed good to the Father, as Paul too has shown in
the immediate context: "according to the will of our God, and Father."
He says not
5
"by the command," but "according to the will, " for inasmuch as there
is an unity of will in the Father and the Son, that which the Son
wills, the Father wills also.
"For our sins,[1] says the Apostle; we had pierced
ourselves with ten thousand evils, and had deserved the gravest
punishment; and the Law not only did not deliver us, but it even
condemned us, making sin more manifest, without the power to release us
from it, or to stay the anger of God. But the Son of God made this
impossibility possible for he remitted our sins, He restored us from
enmity to the condition of friends, He freely bestowed on us numberless
other blessings.
Ver. 4. "That He might deliver us out of this
present evil world."
Another class of heretics[2] seize upon these words
of Paul, and pervert his testimony to an accusation of the present
life. Lo, say they, he has called this present world evil, and pray
tell me what does "world" [age] <greek>aiwn</greek> mean
but time measured by days and seasons? Is then the distinction of days
and the course of the sun evil? no one would assert this even if he be
carried away to the extreme of unreasonableness. "But" they say, "it is
not the 'time,' but the present ' life,' which he hath called evil.'"
Now the words themselves do not in fact say this; but the heretics do
not rest in the words, and frame their charge from them, but propose to
themselves a new mode of interpretation. At least therefore they must
allow us to produce our interpretation, and the rather in that it is
both pious and rational. We assert then that evil cannot be the cause
of good, yet that the present life is productive of a thousand prizes
and rewards. And so the blessed Paul himself extols it abundantly in
the words, "But if to live in the flesh, if this is the fruit of my
work, then what I shall choose I wont not;" (Phil. i: 22.) and then
placing before himself the alternative of living upon earth, and
departing and being with Christ, he decides for the former. But were
this life evil, he would not have thus spoken of it, nor could any one,
however strenuous his endeavor, draw it aside into the service of
virtue. For no one would ever use evil for good, fornication for
chastity, envy for benevolence. And so, when he says, that "the
mind of the flesh is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can
it be, (Rom. viii: 7.) he means that vice, as such, cannot become
virtue; and the expression, "evil world," must be understood to mean
evil actions, and a depraved moral principle. Again, Christ came not to
put us to death and deliver us from the present life in that sense, but
to leave us in the world, and prepare us for a worthy participation of
our heavenly abode. Wherefore He saith to the Father, "And these are in
the world, and I come to Thee; I pray not that Thou shouldest take them
from the world, but that Thou shouldest keep them from the evil," (Jo.
xvii: 11, 15.) i.e., from sin. Further, those who will not allow this,
but insist that the present life is evil, should not blame those who
destroy themselves; for as he who withdraws himself from evil is not
blamed, but deemed worthy of a crown, so he who by a violent death, by
hanging or otherwise, puts an end to his life, ought not to be
condemned. Whereas God punishes such men more than murderers, and we
all regard them with horror, and justly; for if it is base to destroy
others, much more is it to destroy one's self. Moreover, if this life
be evil, murderers would deserve a crown, as rescuing us from evil.
Besides this, they are caught by their own words, for in that they
place the sun in the first, and the moon in the second rank of their
deities, and worship them as the givers of many goods, their statements
are contradictory. For the use of these and the other heavenly bodies,
is none other than to contribute to our present life, which they say is
evil, by nourishing and giving light to the bodies of men and animals
and bringing plants to maturity. How is it then that the constitution
of this "evil life is so ministered to by those, who according to you
are gods? Gods indeed they are not, far from it, but works of God
created for our use; nor is this world evil. And if you tell me of
murderers, of adulterers, of tomb-robbers, these things have nothing to
do with the present life, for these offences proceed not from that life
which we live in the flesh, but from a depraved will. For, if they were
necessarily connected with this life, as embraced in one lot with it,
no man would be free or pure from them, for no man can escape the
characteristic accidents of humanity, such as, to eat and drink, to
sleep and grow, to hunger and thirst, to be born and die, and the like;
no man can ever become superior to these, neither sinner nor just man,
king nor peasant, We all are subject to the necessity of nature. And so
if vice were an essential element of this life, no one could avoid it,
any more than the things just mentioned. And let me not be told that
good men are rare, for natural necessity is insuperable by all, so that
as long as one virtuous man shall be found, my argument will in no wise
be invalidated. Miserable, wretched man! what is it thou sayest? Is
this life evil, wherein we have learnt to know God, and meditate on
6
things to come, and have become angels instead of men, and take part in
the choirs of the heavenly powers? What other proof do we need of an
evil and .depraved mind?
"Why then," they say, "does Paul call the, present
life evil?" In calling the present world [age] evil, he has
accommodated himself to our usage, who are wont to say, "I have had a
bad day," thereby complaining not of the time itself, Out of actions or
circumstances And so Paul in complaining of evil principles of action
has used these customary forms of speech; and he shows that Christ hath
both delivered us from our offences, and secured us for the future. The
first he has declared in the words, "Who gave Himself for our sins;"
and by adding, "that He might deliver us out of this present evil
world," he has pronounced our future safety. For neither of these did
the Law avail, but grace was sufficient for both.
Ver. 4. "According to the will of our God and
Father."[1]
Since they were terrified by their notion that by
deserting that old Law and adhering to the new, they should disobey
God, who gave the Law, he corrects their error, and says, that this
seemed good to the Father also: and not simply "the Father," but "our
Father," which he does in order to affect them by showing that Christ
has made His Father our Father.
Ver. 5. "To whom be the glory for ever and ever.
Amen."
This too is new and unusual, for we never find the
word, "Amen" placed at the beginning of an Epistle, but a good way on;
here, however he has it in his beginning,. to show that what he had
already said contained a sufficient charge against the Galatians, and
that his argument was complete, for a manifest offence does not require
an elaborate crimination. Having spoken of the Cross, and Resurrection,
of redemption from sin and security for the future, of the purpose of
the Father, and the will of the Son, of grace and peace and His whole
gift, he concludes with an ascription of praise.
Another reason for it is the exceeding astonishment
into which he was thrown by the magnitude of the gift, the
superabundance of the grace, the consideration who we were, and what
God had wrought, and that at once and in a single moment of time.
Unable to express this in words, he breaks out into a doxology, sending
up for the whole world an eulogium, not indeed worthy of the subject,
but such as was possible to him. Hence too he proceeds to use more
vehement language; as if greatly kindled by a sense of the Divine
benefits, for having said, "To whom be the glory for ever and ever,
Amen," he commences with a more severe reproof.
Ver. 6. "I marvel that ye are so quickly[1]
removing[2] front Him that called you in the grace of Christ, unto a
different Gospel."
Like the Jews who persecuted Christ, they imagined
their observance of the Law was acceptable to the Father, and he
therefore shows that in doing this they displeased not only Christ, but
the Father also, for that they fell away thereby not from Christ only,
but from the Father also. As the old covenant was given not by the
Father only, but also by the Son, so the covenant of grace proceeded
from the Father as well as the Son, and Their every act is common: "All
things whatsoever the Father hath are Mine." (John xv: 16.) By saying
that they had fallen off from the Father, he brings a twofold charge
against them, of an apostasy, and of an immediate apostasy. The
opposite extreme a late apostasy, is also blameworthy, but he who falls
away at the first onset, and in the very skirmishing, displays an
example of the most extreme cowardice, of which very thing he accuses
them also saying: "How is this that your seducers need not even time
for their designs, but the first approaches suffice for your overthrow
and capture? And what excuse can ye have? If this is a crime among
friends, and he who deserts old and useful associates is to be
condemned, consider what punishment he is obnoxious to who revolts from
God that called him." He says," I marvel," not only byway of reproof,
that after such bounty, such a remission of their sins, such
overflowing kindness, they had deserted to the yoke of servitude, but
also in order to show, that the opinion he had had of them was a
favorable and exalted one. For, had he ranked them among ordinary and
easily deceived persons, he would not have felt surprise. "But since
you," he says, "are of the noble sort and have suffered, much, I do
marvel." Surely this was enough to recover and lead them back to their
first expressions. He alludes to it also in the middle of the Epistle,
"Did ye suffer so many things in vain? if it be indeed in vain." (Gal.
iii: 4.) "Ye are removing;" he says not, "ye are removed," that is, "I
will not believe or suppose that your seduction is complete;" this is
the language of one about to recover them, which further on he
expresses yet more clearly in the words, "I have confidence to you-ward
in the Lord that ye will be none otherwise minded." (Gal. v: 10.)
"From Him that called you in the grace of Christ."
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The calling is from the Father, but the cause of it
is the Son. He it is who hath brought about reconciliation and bestowed
it as a gift, for we were not saved by works in righteousness: or I
should rather say that these blessings proceed from Both ; as He says,
"Mine are Thine, and Thine are Mine." (John xvii: 10.) He says not "ye
are removing from the Gospel" but "from God who called you," a more
frightful expression, and more likely to affect them. Their seducers
did not act abruptly but gradually, and while they removed them from
the faith in fact, left names unchanged. It is the policy of Satan not
to set his snares in open view; had they urged them to fall away from
Christ, they would have been shunned as deceivers and corrupters, but
suffering them so far to continue in the faith, and putting upon their
error the name of the Gospel, without fear they undermined the building
employing the terms which they used as a sort of curtain to conceal the
destroyers themselves. As therefore they gave the name of Gospel to
this their imposture, he contends against the very name, and boldly
says, "unto a different Gospel,"--
Ver. 7. "Which is not another Gospel." And
justly, for there is not another.[1] Nevertheless the Marcionites[2]
are misled by this phrase, as diseased persons are injured even by
healthy food, for they have seized upon it, and exclaim, "So Paul
himself has declared there is no other Gospel." For they do not allow
all the Evangelists, but one only, and him mutilated and confused
according to their, pleasure. Their explanation of the words,
"according to my Gospel and the preaching of Jesus Christ," (Rom. xvi:
25.) is sufficiently ridiculous; nevertheless, for the sake of those
who are easily seduced, it is necessary to refute it. We assert,
therefore, that, although a thousand Gospels were written, if the
contents of all were the same, they would still be one, and their unity
no wise infringed by the number of writers. So, on the other hand, if
there were one writer only, but he were to contradict himself, the
unity of the things written would be destroyed. For the oneness of a
work depends not on the number of its authors, but on the agreement or
contra-dictoriness of its contents. Whence it is clear that the four
Gospels are one Gospel; for, as the four say the same thing, its
oneness is preserved by the harmony of the contents, and not impaired
by the difference of persons. And Paul is not now speaking of the
number but of the discrepancy of the things spoken. With justice might
they lay hold of this expression, if the Gospels of Matthew and Luke
differed in the signification of their contents, and in their doctrinal
accuracy; but as they are one and the same, let them cease being
senseless and pretending to be ignorant of these things which are plain
to the very children.
Ver. 7. "Only there are some that trouble you, and
would pervert the Gospel of Christ."
That is to say, ye will not recognize another
Gospel, so long as your mind is sane, so long as your vision
remains healthy, and free from distorted and imaginary phantoms. For as
the disordered eye mistakes the object presented to it, so does the
mind when made turbid by the confusion of evil thoughts. Thus the
madman confounds objects; but this insanity is more
dangerous than a physical malady, for it works injury not in the
regions of sense, but of the mind ; it creates confusion not in
the organ of bodily vision, but in the eye of the understanding.
"And would[3] pervert the Gospel of Christ."
They had, in fact, only introduced one or two commandments,
circumcision and the observance of days, but he says that the Gospel
was subverted, in order to show that a slight adulteration vitiates the
whole. For as he who but partially pares away the image on a royal coin
renders the whole spurious, so he who swerves ever so little from the
pure faith, soon proceeds from this to graver errors, and becomes
entirely corrupted. Where then are those who charge us with being
contentious in separating from heretics, and say that there is no real
difference between us except what arises from our ambition? Let them
hear Paul's assertion, that those who had but slightly innovated,
subverted the Gospel. Not to say that the Son of God is a created
Being, is a small matter. Know you not that even under the elder
covenant, a man who gathered sticks on the sabbath, and transgressed a
single commandment, and that not a great one, was punished with death?
(Num. xv: 32, 36.) and that Uzzah, who supported the Ark when on the
point of being overturned, was struck suddenly dead, because he had
intruded upon an office which did not pertain to him? (2 Sam. vi: 6,
7.) Wherefore if to transgress the sabbath, and to touch the falling
Ark, drew down the wrath of God so signally as to deprive the offender
of even a momentary respite, shall he who corrupts unutterably awful
doctrines find excuse and par-
8
don? Assuredly not. A want of zeal in small matters is the cause of all
our calamities; and because slight errors escape fitting correction,
greater ones creep in. As in the body, a neglect of wounds generates
fever, mortification, and death; so in the soul, slight evils
overlooked open the door to graver ones. It is accounted a trivial
fault that one man should neglect fasting; that another, who is
established in the pure faith, dissembling on account of circumstances,
should surrender his bold profession of it, neither is this anything
great or dreadful; that a third should be irritated, and threaten to
depart from the true faith, is excused on the plea of passion and
resentment. Thus a thousand similar errors are daily introduced into
the Church, and we are become a laughing-stock to Jews and Greeks,
seeing that the Church is divided into a thousand parties. But if a
proper rebuke had at first been given to those who attempted slight
perversions, and a deflection from the divine oracles, such a
pestilence would not have been generated, nor such a storm have seized
upon the Churches. You will now understand why Paul calls circumcision
a subversion of the Gospel. There are many among us now, who fast on
the same day as the Jews, and keep the sabbaths in the same manner; and
we endure it nobly or rather ignobly and basely. And why do I speak of
Jews seeing that many Gentile customs are observed by some among us;
omens, auguries, presages, distinctions of days, a curious attention to
the circumstances of their children's birth, and, as soon as they are
born, tablets with impious inscriptions are placed upon their unhappy
heads, thereby teaching them from the first to lay aside virtuous
endeavors, and drawing part of them at least under the false domination
of fate.[1] But if Christ in no way profits those that are circumcised,
what shall faith hereafter avail to the salvation of those who have
introduced such corruptions? Although circumcision was given by God,
yet Paul used every effort to abolish it, because its unseasonable
observance was injurious to the Gospel. If then he was so earnest
against the undue maintenance of Jewish customs, what excuse can we
have for not abrogating Gentile ones? Hence our affairs are now in
confusion and trouble, hence have our learners being filled with pride,
reversed the order of things throwing every thing into confusion, and
their discipline having been neglected by us their governors, they
spurn our reproof however gentle. And yet if their superiors were even
more worthless and full of numberless evils, it would not be right for
the disciple to disobey. It is said of the Jewish doctors, that as they
sat in Moses' seat, their disciples were bound to obey them, though
their works were so evil, that the Lord forbad His disciples to imitate
them. What excuse therefore is there for those who insult and trample
on men, rulers of the Church, and living, by the grace of God, holy
lives? If it be unlawful for us to judge each other, much more is it to
judge our teachers.
Ver. 8, 9. "But though we, or an angel from heaven,
should preach unto you any Gospel other than that which we preached
unto you, let him be anathema."
See the Apostle's wisdom; to obviate the objection
that he was prompted by vainglory to applaud his own doctrine, he
includes himself also in his anathema; and as they betook themselves to
authority, that of James and John, he mentions angels also saying,
"Tell me not of James and John; if one of the most exalted angels of
heaven corrupt the Gospel, let him be anathema." The phrase "of heaven"
is purposely added, because priests are also called angels. "For the
priest's lips should keep knowledge, and they should seek the law at
his mouth: for he is the messenger [angel] of the Lord of hosts." (Mal.
ii: 7.) Lest therefore it should be thought that priests are here
meant, by the term "angels," he points out the celestial intelligences
by the addition, "from heaven." And he says not, if they preach a
contrary Gospel, or subvert the whole of the true one, let them be
anathema; but, if they even slightly vary, or incidentally disturb, my
doctrine. "As we have said before, so say I now again." That his words
might not seem to be spoken in anger, or with exaggeration, or with
recklessness he now repeats them.[2] Sentiments may perhaps change,
when an expression has been called forth by anger, but to repeat it a
second time proves that it is spoken advisedly, and was previously
approved by the judgment. When Abraham was requested to send Lazarus,
he replied, "They have Moses and the Prophets; let them hear them: if
they hear them not, neither will they be persuaded, if one rise from
the dead." ( Luke xvi: 31.) And Christ introduces Abraham thus
speaking, to show that He would have the Scriptures accounted more
worthy of credence, even than one raised from the dead: Paul too, (and
when I say Paul, I mean Christ, who directed his mind,)prefers them
before an angel come down from heaven. And justly, for the angels,
though mighty, are but servants and ministers, but the Scriptures were
all written and sent, not by servants, but
9
by God the Lord of all. He says, if "any man" preach another Gospel to
you than that which we have preached,--not "if this or that man:" and
herein appears his prudence, and care of giving offence, for what
needed there still any mention of names, when he had used such
extensive terms as to embrace all, both in heaven and earth? In that he
anathemized evangelists and angels, he included every dignity, and his
mention of himself included every intimacy and affinity. "Tell me not,"
he exclaims, "that my fellow-apostles and colleagues have so spoken; I
spare not myself if I preach such doctrine." And he says this not as
condemning the Apostles for swerving from the message they were
commissioned to deliver; far from it, (for he says, whether we or they
thus preach; ) but to show, that in the discussion of truth the dignity
of persons is not to be considered.
Ver. 10. "For[1] am I now persuading men: or God?"
or am I seeking to please men? if I were still pleasing men, I should
not be a servant of Christ."
Granting, says he, that I might deceive you by these
doctrines, could I deceive God, who knows my yet unuttered thoughts,
and to please whom is my unceasing endeavor? See here the Apostolical
spirit, the Evangelical loftiness! So too he writes to the Corinthians,
"For we are not again commending ourselves unto you, but speak as
giving you occasion of glorying;" (2 Cor. v: 12.) and again, "But with
me it is a very small thing that I should be judged of you, or of man's
judgment." (I Cor. iv: 3.) For since he is compelled to justify himself
to his disciples, being their teacher, he submits to it; but he is
grieved at it, not on account of chagrin, far from it, but on account
of the instability of the minds of those led away and on account of not
being fully trusted by them. Wherefore Paul now speaks, as it were,
thus:--Is my account to be rendered to you? Shall I be judged by men?
My account is to God, and all my acts are with a view to that
inquisition, nor am I so miserably abandoned as to pervert my doctrine,
seeing that I am to justify what I preach before the Lord of all.
He thus expressed himself, as much with a view of
withstanding their opinions, as in self-defence; for it becomes
disciples to obey, not to judge, their master. But now, says he, that
the order is reversed, and ye sit as judges, know that I am but little
concerned to defend myself before you; all, I do for God's sake, and in
order that I may answer to Him concerning my doctrine. He who wishes to
persuade men, is led to act tortuously and insincerely, and to employ
deceit and falsehood, in order to engage the assent of his hearers. But
he who addresses himself to God, and desires to please Him, needs
simplicity and purity of mind, for God cannot be deceived. Whence it is
plain that I have thus written to you not from the love of rule, or to
gain disciples, or to receive honor at your hands. My endeavor has been
to please God, not man. Were it otherwise, I should still consort with
the Jews,[2] still persecute the Church, I who have cast off my country
altogether, my companions, my friends, my kindred, and all my
reputation, and taken in exchange for these, persecution, enmity,
strife, and daily-impending death, have given a signal proof that I
speak not from love of human applause. This he says, being about to
narrate his former life, and sudden conversion, and to demonstrate
clearly that it was sincere. And that they might not be elevated by a
notion that he did this by way of self-vindication to them, he
premises, "For do I now persuade men?" He well knew how, on a fitting
occasion, to correct his disciples, in a grave and lofty tone:
assuredly he had other sources whence to demonstrate the truth of his
preaching,--by signs and miracles, by dangers, by prisons, by daily
deaths, by hunger and thirst, by nakedness, and the like. Now however
that he is speaking not of false apostles, but of the true, who had
shared these very perils, he employs another method. For when his
discourse was pointed towards false apostles, he institutes a
comparison by bringing forward his endurance of danger, saying, "Are
they ministers of Christ? (I speak as one beside himself) I more; in
labors more abundantly, in prisons more abundantly, in stripes above
measure, in deaths oft." (2 Cor. xi: 23.) But now he speaks of his
former manner of life and says,
Ver. 11, 12. "For[3] I make known to you, brethren,
as touching the Gospel which was preached by me that it is not after
man. For neither did I receive it from man, nor was I taught it, but it
came to me through revelation of Jesus Christ."
You observe how sedulously he affirms that he was
taught of Christ, who Himself, without human intervention, condescended
to reveal to him all knowledge. And if he were asked for his proof that
God Himself thus immediately revealed to him these ineffable mysteries,
he would instance his former manner of life, arguing that his
conversion would not have been so
10
sudden, had it not been by Divine revelation. For when men have been
vehement and eager on the contrary side, their conviction, if it is
effected by human means, requires much time and ingenuity. It is clear
therefore that he, whose conversion is sudden, and who has been sobered
in the very height of his madness, must have been vouchsafed a Divine
revelation and teaching, and so have at once arrived at complete
sanity. On this account he is obliged to relate his former life, and to
call the Galatians as witnesses of past events. That the Only-Begotten
Son of God had Himself from heaven vouchsafed to call me, says he, you
who were not present, could not know, but that I was a persecutor you
do know. For my violence even reached your ears, and the distance
between Palestine and Galatia is so great, that the report would not
have extended thither, had not my acts exceeded all bounds and
endurance. Wherefore he says,
Ver. 13. "For[1] ye have heard of my manner of life
in time past in the Jews' religion, how that beyond measure I
persecuted the Church of God, and made havoc of it."
Observe how he shrinks not from aggravating each
point; not saying simply that he "persecuted" but "beyond measure," and
not only "persecuted" but "made havoc of it," which signifies an
attempt to extinguish, to pull down, to destroy, to annihilate, the
Church.
Ver. 14. "And I advanced in the Jews' religion
beyond many of mine own age among my countrymen, being more exceedingly
zealous for the traditions of my fathers."
To obviate the notion that his persecution arose
from passion, vain-glory, or enmity, he shows that he was actuated by
zeal, not indeed "according to knowledge," (Rom. x: 2.) still by a
zealous admiration of the traditions of his fathers. This is his
argument;[2]--if my efforts against the Church sprung not from human
motives, but from religious though mistaken zeal, why should I be
actuated by vain-glory, now that I am contending for the Church, and
have embraced the truth? If it was not this motive, but a godly zeal,
which possessed me when I was in error, much more now that I have come
to know the truth, ought I to be free from such a suspicion. As soon as
I passed over to the doctrines of the Church I shook off my Jewish
prejudices, manifesting on that side a zeal still more ardent; and this
is a proof that my conversion is sincere, and that the zeal which
possesses me is from above. What other inducement could I have to make
such a change, and to barter honor for contempt, repose for peril,
security for distress? none surely but the love of truth.
Ver. 15, 16. "But when it was the good pleasure of
God, Who separated me, even from my mother's womb, and called me
through His grace, to reveal His Son in me, that I might preach Him
among the Gentiles, immediately I conferred not with flesh and blood."
Here his object is to show, that it was by some
secret providence that he was left for a time to himself. For if he was
set apart from his mother's womb to be an Apostle and to be called to
that ministry, yet was not actually called till that juncture, which
summons he instantly obeyed, it is evident that God had some hidden
reason for this delay. What this purpose was, you are perhaps eager to
learn from me, and primarily, why he was not called with the twelve.
But in order not to protract this discourse by digressing from that
which is more pressing, I must entreat your love not to require all
things from me, but to search for it by yourselves, and to beg of God
to reveal it to you. Moreover I partly discussed this subject when I
discoursed before you on the change of his name from Saul to Paul;
which, if you have forgotten, you will fully gather from a perusal of
that volume.[3] At present let us pursue the thread of our discourse,
and consider the proof he now adduces that no natural event had
befallen him,--that God Himself had providentially ordered the
occurrence. "And called me through His grace."
God indeed says that He called him on account of his
excellent capacity, as He said to Ananias, "for he is a chosen vessel
unto Me, to bear my name before the Gentiles, and kings," (Acts ix:
15.) that is to say, capable of service, and the accomplishment of
great deeds. God gives this as the reason for his call. But he himself
everywhere ascribes it to grace, and to God's inexpressible mercy, as
in the words, "Howbeit for this cause I obtained mercy," not that I was
sufficient or even serviceable, but "that in me as chief might Jesus
Christ show forth all His long-suffering, for an ensample of them which
should hereafter believe on Him unto eternal life." (I Tim. i: 16.)
Behold his overflowing humility; I obtained mercy, says he, that no one
might despair, when the worst of men had shared His bounty. For this is
the force of the words, "that He might show forth all His
long-suffering for an ensample of them which should hereafter believe
on Him."
"To reveal His Son[4] in me."
11
Christ says in another place, "No one knoweth who
the Son is, save the Father; and who the Father is, save the Son, and
he to whomsoever the Son willeth to reveal Him." (Luke x: 22.) You
observe that the Father reveals the Son, and the Son the Father; so it
is as to Their glory, the Son glorifies the Father, and the Father the
Son; "glorify Thy Son, that the Son may glorify Thee," and, "as I have
glorified Thee." (John xvii: 1, 4.) But why does he say, "to reveal His
Son in me," and not "to me?" it is to signify, that he had not only
been instructed in the faith by words, but that he was richly endowed
with the Spirit;--that the revelation had enlightened his whole soul,
and that he had Christ speaking within him.[1]
"That I might preach Him among the Gentiles." For
not only his faith, but his election to the Apostolic office proceeded
from God. The object, says he, of His thus specially revealing Himself
to me, was not only that I might myself behold Him, but that I might
also manifest Him to others. And he says not merely, "others," but,
"that I might preach Him among the Gentiles," thus touching beforehand
on that great ground of his defence which lay in the respective
characters of the disciples; for it was necessary to preach differently
to the Jews and tO the heathen.
"Immediately I conferred not with flesh and
blood."
Here he alludes to the Apostles, naming them after
their physical nature; however, that he may have meant to include all
mankind, I shall not deny.[2]
Ver. 17. "Neither went I up to Jerusalem to them
which were Apostles before me."
These words weighed by themselves seem to breath an
arrogant spirit, and to be foreign to the Apostolic temper. For to give
one's suffrage for one's self, and to admit no man to share one's
counsel, is a sign of folly. It is said, "Seest thou a man wise in his
own conceit? there is more hope of a fool than of him ;" (Prov: xxvi:
12.) and, "Woe unto them that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent
in their own sight!" (Isa. v: 21.) and Paul himself in another place,
"Be not wise in your own conceits." (Rom. xii: 16.) Surely one who had
been thus taught, and had thus admonished others, would not fall into
such an error, even were he an ordinary man; much less then Paul
himself. Nevertheless, as I said, this expression nakedly considered
may easily prove a snare and offence to many hearers. But if the cause
of it is subjoined, all will applaud and admire the speaker. This then
let us do; for it is not the right course to weigh the mere words, nor
examine the language by itself, as many errors will be the consequence,
but to attend to the intention of the writer. And unless we pursue this
method m our own discourses, and examine into the mind of the speaker,
we shall make many enemies, and every thing will be thrown into
disorder. Nor is this confined to words, but the same result will
follow, if this rule is not observed in actions. For surgeons often cut
and break certain of the bones; so do robbers; yet it would
be miserable indeed not to be able to distinguish one from the other.
Again, homicides and martyrs, when tortured, suffer the same pangs, yet
is the difference between them great. Unless we attend to this rule, we
shall not be able to discriminate in these matters; but shall call
Elijah and Samuel and Phineas homicides, and Abraham a son-slayer; that
is, if we go about to scrutinize the bare facts, without taking into
account the intention of the agents. Let us then inquire into the
intention of Paul in thus writing, let us consider his scope, and
general deportment towards the Apostles, that we may arrive at his
present meaning. Neither formerly, nor in this case, did he speak with
a view of disparaging the Apostles or of extolling himself, (how so?
when he included himself under his anathema?) but always in order to
guard the integrity of the Gospel. Since the troublers of the Church
said that they ought to obey the Apostles who suffered these
observances, and not Paul who forbade them, and hence the Judaizing
heresy had gradually crept in, it was necessary for him manfully to
resist them, from a desire of repressing the arrogance of those who
improperly exalted themselves, and not of speaking ill of the Apostles.
And therefore he says, "I conferred not with flesh and blood;" for it
would have been extremely absurd for one who had been taught by God,
afterwards to refer himself to men. For it is right that he who learns
from men should in turn take men as his counsellors. But he to whom
that divine and blessed voice had been vouchsafed, and who had been
fully instructed by Him that possesses all the treasures of wisdom,
wherefore should he afterwards confer with men? It were meet that he
should teach, not be taught by them. Therefore he thus spoke, not
arrogantly, but to exhibit the dignity of his own commission. "Neither
went I up," says he, "to Jerusalem to them which were Apostles before
me." Because they were continually repeating that the Apostles were
before him, and were called before him, he says, "I went not up to
them." Had it been needful for him to communicate with them, He, who
revealed to him his commission, would have given him this injunction.
12
Is it true, however, that he did not go up thither?[1] nay, he went up,
and not merely so, but in order to learn somewhat of them. When a
question arose on our present subject in the city of Antioch, in the
Church which had from the beginning shown so much zeal, and it was
discussed whether the Gentile believers ought to be circumcised, or
were under no necessity to undergo the rite, this very Paul himself and
Silas[2] went up. How is it then that he says, I went not up, nor
conferred? First, because he went not up of his own accord, but was
sent by others; next, because he came not to learn. but to bring others
over. For he was from the first of that opinion, which the Apostles
subsequently ratified,that circumcision was unnecessary. But when these
persons deemed him unworthy of credit and applied to those at Jerusalem
he went up not to be farther instructed, but to convince the
gain-sayers that those at Jerusalem agreed with him. Thus he perceived
from the first the fitting line of conduct, and needed no teacher, but,
primarily and before any discussion, maintained without wavering what
the Apostles, after much discussion, (Acts xv: 2,7.) subsequently
ratified. This Luke shows by his own account, that Paul argued much at
length with them on this subject before he went to Jerusalem. But since
the brethren chose to be informed on this subject, by those at
Jerusalem, he went up on their own account, not on his own. And his
expression, "I went not up," signifies that he neither went at the
outset of his teaching, nor for the purpose of being instructed. Both
are implied by the phrase, "Immediately I conferred not with flesh and
blood." He says not, "I conferred," merely, but, "immediately;" and his
subsequent journey was not to gain any additional instruction. Ver. 17.
"But I went away into Arabia."
Behold a fervent soul! he longed to occupy regions
not yet tilled, but lying in a wild state. Had he remained with the
Apostles, as he had nothing to learn, his preaching would have been
straitened, for it behooved them to spread the word every where. Thus
this blessed man, fervent in spirit, straightway undertook to teach
wild barbarians,[3] choosing a life full of battle and labor. Having
said, "I went into Arabia," he adds, "and again I returned unto
Damascus." Here observe his humility; he speaks not of his successes,
nor of whom or of how many he instructed. Yet such was his zeal
immediately on his baptism, that he confounded the Jews, and so
exasperated them, that they and the Greeks lay in wait for him with a
view to kill him. This would not have been the case, had he not greatly
added to the numbers of the faithful; since they were vanquished in
doctrine, they had recourse to murder, which was a manifest sign of
Paul's superiority. But Christ suffered him not to be put to death,
preserving him for his mission. Of these successes, however, he says
nothing, and so in all his discourses, his motive is not ambition, nor
to be honored more highly than the Apostles, nor because he is
mortified at being lightly esteemed, but it is a fear lest any
detriment should accrue to his mission. For he calls himself, "one born
out of due time," and, "the first of sinners," and "the last of the
Apostles," and, "not meet to be called an Apostle." And this he said,
who had labored more than all of them; which is real humility; for he
who, conscious of no excellence, speaks humbly of himself, is candid
but not humble; but to say so after such trophies, is to be practised
in self-control.
Ver. 17. "And again I returned unto Damascus."
But what great things did he not probably achieve in
this city? for he tells us that the governor under Aretas the king set
guards about the whole of it, hoping to entrap this blessed man. Which
is a proof of the strongest kind that he was violently persecuted by
the Jews. Here, however, he says nothing of this, but mentioning his
arrival and departure is silent concerning the events which there
occurred, nor would he have mentioned them in the place I have referred
to, (2 Cor. xi: 32.) had not circumstances required their narration.
Ver. 18. "Then after three years I went up to
Jerusalem[4] to visit Cephas."
What can be more lowly than such a soul? After such
successes, wanting nothing of Peter, not even his assent, but being of
equal dignity with him, (for at present I will say no more,) he comes
to him as his elder and superior. And the only object of this journey
was to visit Peter; thus he pays due respect to the Apostles, and
esteems himself not only not their better but not their equal. Which is
plain from this journey, for Paul was induced to visit Peter by the
same feeling from which many of our brethren sojourn with holy men: or
rather by a humbler feeling for they do so for their own benefit, but
this blessed man, not for his own instruction or correction, but merely
for the sake of
13
beholding and honoring Peter by his presence. He says, "to visit
Peter;" he does not say to see, (<greek>idein</greek>,) but
to visit and survey, (<greek>istorhsai</greek>,) a word
which those, who seek to become acquainted with great and splendid
cities, apply to themselves. Worthy of such trouble did he consider the
very sight of Peter; and this appears from the Acts of the Apostles
also. (Acts xxi: 17, 18 etc.) For on his arrival at Jerusalem, on
another occasion, after having converted many Gentiles, and, with
labors far surpassing the rest, reformed and brought to Christ
Pamphylia, Lycaonia, Cilicia, and all nations in that quarter of the
world, he first addresses himself with great humility to James, as to
his elder and superior. Next he submits to his counsel, and that
counsel contrary to this Epistle. "Thou seest, brother, how many
thousands there are among the Jews of them which have believed;
therefore shave thy head, and purify thyself." (Acts xxi: 20 f.)
Accordingly he shaved his head, and observed all the Jewish ceremonies;
for where the Gospel was not affected, he was the humblest of all men.
But where by such humility he saw any injured, he gave up that undue
exercise of it, for that was no longer to be humble but to outrage and
destroy the disciples.
Ver. 18. "And tarried with him fifteen days." To
take a journey on account of him was a mark of respect; but to remain
so many days, of friendship and the most earnest affection.[1]
Ver. 19. "But other of the Apostles saw I none, save
James,[2] the Lord's brother."
See what great friends he was with Peter especially;
on his account he left his home, and with him he tarried. This I
frequently repeat, and desire you to remember, that no one, when he
hears what this Apostle seems to have spoken against Peter, may
conceive a suspicion of him. He premises this, that when he says, "I
resisted Peter," no one may suppose that these words imply enmity and
contention; for he honored and loved his person more than all and took
this journey for his sake only, not for any of the others. "But other
of the Apostles saw I none, save James." "I saw him merely, I did not
learn from him," he means. But observe how honorably he mentions him,
he says not "James" merely, but adds this illustrious title, so free is
he from all envy. Had he only wished to point out whom he meant, he
might have shown this by another appellation, and called him the son of
Cleophas, as the Evangelist does.[3] But as he considered that he had a
share in the august titles of the Apostles, he exalts himself by
honoring James; and this he does by calling him "the Lord's brother,"
although he was not by birth His brother, but only so reputed. Yet this
did not deter him from giving the title; and in many other instances he
displays towards all the Apostles that noble disposition, which
beseemed him.
Ver. 20. "Now touching the things which I write unto
you, behold, before God, I lie not."
Observe throughout the transparent humility of this
holy soul; his earnestness in his own vindication is as great as if he
had to render an account of his deeds, and was pleading for his life in
a court of justice.
Ver. 21. "Then I came into the regions of Syria and
Cilicia."[4]
After his interview with Peter, he resumes his
preaching and the task which lay before him, avoiding Judaea, both
because of his mission being to the Gentiles, and of his unwillingness
to "build upon another man's foundation." Wherefore there was not even
a chance meeting, as appears from what follows.
Ver. 22, 23. "And I was still unknown by face unto
the Churches of Judaea; but they only heard say, he that once
persecuted us now preacheth the faith of which he once made havoc."
What modesty in thus again mentioning the facts of
his persecuting and laying waste the Church, and in thus making
infamous his former life, while he passes over the illustrious deeds he
was about to achieve! He might have told, had he wished it, all his
successes, but he mentions none of these and stepping with one word
over a vast expanse, he says merely, "I came into the regions of Syria
and Cilicia;" and, "they had heard, that he, which once persecuted us,
now preacheth the faith of which he once made havoc." The purpose of
the words, "I was unknown to the Churches of Judaea," is to show, that
so far from preaching to them the necessity of circumcision, he was not
known to them even by sight.
Ver. 24. "And they glorified God in me." See here
again how accurately he observes the rule of his humility; he says not,
they admired me, they applauded or were astonished at me, but ascribes
all to Divine grace by the words, "they glorified God in me."
14
"Then after the space of fourteen year's,[1] I went up again to
Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus also with me. And I went up by
revelation."
His first journey was owing to his desire to visit
Peter, his second, he says, arose from a revelation of the Spirit.
Ver. 2. "And I laid before them the Gospel which I
preach among the Gentiles, but privately before them who were of
repute, lest by any means I should be running or had run in vain."
What is this, O Paul! thou who neither at the
beginning nor after three years wouldest confer with the Apostles, dost
thou now confer with them, after fourteen years are past, lest thou
shouldest be running in vain? Better would it have been to have done so
at first, than after so many years; and why didst thou run at all, if
not satisfied that thou wert not running in vain? Who would be so
senseless as to preach for so many years, without being sure that his
preaching was true? And what enhances the difficulty is, that he says
he went up by revelation; this difficulty, however, will afford a
solution of the former one. Had he gone up of his own accord, it would
have been most unreasonable, nor is it possible that this blessed soul
should have fallen into such folly; for it is himself who says, "I
therefore so run, as not uncertainly; so fight I, as not beating the
air." (1 Cor. ix: 26.) If therefore he runs, "not uncertainly," how can
he say, "lest I should be running, or had run, in vain?" It is evident
from this, that if he had gone up without a revelation, he would have
committed an act of folly. But the actual case involved no such
absurdity; who shall dare to still harbor this suspicion, when it was
the grace of the Spirit which drew him? On this account he added the
words "by revelation," lest, before the question was solved, he should
be condemned of folly; well knowing that it was no human occurrence,
but a deep Divine Providence concerning the present and future. What
then is the reason of this journey of his? As when he went up before
from Antioch to Jerusalem, it was not for his own sake, (for he saw
clearly that his duty was simply to obey the doctrines of Christ,) but
from a desire to reconcile the contentious; so now his object was the
complete satisfaction of his accusers, not any wish of his own to learn
that he had not run in vain. They conceived that Peter and John, of
whom they thought more highly than of Paul, differed from him in that
he ommitted circumcision in his preaching, while the former allowed it,
and they believed that in this he acted unlawfully, and was running in
vain. I went up, says he, and communicated unto them my Gospel, not
that I might learn aught myself, (as appears more clearly further on,)
but that I might convince these suspicious persons that I do not run in
vain. The Spirit forseeing this contention had provided that he should
go up and make this communication.
Wherefore he says that he went up by revelation,[2]
and, taking Barnabas and Titus as witnesses of his preaching,
communicated to them the Gospel which he preached to the Gentiles, that
is, with the omission of circumcision. "But privately before them who
were of repute." What means "privately?" Rather, he who wishes to
reform doctrines held in common, proposes them, not privately, but
before all in common; but Paul did this privately, for his object was,
not to learn or reform any thing, but to cut off the grounds of those
who would fain deceive. All at Jerusalem were offended, if the law was
transgressed, or the use of circumcision forbidden; as James says,
"Thou seest, brother, how many thousands there are among the Jews of
them which have believed; and they
15
are informed of thee, that thou teachest to forsake the law." (Acts
xxi: 20, et seq.) Since then they were offended he did not condescend
to come forward publicly and declare what his preaching was, but he
conferred privately with those who were of reputation before Barnabas
and Titus, that they might credibly testify to his accusers,[1] that
the Apostles found no discrepancy in his preaching, but confirmed it.
The expression, "those that were of repute,"
(<greek>tois</greek> <greek>dokossin</greek>)
does not impugn the reality of their greatness; for he says of himself,
"And I also seem (<greek>dokp</greek>) to have the Spirit
of God," thereby not denying the fact, but stating it modestly. And
here the phrase implies his own assent to the common opinion.
Ver. 3. "But not even Titus, who was with, me, being
a Greek,[2] was compelled to be circumcised."
What means, "being a Greek?" Of Greek extraction,
and not circumcised; for not only did I so preach but Titus so acted,
nor did the Apostles compel him to be circumcised. A plain proof this
that the Apostles did not condemn Paul's doctrine or his practice. Nay
more, even the urgent representations of the adverse party, who were
aware of these facts, did not oblige the Apostles to enjoin
circumcision, as appears by his own words,--
Ver. 4. "And that because of the false brethren,
privily brought in."
Here arises a very important question, Who were
these false brethren?[3] If the Apostles permitted circumcision at
Jerusalem, why are those who enjoined it, in accordance with the
Apostolic sentence, to be called false brethren? First; because there
is a difference between commanding an act to be done, and allowing it
after it is done. He who enjoins an act, does it with zeal as
necessary, and of primary importance; but he who, without himself
commanding it, alloweth another to do it who wishes yields not from a
sense of its being necessary but in order to subserve some purpose. We
have a similar instance, in Paul's Epistle to the Corinthians, in his
command to husbands and wives to come together again. To which, that he
might not be thought to be legislating for them, he subjoins, "But this
I say by way of permission, not of commandment." (1 Cor. vii: 5.) For
this was not a judgment authoritatively given butan indulgence to their
incontinence; as he says, "for your incontinency." Would you know
Paul's sentence in this matter? hear his words, "I would that all men
were even as I myself,"(1 Cor. vii 7.) in continence. And so here, the
Apostles made this concession, not as vindicating the law, but as
condescending to the infirmities of Judaism. Had they been vindicating
the law, they would not have preached to the Jews in one way, and to
the Gentiles in another. Had the observance been necessary for
unbelievers, then indeed it would plainly have likewise been necessary
for all the faithful. But by their decision not to harass the Gentiles
on this point, they showed that they permitted it by way of
condescension to the Jews. Whereas the purpose of the false brethren
was to cast them out of grace, and reduce them under the yoke of
slavery again. This is the first difference, and a very wide one. The
second is, that the Apostles so acted in Judaea, where the Law was in
force, but the false brethren, every where, for all the Galatians were
influenced by them. Whence it appears that their intention was, not to
build up, but entirely to pull down the Gospel, and that the thing was
permitted by the Apostles on one ground and zealously practiced by the
false brethren on another.
Ver. 4. "Who came in privily to spy out our liberty,
which we have in Christ Jesus, that they might bring us into bondage."
He points out their hostility by calling them spies;
for the sole object of a spy is to obtain for himself facilities of
devastation and destruction, by becoming acquainted with his
adversary's position. And this is what those did, who wished to bring
the disciples back to their old servitude. Hence too appears how very
contrary their purpose was to that of the Apostles; the latter made
concessions that they might gradually extricate them from their
servitude, but the former plotted to subject them to one more severe.
Therefore they looked round and observed accurately and made themselves
busybodies to find out who were uncircumcised; as Paul says, "they came
in privily to spy out our liberty," thus pointing out their
machinations not only by the term "spies," but by this expression of a
furtive entrance and creeping in.
Ver. 5. "To whom we gave place in the way of
subjection, no, not for an hour."[4]
Observe the force and emphasis of the phrase; he
says not, "by argument," but, "by subjection," for their object was not
to teach good doctrine, but to subjugate and enslave them.
16
Wherefore, says he, we yielded to the Apostles, but not to these.
Ver. 5. "That the truth of the Gospel might
continue with you."[1]
That we may confirm, says he, by our deeds what we
have already declared by words,--namely, that the "old things are
passed away, behold they are become new;" and that "if any man is in
Christ he is a new creature ;" (2 Cor. v: 17.) and that "if ye receive
circumcision, Christ will profit you nothing." (Gal. v: 2.) In
maintaining this truth we gave place not even for an hour. Then, as he
was directly met by the conduct of the Apostles, and the reason of
their enjoining the rite would probably be asked, he proceeds to solve
this objection. This he does with great skill, for he does not give the
actual reason, which was, that the Apostles acted by way of
condescension and in the use of a scheme,
(<greek>oikonomia</greek>) as it were; for otherwise his
hearers would have been injured. For those, who are to derive benefit
from a scheme should be unacquainted with the design of it; all
will be undone, if this appears. Wherefore, he who is to take part in
it should know the drift of it; those who are to benefit by it should
not. To make my meaning more evident, I will take an example from our
present subject. The blessed Paul himself, who meant to abrogate
circumcision, when he was about to send Timothy to teach the Jews,
first circumcised him and so sent him. This he did, that his hearers
might the more readily receive him; he began by circumcising, that in
the end he might abolish it. But this reason he imparted to Timothy
only, and told it not to the disciples. Had they known that the very
purpose of his circumcision was the abolition of the rite, they would
never have listened to his preaching, and the whole benefit would have
been lost. But now their ignorance was of the greatest use to
them, for their idea that his conduct proceeded from a regard to the
Law, led them to receive both him and his doctrine with kindness and
courtesy, and having gradually received him, and become
instructed, they abandoned their old customs. Now this would not have
happened had they known his reasons from the first; for they would have
turned away from him, and being turned away would not have given him a
hearing, and not hearing, would have continued in their former error.
To prevent this, he did not disclose his reasons; here too he does not
explain the occasion of the scheme,
(<greek>oikonomia</greek>) but shapes his discourse
differently; thus:
Ver. 6. "But from those who were reputed to be
somewhat[2] (whatsoever they were, it maketh no matter to me, God
accepteth no man's person.)"
Here he not only does not defend the Apostles, but
even presses hard upon those holy men, for the benefit of the weak. His
meaning is this: although they permit circumcision, they shall render
an account to God, for God will not accept their persons, because they
are great and in station. But he does not speak so plainly, but with
caution. He says not, if they vitiate their doctrine, and swerve from
the appointed rule of their preaching, they shall be judged with the
utmost rigor, and suffer punishment; but he alludes to them more
reverently, in the words, "of those who were reputed to be somewhat,
whatsoever they were." He says not, "whatsoever they 'are,'" but
"were," showing that they too had thenceforth[3] ceased so to preach,
the doctrine having extended itself universally. The phrase,
"whatsoever they were," implies, that if they so preached they should
render account, for they had to justify themselves before God, not
before men. This he said, not as doubtful or ignorant of the rectitude
of their procedure, but (as I said before) from a sense of the
expediency of so forming his discourse. Then, that he may not seem to
take the opposite side and to accuse them, and so create a suspicion of
their disagreement, he straightway subjoins this correction: "for those
who were reputed to be somewhat, in conference imparted nothing to me."
This is his meaning; What you may say, I know not; this I know well,
that the Apostles did not oppose me, but our sentiments conspired and
accorded. This appears from his expression, "they gave me the right
hand of fellowship;" but he does not say this at present, but only that
they neither informed or corrected him on any point, nor added to his
knowledge.
Ver. 6. "For those who were reputed to be somewhat,
imparted nothing to me:"
That is to say, when told of my proceedings, they
added nothing, they corrected nothing, and though aware that the object
of my journey was to communicate with them, that I had come by
revelation of the Spirit, and that I had Titus with me who was
uncircumcised, they neither circumcised him, nor imparted to me any
additional knowledge.
Ver. 7. "But contrariwise."
17
Some hold his meaning to be, not only that ·
the Apostles did not instruct him, but that they were instructed by
him. But I would not say this, for what could they, each of whom was
himself perfectly instructed, have learnt from him? He does not
therefore intend this by the expression, "contrariwise," but that so
far were they from blaming, that they praised him: for praise is the
contrary of blame. Some would probably here reply: Why did not the
Apostles, if they praised your procedure, as the proper consequence
abolish circumcision?[1] Now to assert that they did abolish it Paul
considered much too bold, and inconsistent with his own admission. On
the other hand, to admit that they had sanctioned circumcision, would
necessarily expose him to another objection. For it would be said, if
the Apostles praised your preaching, yet sanctioned circumcision, they
were inconsistent with themselves. What then is the solution? is he to
say that they acted thus out of condescension to Judaism? To say this
would have shaken the very foundation of the economy. Wherefore he
leaves the subject in suspense and uncertainty, by the words, "but of
those who were reputed to be somewhat; it maketh no matter to me."
Which is in effect to say, I accuse not, nor traduce those holy men;
they know what it is they have done; to God must they render their
account. What I am desirous to prove is, that they neither reversed nor
corrected my procedure, nor added to it as in their opinion defective,
but gave it their approbation and assent; and to this Titus and
Barnabas bear witness. Then he adds,
Ver. 7. "When they saw that I had been entrusted
with the Gospel of the Uncircumcision even as Peter with the Gospel of
the Circumcision[2],"--
The Circumcision and Uncircumcision; meaning, not
the things themselves, but the nations known by these distinctions;
wherefore he adds,
Ver. 8. "For He that wrought for Peter unto the
Apostleship of the Circumcision wrought for me also unto the Gentiles."
He calls the Gentiles the Uncircumcision and the
Jews the Circumcision, and declares his own rank to be equal to that of
the Apostles; and, by comparing himself with their Leader not with the
others, he shows that the dignity of each was the same. After he had
established the proof of their unanimity, he takes courage, and
proceeds confidently in his argument, not stopping at the Apostles, but
advances to Christ Himself, and to the grace which He had conferred
upon him, and calls-the Apostles as his witnesses, saying,
Ver. 9. "And when they perceived the grace that was
given unto me, James and Cephas and John, they who were reputed to be
pillars, gave to me and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship."[3]
He says not when they "heard," but when they
"perceived," that is, were assured by the facts themselves, "they gave
to me and Barnabas the right hands of fellowship." Observe how he
gradually proves that his doctrine was ratified both by Christ and by
the Apostles. For grace would neither have been implanted, nor been
operative in him, had not his preaching been approved by Christ. Where
it was for the purpose of comparison with himself, he mentioned Peter
alone; here, when be calls them as witnesses, he names the three
together, "Cephas,James, John," and with an encomium, "who were reputed
to be pillars." Here again the expression "who were reputed" does not
impugn the reality of the fact, but adopts the estimate of others, and
implies that these great and distinguished men, whose fame was
universal, bare witness that his preaching was ratified by Christ, that
they were practically informed and convinced by experience concerning
it. "Therefore they gave the right hands of fellowship" to me, and not
to me only, but also to Barnabas, "that we should go unto the Gentiles,
and they unto the Circumcision." Here indeed is exceeding prudence as
well as an incontrovertible proof of their concord. For it shows that
his and their doctrine was interchangeable, and that both approved the
same thing, that they should so preach to the Jews, and he to the
Gentiles. Wherefore he adds,
Ver. 9. "That we should go unto the Gentiles and
they unto the Circumcision."[4]
Observe that here also he means by "the
Circumcision," not the rite, but the Jews; whenever he speaks of the
rite, and wishes to contrast it, he adds the word "uncircumcision;" as
when he says, "For circumcision indeed profiteth, if thou be a doer of
the law; but if thou be a transgressor of the law, thy circumcision is
become uncircumcision." (Ro. ii: 25.) And again, "Neither circumcision
availeth any
18
thing, nor uncircumcision." But when it is to the Jews and not to the
deed that he gives this name, and wishes to signify the nation, he
opposes to it not uncircumcision in its literal sense, but the
Gentiles. For the Jews are the contradistinction to the Gentiles, the
Circumcision to the Uncircumcision. Thus when he says above, "For He
that wrought for Peter into the Apostleship of the Circumcision,
wrought for me also unto the Gentiles;" and again, "We unto the
Gentiles and they unto the Circumcision," he means not the rite itself,
but the Jewish nation, thus distinguishing them from the Gentiles.
Ver. 10. "Only they would that we should remember
the poor; which very thing I was also zealous to do."
This is his meaning: In our preaching we divided the
world between us, I took the Gentiles and they the Jews, according to
the Divine decree; but to the sustenance of the poor among the Jews I
also contributed my share, which, had there been any dissension between
us, they would not have accepted. Next, who were these poor persons?
Many of the believing Jews in Palestine had been deprived of all their
goods, and scattered over the world, as he mentions in the Epistle to
the Hebrews[1]," "For ye took joyfully the spoiling of your possessions
;" and in writing to the Thessalonians, (1 Thes. ii: 14.) he extols
their fortitude, "Ye became imitators of the Churches of God which are
in Judaea, . . . for ye also suffered the same thing of your own
countrymen, even as they did of the Jews." And he shows throughout that
those Greeks who believed were not under persecution from the rest,
such as the believing Jews were suffering from their own kindred, for
there is no nation of a temper so cruel. Wherefore he exercises much
zeal, as appears in the Epistles to the Romans (Ro. xv: 25--27.) and
Corinthians (1 Cor. xvi: 1--3.) that these persons should meet with
much attention; and Paul not only collects money for them, but himself
conveys it, as he says, "But now I go unto Jerusalem ministering unto
the saints," (Ro. xv: 25.) for they were without the necessaries of
life. And he here shows that in this instance having resolved to assist
them, he had undertaken and would not abandon it.
Having by these means declared the unanimity and
harmony between the Apostles and himself, he is obliged to proceed to
mention his debate with Peter at Antioch.
Ver. 11, 12. "But when Cephas came to Antioch, I
resisted him to the face, because he stood condemned. For before that
certain came from James, he did eat with the Gentiles: but when they
came, he drew back and separated himself, fearing them that were of the
circumcision."
Many, on a superficial reading of this part of the
Epistle, suppose that Paul accused Peter of hypocrisy. But this is not
so, indeed it is not, far from it;[2] we shall discover great wisdom,
both of Paul and Peter, concealed herein for the benefit of their
hearers. But first a word must be said about Peter's freedom in speech,
and how it was ever his way to outstrip the other disciples. Indeed it
was upon one such occasion that he gained his name from the unbending
and impregnable character of his faith. For when all were interrogated
in common, he stepped before the others and answered, "Thou art the
Christ, the Son of the living God." (Mat. xvi: 16.) This was when the
keys of heaven were committed to him. So too, he appears to have been
the only speaker on the Mount; (Mat. xvii: 4.) and when Christ spoke of
His crucifixion, and the others kept silence, he said, "Be it far from
Thee." (Mat. xvi: 22.) These words evince, if not a cautious temper, at
least a fervent love; and in all instances we find him more vehement
than the others, and rushing forward into danger. So when Christ was
seen on the beach, and the others were pushing the boat in, he was too
impatient to wait for its coming to land. (John xxi: 7.) And after the
Resurrection, when the Jews were murderous and maddened, and sought to
tear the Apostles in pieces, he first dared to come forward, and to
declare, that the Crucified was taken up into heaven. (Acts ii.: 14,
36.) It is a greater thing to open a closed door, and to commence an
action, than to be free-spoken afterwards. How could he ever dissemble
who had exposed his life to such a populace? He who when scourged and
bound would not bate a jot of his courage, and this at the beginning of
his mission, and in the heart of the chief city where there was so much
danger,--how could he, long afterwards in Antioch, where no danger was
at hand, and his character had received lustre from the testimony of
his actions, feel any apprehension of the believing Jews? How could he,
I say, who at the very first and in their chief city feared not the
Jews while Jews, after a long time and in a foreign city, fear those of
them who had been converted? Paul therefore does not speak this against
Peter, but with the same meaning in which he said, "for they who were
reputed to be somewhat, whatsoever they were, it maketh no matter to
me." But to remove any doubt on this point, we must unfold the reason
of these expressions.
The Apostles, as I said before, permitted cir-
19
cumcision at Jerusalem, an abrupt severance from the law not being
practicable; but when they come to Antioch, they no longer continued
this observance, but lived indiscriminately with the believing Gentiles
which thing Peter also was at that time doing. But when some came from
Jerusalem who had heard the doctrine he delivered there, he no longer
did so fearing to perplex them, but he changed his course, with two
objects secretly in view, both to avoid offending those Jews, and to
give Paul a reasonable pretext for rebuking him.[1] For had he, having
allowed circumcision when preaching at Jerusalem, changed his course at
Antioch, his conduct would have appeared to those Jews to proceed from
fear of Paul, and his disciples would have condemned his excess of
pliancy. And this would have created no small offence; but in Paul, who
was well acquainted with all the facts, his withdrawal would have
raised no such suspicion, as knowing the intention with which he acted.
Wherefore Paul rebukes, and Peter submits, that when the master is
blamed, yet keeps silence, the disciples may more readily come over.
Without this occurrence Paul's exhortation would have had little
effect, but the occasion hereby afforded of delivering a severe
reproof, impressed Peter's disciples with a more lively fear. Had Peter
disputed Paul's sentence, he might justly have been blamed as upsetting
the plan, but now that the one reproves and the other keeps silence,
the Jewish party are filled with serious alarm; and this is why he used
Peter so severely. Observe too Paul's careful choice of expressions,
whereby he points out to the discerning, that he uses them in pursuance
of the plan, (<greek>oikonomias</greek>) and not from anger.
His words are, "When Cephas came to Antioch, I
resisted him to the face, because he stood condemned; "that is, not by
me but by others; had he himself condemned him, he would not have
shrunk from saying so. And the words, "I resisted him to the face,"
imply a scheme for had their discussion been real, they would not have
rebuked each other in the presence of the disciples, for it would have
been a great stumblingblock to them. But now this apparent contest was
much to their advantage; as Paul had yielded to the Apostles at
Jerusalem, so in turn they yield to him at Antioch. The cause of
censure is this, "For before that certain came from James," who was the
teacher at Jerusalem, "he did eat with the Gentiles, but when they came
he drew back and separated himself, fearing them that were of the
Circumcision:" his cause of fear was not his own danger, (for if he
feared not in the beginning, much less would he do so then,) but their
defection. As Paul himself says to the Galatians, "I am afraid of you,
lest by any means I have bestowed labor upon you in vain:" (Gal. iv:
xx.) and again, "I fear lest by any means as the serpent beguiled Eve,
... so your minds should be corrupted." (2 Cor. xi: 3.) Thus the
fear of death they knew not, but the fear lest their disciples should
perish, agitated their inmost soul.
Ver. 13. "Insomuch that even Barnabas was carried
away with their dissimulation."
Be not surprised at his giving this proceeding the
name of dissimulation, for he is unwilling, as I said before, to
disclose the true state of the case, in order to the correction of his
disciples. On account of their vehement attachment to the Law, he calls
the present proceeding "dissimulation," and severely rebukes it, in
order effectually to eradicate their prejudice. And Peter too, hearing
this joins in the feint, as if he had erred, that they might be
corrected by means of the rebuke administered to him. Had Paul reproved
these Jews, they would have spurned at it with indignation, for they
held him in slight esteem; but now, when they saw their Teacher silent
under rebuke, they were unable to despise or resist Paul's sentence.
Ver. 14. "But when I saw that they walked not
uprightly according to the truth of the Gospel." Neither let this
phrase disturb you, for in using it he does not condemn Peter,
but so expresses himself for the benefit of those who were to be
reformed by the reproof of Peter.
Ver. 14. "I said unto Cephas before them all."
Observe his mode of correcting the others;
20
he speaks "before them all," that the hearers might be alarmed thereby.
And this is what he says,--
Ver. 14. "If thou, being a Jew, livest as do the
Gentiles, and not as do the Jews, how compellest thou the Gentiles to
live as do the Jews?"[1]
But it was the Jews and not the Gentiles who were
carried away together with Peter; why then does Paul impute what was
not done, instead of directing his remarks, not against the Gentiles,
but against the dissembling Jews? And why does he accuse Peter alone,
when the rest also dissembled together with him? Let us consider the
terms of his charge; "If thou, being a Jew, livest as do the Gentiles,
and not as do the Jews, how compellest thou the Gentiles to live as do
the Jews?" for in fact Peter alone had withdrawn himself. His object
then is to remove suspicion from his rebuke; had he blamed Peter for
observing the Law, the Jews would have censured him for his boldness
towards their Teacher. But now arraigning him in behalf of his own
peculiar disciples, I mean the Gentiles, he facilitates thereby the
reception of what he has to say I which he also does by abstaining from
reproof of the others, and addressing it all to the Apostle. "If thou,"
he says, "being a Jew, livest as do the Gentiles, and not as do the
Jews ;" which almost amounts to an explicit exhortation to imitate
their Teacher, who, himself a Jew, lived after the manner of the
Gentiles. This however he says not, for they could not have received
such advice, but under color of reproving him in behalf of the
Gentiles, he discloses Peter's real sentiments. On the other hand, if
he had said, Wherefore do you compel these Jews to Judaize? his
language would have been too severe. But now he effects their
correction by appearing to espouse the part, not of the Jewish, but of
the Gentile, disciples; for rebukes, which are moderately severe,
secure the readiest reception. And none of the Gentiles could object to
Paul that he took up the defense of the Jews. The whole difficulty was
removed by Peter's submitting in silence to the imputation of
dissimulation, in order that he might deliver the Jews from its
reality. At first Paul directs his argument to the character which
Peter wore, "If thou, being a Jew:" but he generalizes as he goes on,
and includes himself in the phrase,[1]
Vet. 15. "We being Jews by nature, and not sinners
of the Gentiles."[2]
These words are hortatory, but are couched in the
form of a reproof, on account of those Jews. So elsewhere, trader cover
of one meaning he conveys another; as where he says in his Epistle to
the Romans, "But now I go unto Jerusalem, ministering unto the saints."
(Rom. xv: 25.) Here his object was not simply to inform them of the
motive of his journey to Jerusalem, but to excite them to emulation in
the giving of alms. Had he merely wished to explain his motive, it
would have sufficed to say, "I go to ministering unto the saints;" but
now observe what he says in addition; "For it hath been the good
pleasure of Macedonia and Achaia to make a certain contribution for the
poor among the saints that are at Jerusalem. Yea, it hath been their
good pleasure and their debtors they are." And again, "For if the
Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual things, they owe
it to them, also to minister unto them in carnal things." (Rom. xv: 26,
27.)
Observe how he represses the high thoughts of the
Jews; preparing for one thing by means of another, and his language is
authoritative. "We being Jews by nature, and not sinners of the
Gentiles." The phrase, "Jews by nature," implies that we, who are not
proselytes, but educated from early youth in the Law, have relinquished
our habitual mode of life, and be taken ourselves to the faith which is
in Christ.
Vet. 16. "Knowing that a man is not justified by the
works of the Law, save through faith, in Jesus Christ, even we believed
on Christ Jesus."
Observe here too how cautiously he expresses
himself; he does not say that they had abandoned the Law as evil, but
as weak. If the law cannot confer righteousness, it follows that
circumcision is superfluous; and so far he now proves; but he proceeds
to show that it is not only superfluous but dangerous. It deserves
especial notice, how at the outset he says that a man is not justified
by the works of the Law; but as he proceeds he speaks more strongly;
Vet. 17. "But if, while we sought to be justified in
Christ, we ourselves also were found sinners is Christ a minister of
sin?"
If faith in Him, says he, avail not for our
justification, but it be necessary again to embrace the Law, and if,
having forsaken the Law for Christ's sake, we are not justified but
condemned for such abandonment,--then shall we find Him, for whose sake
we forsook the Law and went over to faith the author of our
condemnation.[3] Observe how, he has
21
resolved the matter to a necessary absurdity. And mark how earnestly
and strongly he argues. For if, he says, it behooved us not to abandon
the Law, and we have so abandoned it for Christ's sake, we shall be
judged. Wherefore do you urge this upon Peter, who is more intimately
acquainted with it than any one? Hath not God declared to him, that an
uncircumcised man ought not to be judged by circumcision; and did he
not in his discussion with the Jews rest his bold opposition upon the
vision which he saw? Did he not send from Jerusalem unequivocal decrees
upon this subject? Paul's object is not therefore to correct Peter, but
his animadversion required to be addressed to him, though it was
pointed at the disciples; and not only at the Galatians, but also at
others who labor under the same error with them. For though few are now
circumcised, yet, by fasting and observing the sabbath with the Jews,
they equally exclude themselves from grace. If Christ avails not to
those who are only circumcised, much more is peril to be feared where
fasting and sabbatizing are observed, and thus two commandments of the
Law are kept in the place of one. And this is aggravated by a
consideration of time: for they so acted at first while the city and
temple and other institutions yet existed; but these who with the
punishment of the Jews, and the destruction of the city before their
eyes,[1] observe more precepts of the Law than the others did, what
apology can they find for such observance, at the very time when the
Jews themselves, in spite of their strong desire, cannot keep it? Thou
hast put on Christ, thou hast become a member of the Lord, and been
enrolled in the heavenly city, and dost thou still grovel in the Law?
How is it possible for thee to obtain the kingdom? Listen to Paul's
words, that the observance of the Law overthrows the Gospel, and learn,
if thou wilt, how this comes to pass, and tremble, and shun this
pitfall. Wherefore dost thou keep the sabbath, and fast with the Jews?
Is it that thou fearest the Law and abandonment of its letter? But thou
wouldest not entertain this fear, didst thou not disparage faith as
weak, and by itself powerless to save. A fear to omit the sabbath
plainly shows that you fear the Law as still in force; and if the Law
is needful, it is so as a whole, not in part, nor in one commandment
only; and if as a whole, the righteousness which is by faith is little
by little shut out. If thou keep the sabbath, why not also be
circumcised? and if circumcised, why not also offer sacrifices? If the
Law is to be observed, it must be observed as a whole, or not at all.
If omitting one part makes you fear condemnation, this fear attaches
equally to all the parts. If a transgression of the whole is not
punishable, much less is the transgression of a part; on the other
hand, if the latter be punishable, much more is the former. But if we
are bound to keep the whole, we are bound to disobey Christ, or by
obedience to Him become transgressors of the Law. If it ought to be
kept, those who keep it not are transgressors, and Christ will be found
to be the cause of this transgression, for He annulled the Law as
regards these things Himself, and bid others annul it. Do you not
understand what these Judaizers are compassing? They would make Christ,
who is to us the Author of righteousness, the Author of sin, as Paul
says, "Therefore Christ is the minister of sin." Having thus reduced
the proposition to an absurdity, he had nothing further to do by way of
overthrowing it, but was satisfied with the simple protestation,
Ver. 17. "God forbid:" for shamelessness and
irreverence need not be met by processes of reasoning, but a mere
protest is enough.
Ver. 18. "For if I build up again those things which
I destroyed, I prove myself a transgressor."[2]
Observe the Apostle's discernment; his opponents
endeavored to show, that he who kept not the Law was a transgressor,
but he retorts the argument upon them, and shows that he who did keep
the Law was a transgressor, not merely of faith, but of the Law itself.
"I build up again the things which I destroyed," that is, the Law; he
means as follows: the Law has confessedly ceased, and we have abandoned
it, and betaken ourselves to the salvation which comes of faith. But if
we make a point of setting it up again, we become by that very act
transgressors, striving to keep what what God has annulled. Next he
shows how it has been annulled.
Ver. 19. "For I[3] through the Law died unto the
Law."
This may be viewed in two ways; it is either the law
of grace which he speaks of, for he is wont to call this a law, as in
the words, "For the law of the Spirit of life made me free:" (Rom.
viii: 2.) or it is the old Law, of which he says, that by the Law
itself he has become dead to the Law. That is to say, the Law itself
has taught me no longer to obey itself, and therefore if I do so, I
shall be transgressing even its teaching.[4]
22
How, in what way has it so taught? Moses says, speaking of Christ, "The
Lord God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of thee of
thy brethren, like unto me; unto Him shall ye hearken." (Dent. xviii:
15.) Therefore they who do not obey Him, transgress the Law. Again, the
expression, "I through the Law died unto the Law," may be understood in
another sense: the Law commands all its precepts to be performed, and
punishes the transgressor; therefore we are all dead to it, for no man
has fulfilled it. Here observe, how guardedly he assails it; he says
not, "the Law is dead to me;" but, "I am dead to the Law;" the meaning
of which is, that, as it is impossible for a dead corpse to obey the
commands of the Law, so also is it for me who have perished by its
curse, for by its word am I slain. Let it not therefore lay commands on
the dead, dead by its own act, dead not in body only, but in soul,
which has involved the death of the body. This he shows in what follows:
Ver. 19, 20. "That I might live unto God,[1] I have
been crucified with Christ."
Having said, "I am dead," lest it should be
objected, how then dost thou live? he adds the cause of his living, and
shows that when alive the Law slew him, but that when dead Christ
through death restored him to life. He shows the wonder to be twofold;
that by Christ both the dead was begotten into life, and that by means
of death. He here means the immortal life, for this is the meaning of
the words, "That I might live unto God I am crucified with Christ."[1]
How, it is asked, can a man now living and breathing have been
crucified? That Christ hath been crucified is manifest, but how canst
thou have been crucified, and yet live? He explains it thus;
Ver. 20. "Yet[2] I live; and yet no longer I, but
Christ liveth in me."
In these words, "I am crucified with Christ," he
alludes to Baptism[3] and in the words "nevertheless I live, yet not
I," our subsequent manner of life whereby our members are mortified. By
saying "Christ liveth in me," he means nothing is done by me, which
Christ disapproves; for as by death he signifies not what is commonly
understood, but a death to sin; so by life, he signifies a delivery
from sin. For a man cannot live to God, otherwise than by dying to sin;
and as Christ suffered bodily death, so does Paul a death to sin.
"Mortify," says he "your members which are upon the earth; fornication,
uncleanness, passion;" (Col. iii: 5.) , and again, "our old man was
crucified, "(Rom. vi: 6.) which took place in the Bath.[3] After which,
if thou remainest dead to sin, thou livest to God, but if thou let it
live again, thou art the ruin of thy new life. This however did not
Paul, but continued wholly dead; if then, he says, I live to God a life
other than that in the Law, and am dead to the Law, I cannot possibly
keep any part of the Law. Consider how perfect was his walk, and thou
wilt be transported with admiration of this blessed soul. He says not,
"I live," but, "Christ liveth in me;" who is bold enough to utter such
words? Paul indeed, who had harnessed himself to Christ's yoke, and
cast away all worldly things, and was paying universal obedience to His
will, says not, "I live to Christ," but what is far higher, "Christ
liveth in me." As sin, when it has the mastery, is itself the vital
principle, and leads the soul whither it will, so, when it is slain and
the will of Christ obeyed, this life is no longer earthly, but Christ
liveth, that is, works, has mastery within us. His saying, "I am
crucified with Him""I no longer live," but "am dead," seeming
incredible to many, he adds,
Ver. 20. "And that life which I now live in
the flesh, I live in faith, the faith which is in the Son of
God." The foregoing, says he, relates to our spiritual life, but
this life of sense too, if considered, will be found owing to my faith
in Christ. For as regards the former Dispensation and Law, I had
incurred the severest punishment, and had long ago perished, "for all
have sinned, and come short of the glory of God." (Rom. iii: 23.) And
we, who lay under sentence, have been liberated by Christ, for all of
us are dead, if not in fact, at least by sentence; and He has delivered
us from the expected blow. When the Law had accused, and God condemned
us, Christ came, and by giving Himself up to death, rescued us all from
death. So that "the life which I now live in the flesh, I live in
faith." Had not this been, nothing could have averted a
destruction as general as that which took place at the flood, but His
advent arrested the wrath of God, and caused us to live by faith.
That such is his meaning appears from what follows. After saying,
that "the life which I now live in the flesh, I live in faith," he adds,
Ver. 20. "In the Son of God, Who loved me, and gave
Himself up for me."
How is this, O Paul! why dost thou appropriate a
general benefit, and make thine own what was done for the whole world's
sake? for
23
he says not, "Who loved us," but, "Who loved me." And besides the
Evangelist says, "God so loved the world;" (John iii: 16.) and Paul
himself, "He that spared not His own Son, but delivered Him up, not for
Paul only, but, "for us all ;" (Rom. viii: 32.) and again, "that He
might purify unto himself a people for his own possession, ( Tit. ii:
14.) But considering the desperate condition of human nature, and the
ineffably tender solicitude of Christ, in what He delivered us from,
and what He freely gave us, and kindled by the yearning of affection
towards Him, he thus expresses himself. Thus the Prophets often
appropriate to themselves Him who is God of all, as in the words, "O
God, thou art my God, early will I seek Thee." (Psalm lxiii: I.)
Moreover, this language teaches that each individual justly owes as a
great debt of gratitude to Christ, as if He had come for his sake
alone, for He would not have grudged this His condescension though but
for one, so that the measure of His love to each is as great as to the
whole world. Truly the Sacrifice was offered for all mankind,[1] and
was sufficient to save all, but those who enjoy the blessing are the
believing only. Nevertheless it did not deter Him from His so great
condescension, that not all would come ; but He acted after the pattern
of the supper in the Gospel, which He prepared for all, (Luke xiv: 16.)
yet when the guests came not, instead of withdrawing the viands, He
called in others. So too He did not despise that sheep, though one
only, which had strayed from the ninety and nine. (Mat. xviii: 12.)
This too in like manner St. Paul intimates, when he says, speaking
about the Jews, "For what if some were without faith, shall their want
of faith make of none effect the faithfulness of God? God forbid: yea
let God be found true, but every man a liar." (Rom. iii: 3, 4.) When He
so loved thee as to give Himself up to bring thee who wast without hope
to a life so great and blessed, canst thou, thus gifted, have recourse
to things gone by? His reasoning being completed, he concludes with a
vehment asseveration, saying,
Ver. 21. "I do not make void the grace of God."[3]
Let those, who even now Judaize and adhere to the
Law, listen to this, for it applies to them.
Ver. 21. "For if righteousness is through the Law,
then Christ died for naught."
What can be more heinous than this sin?[4] what more
fit to put one to shame than these words? Christ's death is a plain
proof of the inability of the Law to justify us; and if it does
justify, then is His death superfluous. Yet how could it be reasonable
to say that has been done heedlessly and in vain which is so awful, so
surpassing human reason, a mystery so ineffable, with which Patriarchs
travailed, which Prophets foretold, which Angels gazed on with
consternation, which all men confess as the summit of the Divine
tenderness? Reflecting how utterly out of place it would be if they
should say that so great and high a deed had been done superfluously,
(for this is what their conduct came to,) he even uses violent language
against them, as we find in the words which follow.
CHAPTER III
VERSE I.
"O foolish Galatians[2] who did bewitch you, before
whose eyes Jesus Christ was openly set forth,
crucified?"
Here he passes to another subject; in the former
chapters he had shown himself not to be an Apostle of men, nor by men,
nor in want of Apostolic instruction. Now, having established his
authority as a teacher, he proceeds to discourse more confidently, and
draws a comparison between faith and the Law. At the outset he said, "I
marvel that ye are so quickly removing;" (Gal. i: 6.) but here, "O
foolish Galatians;" then, his indignation was in its
24
birth, but now, after his refutation of the charges against himself,
and his proofs, it bursts forth. Let not his calling them
"foolish" surprise you; for it is not a transgression of Christ's
command not to call one's brother a fool, but rather a strict
observance of it. For it is not said simply, "Whosoever shall say to
his brother, Thou fool," (Mat. v: 22.) but, whosoever shall do so,
"without a cause."[1] And who more fittingly than they could so be
called, who after so great events, adhered to past things, as if
nothing else had ever happened? If on this account Paul is to be called
a "reviler," Peter may likewise, on account of Annanias and Sapphira,
be called a homicide; but as it would be wildness to do so in that
case, much more in this. Moreover it is to be considered, that this
vehemence is not used at the beginning, but after these evidences and
proofs, which, rather than Paul himself, might now be held to
administer the rebuke. For after he had shown that they rejected the
faith, and made the death of Christ to be without a purpose, he
introduces his reproof, which, even as it is, is less severe than they
merited. Observe too how soon he stays his arm; for he adds not, Who
has seduced you? who has perverted you? who has been sophistical with
you? but, "Who hath cast an envious eye on you?" thus tempering his
reprimand with somewhat of praise. For it implies that their previous
course had excited jealousy,[2] and that the present occurrence arose
from the malignity of a demon, whose breath had blasted their
prosperous estate.
And when you hear of jealousy in this place, and in
the Gospel, of an evil eye, which means the same, you must not suppose
that the glance of the eye has any natural power to injure those who
look upon it. For the eye, that is, the organ itself, cannot be evil;
but Christ in that place means jealousy by the term. To behold, simply,
is the function of the eye, but to behold in an evil manner belongs to
a mind depraved within. As through this sense the knowledge of visible
objects enters the soul, and as jealousy is for the most part generated
by wealth, and wealth and sovereignty and pomp are perceived by the
eye, therefore he calls the eye evil; not as beholding merely, but as
beholding enviously from some moral depravity. Therefore by the words,
"Who hath looked enviously on you," he implies that the persons in
question acted, not from concern, not to supply defects, but to
mutilate what existed. For envy, far from supplying what is wanting,
subtracts from what is complete, and vitiates the whole. And he speaks
thus, not as if envy had any power of itself, but meaning, that the
teachers of these doctrines did so from envious motives.
Ver. I. "Before whose eyes Jesus Christ was openly
set forth, crucified."
Yet was He not crucified in Galatia, but at
Jerusalem. His reason for saying, " among you,"[3] is to declare the
power of faith to see events which are at a distance. He says not,
"crucified," but, "openly set forth crucified," signifying that by the
eye of faith they saw more distinctly than some who were present as
spectators. For many of the latter received no benefit, but the former,
who were not eye-witnesses, yet saw it by faith more clearly. These
words convey both praise and blame; praise, for their implicit
acceptance of the truth; blame, because Him whom they had seen, for
their sakes, stripped naked, transfixed, nailed to the cross, spit
upon, mocked, fed with vinegar, upbraided by thieves, pierced with a
spear; (for all this is implied in the words, "openly set forth,
crucified,")[4] Him had they left, and betaken themselves to the Law,
unshamed by any of those sufferings. Here observe how Paul, leaving all
mention of heaven, earth, and sea, every where preaches the power of
Christ, bearing about as he did, and holding up His. cross: for this is
the sum of the Divine love. toward us.
Ver 2. "This only would I learn from you, Received
ye the Spirit by the works of the Law, or by the hearing of faith?"
As ye do not attend, says he, to long discourses,
nor are willing to contemplate the magnitude of this Economy, I am
desirous, (seeing your extreme ignorance,) to convince you by concise
arguments and a summary method of proof. Before, he had convinced them
by what he said to Peter; now, he encounters them entirely with
arguments, drawn not from what had occurred elsewhere, but from what
had happened among themselves.[5] And his persuasives and proofs
are adduced, not merely from what was given them in common with others,
but from what was especially conferred on themselves. Therefore he
says, "This only would I learn from you, Received ye the Spirit by the
works of the Law, or by the hearing of faith." Ye have received, he
says, the Holy Spirit, ye
25
have done many mighty works, ye have effected miracles in raising the
dead, in cleansing lepers, in prophesying, in speaking with
tongues,--did the LaW confer this great power upon you? was it not
rather Faith, seeing that, before, ye could do no such things? Is it
not then the height of madness for these who have received such
benefits from Faith, to abandon it, and desert back to the Law which
can offer you nothing of the same kind?
Ver. 3. "Are ye so foolish? having begun in the
Spirit, are ye now perfected in the flesh?"
Here again he seasonably interposes a rebuke; time,
he says, should have brought improvement; but, so far from advancing,
ye have even retrograded. Those who start from small beginnings make
progress to higher things; ye, who began with the high, have relapsed
to the low. Even had your outset been carnal, your advance should have
been spiritual, but now, after starting from things spiritual, ye have
ended your journey in that which is carnal; for to work miracles is
spiritual, but to be circumcised is carnal. And after miracles ye have
passed to circumcision, after having apprehended the truth ye have
fallen back to types, after gazing on the sun ye seek a candle, after
having strong meat ye run for milk. He says, "made perfect,"[1]
which means not "initiated" merely, but "sacrificed," signifying that
their teachers took and slew them like animals, while they resigned
themselves to suffer what those teachers pleased. As if some captain,
or distinguished man, after a thousand victories and trophies, were to
subject himself to infamy as a deserter, and offer his body to be
branded at the will of others.
Ver. 4. "Did ye suffer so many things in vain?[2] if
it be indeed in vain."
This remark is far more piercing than the former,
for the remembrance of their miracles would not be so powerful as the
exhibition of their contests and endurance of sufferings for Christ's
sake. All that you have endured, says he, these men would strip you of,
and would rob you of your crown. Then, lest he should dismay and
unnerve, he proceeds not to a formal judgment, but subjoins, "if it be
indeed in vain;" if you have but a mind to shake off drowsiness and
recover yourselves, he says, it is not in vain. Where then be those who
would cut off repentance[3]? Here were men who had received the Spirit,
worked miracles, become confessors, encountered a thousand perils and
persecutions for Christ's sake, and after so many achievements had
fallen from grace; nevertheless he says, if ye have the purpose, ye may
recover yourselves.
Ver. 5. "He therefore that supplieth to you the
Spirit, and worketh miracles among you, doeth he it by the works of the
law, or by the hearing of faith?"
Have ye been vouchsafed, he says, so great a gift,
and achieved such wonders, because ye observed the Law, or because ye
adhered to Faith? plainly on account of Faith. Seeing that they played
this argument to and fro, that apart from the Law, Faith had no force,
he proves the contrary, viz., that if the Commandments be added, Faith
no longer avails; for Faith then has efficacy when things from the Law
are not added to it. "Ye who would be justified by the Law, ye are
fallen away from grace:" (Gal. v: 4.) This he says later, when his
language has grown bolder, employing the vantage-ground by. that time
gained; meanwhile while gaining it, he argues from their past
experience. For it was when ye obeyed Faith, he says, not the Law, that
ye received the Spirit and wrought miracles.
And here, as the Law was the subject of discuss;on,
he moots another special point of controversy, and very opportunely and
with much cogency introduces a notice of Abraham.
Ver. 6. "Even as Abraham believed God, and it was
reckoned unto him for righteousness. "
Even the miracles done by themselves, he says,
declare the power of Faith, but I shall attempt if you will suffer me
to draw my proofs from ancient narratives also. Then, as they made
great account of the Patriarch, he brings his example forward, and
shows that he too was justified by Faith.[4] And if he who was before
grace, was justified by Faith, although plentiful in works, much more
we. For what loss was it to him, not being under the Law? None, for his
faith sufficed unto righteousness. The Law did not then exist, he says,
neither does it now exist, any more than then. In disproving the need
of the Law, he introduces one who was justified before the Law, lest an
objection should also be made to him; for as then it was
26
not yet given, so now, having been given, it was abrogated. And as they
made much of their descent from Abraham, and feared lest, abandoning
the Law, they should be considered strangers to his kin; Paul removes
this fear by turning their argument against themselves, and proves that
faith is especially concerned in connecting them with Abraham. He draws
out this argument more at length in the Epistle to the Romans; however
he urges it also here in, the words,
Ver. 7. "Know therefore, that they which be of
faith, the same are sons of Abraham."
Which he proves by ancient testimony thus:
Ver. 8. "And the Scripture,[1] foreseeing that God
would justify the Gentiles by faith, preached the Gospel Beforehand
unto Abraham, saying, In thee shall all the nations be blessed."
If then those were Abraham's sons, not, who were
related to him by blood, but who follow his faith, for this is the
meaning of the words, "In thee all the nations," it is plain that the
heathen are brought into kindred with him.
Hereby too is proved another important point. It
perplexed them that the Law was the older, and Faith afterwards. Now he
removes this notion by showing that Faith was anterior to the Law; as
is evident from Abraham's case, who was justified before the giving of
the Law. He shows too that late events fell out according to prophecy;
"The Scripture," says he, "fore-seeing that God would justify the
Gentiles by faith, preached the Gospel beforehand unto Abraham." Attend
to this point. He Himself who gave the Law, had decreed, before He gave
it, that the heathen should be justified by Faith. And he says not
"revealed," but, "preached the Gospel," to signify that the patriarch
was in joy at this method of justification, and in great desire for its
accomplishment.
Further, they were possessed with another
apprehension; it was written, "Cursed is every one that continueth not
in all things that are written in the book of the Law, to do them."
(Deut. xxvii: 26.) And this he removes, with great skill and prudence,
turning their argument against themselves, and showing that those who
relinquish the Law are not only not cursed, but blessed; and they who
keep it, not only not blessed but cursed. They said that he who kept
not the Law was cursed, but he proves that he who kept it was cursed,
and he who kept it not, blessed. Again, they said that he who adhered .
to Faith alone was cursed, but he shows that he who adhered to
Faith alone, is blessed. And how does he prove all this? for it is no
common thing which we have promised; wherefore it is necessary to give
close attention to what follows. He had already shown this, by
referring to the words spoken to the Patriarch, "In thee shall all
nations be blessed," (Gen. xii: 4.) at a time, that is, when Faith
existed, not the Law; so he adds by way of conclusion,
Ver. 9. "So then they which be of faith are blessed
with the faithful Abraham."[2]
Then, that they might not turn round, and object
that, true it was Abraham was justified by Faith, for the Law was not
then given, but what instance would be found of Faith justifying after
the delivery of the Law? he addresses himself to this, and proves more
than they required: namely, not only that Faith was justifying, but
that the Law brought its adherents under a curse. To be sure of this,
listen to the very words of the Apostle.
Ver. 10. "For[3] as many as are of the works of the
Law are under a curse."
This is what he lays down, before proving it ; and
what is the proof? it is from the Law itself:--
Ver. 10, 11. "For it is written, Cursed is every one
that continueth not in all things that are written in the book of the
Law to do them. Now that no man is justified by the Law is evident."
For all have sinned, and are under the curse.
However he does not say this yet, lest he should seem to lay it down of
himself, but here again establishes his point by a text which concisely
states both points; that no man has fulfilled the Law, (wherefore they
are under the curse,) and, that Faith justifies. What then is the text?
It is in the book of the prophet Habakkuk, "The just shall live by
faith," (Hab. ii: 4.) which not only establishes the righteousness that
is of Faith, but also that there is no salvation through the Law. As no
one, he says, kept the Law, but all were under the curse, on account of
transgression, an easy way was provided, that from Faith, which is in
itself a strong proof that no man can be justified by the Law. For the
prophet says not, "The just shall live by the Law," but," by faith:"
Ver. 12. "And the Law is not of faith; but He that
doeth them shall live in them."
For the Law requires not only Faith but works also,
but grace saves and justifies by Faith. (Eph. ii: 8.)
27
You see how he proves that they are under the curse
who cleave to the Law, because it is impossible to fulfill it; next,
how comes Faith to have this justifying power? for to this doctrine he
already stood pledged, and now maintains it with great force of
argument. The Law being too weak to lead man to righteousness, an
effectual remedy was provided in Faith, which is the means of rendering
that possible which was "impossible by the Law." (Rom. viii: 3.) Now as
the Scripture says, "the just shall live by faith," thus repudiating
salvation by the Law, and moreover as Abraham was justified by Faith,
it is evident that its efficacy is very great. And it is also clear,
that he who abides not by the Law is cursed, and that he who keeps to
Faith is just. But, you may ask me, how I prove that this curse is not
still of force? Abraham lived before the Law, but we, who once were
subject to the yoke of bondage, have made ourselves liable to the
curse; and who shall release us therefrom? Observe his ready answer to
this; his former remark was sufficient; for, if a man be once
justified, and has died to the Law and embraced a novel life, how can
such a one be subject to the curse? however, this is not enough for
him, so he begins with a fresh argument, as follows :--
Ver. 13. "Christ redeemed us from the curse of the
Law, having become a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every
one that hangeth on a tree."[1]
In reality, the people were subject to another
curse, which says, "Cursed is every one that continueth not in the
things that are written in the book of the Law." (Deut. xxvii: 26.) To
this curse, I say, people were subject, for no man had continued in, or
was a keeper of, the whole Law; but Christ exchanged this curse for the
other, "Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree." As then both he
who hanged on a tree, and he who transgresses the Law, is cursed, and
as it was necessary for him who is about to relieve from a curse
himself to be free from it, but to receive another instead of it,
therefore Christ took opon Him such another, and thereby relieved us
from the curse. It was like an innocent man's undertaking to die for
another sentenced to death, and so rescuing him from punishment. For
Christ took upon Him not the curse of transgression, but the other
curse, in order to remove that of others. For, "He had done no violence
neither was any deceit in His mouth." (Isa. liii: 9; 1 Peter ii: 22.)
And as by dying He rescued from death those who were dying, so by
taking upon Himself the curse, He delivered them from it.
Ver. 14. "That upon the Gentiles might come the
blessing of Abraham."
How on the Gentiles? It is said, "In thy seed shall
all the nations of the earth be blessed:" (Gen. xxii: 18; xxvi: 4.)
that is to say, in Christ. If this were said of the Jews, how would it
be reasonable that they who were themselves subject to the curse, on
account of transgression, should become the authors of a blessing to
others? an accursed person cannot impart to others that blessing of
which he is himself deprived. Plainly then it all refers to Christ who
was the Seed of Abraham, and through whom the Gentiles are blessed. And
thus the promise of the Spirit is added, as Paul himself declares,
"that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith."[2] As
the grace of the Spirit could not possibly descend on the graceless and
offending, they are first blessed the curse having been removed; then
being justified by faith, they draw unto themselves the grace of the
Spirit. Thus the Cross removed the curse, Faith brought in
righteousness, righteousness drew on the grace of the Spirit.
Ver. 15. "Brethren, I speak after the manner of men;
Though it be but a man's covenant, yet when it hath been confirmed, no
one maketh it void or addeth thereto."
"To speak after the manner of men" means to use
human examples.[3] Having founded his argument on the Scriptures, on
the miracles wrought among themselves, on the sufferings of Christ, and
on the Patriarch, he proceeds to common usages; and this he does
invariably, in order to sweeten his discourse, and render it more
acceptable and intelligible to the duller sort. Thus he argues with the
Corinthians, "Who feedeth a flock, and eateth not of the milk of the
flock? Who planteth a vineyard, and eateth not the fruit thereof?" (1
Cor. ix: 7.) and again with the Hebrews, "For a testament is of force
where there hath been death; for doth it ever avail while he that made
it liveth?" ( Heb. ix: 17. ) One may find him dwelling with pleasure on
such arguments. In the Old Testament God does the same thing in many
instances, as, "Cab a woman forget her sucking child?" (Isa. xlix: 15.)
and again, "Shall the clay say to him that fashioneth it, What makest
thou?" (Isa. xlv: 9.) and in Hosea, He represents a husband set at
nought by his wife. (Hos. ii: 5, f.) This use of human
28
examples frequently occurs in types also, as when the prophet takes the
girdle, (Jer. xiii 1-9.) and goes down to the potter's house (Jer.
xviii: 1-6.) The meaning of the present example is, that Faith is more
ancient than the Law, which is later and only temporary, and delivered
in order to pave the way for Faith. Hence he says, "Brethren, I speak
after the manner of men;" above he had called them "foolish," now he
calls them "brethren," at once chiding and encouraging them. "Though it
be but a man's covenant, yet when it hath been confirmed." If a man,
says he, makes a covenant, does any one dare to come afterwards and
overturn it, or subjoin aught to it? for this is the meaning of "or
addeth thereto." Much less then when God makes a covenant; and with
whom did God make a covenant?
Ver. 16, 17, 18. "Now to Abraham were the promises
spoken and to his seed. He saith not, And to seeds,[1] as of many; but
as of One, And to thy seed, which is Christ.[2] Now this I say, A
covenant, confirmed before hand by God the Law, which came four hundred
and thirty years after, doth not disannul, so as to make the promise of
none effect. For if the inheritance is of the Law, it is no more of
promise: but God hath granted it to Abraham by promise."
Thus God made a covenant with Abraham, promising
that in his seed the blessing should come upon the heathen; and this
blessing the Law cannot turn aside. As this example was not in all
respects appropriate to the matter in hand, he introduces it thus, "I
speak after the manner of men," that nothing might be deduced from it
derogatory to the majesty of God. But let us go to the bottom of this
illustration. It was promised Abraham that by his seed the heathen
should be blessed; and his seed according to the flesh is Christ; four
hundred and thirty years after came the Law; now, if the Law bestows
the blessings even life and righteousness, that promise is annulled.
And so while no one annuls a man's covenant, the covenant of God after
four hundred and thirty years is annulled; for if not that covenant but
another instead of it bestows what is promised, then is it set aside,
which is most unreasonable.
Ver. 19. "What then is the Law? it was added because
of transgressions."
This remark again is not superfluous; observe too
how he glances round at every thing, as if he had an hundred eyes.
Having exalted Faith, and proved its eider claims, that the Law may not
be considered superfluous, he sets right this side of the doctrine
also, and proves that the Law was not given without a view, but
altogether profitably. "Because of transgressions;" that is to say,
that the Jews might not be let live carelessly, and plunge into the
depth of wickedness,[3] but that the Law might be placed upon them as a
bridle, guiding, regulating, and checking them from transgressing, if
not all, at least some of the commandments. Not slight then was the
advantage of the Law; but for how long?
Ver. 19. "Till the seed should come to whom the
promise hath been made."
This is said of Christ; if then it was given until
His advent, why do you protract it beyond its natural period?
Ver. 19. "And it was ordained through Angels by the
hand of a Mediator."
He either calls the priests Angels, or he declares
that the Angels themselves ministered to the delivery of the Law. By
Mediator here he means Christ,[4] and shows that He was before it, and
Himself the Giver of it.
Ver. 20. "Now a mediator is not a mediator of one,
but God is one."[5]
What can the heretics[6] say to this? for as,
according to them, the expression "the Only True God" excludes the Son
from being true God, so here the phrase "God is One," excludes Him from
being God in any sense. But if, although the Father is called "One
God," the Son is nevertheless God, it is very plain that though the
Father is called "Very God," the Son is very God likewise. Now a
mediator, says he, is between two parties; of whom then is Christ the
Mediator? plainly of God and of men. Observe, he says, that Christ also
gave the Law; what therefore it was His to give, it is His to annul.
29
Ver. 21. "Is the Law then against the promises of
God?"
For if the blessing is given in the seed of Abraham,
but the Law brings in the curse, it must be contrary to the promises.
This objection he meets, first, by a protest, in the words,
Ver. 21. "God forbid:" And next he brings his proof;
Ver. 21. "For if there had been a law given which
could make alive. verily righteousness would have been of the Law."
His meaning is as follows; If we had our hope of
life in the Law, and our salvation depended on it, the objection might
be valid. But if it save you, by means of Faith, though it brings you
under the curse, you suffer nothing from it, gain no harm, in that
Faith comes and sets all right. Had the promise been by the Law, you
had reasonably feared lest, separating from the Law, you should
separate from righteousness, but if it was given in order to shut up
all, that is, to convince all and expose their individual sins, far
from excluding you from the promises, it now aids you in obtaining
them. This is shown by the words,
Ver. 22. "Howbeit the scripture[1] hath shut up all
things trader sin, that the promise by faith in Jesus Christ might be
given to them that believe."
As the Jews were not even conscious of their own
sins, and in consequence did not even desire remission; the Law was
given to probe their wounds, that they might long for a physician. And
the word "shut up" means "convinced" and conviction held them in fear.
You see then it is not only not against, but was given for the
promises. Had it arrogated to itself the work and the authority, the
objection would stand; but if its drift is something else, and it acted
for that, how is it against the promises of God? Had the Law not been
given, all would have been wrecked upon wickedness, and there would
have been no Jews to listen to Christ; but now being given, it has
effected two things ; it has schooled its followers in a certain degree
of virtue, and has pressed on them the knowledge of their own sins. And
this especially made them more zealous to seek the Son, for those who
disbelieved, disbelieved from having no sense of their own sins, as
Paul shows; "For being ignorant of God's righteousness, and seeking to
establish their own righteousness, they did not subject themselves to
the rightousness of God." (Rom. x: 3.)
Ver. 23. "But before faith came, we were kept inward
under the Law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be
revealed."
Here he clearly puts forward what I have stated: for
the expressions "we were kept" and "shut up," signify nothing else than
the security given by the commandments of the Law; which like a
fortress fenced them round with fear and a life conformable to itself,
and so preserved them unto Faith.
Ver. 24. "So that the Law hath been our tutor to
bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith."
Now the Tutor is not opposed to the Preceptor, but
cooperates with him, ridding the youth from all vice, and having all
leisure to fit him for receiving instructions from his Preceptor. But
when the youth's habits are formed, then the Tutor leaves him, as Paul
says.
Ver. 25, 26. "But now that faith is come which leads
to perfect manhood we are no longer under a tutor[2]. For ye are all
sons of God through faith in Christ Jesus."
The Law then, as it was our tutor, and we were kept
shut up under it, is not the adversary but the fellow-worker of grace;
but if when grace is come, it continues to hold us down, it becomes an
adversary; for if it confines those who ought to go forward to grace,
then it is the destruction of our salvation. If a candle which gave
light by night, kept us, when it became day, from the sun, it would not
only not benefit, it would injure us; and so doth the Law, if it stands
between us and greater benefits. Those then are the greatest traducers
of the Law, who still keep it, just as the tutor makes a youth
ridiculous, by retaining him with himself, when time calls for his
departure. Hence Paul says, "But after faith is come, we are no longer
under a tutor." We are then no longer under a tutor, "for ye are all
sons of God." Wonderful! see how mighty is the power of Faith, and how
he unfolds as he proceeds! Before, he showed that it made them sons of
the Patriarch, "Know therefore," says he, "that they which be of faith,
the same are sons of Abraham;" now he proves that they are sons of God
also, "For ye are all," says he, "sons of God through faith, which is
in Christ Jesus;" by Faith, not by the Law. Then, when he has said this
30
great and wonderful thing, he names also the mode of their adoption,
Ver. 27. "For as many of you as were baptized into
Christ, did put on Christ."
Why does he not say, "For as many of you as have
been baptized into Christ, have been born of God?" for this was what
directly went to prove that they were sons;--because he states it in a
much more awful point of view; If Christ be the Son of God, and thou
hast put on Him, thou who hast the Son within thee, and art fashioned
after His pattern, hast been brought into one kindred and nature with
Him.
Ver. 28. "There can be neither Jew nor Greek, there
can be neither bond nor free, there can be no male and female: for ye
all are one in Christ Jesus."
See what an insatiable soul! for having said, "We
are all made children of God through Faith," he does not stop there,
but tries to find something more exact, which may serve to convey a
still closer oneness with Christ. Having said, "ye have put on Christ,"
even this does not suffice Him, but by way of penetrating more deeply
into this union, he comments on it thus: "Ye are all One in Christ
Jesus," that is, ye have all one form and one mould, even Christ's.
What can be more awful than these words! He that was a Greek, or Jew,
or bond-man yesterday, carries about with him the form, not of an Angel
or Archangel, but of the Lord of all, yea displays in his own person
the Christ.
Ver. 29. "And if ye are Christ's, then are ye
Abraham's seed, heirs according to promise."
Here, you observe, he proves what he had before
stated concerning the seed of Abraham,--that to him and to his seed the
promises were given.[3]
CHAPTER IV
VERSE 1--3.
"But I say, that so long as the heir is a child, he differeth nothing
from a bond-servant, though he is lord of all; but is under guardians
and stewards, until the term appointed of the father. So we also when
we were children, were held in bondage under the rudiments of the
world.".
The word "child" in this place denotes not age but
understanding;[1] meaning that God had from the beginning designed for
us these gifts, but, as we yet continued childish, He let us be under
the elements of the world, that is, new moons and sabbaths, for these
days are regulated by the course of sun and moon.[2] If then also now
they bring you under law they do nothing else but lead you backward now
in the time of your perfect age and maturity. And see what is the
consequence of observing days; the Lord, the Master of the house,
the Sovereign Ruler, is thereby reduced to the rank of a servant.
Ver. 4, 5. "But when the fulness of the time came
God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, under the Law that he might
redeem them which were under the Law, that we might receive the
adoption of sons."
Here he states two objects and effects of the
Incarnation, deliverance from evil and supply of good, things which
none could compass but Christ. They are these; deliverance from the
curse of the Law, and promotion to sonship. Fitly does he say, that we
might "receive," "[be paid,]" implying that it was due;[4] for the
promise was of old time made for these objects to Abraham, as the
Apostle has himself shown at great length. And how does it appear that
we have become sons? he has told us one mode, in that we have put on
Christ who is the Son; and now he mentions another, in that we have
received the Spirit of adoption.
Ver. 6, 7. "And because ye are sons, God sent forth
the Spirit of His Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father. So that
thou art no longer a bond-servant, but a son; and if a son, then an
heir through God."
Had not we been first made sons, we could not have
called Him Father. If then grace hath made us freemen instead of
slaves, men
31
instead of children, heirs and sons instead of aliens, is it not utter
absurdity and stupidity to desert this grace, and to turn away
backwards?
Ver. 8, 9. "Howbeit at that time not knowing
God, ye were bondage to them which buy nature are no gods.[1] But now,
that ye have come to know God, or rather to be known of God, how turn
ye back again to the weak and beggarly rudiments whereunto ye
desire to be in bondage over again."
Here turning to the Gentile believers he says that
it is an idolatry, this rigid observance of days, and now incurs a
severe punishment. To enforce this, and inspire them with a deeper
anxiety, he calls the elements "not by nature Gods." And his meaning
is,--Then indeed, as being benighted and bewildered, ye lay grovelling
upon the earth, but now that ye have known God or rather are known of
Him, how great and bitter will be the chastisement ye draw upon
you, if, after such a treatment, ye relapse into the same disease. It
was not by your own pains that ye found out God, but while ye continued
in error, He drew you to Himself. He says "weak and beggarly
rudiments," in that they avail nothing towards the good things held out
to us.
Ver. 10. "Ye observe days, and months, and seasons,
and years." Hence is plain that their teachers were preaching to them
not only circumscision, but also the feast-days and new-moons.
Ver. 11. "I am afraid of you, lest by any means I
have bestowed labor upon you in vain."
Observe the tender compassion of the Apostle; they
were shaken and he trembles and fears. And hence he has put it so as
thoroughly to shame them, "I have bestowed labor upon you,"
saying, as it were, make not vain the labors which have cost me sweat
and pain. By saying "I fear," and subjoining the word "lest," he
both inspires alarm, and encourages good hope. He says not "I have
labored in vain," but "lest," which is as much as to say, the wreck has
not happened, but I see the storm big with it; so I am in fear, yet not
in despair; ye have the power to set all right, and to return into your
former calm. Then, as it were stretching out a hand to them thus
tempest-tost,[2] he
brings himself into the midst, saying,
Ver. 12. "I beseech you, brethren, be as I am; for I
am as you are."
This is addressed to his Jewish disciples, and he
brings his own example forward, to induce them thereby to abandon their
old customs. Though you had none other for a pattern, he says, to look
at me only would have sufficed for such a change, and for your taking
courage. Therefore gaze on me; I too was[3] once in your state of mind,
especially so; I had a burning zeal for the Law; yet afterwards I
feared not to abandon the Law, to withdraw from that rule of life. And
this ye know full well how obstinately I clung hold of Judiaism, and
how with yet greater force I let it go. He does well to place this last
in order: for most men, though they are given a thousand reasons, and
those just ones, are more readily influenced by that which is like
their own case, and more firmly hold to that which they see done by
others.
Ver. 12. "Ye did me no wrong."
Observe how he again addresses them by a title of
honor, which was a reminder moreover of the doctrine of grace. Having
chid them seriously, and brought things together from all quarters, and
shown their violations of the Law, and hit them on many sides, he gives
in and conciliates them speaking more tenderly. For as to do nothing
but conciliate causes negligence, so to be constantly talked at with
sharpness sours a man; so that it is proper to observe due proportion
everywhere. See then how he excuses to them what he has said, and shows
that it proceeded not simply because he did not like them, but from
anxiety. After giving them a deep cut, he pours in this encouragement
like oil; and, showing that his words were not words of hate or enmity,
he reminds them of the love which they had evinced toward him, mixing
his self-vindication with praises.Therefore he says, "ye did me no
wrong."
Ver. 13, 14. "But ye know that because of an
infirmity of the flesh I preached the Gospel unto you the first time.
And that which was a temptation in my flesh ye despised not, nor
rejected."
Not to have injured one is indeed no great thing,
for no man whatever would choose to hurt wantonly and without object to
annoy another who had never injured him. But for you, not only have ye
not injured me, but ye have shown me great and inexpressible kindness,
and it is impossible that one who has been treated with such attention
should speak thus from any malevolent motive. My language then cannot
be caused by ill-will; it follows, that it proceeds
32
from affection and solicitude.[1] "Ye did me no wrong; ye know that
because of an infirmity of the flesh I preached the Gospel unto you."
What can be gentler than this holy soul, what sweeter, or more
affectionate! And the words he had already used, arose not from an
unreasoning anger, nor from a passionate emotion, but from much
solicitude. And why do I say, ye have not injured me? Rather have ye
evinced a great and sincere regard for me. For "ye know," he says,
"that because of an infirmity of the flesh I preached the Gospel unto
you; and that which was a temptation to you in my flesh ye despised
not, nor rejected." What does he mean? While I preached to you, I was
driven about, I was scourged, I suffered a thousand deaths, yet ye
thought no scorn of me; for this is meant by that which was a
temptation to you in my flesh ye despised not, nor rejected."[2]
Observe his spiritual skill; in the midst of his self-vindication, he
again appeals to their feelings by showing what he had suffered for
their sakes. This however, says he, did not at all offend you, nor did
ye reject me on account of my sufferings and persecutions; or, as he
now calls them, his infirmity and temptation.
Ver. 14. "But ye received me as an Angel of God."
Was it not then absurd in them to receive him as an
Angel of God, when he was persecuted and driven about, and then not to
receive him when pressing on them what was fitting?
Ver. 15, 16. "Where then is that gratulation of
yourselves? for I bear you witness, that, if possible, ye would have
plucked out your eyes, and given them to me. So then am I become your
enemy, because I tell you the truth?"
Here he shows perplexity and amazement, and desires
to learn of themselves the reason of their change. Who, says he, hath
deceived you, and caused a difference in your disposition towards me?
Are ye not the same who attended and ministered to me, counting me more
precious than your own eyes? what then has happened? whence this
dislike? whence this suspicion? Is it because I have told you the
truth? You ought on this very account to pay me increased honor and
attention; instead of which "I am become your enemy, because I tell you
the truth,"--for I can find no other reason but this. Observe too what
humbleness of mind appears in his defence of himself; he proves not by
his conduct to them, but by theirs to him that his language could not
possibly have proceeded from unkind feeling. For he says not; How is it
supposable that one, who has been scourged and driven about, and
ill-treated a thousand things for your sakes, should now have schemes
against you? But he argues from what they had reason to boast of,
saying, How can one who has been honored by you, and received as an
Angel, repay you by conduct the very opposite?
Ver. 17. "They zealously seek you in no good way;
nay, they desire to shut you out that ye may seek them."
It is a wholesome emulation[3] which leads to an
imitation of virtue, but an evil one, which seduces from virtue him who
is in the right path. And this is the object of those persons, who
would deprive you of perfect knowledge,[4] and impart to you that which
is mutilated and spurious, and this for no other purpose than that they
may occupy the rank of teachers, and degrade you, who now stand higher
than themselves, to the position of disciples. For this is the meaning
of the words "that ye may seek them." But I, says he, desire the
reverse, that ye may become a model for them, and a pattern of a higher
perfection: a thing which actually happened when I was present with
you. Wherefore he adds,
Ver. 18. "But it is good to be zealously sought in a
good matter at all times, and not only when I am present with you."
Here he hints that his absence had been the cause of
this, and that the true blessing was for disciples to hold right
opinions not only in the presence but also in the absence of their
master. But as they had not arrived at this point of perfection, he
makes every effort to place them there.
Ver. 19. "My little children,[5] of whom I am again
in travail until Christ be formed in you. "
Observe his perplexity and perturbation, "Brethren,
I beseech you:" "My little children, of whom I am again in travail:" He
resembles a mother trembling for her children. "Until Christ be formed
in you." Behold his paternal tenderness, behold this despondency worthy
of an Apostle. Observe what a wail he utters, far more piercing than of
a woman in travail;--Ye have defaced the likeness, ye have destroyed
the kinship, ye have changed the form, ye need
33
another regeneration and refashioning;[1] nevertheless I call you
children, abortions and monsters though ye be. However, he does not
express himself in this way, but spares them, unwilling to strike, and
to inflict wound upon wound. Wise physicians do not cure those who have
fallen into a long sickness all at once, but little by little, lest
they should faint and die. And so is it with this blessed man; for
these pangs were more severe in proportion as the force of his
affection was stronger. And the offense was of no trivial kind. And as
I have ever said and ever will say, even a slight fault mars the
appearance and distorts the figure of the whole.
"Ver. 20. "Yea, I could wish to be present with you
now, and to change my voice."
Observe his warmth, his inability to refrain
himself, and to conceal these his feelings; such is the nature of love;
nor is he satisfied with words, but desires to be present with them,
and so, as he says, to change his voice, that is, to change to
lamentation, to shed tears, to turn every thing into mourning. For he
could not by letter show his tears or cries of grief, and therefore he
ardently desires to be present with them.
Ver. 20. "For I am perplexed about you." I know not,
says he, what to say, or what to think. How is it, that ye who by
dangers, which ye endured for the faith's sake, and by miracles, which
ye performed through faith, had ascended to the highest heaven, should
suddenly be brought to such a depth of degradation as to be drawn
aside to circumcision or sabbaths, and should rely wholly upon
Judaizers? Hence in the beginning he says, "I marvel that ye are so
quickly removing," and here, "I am perplexed about you," as if he said,
What am I to speak? What am I to utter? What am I to think? I am
bitterly perplexed. And so he must needs weep, as the prophets do when
in perplexity; for not only admonition but mourning also is a form in
which solicitous attention is often manifested. And what he said in his
speech to those at Miletus, "By the space of three years I ceased not
to warn every one ... with tears," he says here also, "and to change my
voice. "(Acts xx: 31. ) When we find ourselves overcome by perplexity
and helplessness which come contrary to expectation, we are driven to
tears; and so Paul admonished them sharply, and endeavored to shame
them, then in turn soothed them, and lastly he wept. And this weeping
is not only a reproof but a blandishment; it does not exasperate like
reproof, nor relax like indulgent treatment, but is a mixed remedy, and
of great efficacy in the way of exhortation. Having thus softened and
powerfully engaged their hearts by his tears, he again advances to the
contest,[2] and lays down a larger propostion, proving that the Law
itself was opposed to its being kept. Before, he produced the example
of Abraham, but now (what is more cogent) he brings forward the Law
itself enjoining them not to keep itself, but to leave off. So that,
says he, you must abandon the Law, if you would obey it, for this is
its own wish: this however he does not say expressly, but enforces it
in another mode, mixing up with it an account of facts.
Ver. 21. "Tell me," he says, "ye that desire to be
under the Law, do ye not hear the Law?"[3]
He says rightly, "ye that desire," for the matter
was not one of a proper and orderly succession of things but of their
own unseasonable contentiousness. It is the Book of Creation which he
here calls the Law, which name he often gives to the whole Old
Testament.
Ver. 22. "For it is written, (Gen. xv: 16.) that
Abraham had two sons, one by the hand-maid and the other by the
freewoman."
He returns again to Abraham, not in the way of
repetition, but, inasmuch as the Patriarch's fame was great among the
Jews, to show that the types had their origin from thence, and that
present events were pictured aforetime in him. Having previously shown
that the Galatians were sons of Abraham, now, in that the Patriarch's
sons were not of equal dignity, one being by a bondwoman, the other by
a free-woman, he shows that they were not only his sons, but sons in
the same sense as he that was freeborn and noble. Such is the power of
Faith.
Ver. 23. "Howbeit the son by the handmaid is born
after the flesh; but the son by the freewoman is born through promise."
What is the meaning of "after the flesh?" Having
said that Faith united us to Abraham, and it having seemed incredible
to his hearers, that those who were not begotten by Abraham should be
called his sons, he proves that this paradox had actually happened long
ago; for that Isaac, born not according to the order of nature, nor the
law of marriage, nor the power of the flesh, was yet truly his own son.
He was the issue of bodies that were dead, and of a womb that was dead;
his conception was not by the flesh, nor his birth by the seed, for the
womb was dead both through age and barren-
34
hess, but the Word of God fashioned Him. Not so in the case of the
bondman; He came by virtue of the laws of nature, and after the manner
of marriage. Nevertheless, he that was not according to the flesh was
more honorable than he that was born after the flesh. Therefore let it
not disturb you that ye are not born after the flesh; for from the very
reason that ye are not so born, are ye most of all Abraham's kindred.
The being born after the flesh renders one not more honorable, but less
so, for a birth not after the flesh is more marvellous and more
spiritual. And this is plain from the case of those who were born of
old time; Ishmael, for instance, who was born according to the flesh,
was not only a bondman, but was cast out of his father's house; but
Isaac, who was born according to the promise, being a true son and
free, was lord of all.
Ver. 24. "Which things contain an allegory."[1]
Contrary to usage, he calls a type an allegory; his
meaning is as follows; this history not only declares that which
appears on the face of it, but announces somewhat farther, whence it is
called an allegory. And what hath it announced? no less than all the
things now present.
Ver. 24. "For these women" he says, "are two
covenants; one from mount Sinai, bearing children unto bondage, which
is Hagar."
"These: "who? the mothers of those children, Sarah
and Hagar; and what are they? Two covenants, two laws. As the names of
the women were given in the history, he abides by this designation of
the two races, showing how much follows from the very names. How from
the names?
Ver. 25. "Now this Hagar is Mount Sinai in Arabia:"
The bond-woman was called Hagar, and "Hagar" is the
word for Mount Sinai in the language of that country."[2] So that it is
necessary that all who are born of the Old Covenant should be bondmen,
for that mountain where the Old Covenant was delivered hath a name in
common with the bondwoman. And it includes Jerusalem, for this is the
meaning of,
Ver. 25. "And answereth to Jerusalem that now is."
That is, it borders on, and is contiguous to it.[3]
Ver. 25. "For she is in bondage with her children."
What follows from hence? Not only that she was in
bondage and brought forth bondmen, but that this Covenant is so too,
whereof the bondwoman was a type. For Jerusalem is adjacent to the
mountain of the same name with the bondwoman, and in this mountain the
Covenant was delivered. Now where is the type of Sarah?
Ver. 26. "But Jerusalem that is above is free."
Those therefore, who are born of her are not
bondmen. Thus the type of the Jerusalem below was Hagar, as is plain
from the mountain being so called; but of that which is above is the
Church. Nevertheless he is not content with these types, but adds the
testimony of Isaiah to what he has spoken. Having said that Jerusalem
which is above "is our Mother," and having given that name to the
Church, he cites the suffrage of the Prophet in his favor,
Ver. 27. "Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not,
break forth and cry, thou that travailest not, for more are the
children of the desolate than of her which hath the husband." (Isa.
liv: I. )
Who is this who before was "barren," and "desolate?"
Clearly it is the Church of the Gentiles,[4] that was before deprived
of the knowledge of God? Who, "she which hath the husband?" plainly the
Synagogue. Yet the barren woman surpassed her in the number of her
children, for the other embraces one nation, but the children of the
Church have filled the country of the Greeks and of the Barbarians, the
earth and sea, the whole habitable world. Observe how Sarah by acts,
and the Prophet by words, have described the events about to befal us.
Observe too, that he whom Isaiah called barren, Paul hath proved to
have many children, which also happened typically in the case of Sarah.
For she too, although barren, became the mother of a numerous progeny.
This however does not suffice Paul, but he carefully follows out the
mode whereby the barren woman became a mother, that in this
particular likewise the type might harmonize with the truth. Wherefore
he adds
35
Ver. 28. "Now we, brethren, as Isaac was, are
children of promise."
It is not merely that the Church was barren like
Sarah, or became a mother of many children like her, but she bore them
in the way Sarah did. As it was not nature but the promise of God which
rendered Sarah a mother, [for the word of God which said, "At the time
appointed I will return unto thee, and Sarah shall have a son," (Gen.
xviii: 14.) this entered into the womb and formed the babe;] so also in
our regeneration it is not nature, but the Words of God spoken by the
Priest,[1] (the faithful know them,) which in the Bath of water as in a
sort of womb, form and regenerate him who is baptized.
Wherefore if we are sons of the barren woman, then
are we free. But what kind of freedom, it might be objected, is this,
when the Jews seize and scourge the believers, and those who have this
pretence of liberty are persecuted? for these things then occurred, in
the persecution of the faithful. Neither let this disturb you, he
replies, this also is anticipated in the type, for Isaac, who was free,
was persecuted by Ishmael the bondman. Wherefore he adds,
Ver. 29, 30. "But as then he that was born after the
flesh persecuted him that was born after the Spirit, even so it is now.
Howbeit what saith the Scripture? (Gen. xxi: 10.) Cast out the handmaid
and her son: for the son of the handmaid shall not inherit with the son
of the freewoman."
What! does all this consolation consist in showing
that freemen are persecuted by bond-men? By no means, he says, I do not
stop here, listen to what follows, and then, if you be not
pusillanimous under persecution, you will be sufficiently comforted.
And what is it that follows? "Cast out the son of the handmaid, for he
shall not inherit with the son of the freewoman." Behold the reward of
tyranny for a season, and of reckleness out of season! the son is
cast out of his father's house, and becomes, together with his mother,
an exile and a wanderer. And consider too the wisdom of the remark; for
he says not that he was cast forth merely because he persecuted, but
that he should not be heir. For this punishment was not exacted from
him on account of his temporary persecution, (for that would have been
of little moment, and nothing to the point,) but he was not
suffered to participate in the inheritance provided for the son. And
this proves that, putting the persecution aside, this very thing had
been typified from the beginning, and did not originate in the
persecution, but in the purpose of God. Nor does he say, "the son of
Abraham shall not be heir," but, "the son of the handmaid,"
distinguishing him by his inferior descent. Now Sarah was barren, and
so is the Gentile Church;[2] observe how the type is preserved in every
particular, as the former, through all the by-gone years, conceived
not, and in extreme old age became a mother, so the latter, when the
fulness of time is come, brings forth. And this the prophets have
proclaimed, saying, "Rejoice, thou barren that bearest not; break forth
and cry, thou that travailest not; for more are the children of the
desolate than of her which hath the husband." And hereby they intend
the Church; for she knew not God, but as soon as she knew Him, she
surpassed the fruitful synagogue.[3]
Ver. 31. "Wherefore, brethren, we are not children
of a handmaid but of the freewoman."
He turns and discusses this on all sides, desiring
to prove that what had taken place was no novelty, but had been before
typified many ages ago. How then can it be otherwise than absurd for
those who had been set apart so long and who had obtained freedom,
willingly to subject themselves to the yoke of bondage?
Next he states another inducement to them to abide
in his doctrine.
(36)
CHAPTER V
VERSE I.
"With freedom did Christ set us free;stand fast therefore.[1]."
Have ye wrought your own deliverance, that ye run
back again to the dominion ye were under before? It is Another
who hath redeemed you, it is Another who hath paid the ransom for
you. Observe in how many ways he leads them away from the error
of Judaism; by showing, first, that it was the extreme of folly for
those, who had become free instead of slaves, to desire to become
slaves instead of free; secondly, that they would be convicted of
neglect and ingratitude to their Benefactor, in despising Him who
had delivered, and loving him who had enslaved them; thirdly, that it
was impossible. For Another having once for all redeemed all of us from
it, the Law ceases to have any sway. By the word,"stand fast," he
indicates their vacillation.
Ver. 1. "And be not entangled again in a yoke of
bondage."
By the word "yoke" he signifies to them the
burdensomeness of such a course, and by the word "again" he points out
their utter senselessness. Had ye never experienced this burden, ye
would not have deserved so severe a censure, but for you who by trial
have learnt how irksome this yoke is, again to subject yourself to it,
is justly unpardonable.
Ver. 2. "Behold, I Paul say unto you, that if ye
receive circumcision, Christ will profit you nothing."
Lo, what a threat! reasonably then did he
anathematize even angels. How then shall Christ profit them nothing?
for he has not supported this by argument, but only declared it, the
credence due to his authority, compensating, as it were, for all
subsequent proof· Wherefore he sets out by saying, "Behold, I
Paul say unto you," which is the expression of one who has confidence
in what he asserts. We will subjoin what we can ourselves as to how
Christ shall profit nothing them who are circumcised.
He that is circumcised is circumcised for fear of
the Law, and he no tears the Law, distrusts the power of grace,
and he who distrusts can receive no benefit from that which is
distrusted. Or again thus, he that is circumcised makes the Law of
force; but thus considering it to be of force and yet transgressing it
in the greater part while keeping it in the lesser, he puts himself
again under the curse. But how can he be saved who submits himself to
the curse, and repels the liberty which is of Faith? If one may say
what seems a paradox, such an one believes neither Christ nor the Law,
but stands between them, desiring to benefit both by one and the other,
whereas he will reap fruit from neither. Having said that Christ shall
profit them nothing, he lays down the proof[2] of it shortly and
sententiously, thus:
Ver. 3. "Yea, I testify again[3] to every man that
receiveth circumcision that he is a debtor to do the whole Law."
That you may not suppose that this is spoken from
ill-will[4], I say not to you alone, he says, but to every one who
receiveth circumcision, that he is a debtor to do the whole Law. The
parts of the Law are linked one to the other. As he who from being free
has enrolled himself as a slave, no longer does what he pleases, but is
bound by all the laws of slavery, so in the case of the Law, if you
take upon you a small portion of it, and submit to the yoke, you draw
down upon yourself its whole domination. And so it is in a worldly
inheritance: he who touches no part of it, is free from all matters
which are consequent on the heirship to the deceased, but if he takes a
small portion, though not the whole, yet by that part he has rendered
himself liable for every thing. And this occurs in the Law,
37
not only in the way I have mentioned, but in another also, for Legal
observances are linked together. For example; Circumcision has
sacrifice connected with it, and the observance of days; sacrifice
again has the observance both of day and of place; place has the
details of endless purifications; purifications involve a perfect swarm
of manifold observances. For it is unlawful for the unclean to
sacrifice, to enter the holy shrines, to do any other such act. Thus
the Law introduces many things even by the one commandment. If then
thou art circumcised, but not on the eighth day, or on the eighth day,
but no sacrifice is offered, or a sacrifice is offered, but not in the
prescribed place, or in the prescribed place, but not the accustomed
objects, or if the accustomed objects, but thou be unclean, or if clean
yet not purified by proper rules, every thing is frustrated.
Wherefore[1] he says, "that he is a debtor to the the whole Law."
Fulfil not a part, but the whole, if the Law is of force; but if it be
not of force, not even a part.
Ver. 4. "Ye are severed from Christ, ye who would be
justified by the Law; ye are fallen away from grace."
Having established his point, he at length declares
their danger of the severest punishment. When a man recurs to the Law,
which cannot save him, and falls from grace, what remains but an
inexorable retribution, the Law being powerless, and grace rejecting
him?
Thus having aggravated their alarm, and disquieted
their mind, and shown them all the shipwreck they were about to suffer,
he opens to them the haven of grace which was near at hand. This is
ever his wont, and he shows that in this quarter salvation is easy and
secure, subjoining the words,
Ver. 5. "For we through the Spirit by faith wait for
the hope of righteousness."[2]
We need none of those legal observances, he says;
faith suffices to obtain for us the Spirit, and by Him righteousness,
and many and great benefits.
Ver. 6. "For in Jesus Christ neither circumcision
availeth any thing, nor uncircumcision;[3] but faith working through
love."
Observe the great boldness with which he now
encounters them; Let him that hath put on Christ, he says, no longer be
careful about such matters. Having before said that Circumcision was
hurtful, how is it that he now considers it indifferent? It is
indifferent as to those who bad it previously to the Faith, but not as
to those who are circumcised after the Faith was given. Observe too the
view in which he places it, by setting it by the side of
Uncircumcision; it is Faith that makes the difference. As in the
selection of wrestlers, whether they be hook-nosed or flat-nosed, black
or white, is of no importance in their trial, it is only necessary to
seek that they be strong and skilful; so all these bodily accidents do
not injure one who is to be enrolled under the New Covenant, nor does
their presence assist him.
What is the meaning of "working through love?"[4]
Here he gives them a hard blow, by showing that this error had crept in
because the love of Christ had not been rooted within them. For to
believe is not all that is required, but also to abide in love. It is
as if he had said, Had ye loved Christ as ye ought, ye would not have
deserted to bondage, nor abandoned Him who redeemed you, nor treated
with contumely Him who gave you freedom. Here he also hints at those
who have plotted against them, implying that they would not have dared
to do so, had they felt affection towards them. He wishes too by these
words to correct their course of life.
Ver. 7. "Ye were running well; who did hinder you?[5]
This is not an interrogation, but an expression of
doubt and sorrow. How hath such a course been cut short? who hath been
able to do this? ye who were superior to all and in the rank of
teachers, have not even continued in the position of disciples. What
has happened? who could do this? these are rather the words of one who
is exclaiming and lamenting, as he said before, "Who did bewitch you?"
(Gal. iii: 1.)
Ver. 8. "This persuasion came not of him that
calleth you."
He who called you, called you not to such
fluctuations, he did not lay down a Law, that you should judaize. Then,
that no one might object, "Why do you thus magnify and aggravate the
matter by your words; one commandment only of the Law have we kept, and
yet you make this great outcry?" hear how he terrifies them, not by
things present but future in these words:
Ver. 7. "A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump."
And thus this slight error, he says, if not cor-
38
rected, will have power (as the leaven has with the lump) to lead you
into complete Judaism.
Ver. 10. "I have confidence to you-ward in the Lord,
that ye will be none otherwise minded."
He does not say, "ye are not minded," but, "ye will
not be minded;" that is, you will be set right. And how does he know
this? he says not "I know," but "I trust in God, and invoking His aid
in order to your correction, I am in hopes;" and he says, not merely,
"I have confidence in the Lord," but, "I have confidence towards you in
the Lord." Every where he connects complaint with his praises; here it
is as if he had said, I know my disciples, I know your readiness to be
set right. I have good hopes, partly because of the Lord who suffers
nothing, however trival, to perish, partly because of you who are
quickly to recover yourselves. At the same time he exhorts them to use
diligence on their own parts, it not being possible to obtain aid from
God, if our own efforts are not contributed.
Ver. 10. "But he that troubleth you shall bear his
judgment, whosoever he be."
Not only by words of encouragement, but by uttering
a curse or a prophecy against their teachers, he applies to them an
incentive. And observe that he never mentions the name of these
plotters, that they might not become more shameless. His meaning is as
follows. Not because "ye will be none otherwise minded," are the
authors of your seduction relieved from punishment. They shall be
punished; for it is not proper that the good conduct of the one should
become an encouragement to the evil disposition of the other. This is
said that they might not make a second attempt upon others. And he says
not merely, "he that troubleth," but, "whosoever he be," in the way of
aggravation.
Ver. 11. "But I, brethren, if I still preach
circumcision, why am I still persecuted?"
Observe how clearly he exonerates himself from the
charge,[1] that in every place he judaized and played the hypocrite in
his preaching. Of this he calls them as witnesses; for ye know, he
says, that my command to abandon the Law was made the pretext for
persecuting me. "If I still preach circumcision, why am I still
persecuted? for this is the only charge which they of the Jewish
descent have to bring against me. Had I permitted them to receive the
Faith, still retaining the customs of their fathers, neither believers
nor unbelievers would have laid snares for me, seeing that none of
their own usages were disturbed. What then! did he not preach
circumcision? did he not circumcise Timothy? Truly he did. How then can
he say, "I preach it not?" Here observe his accuracy; he says not, "I
do not perform circumcision," but, "I preach it not," that is, I do not
bid men so to believe. Do not therefore consider it any confirmation of
your doctrine, for though I circumdised, I did not preach circumcision.
Ver. 11. "Then hath the stumbling block of the cross
been done away."
That is, if this which ye assert be true, the
obstacle, the hindrance, is removed; for not even the Cross was so
great an offence to the Jews, as the doctrine that their father's
customs ought not to be obeyed. When they brought Stephen before the
council, they said not that this man adores the Crucified, but that he
speaks "against this holy place and the Law." (Acts vi: 13.) And it was
of this they accused Jesus, that He broke the Law. Wherefore Paul says,
If Circumcision be conceded, the strife you are involved in is
appeased; hereafter no enmity to the Cross and our preaching remains.
But why do they bring this charge against us, while waiting day after
day to murder us? it is because I brought an uncircumcised man into the
Temple (Acts xxi: 29. ) that they fell upon me. Am I then, he says, so
senseless, after giving up the point of Circumcision, vainly and idly
to expose myself to such injuries, and to place such a stumbling-block
before the Cross? For ye observe, that they attack us for nothing with
such vehemence as about Circumcision. Am I then so senseless as to
suffer affliction for nothing at all, and to give offence to others? He
calls it the offence of the Cross, because it was enjoined by the
doctrine of the Cross; and it was this which principally offended the
Jews, and hindered their reception of the Cross, namely, the command to
abandon the usages of their fathers.
Ver. 12. "I would that they which unsettle you,
would even cut themselves off."
Observe how bitterly he speaks here against their
deceivers.[2] At the outset he directed his charge against those who
were deceived, and called them foolish, once and again. Now, having
sufficiently corrected and instructed them, he turns to their
deceivers. And you should remark his wisdom in the manner in which he
39
admonishes and chastens the former as his own children, and as capable
of receiving correction, but their deceivers he cuts off, as aliens and
incurably depraved. And this he does, partly, when he says, "he shall
bear his judgment whosoever he be;" partly when he utters the
imprecation against them, "I would that they which unsettle you would
even cut themselves off." And he says well "that unsettle you." For
they had compelled them to abandon their own fatherland, their liberty,
and their heavenly kindred, and to seek an alien and foreign one; they
had cast them out of Jerusalem which is above and free, and compelled
them to wander forth as captives and emigrants. On this account he
curses them; and his meaning is as follows, For them I have no concern,
"A man that is heretical after the first and second admonition refuse."
( Tit. iii: 10 ) If they will, let them not only be circumcised, but
mutilated. Where then are those who dare to mutilate themselves[1];
seeing that they draw down the Apostolic curse, and accuse the
workmanship of God, and take part with the Manichees? For the latter
call the body a treacherous thing, and from the evil principle; and the
former by their acts give countenance to these wretched doctrines,
cutting off the member as being hostile and treacherous. Ought they not
much rather to put out the eyes, for it is through the eyes that desire
enters the soul? But in truth neither the eye nor any other part of us
is to blame, but the depraved will only. But if you will not allow
this, why do you not mutilate the tongue for blasphemy, the hands for
rapine, the feet for their evil courses, in short, the whole body? For
the ear enchanted by the sound of a flute hath often enervated the
soul; and the perception of a sweet perfume by the nostrils hath
bewitched the mind, and made it frantic for pleasure. Yet this would be
extreme wickedness and satanic madness. The evil spirit, ever
delighting in slaughter, hath seduced them to crush the instrument, as
if its Maker had erred, whereas it was only necessary to correct the
unruly passion of the soul. How then does it happen, one may say, that
when the body is pampered, lust is inflamed? Observe here too that it
is the sin of the soul, for to pamper the flesh is not an act of the
flesh but of the soul, for if the soul choose to mortify it, it would
possess absolute power over it. But what you do is just the same as if
one seeing a man lighting a fire, and heaping on fuel, and setting fire
to a house, were to blame the fire, instead of him who kindled it,
because it had caught this heap of fuel, and risen to a great height.
Yet the blame would attach not to the fire but to the one who kindled
it; for it was given for the purpose of dressing food, affording light,
and other like ministries, not for burning houses. In like manner
desire is implanted for the rearing of families and the ensuring of
life, not for adultery, or fornication, or lasciviousness; that a man
may become a father, not an adulterer; a lawful husband, not a seducer;
leaving heirs after him, not doing damage to another man's. For
adultery arises not from nature, but from wantonness against nature,
which prescribes the use not the misuse. These remarks I have not made
at random, but as a prelude to a dispute, as skirmishing against those
who assert that the workmanship of God is evil, and who neglecting the
sloth of the soul, madly inveigh against the body, and traduce our
flesh, whereof Paul afterwards discourses, accusing not the flesh, but
devilish thoughts.
Ver. 13. "For ye, brethren, were called for freedom;
only use not your freedom for an occasion to the flesh."
Henceforward he appears to digress[2] into a moral
discourse, but in a new manner, which does not occur in any other of
his Epistles. For all of them are divided into two parts, and in the
first he discusses doctrine, in the last the rule of life, but here,
after having entered upon the moral discourse, he again unites with it
the doctrinal part. For this passage has reference to doctrine in the
controversy with the Manichees.[3] What is the meaning of, "Use not
your freedom for an occasion to the flesh?" Christ hath delivered us,
he says, from the yoke of bondage, He hath left us free to act as we
will, not that we may use our liberty for evil, but that we may have
ground for receiving a higher reward, advancing to a higher philosophy.
Lest any one should suspect, from his calling the Law over and over
again a yoke of bondage, and a bringing on of the curse, that his
object in enjoining an abandonment of the Law, was that one might live
lawlessly, he corrects this notion, and states his object to be, not
that our course of life might be lawless, but that our philosophy might
surpass the Law. For the bonds of the Law are broken, and I say this
not that our standard may be lowered, but that it may be exalted. For
both he who commits fornication, and he who leads a virgin life, pass
the bounds of the Law, but not in the same direction; the one is led
away to the worse, the other is elevated to the better; the one
transgresses the Law, the other transcends it.
40
Thus Paul says that Christ hath removed the yoke from you, not that ye
may prance and kick, but that though without the yoke ye may proceed at
a well-measured pace. And next he shows the mode whereby this may be
readily eftected; and what is this mode? he says,
Ver. 13. "But through love be servants one to
another."[1]
Here again he hints that strife and party-spirit,
love of rule and presumptousness, had been the causes of their error,
for the desire of rule is the mother of heresies. By saying, "Be
servants one to another," he shows that the evil had arisen from this
presumptuous and arrogant spirit, and therefore he applies a
corresponding remedy. As your divisions arose from your desire to
domineer over each other, "serve one another;" thus will ye be
reconciled again. However, he does not openly express their fault, but
he openly tells them its corrective, that through this they may become
aware of that; as if one were not to tell an immodest person of his
immodesty, but were continually to exhort him to chastity. He that
loves his neighbor as he ought, declines not to be servant to him more
humbly than any servant. As fire, brought into contact with wax, easily
softens it, so does the warmth of love dissolve all arrogance and
presumption more powerfully than fire. Wherefore he says not, "love one
another," merely, but, "be servants one to another," thus signifying
the intensity of the affection. When the yoke of the Law was taken off
them that they might not caper off and away another was laid on, that
of love, stronger than the former, yet far lighter and pleasanter; and,
to point out the way to obey it, he adds;
Ver. 14. "For the whole law is fulfilled in one
word, even in this; Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself."
Seeing that they made so much of the Law, he says,
"If you you wish to fulfill it, do not be circumcised, for it is
fulfilled not in circumcision but in love." Observe how he cannot
forget his grief, but constantly touches upon what troubled him, even
when launched into his moral discourse.
Ver. 15. "But if ye bite and devour one another,
take heed that ye be not consumed one of another."
That he may not distress them, he does not assert
this, though he knew it was the case,[2] but mentions it ambiguously.
For he does not say, "Inasmuch as ye bite one another," nor again does
he assert, in the clause following, that they shall be consumed by each
other; but "take heed that ye be not consumed one of another," and this
is the language of apprehension and warning, not of condemnation. And
the words which he uses are expressly significant; he says not merely,
"ye bite," which one might do in a passion, but also "ye devour," which
implies a bearing of malice. To bite is to satisfy the feeling of
anger, but to devour is a proof of the most savage ferocity. The biting
and devouring he speaks of are not bodily, but of a much more cruel
kind; for it is not such an injury to taste the flesh of man, as to fix
one's fangs in his soul. In proportion as the soul is more precious
than the body, is damage to it more serious. "Take heed that ye be not
consumed one of another." For those who commit injury and lay plots, do
so in order to destroy others; therefore he says, Take heed that this
evil fall not on your own heads. For strife and dissensions are the
ruin and destruction as well of those who admit as of those who
introduce them, and eats out every thing worse than a moth does.
Ver. 16. "But I say, Walk by the Spirit, and ye
shall not fulfil the lust of the flesh."
Here he points out another[3] path which makes duty
easy, and secures what had been said, a path whereby love is generated,
and which is fenced in by love. For nothing, nothing I say, renders us
so susceptible of love, as to be spiritual, and nothing is such an
inducement to the Spirit to abide in us, as the strength of love.
Therefore he says, "Walk by the Spirit and ye shall not fulfil the lust
of the flesh:" having spoken of the cause of the disease, he likewise
mentions the remedy which confers health. And what is this, what is the
destruction of the evils we have spoken of, but the life in the Spirit?
hence he says, "Walk by the Spirit and ye shall not fulfil the lust of
the flesh."
Ver. 17. "For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit,
and the Spirit against the flesh, for these are contrary the one to the
other: that ye may not do the things that ye would."
Here some make the charge that the Apostle has
divided man into two parts, and that he states the essence of which he
is compounded to be conflicting with itself, and that the body has a
contest with the soul. But this is not so, most certainly; for by "the
flesh," he does not mean the body; if he did, what would be the sense
of the clause immediately following, "for it lusteth," he says,
"against the Spirit?" yet the body moves not, but is moved, is not an
agent, but is acted upon. How then does it
41
lust, for lust belongs to the soul not to the body, for in another
place it is said, "My soul longeth," (Ps. lxxx iv: 2.) and, "Whatsoever
thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee," (1 Sam. xx: 4.) and,
"Walk not according to the desires of thy heart," and, "So panteth my
soul." (Ps. xlii: I.) Wherefore then does Paul say, "the flesh lusteth
against the Spirit?" he is wont to call the flesh, not the natural body
but the depraved will, as where he says, "But ye are not in the flesh,
but in the Spirit," (Rom. viii: 8, 9.) and again, "They that are in the
flesh cannot please God." What then? Is the flesh to be destroyed? was
not he who thus spoke clothed with flesh? such doctrines are not of the
flesh, but from the Devil, for "he was a murderer from the beginning."
(John viii: 44.) What then is his meaning? it is the earthly mind,
slothful and careless, that he here calls the flesh, and this is not an
accusation of the body, but a charge against the slothful soul. The
flesh is an instrument, and no one feels aversion and hatred to an
instrument, but to him who abuses it. For it is not the iron instrument
but the murderer, whom we hate and punish. But it may be said that the
very calling of the faults of the soul by the name of the flesh is in
itself an accusation of the body. And I admit that the flesh is
inferior to the soul, yet it too is good, for that which is inferior to
what is good may itself be good, but evil is not inferior to good, but
opposed to it. Now if you are able to prove to me that evil originates
from the body, you are at liberty to accuse it; but if your endeavor is
to turn its name into a charge against it, you ought to accuse the soul
likewise. For he that is deprived of the truth is called "the natural
man." (1 Cor. xx: 14.)[1] and the race of demons "the spirits of
wickedness." (Eph. vi: 12.)
Again, the Scripture is wont to give the name of the
Flesh to the Mysteries of the Eucharist, and to the whole Church,
calling them the Body of Christ. (Col. i: 24.) Nay, to induce you to
give the name of blessings to the things of which the flesh is the
medium, you have only to imagine the extinction of the senses, and you
will find the soul deprived of all discernment, and ignorant of what it
before knew. For if the power of God is since "the creation of the
world clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made,"
(Rom. i: 20.) how could we see them without eyes? and if "faith cometh
of hearing," (Rom. x: 17.) how shall we hear without ears? and
preaching depends on making circuits wherein the tongue and feet are
employed. "For how shall they preach, except they be sent?" (Rom. x:
15.) In the same way writing is performed by means of the hands. Do you
not see that the ministry of the flesh produces for us a thousand
benefits? In his expression, "the flesh lusteth against the Spirit," he
means two mental states. For these are opposed to each other, namely
virtue and vice, not the soul and the body. Were the two latter so
opposed they would be destructive of one another, as fire of water, and
darkness of light. But if the soul cares for the body, and takes great
forethought on its account, and suffers a thousand things in order not
to leave it, and resists being separated from it, and if the body too
ministers to the soul, and conveys to it much knowledge, and is adapted
to its operations, how can they be contrary, and conflicting with each
other? For my part, I perceive by their acts that they are not only not
contrary but closely accordant and attached one to another. It is not
therefore of these that he speaks as opposed to each other, but he
refers to the contest of bad and good principles. (Compare Rom. vii:
23.) To will and not to will belongs to the soul; wherefore he says,
"these are contrary the one to the other," that you may not suffer the
soul to proceed in its evil desires. For he speaks this like a Master
and Teacher in a threatening way.
[cheryl
Ver. 18. "But if ye are led by the Spirit, ye are
not under the Law."[2]
If it be asked in what way are these two connected,
I answer, closely and plainly; for he that hath the Spirit as he ought,
quenches thereby every evil desire, and he that is released from these
needs no help from the Law, but is exalted far above its precepts. He
who is never angry, what need has he to hear the command, Thou shalt
not kill? He who never casts unchaste looks, what need hath he of the
admonition, Thou shalt not commit adultery? Who would discourse about
the fruits of wickedness with him who had plucked up the root itself?
for anger is the root of murder, and of adultery the inquisitive gazing
into faces. Hence he says, "If ye are led by the Spirit, ye are not
under the Law;" wherein he appears to me to have pronounced a high and
striking eulogy of the Law, if, at least, the Law stood, according to
its power, in the place of the Spirit before the Spirit's coming upon
us. But we are not on that account obliged to continue apart with our
schoolmaster. Then we were justly subject to the Law, that by fear we
might chasten our lusts, the Spirit not being manifested; but now that
grace is given, which not only commands us to abstain from them, but
both quenches them, and leads us to a higher rule of life, what more
need is there of the Law? He who has attained an exalted excel-
42
lence from an inner impulse, has no occasion for a schoolmaster, nor
does any one, if he is a philosopher, require a grammarian. Why then do
ye so degrade yourselves, as now to listen to the Law, having
previously given yourselves to the Spirit?
Ver. 19, 20, 21. "Now the works of the flesh are
manifest,[1] which are these; fornication,[2] uncleanness,
lasciviousness, idolatry, sorcery, enmities, strife, jealousies, wrath,
factions, divisions, heresies, envyings, drunkenness, revellings, and
such like: of the which I forewarn you even as I did forewarn you, that
they which practice such things shall not inherit the kingdom of God."
Answer me now, thou that accusest thine own flesh,
and supposest that this is said of it as of an enemy and adversary. Let
it be allowed that adultery and fornication proceed, as you assert,
from the flesh; yet hatred, variance, emulations, strife, heresies, and
witchcraft, these arise merely from a depraved moral choice. And so it
is with the others also, for how can they belong to the flesh? you
observe that he is not here speaking of the flesh, but of earthly
thoughts, which trail upon the ground. Wherefore also he alarms them by
saying, that "they which practice such things shall not inherit the
kingdom of God." If these things belonged to nature and not to a bad
moral choice, his expression, "they practice," is inappropriate, it
should be, "they suffer." And why should they be cast out of the
kingdom, for rewards and punishments relate not to what proceeds from
nature but from choice?
Ver. 22. "But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy,
peace."
He says not, "the work of the Spirit," but, "the
fruit of the Spirit." Is the soul, however, superfluous? the flesh and
the Spirit are mentioned, but where is the soul? is he discoursing of
beings without a soul? for if the things of the flesh be evil, and
those of the Spirit good, the soul must be superfluous. By no means,
for the mastery of the passions belongs to her, and concerns her; and
being placed amid vice and virtue, if she has used the body fitly, she
has wrought it to be spiritual, but if she separate from the Spirit and
give herself up to evil desires, she makes herself more earthly. You
observe throughout that his discourse does not relate to the substance
of the flesh, but to the moral choice, which is or is not vicious. And
why does he say, "the fruit[3]
of the Spirit?" it is because evil works originate in ourselves alone,
and therefore he calls them "works," but good works require not only
our diligence but God's loving kindness. He places first the root of
these good things, and then proceeds to recount them, in these words,
"Love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,
meekness, temperance; against such there is no law." For who would lay
any command on him who hath all things within himself, and who hath
love for the finished mistress of philosophy? As horses, who are docile
and do every thing of their own accord, need not the lash, so neither
does the soul, which by the Spirit hath attained to excellence, need
the admonitions of the Law. Here too he completely and strikingly casts
out the Law, not as bad, but as inferior to the philosophy given by the
Spirit.
Ver. 24. "And they that are of Christ Jesus[4] have
crucified the flesh with the passions and the lusts thereof."
That they might not object, "And who is such a man
as this?" he points out by their works those who have attained to this
perfection, here again giving the name of the "flesh" to evil actions.
He does not mean that they had destroyed their flesh, otherwise how
were they going to live? for that which is crucified is dead and
inoperative, but he indicates the perfect rule of life. For the
desires, although they are troublesome, rage in vain. Since then such
is the power of the Spirit, let us live therein and be content
therewith, as he adds himself,
Ver. 25. "If we live[5] by the Spirit, by the Spirit
let us also walk,"
--being governed by His laws. For this is the force
of the words "let us walk," that is, let us be content with the power
of the Spirit, and seek no help from the Law. Then, signifying that
those who would fain have introduced circumcision were actuated by
ambitious motives, he says,
Ver. 26. "Let us not be vainglorious,"[6] which is
the cause of all evils, "provoking[7] one another" to contentions and
strife, "envying one another," for from vainglory comes envy and from
envy all these countless evils.
43
CHAPTER VI
VERSE I.
"Brethren,[1] even if a man be overtaken in any trespass."[2]
Forasmuch as under cover of a rebuke they gratified
their private feelings, and professing to do so for faults which had
been committed, were advancing their own ambition, he says, "Brethren,
if a man be overtaken." He said not if a man commit but if he be
"overtaken" that is, if he be carried away.[3]
"Ye which are spiritual[4] restore such a one,"
He says not "chastise nor "judge, but "set right."
Nor does he stop here, but in order to show that it behoved them
to be very gentle towards those who had lost their footing, he subjoins,
"In a spirit of meekness."
He says not, "in meekness," but, "in a spirit of
meekness," signifying thereby that this is acceptable to the Spirit,
and that to be able to administer correction with mildness is a
spiritual gift. Then, to prevent the one being unduly exalted by having
to correct the other, puts him under the same fear, saying,
"Looking to thyself, lest thou also be tempted."
For as rich men convey contributions to the
indigent, that in case they should be themselves involved in poverty
they may receive the same bounty, so ought we also to do. And therefore
he states this cogent reason, in these words, "looking to thyself, lest
thou also be tempted." He apologizes for the offender, first, by saying
"if ye be overtaken;" next, by employing a term indicative of great
infirmity [5]; lastly, by the words "lest thou also be tempted," thus
arraigning the malice of the devil rather than the remissness of the
soul.
Ver. 2. "Bear ye one another's burdens."
It being impossible for man to be without failings,
he exhorts them not to scrutinize severely the offences of others, but
even to bear their failings, that their own may in turn be borne by
others. As, in the building of a house, all the stones hold not the
same position, but one is fitted for a corner but not for the
foundations, another for the foundations, and not for the corner so too
is it in the body of the Church. The same thing holds in the frame of
our own flesh; notwithstanding which, the one member bears with the
other, and we do not require every thing from each, but what each
contributes in common constitutes both the body and the building.
Ver. 2. "And so fulfil the law of Christ." He says
not "fulfil," but, "complete [6] ;" that is, make it up all of you in
common? by the things wherein ye bear with one another. For example,
this man is irascible, thou art dull-tempered; bear therefore with his
vehemence that he in turn may bear with thy sluggishness; and thus
neither will he transgress, being supported by thee, nor wilt thou
offend in the points where thy defects lie, because of thy brother's
forbearing with thee. So do ye by reaching forth a hand one to another
when about to fall, fulfil the Law in common, each completing what is
wanting in his neighbor by his own endurance. But if ye do not thus,
but each of you will investigate the faults of his neighbor, nothing
will ever be performed by you as it ought. For as in the case of the
body, if one were to exact the same function from every member of it,
the body could never consist, so must there be great strife among
brethren if we were to require all things from all.
Ver. 3. "For if a man thinketh himself to be
something, when he is nothing, he deceiveth himself."
44
Here again he reflects on their arrogance. He that
thinks himself to be something is nothing, and exhibits at the outset a
proof of his worthlessness by such a disposition.
Ver. 4. "But let each man prove his own work."
Here he shows that we ought to be scrutinizers of
our lives, and this not lightly, but carefully to weigh our actions ;
as for example, if thou hast performed a good deed, consider whether it
was not from vain glory, or through necessity, or malevolence, or with
hypocrisy, or from some other human motive. For as gold appears to be
bright before it is placed in the furnace, but when committed to the
fire, is closely proved, and all that is spurious is separated from
what is genuine, so too our works, if closely examined, will be
distinctly made manifest, and we shall perceive that we have exposed
ourselves to much censure.
Ver. 4. "And then shall he have his glorying in
regard of himself alone and not of his neighbor."
This he says, not as laying down a rule, but in the
way of concession; and his meaning is this,[1]--Boasting is senseless,
but if thou wilt boast, boast not against thy neighbor, as the Pharisee
did. For he that is so instructed will speedily give up boasting
altogether; and therefore he concedes a part that he may gradually
extirpate the whole. He that is wont to boast with reference to himself
only, and not against others, will soon reform this failing also. For
he that does not consider himself better than others, for this is the
meaning of "not in regard of his neighbor, but becomes elated by
examining himself by himself, will afterwards cease to be so. And that
you may be sure this is what he desires to establish, observe how he
checks him by fear, saying above, "let every man prove his own work,"
and adding here,
Ver. 5. "For each man shall bear his own burden."
He appears to state a reason prohibitory of boasting
against another; but at the same time he corrects the boaster, to that
he may no more entertain high thoughts of himself by bringing to his
remembrance his own errors, and pressing upon his conscience the idea
of a burden, and of being heavily laden.[2]
Ver. 6. "But let him that is taught in the word
communicate unto him that teacheth in all good things."
Here he proceeds to discourse concerning Teachers,
to the effect that they ought to be tended with great assiduity by
their disciples. Now what is the reason that Christ so commanded? For
this law, "that they which preach the Gospel should live of the
Gospel," (1 Cor. ix: 14.) is laid down in the New Testament; and
likewise in the Old, (Num. xxxi: 47; xxxv; 1-8.) many revenues accrued
to the Levites from the people; what is the reason, I say, that He so
ordained? Was it not for the sake of laying a foundation beforehand of
lowliness and love? For inasmuch as the dignity of a teacher oftentimes
elates him who possesses it, He, in order to repress his spirit, hath
imposed on him the necessity of requiring aid at the hands of his
disciples. And to these in turn he hath given[3] means of cultivating
kindly feelings, by training them, through the kindness required of
them to their Teacher, in gentleness towards others also. By this means
no slight affection is generated on both sides. Were not the cause of
this what I have stated it to be, why should He, who fed the
dull-minded Jews with manna, have reduced the Apostles to the necessity
of asking for aid? Is it not manifest He aimed at the great benefits of
humility and love, and that those who were under teaching might not be
ashamed of Teachers who were in appearance despicable? To ask for aid
bears the semblance of disgrace, but it ceased to be so, when their
Teachers with all boldness urged their claim, so that their disciples
derived from hence no small benefit, taught hereby to despise all
appearances. Wherefore he says, "But[4] let him that is taught in the
word communicate unto him that teacheth in all good things," that is,
let him show to him all generosity; this he implies by the words, "in
all good things." Let the disciple, says he, keep nothing to himself,
but have every thing in common, for what he receives is better than
what he gives,--as much better as heavenly are better than earthly
things. This he expresses in another place," If we sowed unto you
spiritual things, is it a great matter if we shall reap your carnal
things?" (1 Cor. ix: II. ) Wherefore he gives the procedure the name of
a "communication," showing that an interchange takes place. Hereby too
love is greatly fostered and confirmed. If the teacher asks merely for
competency, he does not by receiving it derogate from his own dignity.
For this is praiseworthy, so assidu-
45
ously to apply to the Word, as to require the aid of others, and to be
in manifold poverty, and to be regardless of all the means of
subsistence. But if he exceed the due measure, he injures his dignity,
not by mere receiving, but by receiving too much. Then, lest the vice
of the Teacher should render the disciple more remiss in this matter,
and he should frequently pass him by, though poor, on account of his
conduct, he proceeds to say,
Ver. 9. "And let us not be weary in well doing."[1]
And here he points out the difference between
ambition of this kind, and in temporal affairs, by saying, "Be not
deceived[2]; God is not mocked; for whatsoever a man soweth, that shall
he also reap. For he that soweth unto his own flesh shall of the flesh
reap corruption; but he that soweth unto the Spirit shall of the Spirit
reap eternal life." As in the case of seeds, one who sows pulse cannot
reap corn, for what is sown and what is reaped must both be of one
kind, so is it in actions, he that plants in the flesh, wantonness,
drunkenness, or inordinate desire, shall reap the fruits of these
things. And what are these fruits? Punishment, retribution, shame,
derision, destruction. For of sumptuous tables and viands the end is no
other than destruction; for they both perish themselves, and destroy
the body too. But the fruit of the Spirit is of a nature not similar
but contrary in all respects to these. For consider I hast thou sown
alms-giving? the treasures of heaven and eternal glory await thee: hast
thou sown temperance? honor and reward, and the applause of Angels, and
a crown from the Judge await thee.
Ver. 9, 10. "And let us not be weary in well-doing;
for in due season we shall reap, if we faint not. So then as we have
opportunity, let us work that which is good toward all men, especially
toward them that are of the household of faith."
Lest any one should suppose that their Teachers were
to be cared for and supported, but that others might be neglected, he
makes his discourse general, and opens the door of this charitable zeal
to all; nay, he carries it to such a height, as to command us to show
mercy both to Jews and Greeks, in the proper gradation indeed, but
still to show mercy. And what is this gradation? it consists in
bestowing greater care upon the faithful. His endeavor here is the same
as in his other Epistles; he discourses not merely of showing
mercy, but of doing it with zeal and perseverance, for the expressions
of "sowing" and of "not fainting" imply this. Then, having exacted a
great work, he places its reward close at hand, and makes mention of a
new and wondrous harvest. Among husbandmen, not only the sower but also
the reaper endures much labor, having to struggle with drought and dust
and grievous toil, but in this case none of these exist, as he shows by
the words, "for in due season we shall reap, if we faint not." By this
means he stimulates and draws them on; and he also urges and presses
them forward by another motive, saying, "As we have therefore
opportunity, let us do good." As it is not always in our power to sow,
so neither is it to show mercy; for when we have been carried hence,
though we may desire it a thousand times, we shall be able to effect
nothing more. To this argument of ours the Ten Virgins (Mat. xxv: I ff)
bear witness, who although they wished it a thousand times, yet were
shut out from the bridegroom, because they brought with them no
bountiful charity. And so does the rich man who neglected Lazarus (Luke
xvi: 19.) for he, being destitute of this succor, although he wept and
made many entreaties, won no compassion from the Patriarch, or any one
else, but continued destitute of all forgiveness, and tormented with
perpetual fire. Therefore he says, "as we have opportunity, let us work
that which is good toward all men," hereby especially also setting them
free from the narrow-mindedness of the Jews. For the whole of their
benevolence was confined to their own race, but the rule of life which
Grace gives invites both land and sea to the board of charity, only it
shows a greater care for its own household.
Ver. 11, 12. "See with how large letters I have
written unto you with mine own hand. As many as desire to make a fair
show in the flesh, they compel you to be circumcised."
Observe what grief posesses his blessed soul. As
those who are oppressed with some sorrow, who have lost one of their
own kindred, and suffered an unexpected calamity, rest neither by night
nor day, because their grief besieges their soul, so the blessed Paul,
after a short moral discourse, returns again to that former subject
which chiefly disturbed his mind, saying as follows: "see with how
large letters I have written unto you with mine own hand." By this he
signifies that he had written the whole letter[3]
46
himself, which was a proof of great sincerity. In his other Epistles he
himself only dictated, another wrote, as is plain from the Epistle to
the Romans, for at its close it is said, "I Tertius, who write the
Epistle, salute you;" (Rom. xvi: 22.) but in this instance he wrote the
whole himself. And this he did by necessity, not from affection merely,
but in order to remove an injurious suspicion. Being charged with acts
wherein he had no part, and being reported to preach Circumcision yet
to pretend to preach it not, he was compelled to write the Epistle with
his own hand, thus laying up beforehand a written testimony. By the
expression "what sized," he appears to me to signify, not the
magnitude, but, the misshapen appearance[1] of the letters, as if he
had said, "Although not well skilled in writing, I have been compelled
to write with my own hand to stop the mouth of these traducers."
Ver. 12, 13. "As many as desire to make a fair show
in the flesh, they compel you to be circumcised; only that they may not
be persecuted for the cross of Christ. For not even they who receive
circumcision do themselves keep the Law; but they desire to have you
circumcised, that they may glory in your flesh."
Here he shows that they suffered this, not willingly
but of necessity, and affords them an opportunity of retreat, almost
speaking in their defence, and exhorting them to abandon their teachers
with all speed. What is the meaning of "to make a fair show in the
flesh?" it means, to be esteemed by men. As they were reviled by the
Jews for deserting the customs of their fathers, they desire, says he,
to injure you, that they may not have this charged against them, but
vindicate themselves by means of your flesh.[2] His object here is to
show that they did not so act from respect to God; it is as if he said,
This procedure is not founded in piety, all this is done through human
ambition; in order that the unbelievers may be gratified by the
mutilation of the faithful, they choose to offend God that they may
please men; for this is the meaning of, "to make a fair show in
the flesh." Then, as a proof that for another reason too they are
unpardonable, he again convinces them that, not only in order to please
others, but for their own vain glory,[3] they had enjoined this.
Wherefore he adds, "that they may glory in your flesh," as if they had
disciples, and were teachers. And what is the proof of this? "For not
even they themselves," he says, "keep the Law;" even if they did keep
it, they would incur grave censure, but now their very purpose is
corrupt.
Ver. 14. "But far be it from me to glory, save in
the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ."
Truly this symbol is thought despicable; but it is
so in the world's reckoning, and among men; in Heaven and among the
faithful it is the highest glory. Poverty too is despicable, but it is
our boast; and to be cheaply thought of by the public is a matter of
laughter to them, but we are elated by it. So too is the Cross our
boast. He does not say, "I boast not," nor, "I will not boast," but,
"Far be it from me that I should," as if he abominated it as absurd,
and invoked the aid of God in order to his success therein. And what is
the boast of the Cross? That Christ for my sake took on Him the form of
a slave, and bore His sufferings for me the slave, the enemy, the
unfeeling one; yea He so loved me as to give Himself up to a curse for
me. What can be comparable to this! If servants who only receive praise
from their masters, to whom they are akin by nature, are elated
thereby, how must we not boast when the Master who is very God is not
ashamed of the Cross which was endured for us. Let us then not be
ashamed of His unspeakable tenderness; He was not ashamed of being
crucified for thy sake, and wilt thou be ashamed to confess His
infinite solicitude? It is as if a prisoner who had not been ashamed of
his King, should, after that King had come to the prison and himself
loosed the chains, become ashamed of him on that account. Yet this
would be the height of madness, for this very fact would be an especial
ground for boasting.
Ver. 14. "Through which the world hath been
crucified unto me, and I unto the world."[4]
What he here calls the world is not the heaven nor
the earth, but the affairs of life, the praise of men, retinues, glory,
wealth, and all such things as have a show of splendor. To me these
things are dead. Such an one it behooves a Christian to be, and always
to use this language. Nor was he content with the former putting to
death, but added another, saying, "and I unto the world," thus implying
a double putting to death, and saying, They are dead to me, and I to
them, neither can they captivate and overcome me, for they are dead
once for all,
47
nor can I desire them, for I too am dead to them. Nothing can be more
blessed than this putting to death, for it is the foundation of the
blessed life.
Ver. 15, 16. "For neither is circumcision any thing, nor
uncircumcision, but a new creature. And as many as shall walk by this
rule, peace be upon them, and mercy, and upon the Israel of God."
Observe the power of the Cross, to what a pitch it
hath raised him! not only hath it put to death for him all mundane
affairs, but hath set him far above the Old Dispensation. What can be
comparable to this power? for the Cross hath persuaded him, who was
willing to be slain and to slay others for the sake of circumcision, to
leave it on a level with uncircumcision, and to seek for things strange
and marvellous and above the heavens. This our rule of life he calls "a
new creature," both on account of what is past, and of what is to come;
of what is past, because our soul, which had grown old with the oldness
of sin, hath been all at once renewed by baptism, as if it had been
created again.[1] Wherefore we require a new and heavenly rule of life.
And of things to come, because both the heaven and the earth, and all
the creation, shall with our bodies be translated into incorruption.
Tell me not then, he says, of circumcision, which now availeth nothing
; (for how shall it appear, when all things have undergone such a
change?) but seek the new things of grace. For they who pursue these
things shall enjoy peace and amity, and may properly be called by the
name of" Israel." While they who hold contrary sentiments, although
they be descended from him (Israel) and bear his appellation, have yet
fallen away from all these things, both the relationship and the name
itself. But it is in their power to be true Israelites, who keep this
rule, who desist from the old ways, and follow after grace.
Ver. 17. "From henceforth let no man trouble me."
This he says not as though he were wearied or
overpowered; he who chose to do and suffer all for his disciples' sake;
he who said, "Be instant in season, out of season;" (2 Tim. iv: 2.) he
who said, "If peradventure God may give them repentance unto the
knowledge of the truth, and they may recover themselves out of the
snare of the devil;" (2 Tim. ii: 25, 26.) how shall he now become
relaxed and fall back? Wherefore does he say this? it is to gird up
their slothful mind, and to impress them with deeper fear, and to
ratify the laws enacted by himself, and to restrain their perpetual
fluctuations.[2]
Ver. 17. "For I bear branded on my body the marks of
Jesus."
He says not, "I have," but, "I bear," like a man
priding himself on trophies and royal ensigns. Although on a second
thought it seems a disgrace, yet does this man vaunt of his wounds, and
like military standard-bearers, so does he exult in bearing about these
wounds. And why does he say this? "More clearly by those wounds than by
any argument, than by any language, do I vindicate myself," says he.
For these wounds utter a voice louder than a trumpet against my
opponents, and against those who say that I play the hypocrite in my
teaching, and speak what may please men. For no one who saw a soldier
retiring from the battle bathed in blood and with a thousand wounds,
would dare to accuse him of cowardice and treachery, seeing that he
bears on his body the proofs of his valor, and so ought ye, he says, to
judge of me. And if any one desire to hear my defence, and to learn my
sentiments, let him consider my wounds, which afford a stronger proof
than these words and letters. At the outset of his Epistle he evinced
his sincerity by the suddenness of his conversion, at its close he
proves it by the perils which attended his conversion. That it might
not be objected that he had changed his course with upright intentions,
but that he had not continued in the same purpose, he produces his
trials, his dangers, his stripes as witnesses that he had so continued.
Then having clearly justified himself in every
particular, and proved that he had spoken nothing from anger or
malevolence, but had preserved his affection towards them unimpaired,
he again establishes this same point by concluding his discourse with a
prayer teeming with a thousand blessings, in these words;
Ver. 18. "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with
your spirit, brethren. Amen."
By this last word he hath sealed all that preceded
it. He says not merely, "with you," as elsewhere, but, "with your
spirit," thus withdrawing them from carnal[3] things, and displaying
throughout the beneficence of God, and reminding them of the grace
which they enjoyed, whereby he was able to recall them from all their
judaizing errors. For to have received the Spirit came not of the
poverty of the Law, but of the righteousness which is by Faith, and to
48
preserve it when obtained came not from Circumcision but from Grace. On
this account he concluded his exhoration with a prayer, reminding them
of grace and the Spirit, and at the same time addressing them as
brethren, and supplicating God that they might continue to enjoy these
blessings, thus providing for them a twofold security. For both prayer
and teaching, tended to the same thing and together became to them as a
double wall. For teaching, reminding them of what benefits they
enjoyed, the rather kept them in the doctrine of the Church; and
prayer, invoking grace, and exhorting to an enduring constancy,
permitted not the Spirit to depart from them. And He abiding in them,
all the error of such doctrines as they held was shaken off like
dust.[1]
49
HOMILIES OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM,
ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
ON THE
EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE
TO THE
EPHESIANS
THE ARGUMENT.
Ephesus is the metropolis of Asia. It was dedicated
to Diana, whom especially they worshipped there as their great goddess.
Indeed so great was the superstition of her worshippers, that when her
temple was burnt, they would not so much as divulge the name of the man
who burnt it.
The blessed John the Evangelist spent the chief part
of his time there: he was there when he was banished,[1] and there he
died. It was there too that Paul left Timothy, aS he says in writing to
him, "As I exhorted thee to tarry at Ephesus. (1 Tim. 1: 3.)
Most of the philosophers also, those more
particularly who flourished in Asia, were there; and even Pythagoras
himself is said to have come from thence; perhaps because Samos, whence
he really came, is an island of Ionia.[2] It was the resort also of the
disciples of Parmenides, and Zeno, and Democritus, and you may see a
number of philosophers there even to the present day.
These facts I mention, not merely as such, but with
a view of showing that Paul would needs take great pains and trouble in
writing to these Ephesians. He is said indeed to have entrusted them,
as being persons already well-instructed, with his profoundest
conceptions; and the Epistle itself is full of sublime thoughts and
doctrines.[3]
He wrote the Epistle from Rome, and, as he himself
informs us, in bonds. "Pray for me, that utterance may be given unto
me, in opening my mouth to make known with boldness the mystery of the
Gospel, for which I am an ambassador in chains." (Eph. vi: 19.) It
abounds with sentiments of overwhelming loftiness and grandeur.
Thoughts which he scarcely so much as utters any where else, he here
plainly declares i as when he says, "To the intent that now unto the
principalities and the powers in the heavenly places might be made
known through the Church the manifold wisdom of God." (Eph. iii: 10.)
And again; "He raised us up with him, and made us to sit with him in
heavenly places. (Eph. ii: 6.) And again; "Which in other generations
was not made known unto the sons of men, as it hath now been revealed
unto His holy apostles and prophets in the Spirit, that the Gentiles
are fellow-heirs, and fellow-partakers of the promise in Christ." (Eph.
iii: 5.)
50
HOMILY I
CHAPTER I. VERSES 1--2.
"Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus through the will of God, to the
saints which are at Ephesus,[1] and the faithful in Christ Jesus. Grace
to you, and peace, from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ."
Observe, he applies the word "through" to the
Father. But what then? Shall we say that He is inferior? Surely not.
"To the saints, "saith he, "which are at Ephesus,
and the faithful in Christ Jesus."
Observe that he calls saints, men with wives, and
children, and domestics. For that these are they whom he calls by this
name is plain from the end of the Epistle, as, when he says, "Wives, be
in subjection unto your own husbands." (Eph. v: 22. ) And again,
"Children, obey your parents: "( Eph. vi: 1. ) and, "Servants, be
obedient to your masters." (Eph. vi: 5. ) Think how great is the
indolence that possesses us now, how rare is any thing like virtue now
and how great the abundance of virtuous men must have been then, when
even secular men could be called "saints and faithful." "Grace to you,
and peace, from God our Father; and the Lord Jesus Christ." "Grace" is
his word; and he calls God, "Father," since this name is a sure token
of that gift of grace. And how so? Hear what he saith elsewhere;
"Because ye are sons, God sent forth the Spirit of His Son into our
hearts, crying, Abba, Father." (Gal. iv: 6.)
"And from the Lord Jesus Christ."
Because for us men Christ was born, and appeared in
the flesh.
Ver. 3. "Blessed[2] be the God," he saith, "and
Father of our Lord Jesus Christ."
Observe; The God of Him that was Incarnate[3]. And
though thou wilt not, The Father of God the Word.
Ver. 3. "Who hath blessed us with every spiritual
blessing in the heavenly places in Christ."
He is here alluding to the blessings of the Jews[4];
for that was blessing also, but it was not spiritual blessing. For how
did it run? "The Lord bless thee, He will bless the fruit of thy body;"
(Deut. vii: 13.) and "He will bless thy going out and thy coming in."
(Deut. xxviii: 4.) But here it is not thus, but how? "With every
spiritual blessing." And what lackest thou yet? Thou art made immortal,
thou art made free, thou art made a son, thou art made righteous, thou
art made a brother, thou art made a fellow-heir, thou reignest with
Christ, thou art glorified with Christ; all things are freely given
thee. "How," saith he, "shall He not also with Him freely give us all
things?" (Rom. viii: 32.) Thy First-fruits is adored by Angels, by the
Cherubim, by the Seraphim! What lackest thou yet? "With every spiritual
blessing." There is nothing carnal here. Accordingly He excluded all
those former blessings, when He said, "In the world ye have
tribulation," (John xvi: 33.) to lead us on to these. For as they who
possessed carnal things were unable to hear of spiritual things, so
they who aim at spiritual things cannot attain to them unless they
first stand aloof from carnal things.
What again is "spiritual blessing in the heavenly
places?" It is not upon earth, he means, as was the case with the Jews.
"Ye shall eat the good of the land." (Isa. i: 19.) "Unto a land flowing
with milk and honey." (Ex. iii: 8.) "The Lord shall bless thy land."
(Deut. vii: 13.) Here we have nothing of this sort, but what have we?
"If a man love Me, he will keep My word, and I and My Father will come
unto him, and make our abode with him." (Jo. xiv: 23.) "Every one
therefore which heareth these words of Mine, and doeth them, shall be
likened unto a wise man which built his house upon the rock, and the
floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house, and it fell
not, for it was founded upon the rock."
51
(Mat. vii: 24, 25.) And what is that rock but those heavenly things
which are above the reach of every change? "Every one therefore
who," saith Christ, "shall confess Me before men him will I also
confess before My Father which is in Heaven: But whosoever shall deny
Me, him will I also deny." (Mat. x: 32, 33.) Again, "Blessed are the
pure in heart, for they shall see God." (Mat. v: 8.) And again,
"Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven."
(Mat. v: 3.) And again, "Blessed are ye which are persecuted for
righteousness sake, for great is your reward in Heaven." (Mat. v: 11,
12.) Observe, how every where He speaketh of Heaven, no where of
earth, or of the things on the earth.[1] And again, "Our citizenship is
in Heaven, from whence also we wait for a Saviour the Lord Jesus
Christ." (Phil. iii: 20. ) And again, "Not setting your mind on the
things that are on the earth, but on the things which are above." (Col.
iii: 30.)
"In Christ."
That is to say, this blessing was not by the hand of
Moses, but by Christ Jesus: so that we surpass them not only in the
quality of the blessings, but in the Mediator also. As moreover he
saith in the Epistle to the Hebrews; "And Moses indeed was faithful in
all his house as a servant, for a testimony of those things which were
afterward to be spoken; but Christ as a Son over His house, whose house
are we." (Heb. iii: 5-6.)
Ver. 4. "Even as," he proceeds, "He chose us in Him
before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without
blemish before Him in love." His meaning is somewhat of this
sort. Through whom He hath blessed us, through Him He hath also chosen
us. And He, then, it is that shall bestow upon us all those rewards
hereafter. He is the very Judge that shall say, "Come, ye blessed of my
Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the
world." (Mat. xxv: 34.) And again, "I will that where I am they will
also be with Me." (John xvii: 24.) And this is a point which he is
anxious to prove. in almost all his Epistles, that ours is no novel
system, but that it had thus been figured from the very first, that it
is not the result of any change of purpose, but had been in fact
a divine dispensation and fore-ordained.And this is a mark of great
solicitude for us.
What is meant by, "He chose us in Him?" By means of
the faith which is in Him, Christ, he means, happily ordered this for
us before we were born; nay more, before the foundation of the world.
And beautiful is that word "foundation," as though he were pointing to
the world as cast down from some vast height. Yea, vast indeed and
ineffable is the height of God, so far removed not in place but in
incommunicableness of nature; so wide the distance between creation and
Creator t A word which heretics may be ashamed to hear.[2]
But wherefore hath He chosen us? "That we
should be holy and without a blemish before Him." That you may not
then, when you hear that "He hath chosen us," imagine that faith alone
is sufficient, he proceeds to add life and conduct. To this end, saith
he, hath He chosen us, and on this condition, "that we should be holy
and without blemish." And so formerly he chose the Jews. On what terms?
"This nation, saith he, hath He chosen from the rest of the nations."
(Deut. xiv: 2.) Now if men in their choices choose what is best, much
more doth God. And indeed the fact of their being chosen is at once a
token of the loving kindness of God, and of their moral goodness.[3]
For by all means would he have chosen those who were approved. He hath
Himself rendered us holy, but then we must continue holy. A holy man is
he who is a partaker of faith; a blameless man is he who leads an
irreproachable life. It is not however simply holiness and
irreproachableness that He requires, but that we should appear such
"before Him." For there are holy and blameless characters, who yet are
esteemed as such only by men those who are like whited sepulchres, and
like such as wear sheep's clothing. It is not such, however, He
requires, but such as the Prophet speaks of; "And according to the
cleanness of my hands." (Ps. xviii: 24.) What cleanness? That which is
so "in His eyesight." He requires that holiness on which the eye of God
may look.
Having thus spoken of the good works of these, he
again recurs to His grace. "In love," saith he, "having predestinated
us." Because this comes not of any pains, nor of any good works of
ours, but of love; and yet not of love alone, but of our virtue also.
For if indeed of
52
love alone, it would follow that all must be saved; whereas again were
it the result of our virtue alone, then were His coming needless, and
the whole dispensation. But it is the result neither of His love alone,
nor yet of our virtue, but of both. "He chose us," saith the Apostle;
and He that chooseth, knoweth what it is that He chooseth. "In
love,"[1] he adds, "having foreordained us;" for virtue would never
have saved any one, had there not been love. For tell me, what would
Paul have profited, how would he have exhibited what he has exhibited,
if God had not both called him from the beginning, and, in that He
loved him, drawn him to Himself? But besides, His vouchsafing us so
great privileges, was the effect of His love, not of our virtue.
Because our being rendered virtuous, and believing, and coming nigh
unto Him, even this again was the work of Him that called us Himself,
and yet, notwithstanding, it is ours also. But that on our coming nigh
unto Him, He should vouchsafe us so high privileges, as to bring us at
once from a state of enmity, to the adoption of children, this is
indeed the work of a really transcendent love.
Ver. 4, 5. "In love,"[1] saith he, "having
foreordained us unto adoption as sons through Jesus Christ unto
Himself."
Do you observe how that nothing is done without
Christ? Nothing without the Father? The one hath predestinated, the
other hath brought us near. And these words he adds by way of
heightening the things which have been done, in the same way as he says
also elsewhere, "And not only so, but we also rejoice in God, through
our Lord Jesus Christ." (Rom. v: II.) For great indeed are the
blessings bestowed, yet are they made far greater in being bestowed
through Christ; because He sent not any servant, though it was to
servants He sent, but the Only-begotten Son Himself.
Ver. 5. "According to the good pleasure," he
continues, "of His will."
That is to say, because He earnestly willed it. This
is, as one might say, His earnest desire.[2] For the word "good
pleasure" every where means the precedent will, for there is also
another will. As for example, the first will is that sinners should not
perish; the second will is, that, if men become wicked, they shall
perish. For surely it is not by necessity that He punishes them, but
because He wills it. You may see something of the sort even in the
words of Paul, where he says, "I would that all men were even as I
myself." (1 Cor. vii: 7.) And again, "I desire that the younger widows
marry, bear children." (I Tim. v: 14.) By "good pleasure" then he means
the first will, the earnest will, the will accompanied with earnest
desire, as in case of us, for I shall not refuse to employ even a
somewhat familiar expression, in order to speak with clearness to the
simpler sort; for thus we ourselves, to express the intentness of the
will, speak of acting according to our resolve. What he means to say
then is this, God earnestly aims at, earnestly desires, our salvation.
Wherefore then is it that He so loveth us, whence hath He such
affection? It is of His goodness alone. For grace itself is the fruit
of goodness. And for this cause, he saith, hath He predestinated us to
the adoption of children; this being His will, and the object of His
earnest wish, that the glory of His grace may be displayed. "According
to the good pleasure of His will," he proceeds,
Ver. 6. "To the praise of the glory of His grace[3]
which He freely bestowed on us in the Beloved."
That the glory of His grace may be displayed, he
saith, which He freely bestowed on us in the Beloved. Now then if for
this He hath shown grace to us, to the praise of the glory of His
grace, and that He may display His grace, let us abide therein. "To the
praise of His glory." What is this? that who should praise Him? that
who should glorify Him? that we, that Angels, that Archangels, yea, or
the whole creation? And what were that? Nothing. The Divine nature
knoweth no want. And wherefore then would He have us praise and glorify
Him? It is that our love towards Him may be kindled more fervently
within us. He desireth nothing we can render; not our service, not our
praise, nor any thing else, nothing but our salvation; this is His
object in every thing He does. And he who praises and marvels at the
grace displayed towards himself will thus be more devoted and more
earnest.
"Which He freely bestowed on us," he saith. He does
not say, "Which He hath graciously given us,"
(<greek>ekarisato</greek>) but, "wherein He hath shown
grace to us." (<greek>ekaritwsen</greek>) That is to say,
He hath not only released us from our sins, but hath also made us meet
objects[4] of His love. It is as though one were to take a leper,
wasted by distemper, and disease, by age, and poverty, and famine, and
were to turn him all at once into a graceful youth, surpassing all
mankind in beauty, shedding a bright lustre from his cheeks, and
eclipsing the
53
sun-beams with the glances of his eyes; and then were to set him in the
very flower of his age, and after that array him in purple and a diadem
and all the attire of royalty. It is thus that God hath arrayed and
adorned this soul of ours, and clothed it with beauty, and rendered it
an object of His delight and love. Such a soul Angels desire to look
into, yea, Archangels, and all the holy ones. Such grace hath He shed
over us, so dear hath He rendered us to Himself. "The King," saith the
Psalmist, "shall greatly desire thy beauty." (Ps. xlv: II. ) Think what
injurious words we uttered heretofore, and look, what gracious words we
utter now. Wealth has no longer charms for us, nor the things that are
here below, but only heavenly things, the things that are in the
heavens. When a child has outward beauty, and has besides a pervading
grace in all its sayings, do we not call it a beautiful child? Such as
this are the faithful. Look, what words the initiated utter! What can
be more beautiful than that mouth that breathes those wondrous words,
and with a pure heart and pure lips, and beaming with cheerful
confidence, partaketh of such a mystical table? What more beautiful
than the words, with which we renounce the service of the Devil, and
enlist in the service of Christ? than both that confession which is
before the Baptismal laver,[1] and that which is after it? Let us
reflect as many of us as have defiled our Baptism, and weep that we may
be able again to repair it.
Ver. 6. "In the Beloved,"[2] he saith, "in whom we
have[3] our redemption through His Blood."[4]
And how is this? Not only is there this marvel, that
He hath given His Son, but yet further that He hath given Him in such a
way, as that the Beloved One Himself should be slain!
Yea, and more transcendent still! He hath given the
Beloved for them that were hated. See, how high a price he sets upon
us. If, when we hated Him and were enemies, He gave the Beloved, what
will He not do now, when we are reconciled by Him through grace?
Ver. 7. "The forgiveness," saith he, "of our
trespasses."
Again he descends from high to low: first speaking
of adoption, and sanctification, and blamelessness, and then of the
Passion, and in this not lowering his discourse and bringing it down
from greater things to lesser, no rather, he was heightening it,
and raising it from the lesser to the greater. For nothing is so great
as that the blood of this Son should be shed for us. Greater this than
both the adoption, and all the other gifts of grace, that He spared not
even the Son. For great indeed is the forgiveness of sins, yet this is
the far greater thing, that it should be done by the Lord's blood. For
that this is far greater than all, look how here again he exclaims,
Ver. 7, 8. "According to the riches of His grace,
which He made to abound toward us."
The abovementioned gifts are riches, yet is this far
more so. "Which,"saith he, "He made to abound toward us." They are both
"riches" and "they have abounded," that is to say, were poured forth in
ineffable measure. It is not possible to represent in words what
blessings we have in fact experienced. For riches indeed they are,
abounding riches, and He hath given in abundance riches not of man but
of God, so that on all hands it is impossible that they should be
expressed. And to show us how He gave it to such abundance, he adds,
Ver. 8, 9. "In all wisdom and prudence[5], having
made known unto us the mystery of His will."
That is to say, Making us wise and prudent, in that
which is true wisdom, and that which is true prudence. Strange! what
friendship! For He telleth us His secrets; the mysteries, saith he, of
His will, as if one should say, He hath made known to us the things
that are in His heart. For here is indeed the mystery which is full of
all wisdom and prudence. For what will you mention equal to this
wisdom! These that were worth nothing, it hath discovered a way of
raising them to wealth and abundance. What can equal this wise
contrivance? He that was an enemy, he that was hated, he is in a moment
lifted up on high. And not this only,--but, yet more, that it should be
done at this particular time, this again was the work of wisdom; and
that it should be done by means of the Cross. It were matter of long
discourse here to point out, how all this was the work of wisdom, and
how He had made us wise. And therefore he repeats again the words,
"According to His good pleasure[6] which He purposed
in Him."[7] That is to say, this He desired, this He tra-
54
vailed for, as one might say, that He might be able to reveal to us the
mystery. What mystery? That He would have man seated up on high. And
this hath come to pass.
Ver. 10. "Unto a dispensation of the fulness of the
times to sum up all things in Christ, the things in the heavens and the
things upon the earth, even in Him."
Heavenly things, he means to say, had been severed
from earthly. They had no longer one Head. So far indeed as the system
of the creation went, there was over all One God, but so far as
management of one household went, this, amid the wide spread of Gentile
error, was not the case, but they had been severed from His obedience.
"Unto a dispensation," saith he, "of the fulness of
the times."
The fulness of the times, he calls it. Observe with
what nicety he speaks. And whereas he points out the origination, the
purpose, the will, the first intention, as proceeding from the Father,
and the fulfillment and execution as effected by the agency of the Son,
yet no where does he apply to him the term minister[1].
"He chose us," saith he, "in Him, having
foreordained us unto adoption as sons through Jesus Christ to Himself;"
and, "to the praise of the glory of His grace, in whom we have
redemption through His blood,--which He purposed in Him, unto a
dispensation of the fulness of the times, to sum up all things in
Christ;" and no where hath he called Him minister. If however the word
"in" and the word "by" implies a mere minister, look what the matter
comes to. Just in the very beginning of the Epistle, he used the
expression "through the will of the Father." The Father, he means,
willed, the Son wrought. But neither does it follow, that because the
Father willed, the Son is excluded from the willing; nor because the
Son wrought, that the Father is deprived of the working. But to the
Father and the Son, all things are common. "For all Mine are Thine,"
saith He, "and Thine are Mine." (Jo. xvii: 10.)
The fullness of the times,[2] however, was His
coming. After, then, He had done everything, by the ministry both of
Angels, and of Prophets, and of the Law, and nothing came of it, and it
was well nigh come to this, that man had been made in vain, brought
into the world in vain, nay, rather to his ruin; when all were
absolutely perishing, more fearfully than in the deluge, He devised
this dispensation, that is by grace; that it might not be in vain,
might not be to no purpose that man was created. This he calls "the
fulness of the times," and "wisdom." And why so? Because at that time
when they were on the very point of perishing, then they were rescued.
That "He might sum up" he saith.
What is the meaning of this word, "sum up?" It is
"to knit together." Let us, however, endeavor to get near the exact
import. With ourselves then, in common conversation, the word means the
summing into a brief compass things spoken at length, the concise
account of matters described in detail. And it has this meaning. For
Christ hath gathered up in Himself the dispensations carried on through
a lengthened period, that is to say, He hath cut them short. For "by
finishing His word and cutting it short in righteousness." (Romans ix:
28.) He both comprehended former dispensations, and added others
beside. This is the meaning of "summing up."
It has also another signification; and of what
nature is this? He hath set over all one and the same Head, i.e.,
Christ according to the flesh, alike over Angels and men. That is to
say, He hath given to Angels and men one and the same government; to
the one the Incarnate, to the other God the Word.[3] Just as one might
say of a house which has some part decayed and the other sound, He hath
rebuilt the house, that is to say, He has made it stronger, and laid a
firmer foundation. So also here He hath brought all under one and the
same Head.[4] For thus will an union be
55
effected, thus will a close bond be effected, if one and all can be
brought under one and the same Head, and thus have some constraining
bond of union from above. Honored then as we are with so great a
blessing, so high a privilege, so great loving-kindness, let us not
shame our Benefactor, let us not render in vain so great grace. Let us
exemplify the life of Angels, the virtue of Angels, the conversation of
Angels, yea, I entreat and conjure you, that all these things turn not
to our judgment, nor to our condemnation, but to our enjoyment of those
good things, which may God grant we may all attain, in Christ Jesus,
our Lord, with whom to the Father, together with the Holy Ghost, be
glory, strength, &c. &c.
HOMILY II.
CHAPTER I. VERSES II--14.
"In whom also we were made a heritage, having been foreordained
according to the purpose of Him who worketh all things after the
counsel of his will."
Paul earnestly endeavors on all occasions to display
the unspeakable loving-kindness of God towards us, to the utmost of his
power. For that it is impossible to do so adequately, hear his own
words. "O! the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of
God; how unsearchable are His judgments, and His ways past tracing
out." (Rom. xi: 33.) Still, notwithstanding, so far as it is possible,
he does display it. What then is this which he is saying; "In whom also
we were made a heritage, being predestinated?" Above he used the word,
"He chose us;" here he saith, "we were made a heritage." But inasmuch
as a lot is a matter of chance, not of deliberate choice, nor of
virtue, (for it is closely allied to ignorance and accident, and
oftentimes passing over the virtuous, brings forward the worthless into
notice,) observe how he corrects this very point: "having been
foreordained," saith he, "according to the purpose of Him who worketh
all things." That is to say, not merely have we been made a heritage,
as, again, we have not merely been chosen, (for it is God who chooses,)
and so neither have we merely been allotted, (for it is God who
allots,)[1] but it is "according to a purpose." This is what he says
also in the Epistle to the Romans, (Rom. viii: 28-30.) "To them that
are called according to His purpose;" and "whom He called, them He also
justified, and whom He justified, them he also glorified." Having first
used the expression, "to them that are called according to a purpose,"
and at the same time wishing to declare their privilege compared with
the rest of mankind, he speaks also of inheritance by lot, yet so as
not to divest them of free will. That point then, which more properly
belongs to happy fortune, is the very point he insists upon. For this
inheritance by lot depends not on virtue, but, as one might say, on
fortuitous circumstances. It is as though he had said, lots were cast,
and He hath chosen us;[2] but the whole is of deliberate choice. Men
predestinated, that is to say, having chosen them to Himself, He hath
separated. He saw us, as it were, chosen by lot before we were born.
For marvellous is the foreknowledge of God, and acquainted with all
things before their beginning.
But mark now how on all occasions he takes pains to
point out, that it is not the result of any change of purpose, but that
these matters had been thus modeled from the very first, so that we are
in no wise inferior to the Jews in this respect; and how, in
consequence, he does every thing with this view. How then is it that
Christ Himself saith, "I was not sent, but unto the lost sheep of the
house of Israel?" (Mat. xv: 24.) And said again to his disciples, "Go
not into any way of the Gentiles, and enter not into any city of the
Samaritans." (Mat. x: 5.) And Paul again himself says, "It was
necessary that the word of God should first be spoken to you. Seeing ye
thrust it from you and judge yourselves unworthy of eternal life, lo,
we turn to the Gentiles." (Acts xiii: 46.) These expressions, I say,
are used with this design, that no one may suppose that this work came
to pass incidentally only. "According to the purpose," he says, "of Him
who worketh all
56
things after the counsel of His will." That is to say, He had no after
workings; having modeled all things from the very first, thus he leads
forward all things "according to the counsel of His will." So that it
was not not merely because the Jews did not listen that He called the
Gentiles, nor was it of mere necessity, nor was it on any inducement
arising from them.
Ver. 12, 13. "To the end that we should be unto the
praise of His glory, we who had before hoped[1] in Christ. In whom ye
also having heard the word of the truth, the Gospel of your salvation."
That is to say, through whom. Observe how he
on all occasions speaks of Christ, as the Author of all things, and in
no case gives Him the title of a subordinate agent, or a minister. And
so again, elsewhere, in his Epistle to the Hebrews, he says, "that God,
having of old time spoken unto the Fathers in the prophets, hath at the
end of these days spoken unto us in His Son," (Heb. I: I.) that is
"through" His
Son.
"The word of truth," he says, no longer that of the
type, nor of the image.
"The Gospel of your salvation." And well does be
call it the Gospel of salvation, intimating in the one word a contrast
to the law, in the other, a contrast with punishment to come. For what
is the message, but the Gospel of salvation, which forbears to destroy
those that are worthy of destruction.
Ver. 14. "In whom having also believed, ye were
sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise, which is an earnest of our
inheritance."
Here again, the word "sealed," is an indication of
especial forecast. He does not speak of our being predestinated only,
nor of our being allotted, but further, of our being sealed. For
just as though one were to make those who should fall to his lot
manifest, so also did God separate them for believing, and sealed them
for the allotment of the things to come.
You see how, in process of time, He makes them
objects of wonder. So long as they were in His foreknowledge, they were
manifest to no one, but when they were sealed, they became manifest,
though not in the same way as we are; for they will be manifest except
a few. The Israelites also were sealed, but that was by circumcision,
like the brutes and reasonless creatures. We too are sealed, but it is
as sons, "with the Spirit."
But what is meant by, "with the Spirit of promise?"
Doubtless it means that we have received that Spirit according to
promise. For there are two promises, the one by the prophets, the other
from the Son.
By the Prophets.--Hearken to the words of Joel; "I
will pour out My spirit upon all flesh, and your sons and your
daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young
men shall see visions," (Joel ii: 28.) And hearken again to the words
of Christ; "But ye shall receive power, when the Holy Ghost is come
upon you, and ye shall be my witnesses both in Jerusalem, and in all
Judea, and Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth." (Acts.
i: 8.) And truly, the Apostle means, He ought, as God, to have been
believed; however, he does not ground his affirmation upon this, but
examines it like a case where man is concerned, speaking ranch as he
does in the Epistle to the Hebrews; (Heb. vi: 18.) where he says, "That
by two immutable things in which it was impossible for God to lie we
may have a strong encouragement." Thus here also he makes the things
already bestowed a sure token of the promise of those which are yet to
come. For this reason he further calls it an "earnest," (Cf. also 2.
Cot. i: 22.) for an earnest is a part of the whole. He hath purchased
what we are most concerned in, our salvation; and hath given us an
earnest in the mean while. Why then did He not give the whole at once?
Because neither have we, on our part, done the whole of our work. We
have believed. This is a beginning; and He too on His part hath given
an earnest. When we show cur faith by our works, then He will add the
rest. Nay, more, He hath given yet another pledge, His own blood, and
hath promised another still. In the same way as in case of war between
nation and nation they give hostages: just so hath God also given His
Son as a pledge of peace and solemn treaties, and, further, the Holy
Spirit also which is from Him. For they, that are indeed partakers of
the Spirit, know that He is the earnest of our inheritance. Such an one
was Paul, who already had here a foretaste of the blessings there. And
this is why he was so eager, and yearned to be released from things
below, and groaned within himself. He transferred his whole mind
thither, and saw every thing with different eyes. Thou hast no part in
the reality, and therefore failest to understand the description. Were
we all partakers of the Spirit, as we ought to be partakers, then
should we behold Heaven, and the order of things that is there.
It is an earnest, however, of what? of
Ver. 14. "The redemption of God's own possession."
57
For our absolute redemption takes place then.[1] For
now we have our life in the world, we are liable to many human
accidents, and are living amongst ungodly men. But our absolute
redemption will be then, when there shall be no sins, no human
sufferings, when we shall not be indiscriminately mixed with all kinds
of people.
At present, however, there is but an earnest,
because at present we are far distant from these blessings. Yet is our
citizenship not upon earth; even now we are out of the pale of the
things that are here below. Yes, we are sojourners even now. Ver. 14.
"Unto the praise of His glory." This he adds in immediate connection.
And why? Because it would serve to give those who heard it full
assurance. Were it for our sake only, he means to say, that God did
this, there might be some room for misgiving. But if it be for His own
sake, and in order to display His goodness, he assigns, as a sort of
witness, a reason why these things never possibly could be otherwise.
We find the same language everywhere applied to the case of the
Israelites. "Do Thou this for us for Thy Name's sake;" (Ps. cix: 21.)
and again, God Himself said, "I do it for Mine own sake;" (Isa. xlviii:
II.) and so Moses, "Do it, if for nothing else, yet for the glory of
Thy Name." This gives those who hear it full assurance; it relieves
them to be told, that whatever He promises, for His own goodness' sake
He will most surely perform.
Moral. Let not the hearing, however, make us too
much at our ease; for although He doth it for His own sake, yet
notwithstanding He requires a duty on our part. If He says, "Them that
honor Me I will honor, and they that despise Me shall be lightly
esteemed," (I Sam.ii: 30.) let us reflect that there is that which He
requires of us also. True, it is the praise of His glory to save those
that are enemies, but those who, after being made friends, continue His
friends. So that if they were to return back to their former state of
enmity, all were vain and to no purpose. There is not another Baptism,
nor is there a second reconciliation again, but "a certain fearful
expectation of judgment which shall devour the adversaries." (Heb. x:
27.) If we intend at the same time to be always at enmity with Him and
yet to claim forgiveness at His hand, we shall never cease to beat
enmity, and to be wanton, to grow in depravity, and to be blind to the
Sun of Righteousness which has risen. Dost thou not see the ray that
shall open thine eyes? render them then good and sound and
quicksighted. He hath showed thee the true light; if thou shunnest it,
and runnest back again into the darkness, what shall be thy excuse?
What sort of allowance shall be made for thee? None from that moment.
For this is a mark of unspeakable enmity. When indeed thou knewest not
God, then if thou wert at enmity with Him, thou hadst, be it how it
might, some excuse. But when thou hast tasted I the goodness and the
honey, if thou again abandonest them, and turnest to thine own vomit,
what else art thou doing but bringing forward evidence of excessive
hatred and contempt? 'Nay,' thou wilt say, 'but I am constrained to it
by nature. I love Christ indeed, but I am constrained by nature.' If
thou art under the power and force of constraint, thou wilt have
allowance made; but if thou yield from indolence, not for a moment.
Now then, come, let us examine this very question,
whether sins are the effect of force and constraint, or of indolence
and great carelessness. The law says, "Thou shalt not kill." What sort
of force, what sort of violence, is there here? Violence indeed must
one use to force himself to kill, for who amongst us would as a matter
of choice plunge his sword into the throat of his neighbor, and stain
his hand with blood? Not one. Thou seest then that, on the contrary,
sin is more properly matter of violence and constraint. For God hath
implanted in our nature a charm, which binds us to love one another.
"Every beast (it saith) loveth his like, and every man loveth his
neighbor." (Ecclus. xiii.: 15.) Seest thou that we have from our nature
seeds which tend to virtue; whereas those of vice are contrary to
nature? and if these latter predominate, this is but an evidence of our
exceeding indolence.
Again, what is adultery? What sort of necessity is
there to bring us to this? Doubtless, it will be said, the tyranny of
lust. But why, tell me, should this be? What, is it not in every one's
power to have his own wife, and thus to put a stop to this tyranny?
True, he will say, but a sort of passion for my neighbor's wife seizes
hold on me. Here the question is no longer one of necessity. Passion is
no matter of necessity, no one loves of necessity, but of deliberate
choice and free will. Indulgence of nature, indeed, is perhaps matter
of necessity, but to love one woman rather than another is no matter of
necessity. Nor is the point with you natural desire, but vanity, and
wantonness, and unbounded licentiousness. For which is according to
reason, that a man should have an espoused wife, and her the mother of
his children, or one not acknowledged? Know ye not that it is intimacy
that breeds attachment. This, therefore, is not the fault of nature.
Blame not natural desire. Natural desire was bestowed
58
with a view to marriage; it was given with a view to the procreation of
children, not with a view to adultery and corruption. The laws, too,
know how to make allowance for those sins which are of necessity,--or
rather nothing is sin when it arises from necessity but all sin rises
from wantonness. God hath not so framed man's nature as that he should
have any necessity to sin, since were this the case, there would be no
such thing as punishment. We ourselves exact no account of things done
of necessity and by constraint, much less would God, so full of mercy
and loving-kindness.
Again, what is stealing? is it matter of necessity?
Yes, a man will say, because poverty causes this. Poverty, however,
rather compels us to work, not to steal. Poverty, therefore, has in
fact the contrary effect. Theft is the effect of idleness; whereas
poverty produces usually not idleness, but a love of labor. So that
this sin is the effect of indolence, as you may learn from hence.
Which, I ask, is the more difficult, the more distasteful, to wander
about at night without sleep, to break open houses, and walk about in
the dark, and to have one's life in one's hand, and to be always
prepared for murder, and to be shivering and dead with fear; or to be
attending to one's daily task, in full enjoyment of safety and
security? This last is the easier task; and it is because this is
easier, that the majority practise it rather than the other. Thou seest
then that it is virtue which is according to nature, and vice which is
against nature, in the same way as disease and health are.
What, again, are falsehood and perjury? What
necessity can they possibly imply? None whatever, nor any compulsion;
it is a matter to which we proceed voluntarily. We are distrusted, it
will be said. True, distrusted we are, because we choose it. For we
might, if we would, be trusted more upon our character, than upon our
oath. Why, tell me, is it that we do not trust some, no, not on their
oath, whilst we deem others trustworthy even independently of oaths.[1]
Seest thou that there is no need of oaths in any case? 'When such an
one speaks,' we say, 'I believe him, even without any oath, but thee,
no, not with thy oaths.' Thus then an oath is unnecessary; and is in
fact an evidence rather of distrust than of confidence. For where a man
is over ready to take his oath, he does not leave us to entertain any
great idea of his scrupulousness. So that the man who is most constant
in his use of oaths, has on no occasion any necessity for using one,
and he Who never uses one on any occasion, has in himself the full
benefit of its use. Some one says there is a necessity for an oath, to
produce confidence; but we see that they are the more readily trusted
who abstain from taking oaths.
But again, if one is a man of violence, is this a
matter of necessity? Yes, he will say, because his passion carries him
away, and burns within him, and does not let the soul be at rest. Man,
to act with violence is not the effect of anger, but of littleness of
mind. Were it the effect of anger, all men, whenever they were angry,
would never cease committing acts of violence. We have anger given us,
not that we may commit acts of violence on our neighbors, but that we
may correct those that are in sin, that we may bestir ourselves, that
we may not be sluggish. Anger is implanted in us as a sort of sting, to
make us gnash with our teeth against the devil, to make us vehement
against him, not to set us in array against each other. We have arms,
not to make us at war amongst ourselves, but that we may employ our
whole armor against the enemy. Art thou prone to anger? Be so against
thine own sins: chastise thy soul, scourge thy conscience, be a severe
judge, and merciless in thy sentence against thine own sins. This is
the way to turn anger to account. It was for this that God implanted it
within us.
But again, is plunder a matter of necessity? No, in
no wise. Tell me, what manner of necessity is there to be grasping:
what manner of compulsion? Poverty, a man will say, causes it, and the
fear of being without common necessaries. Now this is the very reason
why you ought not to be grasping. Wealth so gotten has no security in
it. You are doing the very same thing as a man would do, who, if he
were asked why he laid the foundation of his house in the sand, should
say, he did it because of the frost and rain. Whereas this would be the
very reason why he should not lay it in the sand. They are the very
foundations which the rain, and blasts, and wind, most quickly
overturn. So that if thou wouldest be wealthy, never be rapacious; if
thou wouldest transmit wealth to thy children, get righteous wealth, at
least, if any there be that is such. Because this abides, and remains
firm, whereas that which is not such, quickly wastes and perishes. Tell
me, hast thou a mind to be rich, and dost thou take the goods of
others? Surely this is not wealth: wealth consists in possessing what
is thine own. He that is in possession of the goods of others, never
can be a wealthy man; since at that rate even your very silk venders,
who receive their goods as a consignment from others, would be the
wealthiest and the richest of men. Though for the time, indeed, it is
theirs, still we do not call them wealthy. And why forsooth? Because
they are in possession of what belongs to
59
others. For though the piece itself happens to be theirs, still the
money it is worth is not theirs. Nay, and even if the money is in their
hands, still this is not wealth. Now, if consignments thus given render
not men more wealthy because we so soon resign them, how can those
which arise from rapine render them wealthy? However, if at any rate
thou desirest to be wealthy, (for the matter is not one of necessity,)
what greater good is it that thou wouldest fain enjoy? Is it a longer
life? Yet, surely men of this character quickly become short-lived.
Oftentimes they pay as the penalty of plunder and rapaciousness, an
untimely death; and not only suffer as a penalty the loss of the
enjoyment of their gains, but go out of life having gained but little,
and hell to boot. Oftentimes too they die of diseases, which are the
fruits of self-indulgence, and of loft, and of anxiety. Fain would I
understand why it is that wealth is so eagerly pursued by mankind. Why
surely for this reason hath God set a limit and a boundary to our
nature, that we may have no need to go on seeking wealth beyond it. For
instance He hath commanded us, to clothe the body in one, or perhaps in
two garments; and there is no need of any more to cover us. Where is
the good of ten thousand changes of raiment, and those moth-eaten? The
stomach has its appointed bound, and any thing given beyond this, will
of necessity destroy the whole man. Where then is the use of your
herds, and flocks, and cutting up of flesh? We require but one roof to
shelter us. Where then is the use of your vast ground-plots, and costly
buildings? Dost thou strip the poor, that vultures and jackdaws may
have where to dwell? And what a hell do not these things deserve? Many
are frequently raising edifices that glisten with pillars and costly
marbles, in places which they never so much as saw. What scheme is
there indeed that they have not adopted? Yet neither themselves reap
the benefit, nor any one else. The desolateness does not allow them to
get away thither; and yet not even thus do they desist. You see that
these things are not done for profit's-sake, but in all these cases
folly, and absurdity, and vainglory, is the motive. And this, I beseech
you to avoid, that we may be enabled to avoid also every other evil,
and may obtain those good things which are promised to them that love
Him, in our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom to the Father, together with
the Holy Ghost, be glory, strength, honor forever. Amen.
HOMILY III.
VERSES. 15--20.
"For this cause I also, having heard of the faith in the Lord Jesus,
which is among you, and which ye show toward all the saints, cease not
to give thanks for you, making mention of you in my prayers; that the
God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give unto you a
spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of Him: having the
eyes of your heart enlightened; that ye may know what is the hope of
His calling, what the riches of the glory of His inheritance in
the saints, and what the exceeding greatness of His power to
us-ward who believe, according to that working of the
strength of His might, which He wrought in Christ, when He raised
Him from the dead.
Never was anything equal to the yearnings of the
Apostle, never. anything like the sympathy and the affectionateness of
the blessed Paul, who made his every prayer in behalf of whole cities
and peoples, and writes the same to all,[1] "I thank my God for you,
making mention of you in my prayers." Think how many he had in his
mind, whom it were a labor so much as to remember; how many he made
mention of in his prayers, giving thanks to God for them all as though
he himself had received the greatest blessing.
"Wherefore," he says, i.e., because of what is to
come,[2] because of the good things that are laid up in store for them
who rightly believe and live. And it is meet then to give thanks to God
both for all the things which mankind have received at His hands, both
heretofore and hereafter; and meet to give Him thanks also for the
faith of them that believe.
"Having heard," saith he, "of the faith in the Lord
Jesus which is among you, and which ye show[3] toward all the saints."
He on all occasions knits together and combines
faith and love, a glorious pair; nor does he mention the saints of that
country only, but all.
60
"I cease not to give thanks for you, making mention of you
in my prayers."
What is thy prayer, and what thy entreaty? It is
"That the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father
of glory, may give unto you a spirit of wisdom and revelation."[1] Two
things he requires them to understand, as it is their duty to
understand them; to what blessings they are called, and how they have
been released from their former state. He says, however, himself that
these points are three. How then are they three? In order that we may
understand touching the things to come; for from the good things laid
up for us, we shall know His ineffable and surpassing riches, and from
understanding who we were, and how we believed, we shall know His power
and sovereignty, in turning again to Himself those who had been so long
time estranged from Him, "For the weakness of God is stronger than
men." (I Cor. i: 25.) Inasmuch as it is by the self-same power by which
He raised Christ from the dead, that He hath also drawn us to Himself.
Nor is that power limited to the resurrection, but far exceeds it.
Ver. 21, 22. "And made Him to sit at His right hand,
in the Heavenly places, far above all rule and authority, and power and
dominion, and every name that is named: and He put all things in
subjection under His feet, and gave Him to be Head over all things to
the Church, which is His body, the fulness of Him that filleth all in
all."
Vast indeed are the mysteries and secrets of which
He hath made us partakers. And these it is not possible for us to
understand otherwise than by being partakers of the Holy Ghost, and by
receiving abundant grace. And it is for this reason that Paul prays.
"The Father of glory," that is, He that hath given us vast blessings,
for he constantly addresses Him according to the subject he is upon,
as, for instance, when he says, "The Father of mercies and God of all
comfort." (2 Cor. i: 3.) And, again, the Prophet says, "The Lord is my
strength and my might." (Ps. xviii: I.) "The Father of glory."
He has no name by which he may represent these
things, and on all occasions calls them "glory," which is in
fact, with us, the name and appellation of every kind of magnificence.
Mark, he says, the Father of glory; (cf. Acts vii: 2) but of
Christ the God.[2] What then? Is the Son inferior to the glory? No,
there is no one, not even a maniac, would say so.
"May give unto you,"
That is, may raise and wing your understanding, for
it is not possible otherwise to understand these things. "For the
natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God; for
they are foolishness unto him." (I Cor. ii: 14.) So then, there is need
of spiritual "wisdom," that we may perceive things spiritual, that we
may see things hidden. That Spirit "revealeth" all things. He is going
to set forth the mysteries of God. Now the knowledge of the mysteries
of God, the Spirit alone comprehends, who also searcheth the deep
things of Him. It is not said, "that Angel, or Archangel, or any other
created power, may give," that is, confer upon you a spiritual gift.
And if this be of revelation, then is the discovery of arguments
consequently vain. For he that hath learned God, and knoweth God, shall
no longer dispute concerning any thing. He will not say, This is
impossible, and That is possible, and How did the other thing come to
pass? If we learn God, as we ought to know Him; if we learn God from
Him from whom we ought to learn Him, that is from the Spirit Himself;
then shall we no longer dispute concerning any thing. And hence it is
that he says,
"Having the eyes of your heart enlightened in the
knowledge of Him."[3]
He that hath learned what God is, will have no
misgiving about His promises, and disbelief about what hath been
already brought to pass. He prays, then, that there may be given them
"a spirit of wisdom and revelation." Yet still he also establishes it,
as far as he can himself, by arguments, and from "already" existing
facts. For, whereas he was about to mention some things which had
already come to pass, and others which had not as yet happened; he
makes those which have been brought to pass, a pledge of those which
have not: in some such way, I mean, as this,
"That ye may know," saith he, "what is the hope of
His calling."
It is as yet, he means, hidden, but not so to the
faithful.
"And," again, "what is the riches of the glory of
His inheritance in the saints."[4]
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This too is as yet hidden.
But what is clear? that through His power we have
believed that He hath raised Christ. For to persuade souls, is a thing
far more miraculous than to raise a dead body. I will endeavor to make
this clear. Hearken then. Christ said to the dead, "Lazarus, come
forth," (John xi: 43.) and straightway he obeyed. Peter said, "Tabitha,
arise," (Acts ix: 40.) and she did not refuse. He Himself shall speak
the word at the last day, and all shall rise, and that so quickly, that
"they which are yet alive, shall in no wise precede them that are
fallen asleep," (1 Thess. iv: 15.) and all shall come to pass, all run
together "in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye." (1 Cor. xv: 52.)
But in the matter of believing, it is not thus, but how is it? Hearken
then to Him again, how He saith, "How often would I have gathered thy
children together, and ye would not." (Matt. xxiii: 37.) You perceive
that this last is the more difficult. Accordingly, it is upon this that
he builds up the whole argument; because by human calculations it is
far more difficult to influence the choice, than to work upon nature.
And the reason is this, it is because He would thus have us become good
of our own will. Thus with good reason does he say,[1]
"The exceeding greatness of His power to us-ward who
believe."
Yes, when Prophets had availed nothing, nor Angels,
nor Archangels, when the whole creation, both visible and invisible,
had failed, (the visible lying before us, and without any power to
guide us, and much also which is invisible,) then He ordered His own
coming, to show us that it was a matter which required Divine power.
"The riches of the glory,"
That is, the unutterable glory; for what language
shall be adequate to express that glory of which the saints shall then
be partakers? None. But verily there is need of grace in order that the
understanding may perceive it, and admit even so much as at least one
little ray. Some things indeed they knew even before; now he was
desirous that they should learn more, and know it more clearly. Seest
thou how great things He hath wrought? He hath raised up Christ. Is
this a small thing? But look again. He hath set Him at His right hand.
And shall any language then be able to represent this? Him that is of
the earth, more mute than the fishes, and made the sport of devils, He
hath in a moment raised up on high. Truly this is indeed the "exceeding
greatness of His power." And behold, whither He hath raised Him.
"In the heavenly places;"
He hath made Him far above all created nature, far
above all rule and authority. "Far above all rule," he saith.
Need then indeed is there of the Spirit, of an
understanding wise in the knowledge of Him. Need then is there indeed
of revelation. Reflect, how vast is the distance between the nature of
man and of God. Yet from this vile estate hath He exalted Him to that
high dignity. Nor does He mount by degrees, first one step, then
another, then a third. Amazing ! He does not simply say, "above," but,
"far above;" for God is above those powers which are above. And thither
then hath He raised Him, Him that is one of us, brought Him from the
lowest point to the supremest sovereignty, to that beyond which
there is no other honor. Above "all" principality, he says, not,
i.e., over one and not over another, but over all,
"Rule and authority and power, and dominion, and
every name that is named."
Whatever there be in Heaven, He has become above
all. And this is said of Him that was raised from the dead which is
worthy of our admiration; for of God the Word, it cannot possibly be,
because what insects are in comparison of man, this the whole creation
is in comparison of God. If all mankind are to be counted as spittle
and were counted as the turn of a balance, consider the invisible
powers as insects. But of Him that was one of us, this is great and
surprising indeed. For He raised Him up from the very lowest parts of
the earth. If all the nations are as a drop, how small a portion then
of that drop is a single man ! Yet Him hath, He made higher than all
things, "not only in this world, but also in that which is to come."
Therefore powers there are whose names are to us unintelligible, and
unknown.
"And He put all things in subjection under His feet."
Not simply so set Him above them as to be honored
above them, nor by way of comparison with them, but so that He should
sit over them as His slaves. Amazing! Awful indeed are these things;
every created power hath been made the slave of man by reason of God
the Word dwelling in Him.[2] For it is possible for a man to be above
others, without having others in subjection, but only as preferred
before them. But here it is not so. ' No, "He put all things in
subjection under His feet." And not simply put them in subjection, but
in the most abject
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subjection, that below which there can be none. Therefore he adds,
"under His feet."
"And gave Him to be Head over all things to the
Church."
Amazing again, whither hath He raised the Church? as
though he were lifting it up by some engine, he hath raised it up to a
vast height, and set it on yonder throne; for where the Head is, there
is the body also. There is no interval to separate between the Head and
the body; for were there a separation, then were it no longer a body,
then were it no longer a head. "Over all things," he says. What is
meant by "over all things?" He hath suffered neither Angel nor
Archangel nor any other being to be above Him. But not only in this way
hath He honored us, in exalting that which is of ourselves, but also in
that He hath prepared the whole race in common to follow Him, to cling
to Him, to accompany His train. "Which is His body."
In order then that when you hear of the Head you may
not conceive the notion of supremacy only, but also of consolidation,
and that you may behold Him not as supreme Ruler only, but as Head of a
body.
"The fulness of Him that filleth all in all" he says.
As though this were not sufficient to show the close
connection and relationship, what does he add? "The fullness of Christ
is the Church." And rightly, for the complement of the head is the
body, and the complement of the body is the head. Mark what great
arrangement Paul observes, how he spares not a single word, that
he may represent the glory of God. "The, complement," he says, i.e.,
the head is, as it were, filled up by the body, because the body is
composed and made up of all its several parts, and he introduces Him as
having need of each single one and not only of all in common and
together; for unless we be many, and one be the hand, and another the
foot, and another some other member, the whole body is not filled up.
It is by all then that His body is filled up. Then is the head filled
up, then is the body rendered perfect, when we are all knit together
and united. Perceivest thou then the "riches of the glory of His
inheritance? the exceeding greatness of His power towards them that
believe? the hope of your calling?"
Moral. Let us reverence our Head, let us reflect of
what a Head we are the body,--a Head, to whom all things are put in
subjection. According to this representation we ought to be better,
yea, than the very angels, and greater than the Archangels, in that we
have been honored above them all. God "took not hold of Angels," as he
says in writing to the Hebrews, "but He took hold of the seed of
Abraham." (Heb. ii: 16.) He took hold of neither principality nor
power, nor dominion, nor any other authority, but He took up our
nature, and made it to sit on His right hand. And why do I say, hath
made it sit? He hath made it His garment,[1] and not only so, but hath
put all things in subjection under His feet. How many sorts of death
supposest thou? How many souls? ten thousand? yea, and ten thousand
times told, but nothing equal to it wilt thou mention. Two things He
hath done, the greatest things. He hath both Himself descended to
the lowest depth of humiliation, and hath raised up man to the height
of exaltation. He saved him by His blood. He spoke of the former first,
how that He so greatly humbled Himself. He speaks now of what is
stronger than that--a great thing, the crown of all. Surely, even had
we been counted worthy of nothing, it were enough. Or, had we been
counted worthy even of this honor, it were enough, without the slaying
of the Son. But where there are the two, what power of language must it
not transcend and surpass? The very resurrection is not great, when I
reflect on these things. It is of Him that he says, "The God of our
Lord Jesus Christ," not of God the Word.
Let us feel awed at the closeness of our relation,
let us dread lest any one should be cut off from this body, lest any
one should fall from it, lest any one should appear unworthy of it. If
any one were to place a diadem about our head, a crown of gold, should
we not do every thing that we might seem worthy of the lifeless jewels?
But now it is not a diadem that is about our head, but, what is far
greater, Christ is made our very Head, and yet we pay no regard to it.
Yet Angels reverence that Head, and Archangels, and all those powers
above. And shall we, which are His body, be awed neither on the one
account nor the other? And what then shall be our hope of salvation?
Conceive to yourself the royal throne, conceive the excess of the
honor. This, at least if we chose, might more avail to startle us, yea,
even than hell itself. For, even though hell were not, that we having
been honored with such an honor, should be found base and unworthy of
it, what punishment, what vengeance must not this carry with it? Think
near whom thy Head is seated, (this single consideration is amply
sufficient for any purpose whatever,) on whose right hand He is placed,
far above all principality, and power, and might. Yet is the body of
this Head trampled on by the very devils.
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Nay, God forbid it should be thus; for were it thus, such a body could
be His body no longer. Thy own head the more respectable of thy
servants reverence, and dost thou subject thy body to be the sport of
them that insult it? How sore punishment then shall thou not deserve?
If a man should bind the feet of the emperor with bonds and fetters,
will he not be liable to the extremity of punishment? Dost thou expose
the whole body to fierce monsters, and not shudder?
However, since our discourse is concerning the
Lord's body, come, and let us turn our thoughts to it, even that which
was crucified, which was nailed, which is sacrificed.[1] If thou art
the body of Christ, bear the Cross, for He bore it: bear spitting, bear
buffetings, bear nails. Such was that Body; that Body "did no sin,
neither was guile found in His mouth." (1 Pet. ii: 22.) His hands did
every thing for the benefit of them that needed, His mouth uttered not
a word of those things which are not convenient. He heard them say,
"Thou hast a devil," and He answered nothing.
Further, our discourse is concerning this Body, and
as many of us as partake of that Body and taste of that Blood, are
partaking of that which is in no wise different from that Body, nor
separate. Consider that we taste of that Body that sitteth above, that
is adored by Angels, that is next to the Power that is incorruptible.
Alas! how many ways to salvation are open to us! He hath made us His
own body, He hath imparted to us His own body, and yet not one of these
things turns us away from what is evil. Oh the darkness, the depth of
the abyss, the apathy ! "Set your mind," saith he, "on the things that
are above, where Christ is, seated on the right hand of God." (Col.
iii: 1.) And after all this, some set their affections upon money, or
licentiousness, others are carried captive by their passions !
Do ye not see, that even in our own body, when any
part is superfluous and useless, it is cut off, is cut away? It is of
no use that it has belonged to the body, when it is mutilated, when it
is mortified, when it is decayed, when it is detrimental to the rest.
Let us not then be too confident, because we have been once made
members of this body. If this body of ours, though but a natural body,
nevertheless suffers amputation, what dreadful evil shall it not
undergo, if the moral principle should fail? When the body partakes not
of this natural food, when the pores are stopped up, then it mortifies;
when the ducts are closed, then it is palsied. So is it with us also,
when we stop our ears, our soul becomes palsied; when we partake not of
the spiritual food, when, instead of corrupt bodily humors, evil
dispositions impair us, all these things engender disease, dangerous
disease, disease that wastes. And then there will be need of that fire,
there will be need of that cutting asunder. For Christ cannot endure
that we should enter into the bride-chamber with such a body as this.
If He led away, and cast out the man that was clothed in filthy
garments, what will He not do unto the man who attaches filth to the
body; how will He not dispose of him?
I observe many partaking of Christ's Body lightly
and just as it happens, and rather from custom and form, than
consideration and understanding. When, saith a man, the holy season of
Lent sets in, whatever a man may be, he partakes of the mysteries, or,
when the day of the Lord's Epiphany[2] comes. And yet it is not the
Epiphany, nor is it Lent, that makes a fit time for approaching, but it
is sincerity and purity of soul. With this, approach at all times;
without it, never. "For as often," (1 Cor. xi: 26.) saith he, "as ye do
this, ye proclaim the Lord's death," i.e., "ye make a remembrance of
the salvation that has been wrought for you, and of the benefits which
I have bestowed." Consider those who partook of the sacrifices under
the old Covenant, how great abstinence did they practise? How did they
not conduct themselves? What did they not perform? They were always
purifying themselves. And dost thou, when thou drawest nigh to a
sacrifice, at which the very Angels tremble, dost thou measure the
matter by the revolutions of seasons? and how shall thou present
thyself before the judgment-seat of Christ, thou who presumest upon His
body with polluted hands and lips? Thou wouldest not presume to kiss a
king with an unclean mouth, and the King of heaven dost thou kiss with
an unclean soul? It is an outrage. Tell me, wouldest thou choose to
come to the Sacrifice with unwashen hands? No, I suppose, not. But thou
wouldest rather choose not to come at all, than come with soiled hands.
And then, thus scrupulous as thou art in this little matter, dost thou
come with soiled soul, and thus dare to touch it? And yet the hands
hold it but for a time, whereas into the soul it is dissolved entirely,
What, do ye not see the holy vessels so thoroughly cleansed all over,
so resplendent? Our souls ought to be purer than they, more holy, more
brilliant. And why so? Because those vessels are made so for our sakes.
They partake not of Him that is in them, they perceive Him not. But we
do;--
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yes, verily. Now then, thou wouldest not choose to make use of a soiled
vessel, and dost thou approach with a soiled soul? Observe the vast
inconsistency of the thing. At the other times ye come not, no, not
though often ye are clean; but at Easter, however flagrant an act ye
may have committed, ye come. Oh! the force of custom and of prejudice !
In vain is the daily Sacrifice,[1] in vain do we stand before the
Altar; there is no one to partake. These things I am saying, not to
induce you to partake any how, but that ye should render yourselves
worthy to partake. Art thou not worthy of the Sacrifice, nor of the
participation? If so, then neither art thou of the prayer. Thou hearest
the herald[2] standing, and saying, "As many as are in penitence, all
pray."[3] As many as do not partake, are in penitence. If thou art one
of those that are in penitence, thou oughtest not to partake; for he
that partakes not, is one of those that are in penitence. Why then does
he say, "Depart, ye that are not qualified to pray," whilst thou hast
the effrontery to stand still? But no, thou art not of that number,
thou art of the number of those who are qualified to partake, and yet
art indifferent about it, and regardest the matter as nothing.
Look, I entreat: a royal table is set before you,
Angels minister at that table, the King Himself is there, and dost thou
stand gaping?"[4] Are thy garments defiled, and yet dost thou make no
account of it?--or are they clean? Then fall down and partake. Every
day He cometh in to see the guests, and converseth with them all. Yes,
at this moment is he speaking to your conscience; "Friends, how stand
ye here, not having on a wedding garment?" He said not, Why didst thou
sit down? no, before he sat down, He declared him to be unworthy, so
much as to come in. He saith not, "Why didst thou sit down to meat,"
but, "Why camest thou in?" And these are the words that He is at this
very moment addressing to one and all of us that stand here with such
shameless effrontery. For every one, that partaketh not of the
mysteries, is standing here in shameless effrontery. It is for this
reason, that they which are in sins are first of all put forth; for
just as when a master is present at his table, it is not right that
those servants who have offended him should be present, but they are
sent out of the way: just so also here when the sacrifice is brought
forth, and Christ, the Lord's sheep, is sacrificed; when thou hearest
the words, "Let us pray together," when thou beholdest the curtains
drawn up,[5] then imagine that the Heavens are let down from above, and
that the Angels are descending !
As then it is not meet that any one of the
uninitiated be present, so neither is it that one of them that are
initiated, and yet at the same time defiled. Tell me, suppose any one
were invited to a feast, and were to wash his hands, and sit down, and
be all ready at the table, and after all refuse to partake ; is he not
insulting the man who invited him? were it not better for such an one
never to have come at all? Now it is just in the same way that thou
hast come here. Thou hast sung the Hymn[6] with the rest: thou hast
declared thyself to be of the number of them that are Worthy, by not
departing with them that are unworthy. Why stay, and yet not partake of
the table? I am unworthy, thou wilt say. Then art thou also unworthy of
that communion thou hast had in prayers. For it is not by means of the
offerings only, but also by means of those canticles that the
Spirit descendeth all around. Do we not see our own servants, first
scouring the table with a sponge, and cleaning the house, and then
setting out the entertainment? This is what is done by the prayers, by
the cry of the herald. We scour the Church, as it were, with a sponge,
that all things may be set out in a pure church, that there may be
"neither spot nor wrinkle." (Eph. v: 27.) Unworthy, indeed, both our
eyes of these sights, and unworthy are our ears ! "And if even a
beast," it is said, "touch the mountain, it shall be stoned." (Ex. xix:
13.) Thus then they were not worthy so much as to set foot on it, and
yet afterwards they both came near, and beheld where God had stood. And
thou mayest, afterwards, come near, and behold: when, however, He is
present, depart. Thou art no more allowed to be here than the
Catechumen is. For it is not at all the same thing never to have
reached the mysteries, and when thou hast reached them, to stumble at
them and despise them, and to make thyself unworthy of this thing. One
might enter upon more points, and those more awful still; not however
to burden your understanding, these will suffice. They who are not
brought to their right senses with these, certainly will not be with
more. That I may not then be the means of increas-
65
ing your condemnation, I entreat you, not to forbear coming, but to
render yourselves worthy both of being present, and of approaching.
Tell me, were any king to give command and to say, "If any man does
this, let him partake of my table;" say, would ye not do all ye could
to be admitted? He hath invited us to heaven, to the table of the great
and wonderful King, and do we shrink and hesitate, instead of hastening
and running to it? And what then is our hope of salvation? We cannot
lay the blame on our weakness; we cannot on our nature. It is indolence
and nothing else that renders us unworthy.
So far have I spoken of myself. But may He that
pricketh the heart, He that giveth the Spirit of compunction, pierce
your hearts, and plant the seeds in the depth of them, that so through
His fear ye may conceive, and bring forth the spirit of salvation, and
come near with boldness. For, "thy children," it is said, "are like
olive plants round about thy table." (Ps. cxxviii: 3.) O, then, let
there be nothing old, nothing wild, nothing harsh. For of such sort are
the young plants that are fit for fruit, for the beautiful fruit, fruit
I mean of the olive-tree. And thriving they are, so as all to be round
about the table, and come together here, not in vain or by chance, but
with fear and reverence. For thus shall ye behold with boldness even
Christ Himself in heaven, and shall be counted worthy of that heavenly
kingdom, which may God grant we may all attain, in Jesus Christ, our
Lord with whom to the Father, together with the Holy Spirit, be glory,
might, honor, now and ever, and for ages of ages. Amen.
HOMILY IV.
CHAPTER. II. VERSES 1--3.
"And you did He quicken, when ye were dead through your trespasses and
sins, wherein aforetime ye walked, according to the course of this
world, according to the prince of the power of the air, of the spirit
that now worketh in the sons of disobedience; among whom we also all
once lived, in the lusts of our flesh, doing the desires of the flesh,
and of the mind; and were by nature children of wrath even as the rest."
There is, we know, a corporal, and there is also a
spiritual, dying.[1] Of the first it is no crime to partake, nor is
there any peril in it, inasmuch as there is no blame attached to it,
for it is a matter of nature, not of deliberate choice It had its
origin in the transgression of the first-created man, and thenceforward
in its issue it passed into a nature, and, at all events, will quickly
be brought to a termination; whereas this spiritual dying, being a
matter of deliberate choice, has criminality, and has no termination.
Observe then how Paul, having already shown how exceedingly great a
thing it is, in so much that to heal a deadened soul is a far greater
thing than to raise the dead, so now again lays it down in all its real
greatness.
"And you," saith he "when ye were dead through your
trespasses and sins, wherein aforetime ye walked according to the
course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air,
of the spirit that now worketh in the sons of disobedience."' You
observe the gentleness of Paul, and how on all occasions he encourages
the hearer, not bearing too hard upon him. For whereas he had said, Ye
have arrived at the very last degree of wickedness, (for such is the
meaning of becoming dead,) that he may not excessively distress
them,[2] (because men are put to shame when their former misdeeds are
brought forward, cancelled though they be, and no longer attended with
danger,) he gives them, as it were, an accomplice, that it may not be
supposed that the work is all their own, and that accomplice a powerful
one. And who then is this? The Devil. He does much the same also in the
Epistle to the Corinthians, where, after saying, "Be not deceived,
neither fornicators, nor idolaters," (1 Cor. vi: 9.) and after
enumerating all the other vices, and adding in conclusion, "shall
inherit the kingdom of God;" he then adds, "and such were some of you;"
he does not say absolutely, "ye were," but "some of you were," that is,
thus in some sort were ye. Here the heretics attack us. They tell us
that these expressions ("prince of all the power of the air," etc.) are
used with reference to God, and letting loose their unbridled tongue,
they fit these
66
things to God, which belong to the Devil alone, How then are we to put
them to silence? By the very words they themselves use; for, if He is
righteous, as they themselves allow, and yet hath done these things,
this is no longer the act of a righteous being, but rather of a being
most unrighteous and corrupted; and corrupted God cannot possibly be.
Further, why does he call the Devil "the prince" of
the world? Because nearly the whole human race has surrendered itself
to him and all are willingly and of deliberate choice his slaves. And
to Christ, though He promises unnumbered blessings, not any one so much
as gives any heed; whilst to the Devil, though promising nothing of the
sort, but sending them on to hell, all yield themselves. His kingdom
then is in this world, and he has, with few exceptions, more subjects
and more obedient subjects than God, in consequence of our indolence.
"According to the power," saith he, "of the sir, of
the spirit."[1]
Here again he means, that Satan occupies the space
under Heaven, and that the incorporeal powers are spirits of the air,
under his operation. For that his kingdom is of this age, i. e., will
cease with the present age, hear what he says at the end of the
Epistle; "Our wrestling is not against flesh and blood, but against the
principalities, against powers, against the world rulers of this
darkness;" (Eph. vi: 12.) where, lest when you hear of world-rulers you
should therefore say that the Devil is uncreated, he elsewhere (Gal. i:
4.) calls a perverse time, "an evil world," not of the creatures. For
he seems to me, having had dominion beneath the sky, not to have fallen
from his dominion, even after his transgression.
"That now worketh," he says, "in the sons of
disobedience."
You observe that it is not by force, nor by
compulsion, but by persuasion, he wins us over; "disobedience" or
"untractableness" is his word, as though one were to say, by guile and
persuasion he draws all his votaries to himself. And not only does he
give them a word of encouragement by telling them they have an
associate, but also by ranking himself with them, for he says,
"Among whom we also all once lived."
"All," because he cannot say that any one is
excepted.
"In the lusts of our flesh, doing the desires
of the flesh, and of the mind, and were by nature children of wrath,
even as the rest."
That is, having no spiritual affections. Yet, lest he should slander
the flesh, or lest it should be supposed that the transgression was not
great, observe how he guards the matter,
"Doing," he says, "the desires of the flesh and of
the mind."
That is, the pleasurable passions. We provoked God
to anger, he saith, we provoked Him to wrath, we were wrath, and
nothing else. For as he who is a child of man is by nature man, so also
were we children of wrath[2] even as others; i. e., no one was free,
but we all did things worthy of wrath. Ver. 4. "But God, being rich in
mercy." Not merely merciful, but rich in mercy; as it is said also in
another place; "In the multitude of thy mercies." (Ps. lxix: 17.) And
again, "Have mercy upon me, according to the multitude of thy tender
mercies." (Ps. li: 1.)
Ver. 4. "For His great love,[3] wherewith He loved
us."
Why did He love us? For these things are not
deserving of love, but of the sorest wrath, and punishment. And thus it
was of great mercy.
Ver. 5. "Even when we were dead through our
trespasses He quickened us together with Christ."
Again is Christ introduced, and it is a matter well
worthy of our belief, because if the Firstfruits live, so do we also.
He hath quickened both Him, and us. Seest thou that all this is said of
Christ incarnate? Beholdest thou "the exceeding greatness of His power
to us-ward who believe?" (Eph. i: 19.) Them that were dead, them that
were children of wrath, them hath he quickened. Beholdest thou "the
hope of his calling?"
Ver. 6. "He raised us up with Him and made us sit
with Him."
Beholdest thou the glory of His inheritance?
67
That "He hath raised us up together," is plain. But that He "hath made
us sit with Him in the heavenly places in Christ Jesus," how does this
hold? It holds as truly, as that He hath raised us together. For as yet
no one is actually raised,[1] excepting that inasmuch as as the Head
hath risen, we also are raised, just as in the history, when Jacob did
obeisance, his wife also did obeisance to Joseph. (Gen. xxxvii: 9, 10.)
And so in the same way "hath He also made us to sit with Him." For
since the Head sitteth, the body sitteth also with it, and therefore he
adds "in Christ Jesus." Or again, if it means, not this, it means that
by the layer of Baptism He hath "raised us up with Him." How then in
that case hath He made "us to sit with Him?" Because, saith he, "if we
suffer we shall also reign with Him," (2 Tim. ii: 12.) if we be dead
with Him we shall also live with Him. Truly there is need of the Spirit
and of revelation, in order to understand the depth of these mysteries.
And then that ye may have no distrust about the matter, observe what he
adds further.
Ver. 7. "That in the ages to come, He might show the
exceeding riches of His grace, in kindness towards us, in Christ Jesus."
Whereas he had been speaking of the things which
concerned Christ, and these might be nothing to us, (for what, it might
be said, is it to us, that He rose) therefore he shows that they do
moreover extend to us, inasmuch as He is made one with us. Only that
our concern in the matter he states separately. "Us," saith he, "who
were dead through our trespasses He raised up with Him, and made us sit
with Him." Wherefore, as I was saying, be not unbelieving, take the
demonstration he adduces both from former things, and from His
Headship, and also from His desire to show forth His goodness. For how
will He show it, unless this come to pass? And He will show it in the
ages to come. What? that the blessings are both great, and more certain
than any other. For now the things which are said may to the
unbelievers seem to be foolishness; but then all shall know them.
Wouldest thou understand too, how He hath made us sit together with
Him? Hear what Christ Himself saith to the disciples, "Ye also shall
sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel." (Matt.
xix: 28.) And again, "But to sit on My right hand and on My left hand
is not Mine to give, but it is for them for whom it hath been prepared
of My Father." (Matt. xx: 23.) So that it hath been prepared. And well
saith he, "in kindness towards us in Christ Jesus," for to sit on His
right hand is honor above all honor, it is that beyond which there is
none other. This then he saith, that even we shall sit there. Truly
this is surpassing riches, truly surpassing is the greatness of His
power, to make us sit down with Christ, Yea, hadst thou ten thousand
souls, wouldest thou not lose them for His sake? Yea, hadst thou to
enter the flames, oughtest thou not readily to endure it? And He
Himself too saith again, "Where I am, there shall also My servant be."
(John. xii: 26.) Why surely had ye to be cut to pieces every day, ought
ye not, for the sake of these promises cheerfully to embrace it? Think,
where He sitteth? above all principality and power. And with whom it is
that thou sittest? With Him. And who thou art? One dead, by nature a
child of wrath. And what good hast thou done? None. Truly now it is
high time to exclaim, "Oh the depth of the riches both of the wisdom
and the knowledge of God!" (Rom. xi:33.)
Ver. 8. "For by grace," saith he "have ye been
saved."[2]
In order then that the greatness of the benefits
bestowed may not raise thee too high, observe how he brings thee down:
"by grace ye have been saved," saith he, "Through faith;"
Then, that, on the other hand, our free-will be not
impaired, he adds also our part in the work, and yet again cancels it,
and adds, "And that not of ourselves."
Neither is faith,[3] he means, "of ourselves."
Because had He not come, had He not called us, how had we been able to
believe? for "how," saith he, "shall they believe, unless they hear?"
(Rom. x: 14.) So that the work of faith itself is not our own.
"It is the gift," said he, "of God," it is "not of
works."
Was faith then, you will say, enough to save us? No;
but God, saith he, hath required this, lest He should save us, barren
and without work at all. His expression is, that faith saveth, but it
is because God so willeth, that faith saveth. Since, how, tell me, doth
faith save, without works? This itself is the gift of God.
Ver. 9. "That no man should glory."
That he may excite in us proper feeling
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touching this gift of grace. "What then?" saith a man, "Hath He Himself
hindered our being justified by works?" By no means. But no one, he
saith, is justified by works, in order that the grace and
loving-kindness of God may be shown. He did not reject us as having
works, but as abandoned of works He hath saved us by grace; so that no
man henceforth may have whereof to boast. And then, lest when thou
hearest that the whole work is accomplished not of works but by faith,
thou shouldest become idle,[1] observe how he continues,
Ver. 10. "For we are His workmanship, created in
Christ Jesus for good works, which God afore prepared that we should
walk in them."
Observe the words he uses. He here alludes to the
regeneration, which is m reality a second creation. We have been
brought from non-existence into being. As to what we were before, that
is, the old man, we are dead. What we are now become, before, we were
not. Truly then is this work a creation, yea, and more noble than the
first; for from that one, we have our being; but from this last, we
have, over and above, our well being.
"For good works, which God afore prepared that we
should walk in them."[2]
Not merely that we should begin, but that we should
walk in them, for we need a virtue which shall last throughout, and be
extended on to our dying day. If we had to travel a road leading to a
royal city, and then when we had passed over the greater part of it,
were to flag and sit down near the very close, it were of no use to us.
This is the hope of our calling; for "for good works" he says.
Otherwise it would profit us nothing.
Moral. Thus here he rejoices not that we should work
one work, but all; for, as we have five senses, and ought to make use
of all in their proper season, so ought we also the several virtues.
Now were a man to be temperate and yet unmerciful, or were he to be
merciful and yet grasping, or were he to abstain indeed from other
people's goods, and yet not bestow his own, it would be all in vain.
For a single virtue alone is not enough to present us with boldness
before the judgment-seat of Christ; no, we require it to be great, and
various, and universal, and entire. Hear what Christ saith to the
disciples, "Go, ye and make disciples of all the nations,--teaching
them to observe all things whatsoever I commanded you." (Matt. xxviii:
19.) And again, "Whosoever shall break one of these least commandments,
shall be called least in the kingdom of Heaven," (Matt. v: 19.) that
is, in the resurrection; nay, he shall not enter into the kingdom; for
He is wont to call the time also of the resurrection, the kingdom. "If
he break one," saith He, "he shall be called least," so that we have
need of all. And observe how it is not possible to enter without works
of mercy; but if even this alone be wanting, we shall depart into the
fire. For, saith He, "Depart, ye cursed, into the eternal fire, which
is prepared for the Devil and his angels." Why and wherefore? "For I
was an hungered, and ye gave me no meat; I was thirsty, and ye gave me
no drink." (Matt. xxv: 42.) Beholdest thou, how without any other
charge laid against them, for this one alone they perished. And for
this reason alone too were the virgins also excluded from the
bride-chamber, though sobriety surely they did possess. As the Apostle
saith "and the sanctification, without which no man shall see the
Lord." (Heb. xii: 14.) Consider then, that without sobriety, it is
impossible to see the Lord; yet it does not necessarily follow that
with sobriety it is possible to see Him, because often-times something
else stands in the way. Again, if we do all things ever so rightly, and
yet do our neighbor no service, neither in that case shall we enter
into the kingdom. Whence is this evident? From the parable of the
servants entrusted with the talents. For, in that instance, the man's
virtue was in every point unimpaired, and there had been nothing
lacking, but forasmuch as he was slothful in his business, he was
rightly cast out. Nay, it is possible, even by railing only, to fall
into Hell. "For whosoever" saith Christ, "shall say to his brother,
Thou fool, shall be in danger of the hell of fire." (Matt. v: 22.) And
if a man be ever so right in all things, and yet be injurious, he shall
not enter.
And let no one impute cruelty to God, in that he
excludes those who fail in this matter, from the kingdom of Heaven. For
even with men, if any one do any thing whatsoever contrary to the law,
he is banished from the king's presence. And if he transgresses so much
as one of the established laws, if he lays a false accusation against
another, he forfeits his office. And if he commits adultery, and is
detected, he is disgraced, and even though he have done ten thousand
right acts, he is undone; and if he commits murder, and is convicted,
this again is enough to destroy him. Now if the laws of men are so
carefully guarded, how much more should those of God be. "But He is
good," a man says. How long are we to be uttering this
69
foolish talk? foolish, I say, not because He is not good, but in that
we keep thinking that His goodness will be available to us for these
purposes, though I have again and again used ten thousand arguments on
this subject. Listen to the Scripture, which saith, "Say not, His mercy
is great, He will be pacified for the multitude of my sins." (Ecclus.
v: 6.) He does not forbid us to say, "His mercy is great." This is not
what He enjoins; rather he would have us constantly say it, and with
this object Paul raises all sorts of arguments, but his object is what
follows. Do not, he means, admire the loving-kindness of God with this
view, with a view to sinning, and saying, "His mercy will be pacified
for the multitude of my sins." For it is with this object that I too
discourse so much concerning His goodness, not that we may presume upon
it, and do any thing we choose, because in that way this goodness will
be to the prejudice of our salvation; but that we may not despair in
our sins, but may repent. For "the goodness of God leadeth thee to
repentance," (Rom. ii: 4.) not to greater wickedness. And if thou
become depraved, because of His goodness, thou art rather belying Him
before men. I see many persons thus impugning the long-suffering of
God; so that if thou use it not aright, thou shalt pay the penalty. Is
God a God of loving-kindness? Yes, but He is also a righteous Judge. Is
He one who maketh allowance for sins? True, yet rendereth He to every
man according to his works. Doth He pass by iniquity and blot out
transgressions? True, yet maketh He inquisition also. How then is it,
that these things are not contradictions? Contradictions they are not,
if we distinguish them by their times. He doeth away iniquity here,
both by the laver of Baptism, and by penitence. There He maketh
inquisition of what we have done by fire and torment. "If then," some
man may say, "I am cast out, and forfeit the kingdom, whether I have
wrought ten thousand evil deeds or only one, wherefore may I not do all
sorts of evil deeds?" This is the argument of an ungrateful servant;
still nevertheless, we will proceed to solve even this. Never do that
which is evil in order to do thyself good; for we shall, all alike fall
short of the kingdom, yet in Hell we shall not all undergo the same
punishment, but one a severer, another a milder one. For now, if thou
and another have "despised God's goodness," (Rom. ii: 4.) the one in
many instances, and the other in a few, ye will alike forfeit the
kingdom. But if ye have not alike despised Him, but the one in a
greater, the other in a less degree, in Hell ye shall feel the
difference.
Now then, why, it may be said, doth He threaten them
who have not done works of mercy, that they shall depart into the fire,
and not simply into the fire, but into that which is "prepared for the
devil and his angels?" (Matt. xxv: 41.) Why and wherefore is this?
Because nothing so provokes God to wrath. He puts this before all
terrible things; for if it is our duty to love our enemies, of what
punishment shall not he be worthy, who turns away even from them that
love him, and is in this respect worse than the heathen? So that in
this case the greatness of the sin will make such an one go away with
the devil. Woe to him, it is said, who doeth not alms; and if this was
the case under the Old Covenant, much more is it under the New. if,
where the getting of wealth was allowed, and the enjoyment of it, and
the care of it, there was such provision made for the succoring the
poor, how much more in that Dispensation, where we are commanded to
surrender all we have? For what did not they of old do? They gave
tithes, and tithes again upon tithes for orphans, widows, and
strangers; whereas some one was saying to me in astonishment at
another, "Why, such an one gives tithes." What a load of disgrace does
this expression imply, since what was not a matter of wonder with the
Jews has come to be so in the case of the Christians? If there was
danger then in omitting tithes, think how great it must be now.
Again, drunkenness shall not inherit the kingdom.
Yet what is the language of most people? "Well, if both I and he are in
the same case, that is no little comfort." What then? First of all,
that thou and he shall not reap the same punishment; but were it
otherwise, neither is that any comfort. Fellowship in sufferings has
comfort in it, when the miseries have any proportion in them; but when
they exceed all proportion, and carry us beyond ourselves, no longer do
they allow of our receiving any comfort at all. For tell the man that
is being tortured, and has entered into the flames, that such an one is
undergoing the same, still he will not feel the comfort. Did not all
the Israelites perish together? What manner of comfort did that afford
them? Rather, did not this very thing distress them? And this was why
they kept saying, We are lost, we are perished, we are wasted away.
What manner of comfort then is there here? In vain do we comfort
ourselves with such hopes as these. There is but one only comfort, to
avoid falling into that unquenchable fire; but it is not possible for
one who has fallen into it to find comfort, where there is the gnashing
of teeth, where there is the weeping, where is the worm that dieth not,
and the fire that is not quenched. For shalt thou conceive any comfort
at all, tell me, when thou art in so great tribulation
70
and distress? Wilt thou then be any longer thyself? Let us not, I pray
and entreat you, let us not vainly deceive ourselves and comfort
ourselves with arguments like these; no, let us practise those virtues,
which shall avail to save us. The object before us is to sit together
with Christ, and art thou trifling about such matters as these? Why,
were there no other sin at all, how great punishment ought we not to
suffer for these very speeches themselves, because we are so insensate,
so wretched, and so indolent, as, even with so vast a privilege before
us, to talk thus? Oh! how much shalt thou have to lament, when thou
shalt then consider them that have done good! When thou shalt behold
slaves and base-born who have labored but a little here, there made
partakers of the royal throne, will not these things be worse to thee
than torment? For if even now, when thou seest any in high reputation,
though thou art suffering no evil, thou regardest this as worse than
any punishment, and by this alone art consumed, and bemoanest thyself,
and weepest, and judgest it to be as bad as ten thousand deaths; what
shalt thou suffer then? Why, even were there no hell at all, the very
thought of the kingdom, were it not enough to destroy and consume thee?
And that such will be the case, we have enough in our own experience of
things to teach us. Let us not then vainly flatter our own souls with
speeches like these; no, let us take heed, let us have a regard for our
own salvation, let us make virtue our care, let us rouse ourselves to
the practice of good works, that we may be counted worthy to attain to
this exceeding glory, in Jesus Christ our Lord with whom to the Father,
together with the Holy Spirit be glory, might, honor, now and ever, and
for ages of ages. Amen.
HOMILY V.
CHAPTER 11. VERSES 11, 12.
"Wherefore remember, that aforetime ye the Gentiles in the flesh, who
are called Uncircumcision by that which is called Circumcision in the
flesh made by hands; that ye were at that time separate from Christ,
alienated from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the
covenants of the promise, having no hope, and without God in the world."
There are many things to show the loving-kindness of
God. First, the fact, that by Himself He hath saved us, and by Himself
through such a method as this. Secondly, that He hath saved us, as
being what we were. Thirdly, that He hath exalted us to the place where
we are. For all these things both contain in themselves the greatest
demonstration of His loving-kindness, and they are the very subjects
which Paul is now agitating in his Epistle. He had been saying, that
when we were dead through our trespasses, and children of wrath, He
saved us; He is now telling us further, to whom He hath made us equal.
"Wherefore," saith he, "remember;" because it is usual with us, one and
all, when we are raised from a state of great meanness to
corresponding, or perhaps a greater, dignity, not so much as even to
retain any recollection of our former condition, being neurished in
this our new glory. On this account it is that he says, "Wherefore
remember."--"Wherefore." Why, "wherefore?"[1] Because we have been
created unto good works, and this were sufficient to induce us to
cultivate virtue; "remember,"--for that remembrance is sufficient to
make us grateful to our Benefactor,--"that ye were aforetime Gentiles."
Observe how he lowers the superior advantages of the Jews and admires
the disadvantages of the Gentiles; disadvantage indeed it was not, but
he is arguing with each respectively from their character and manner of
life.
"Who are called Uncircumcision."[2]
The honor then of the Jews is in names, their
perogative is in the flesh. For uncircumcision is nothing, and
circumcision is nothing.
"By that which is called," saith he, "Circumcision
in the flesh made by hands, that ye were at that time separate from
Christ, alienated from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from
the covenants of the promise, having no hope, and without God in the
world.[3]
71
Ye, saith he, who were thus called by the Jews. But
why when he is about to show that the benefit bestowed upon them
consisted in this, in having fellowship with Israel, does he disparage
the Israelitish prerogative? He does not disparage it. In essential
points he enhances it, but only in these points, in which they had no
fellowship, he disparages it. For further on he says, "Ye are
fellow-citizens of the saints and of the household of God." Mark, how
far he is from disparaging it. These points, saith he, are indifferent.
Never think, saith he, that because ye happen not to be circumcised,
and are now in uncircumcision, that there is any difference in this.
No, the real trouble was this, the being "without Christ," the being
"aliens from the commonwealth of Israel." Whereas this circumcision is
not "the commonwealth." Again, the being strangers from the covenants
of promise, the having no hope to come, the being without God in this
world, all these were parts of their condition. He was speaking of
heavenly things; he speaks also of those which are upon earth; since
the Jews had a great opinion of these. Thus also Christ in comforting
His disciples, after saying, "Blessed are they that have been
persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of
heaven," adds the lesser point of consolation, "for so," saith He,
"persecuted they the prophets which were before you." (Matt. v: 10-12.)
For this, compared with the greatness of the other, is far less, yet in
regard to the being nigh, and believing, it is great and sufficient,
and has much force. This then was the sharing in the commonwealth. His
word is not, "separated," but "alienated from the commonwealth." His
word is not, "ye took no interest in," but, "ye had not so much as any
part in, and were strangers." The expressions are most emphatic, and
indicate the separation to be very wide. Because the Israelites
themselves were without this commonwealth, not however as aliens, but
as indifferent to it, and they fell from the covenants, not however as
strangers, but as unworthy.
But what were "the covenants of the promise?" "To
thee and to thy seed," saith He, "will I give this land," (Gen. xvii:
8.) and whatever else He promised.
"Having no hope." he adds, "and without God." Though
gods indeed they worshipped, but they were no gods: "for an idol is not
any thing." (1 Cor. x: 19.)
Ver. 13-15. "But now,[1] in Christ Jesus, ye that
once were far off, are made nigh in the blood of Christ. For He is our
peace, who made both one, and brake down the middle wall of partition,
having abolished in His flesh the enmity."
Is this then the great privilege, it may be said,
that we are admitted into the commonwealth of the Jews? What art thou
saying? "He hath summed up all things that are in heaven, and that are
in earth," and now dost thou tell us about Israelites? Yes, he would
say. Those higher privileges we must apprehend by faith; these, by the
things themselves. "But now," saith he, "in Christ Jesus, ye that once
were far off, are made nigh," in reference to the commonwealth. For the
"far off," and the "nigh," are matters of will and choice only.
"For He[2] is our peace, Who made both one."
What is this, "both one?" He does not mean this,
that He hath raised us to that high descent of theirs, but that he hath
raised both us and them to a yet higher. Only that the blessing to us
is greater, because to these it had been promised, and they were nearer
than we; to us it had not been promised, and we were farther off than
they. Therefore it is that he says, "And that the Gentiles might
glorify God for His mercy." (Rom. xv: 9.) The promise indeed He gave to
the Israelites, but they were unworthy; to us He gave no promise, nay,
we were even strangers, we had nothing in common with them; yet hath He
made us one, not by knitting us to them, but by knitting both them and
us together into one. I will give you an illustration. Let us suppose
there to be two statues, the one of silver, the other of lead, and then
that both shall be melted down, and that the two shall come out gold.
Behold, thus hath He made the two one. Or put the case again in another
way. Let the two be, one a slave, the other an adopted son: and let
both offend Him, the one as a disinherited child, the other as a
fugitive, and one who never knew a father. Then let both be made heirs,
both trueborn sons. Behold, they are exalted to one and the same
dignity, the two are become one, the one coming from a longer, the
other from a nearer distance, and the slave becoming more noble than he
was before he offended.
"And brake down," he proceeds, "the middle wall of
partition."
What the middle wall of partition is, he interprets
by saying, "the enmity having abolished in His flesh, even the law of
commandments contained in ordinances." Some indeed affirm that he means
the wall of the Jews against the Greeks, because it did not allow the
Jews to hold intercourse with the Greeks. To me, however, this does not
seem to be the meaning, but
72
rather that he calls "the enmity in the flesh," a middle wall, in that
it is a common barrier, cutting us off alike from God.[1] As the
Prophet says, "Your iniquities separate between you and Me;" (Isa. lix:
2.) for that enmity which He had both against Jews and Gentiles was, as
it were, a middle wall. And this, whilst the law existed, was not only
not abolished, but rather was strengthened; "for the law," saith the
Apostle, "worketh wrath." (Rom. iv: 15.) Just in the same way then as
when he says in that passage, "the law worketh wrath," he does not
ascribe the whole of this effect to the law itself, but it is to be
understood, that it is because we have transgressed it; so also in this
place he calls it a middle wall, because through being disobeyed it
wrought enmity. The law was a hedge, but this it was made for the sake
of security, and for this reason was called "a hedge," to the intent
that it might form an inclosure. For listen again to the Prophet, where
he says, "I made a trench about it." (Isa. v: 2.) And again, "Thou hast
broken down her fences, so that all they which pass by the way do pluck
her." (Ps. lxxx: 12.) Here therefore it means security and so again, "I
will take away the hedge thereof, and it shall be trodden down." (Isa.
v: 5.) And again, "He gave them the law for a defence." (Isa. viii:
20.) And again, "The Lord executeth righteous acts and made known His
ways unto Israel." (Ps. ciii: 6, 7.) It became, however, a middle wall,
no longer establishing them in security, but cutting them off from God.
Such then is the middle wall of partition formed out of the hedge. And
to explain what this is, he subjoins, "the enmity in His flesh having
abolished, the law of commandments."
How so? In that He was slain and dissolved the
enmity therein. And not in this way only but also by keeping it. But
what then, if we are released from the former transgression, and yet
are again compelled to keep it? Then were the case the same over again,
whereas He hath destroyed the very law itself. For he says, "Having
abolished the law of commandments contained in ordinances." Oh! amazing
loving-kindness! He gave us a law that we should keep it, and when we
kept it not, and ought to have been punished, He even abrogated the law
itself. As if a man, who, having committed a child to a schoolmaster,
if he should turn out disobedient, should set him at liberty even from
the schoolmaster, and take him away. How great loving-kindness were
this! What is meant by,
"Having abolished by ordinances?"[2]
For he makes a wide distinction between
"commandments" and "ordinances." He either then means "faith," calling
that an "ordinance," (for by faith alone He saved us,) or he means
"precept," such as Christ gave, when He said, "But I say unto you, that
ye are not to be angry at all." (Matt. v: 22.) That is to say, "If thou
shalt believe that God raised Him from the dead, thou shalt be saved."
(Rom. x: 6-9.) And again, "The word is nigh thee, in thy mouth, and in
thine heart. Say not, Who shall ascend into heaven, or who shall
descend into the abyss?" or, who hath "brought. Him again from the
dead?" Instead of a certain manner of life, He brought in faith. For
that He might not save us to no purpose, He both Himself underwent the
penalty, and also required of men the faith that is by doctrines.
"That he might create in Himself of the twain, one
new man."
Observe thou, that it is not that the Gentile is
become a Jew, but that both the one and the other are entered into
another condition. It was not with a view of merely making this last
other than he was, but rather, in order to create the two anew. And
well does he on all occasions employ the word "create," and does not
say "change," in order to point out the power of what was done, and
that even though the creation be invisible, yet it is no less a
creation than that is, and that we ought not henceforward start away
from this, as from natural things.
"That He might in Himself of the twain." That is, by
Himself.[3] He gave not this charge to another, but Himself, by
Himself, melted both the one and the other, and produced a glorious
one, and one greater than the first creation; and that one, first, was
Himself. For this is the meaning of "in Himself." He Himself first gave
the type and example. Laying hold on the one hand of the Jew, and on
the other of the Gentile, and Himself being in the midst, He blended
them together, made all the estrangement which existed between them to
disappear, and fashioned them anew from above by fire and by water; no
longer with water and earth, but with water and fire. He became a Jew
by circumcision, He became accursed, He
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became a Gentile without the law, and was over both Gentiles and Jews.
"One new man," saith he, "so making peace."
Peace for them both towards God, and towards each
other. For so long as they continued still Jews and Gentiles, they
could not have been reconciled. And had they not been delivered each
from his own peculiar condition, they would not have arrived at another
and a higher one. For the Jew is then united to the Gentile when he
becomes a believer. It is like persons being in a house, with two
chambers below, and one large and grand one above: they would not be
able to see each other, till they had got above.
"Making peace," more especially towards God; for
this the context shows, for what saith he?
Ver. 16. "And might reconcile them both in one body
unto God through the Cross." He saith, not merely "might reconcile,"
(<greek>katallaxh</greek>) but "might reconcile thoroughly"
(<greek>apokatallaxh</greek>[1]) indicating that heretofore
human nature had been easily reconciled, as, e.g., in the case of the
saints and before the time of the Law.
"In one body," saith he, and that His own, "unto
God." How is this effected? By Himself, he means, suffering the due
penalty.
"Through the cross having slain the enmity
thereby."[2]
Nothing can be more decisive, nothing more
expressive than these words. His death, saith the Apostle, hath "slain"
the enmity. He hath "wounded" and "killed" it, not by giving charge to
another, nor by what He wrought only, but also by what He suffered. He
does not say "having dissolved," he does say "having cancelled," but
what is stronger than all, "having slain," so that it never should rise
again. How then is it that it does rise again? From our exceeding
depravity. For as long as we abide in the body of Christ, as long as we
are united, it rises not again, but lies dead; or rather that former
enmity never rises again at all. But if we breed another, it is no
longer because of Him, who bath destroyed and put to death the former
one. It is thou, forsooth, that travailest with a fresh one. "For the
mind of the flesh," saith he, "is enmity against God;" (Rom. viii: 6.)
if we are in nothing carnally-minded, there will be no fresh enmity
produced, but that "peace" shall remain.
Moral. Think then, how vast an evil is it, when God
hath employed so many methods to reconcile us, and hath effected it,
that we should again fall back into enmity! This enmity no fresh
Baptism, but hell itself awaits; no fresh remission, but searching
trial. The mind of the flesh is luxury and indolence, the "mind of the
flesh" is covetousness and all kinds of sin. Why is it said the mind of
the flesh? While yet the flesh could do nothing without the soul. He
does not say this to the disparagement of the flesh, any more than when
he says the "natural man," (1 Cor. ii: 14.) he uses that expression to
the disparagement of the soul, for neither body nor soul in itself, if
it receive not the impulse which is far above, is able to achieve any
thing great or noble. Hence he calls those acts which the soul performs
of herself, "natural; <greek>yukica</greek>" and those
which the body performs of itself "carnal." Not because these are
natural, but because, inasmuch as they receive not that direction from
heaven, they perish. So the eyes are good, but without light, will
commit innumerable errors; this, however, is the fault of their
weakness, not of nature. Were the errors natural, then should we never
be able to use them aright at all. For nothing that is natural is evil.
Why then does he call carnal affections sins? Because whenever the
flesh exalts herself, and gets the mastery over her charioteer, she
produces ten thousand mischiefs. The virtue of the flesh is, her
subjection to the soul. It is her vice to govern the soul. As the horse
then may be good and nimble, and yet this is not shown without a rider;
so also the flesh will then show her goodness, when we cut off her
prancings. But neither again is the rider shown, if He have not skill.
Nay he himself will do mischief yet more fearful than that before
named. So that on all hands we must have the Spirit at hand. This being
at hand will impart new strength to the rider; this will give beauty
both to body and soul. For just as the soul, while dwelling in the
body, makes it beautiful, but when she leaves it destitute of her own
native energy and departs, like a painter confounding his colors
together, the greatest loathsomeness ensues, every one of the several
parts hastening to corruption, and dissolution:--so is it also when the
Spirit forsakes the body and the soul, the loathsomeness which ensues
is worse and greater. Do not then, because the body is inferior to the
soul, revile it, for neither do I endure to revile the soul because it
hath no strength without the Spirit. If one need say anything at all,
the soul is deserving of the greater censure than the body; for the
body indeed can do no grevious harm without the soul, whereas the soul
can do much without the body. Because, we know, when the one is even
wasting away, and has no wantonness, the soul is busily employed. Even
as those sorcerers, magicians,
74
envious persons, enchanters, especially cause the body to waste away.
But besides this, not even luxury is the effect of the necessity of the
body, but rather of the inattentiveness of the soul; for food, not
feasting, is the object of the necessity of the body. For if I have a
mind to put on a strong curb, I stop the horse; but the body is unable
to check the soul in her evil courses. Wherefore then does he call it
the carnal mind? Because it comes to be wholly of the flesh, for when
she has the mastery, then she goes wrong, as soon as ever she has
deprived herself of reason, and of the supremacy of the soul. The
virtue therefore of the body consists in this, in its submission to the
soul, since of itself the flesh is neither good nor evil. For what
could the body ever do of itself? It is then by its connection that the
body is good, good because of its subjection, but of itself neither
good nor evil, with capacity, however, both for one and for the other,
and having an equal tendency either way. The body has a natural desire,
not however of fornication, nor of adultery, but of pleasure; the body
has a desire not of feasting, but of food; not of drunkenness, but of
drink. For in proof that it is not drunkenness that is the natural
desire of the body, mark how, whenever you exceed the measure, when you
go beyond the boundary-lines, it cannot hold out a moment longer. Up to
this point it is of the body, but all the rest of the excesses, as
e.g., when she is hurried away into sensualities, when she becomes
stupefied, these are of the soul. For though the body be good, still it
is vastly inferior to the soul, as lead is less of value than gold, and
yet gold needs lead to solder it, and just so has the soul need
also of the body. Or in the same way as a noble child requires a
conductor, so again does the soul stand in need of the body. For, as we
speak of childish things, not to the disparagement of childhood, but
only of those acts which are done during childhood; so also are we now
speaking of the body.
Yet it is in our power, if we will, no longer to be
in the flesh, no, nor upon the earth, but in heaven, and in the Spirit.
For our being here or there, is not determined so much by our position,
as by our disposition. Of many people, at least, who are in some place,
we say they are not there, when we say, "Thou wast not here. And again
Thou art not here." And why do I say this? We often say, "Thou art not
at (<greek>en</greek>) thyself, I am not at
(<greek>en</greek>) myself," and yet what can be more
material (a stronger instance of corporeal locality) than this, that a
man is near to himself? And yet, notwithstanding, we say that he is not
at himself. Let us then be in ourselves, in heaven, in the Spirit. Let
us abide in the peace and in the grace of God, that we may be set at
liberty from all the things of the flesh, and may be able to attain to
those good things which are promised in Jesus Christ our Lord, with
whom to the Father, together with the Holy Spirit, be glory, and might,
and honor, now and henceforth, and for ever and ever. Amen.
HOMILY VI.
CHAPTER 11. VERSES 17--22.
"And He came and preached peace to you that were far off, and peace to
them that were nigh, for through Him we both have our access in one
Spirit unto the Father. So then ye are no more strangers and
sojourners, but ye are fellow-citizens with the saints, and of the
household of God, being built upon the foundation of the Apostles and
Prophets, Christ Jesus Himself being the chief corner-stone. In whom
each several building, fitly framed together, groweth into a holy
temple in the Lord. In whom ye also are builded together for a
habitation of God in the Spirit."
He sent not, saith the Apostle, by the hand of
another, nor did He announce these tidings to us by means of any other,
but Himself did it in His own person. He sent not Angel nor Archangel
on the mission, because to repair so many and vast mischiefs and to
declare what had been wrought was in the power of none other, but
required His own coming.[1] The Lord then took upon Himself the rank of
a servant, nay, almost of a minister, "and came, and preached peace to
you," saith he, "that were far off, and to them that were nigh." To the
Jews, he means, who as compared with our-
75
selves were nigh. "For through Him we both have our access in one
Spirit unto the Father."
"Peace," saith he, that "peace" which is towards
God. He hath reconciled us. For the Lord Himself also saith, "Peace I
leave with you; my peace I give unto you." (Jo. xiv; 27.) And again,
"Be of good cheer, I have overcome the world." (Jo. xvi: 33.) And
again, "Whatsoever ye shall ask in my name that will I do." (Jo. xiv:
14.) And again, "For the Father loveth you." (Jo. xvi: 27.) These are
so many evidences of peace. But how towards the Gentiles? "Because
through Him we both have our access in one Spirit unto the Father," not
ye less, and they more, but all by one and the same grace. The wrath He
appeased by His death, and hath made us meet for the Father's love
through the Spirit. Mark again, the "in" means "by" or "through." By
Himself and the Spirit that is, He hath brought us unto the Father. "So
then ye are no more strangers and sojourners, but fellow-citizens with
the saints."
Perceive ye that it is not with the Jews simply, no,
but with those saintly and great men, such as Abraham, and Moses, and
Elias? It is for the self-same city with these we are enrolled, for
that we declare ourselves. "For they that say such things," saith he,
"make it manifest that they are seeking after a country of their own."
(Heb. xi: 14.) No longer are we strangers from the saints, nor
foreigners. For they who shall not attain to heavenly blessings, are
foreigners. "For the Son," saith Christ, "abideth for ever." (Jo. viii:
35.)
"And of the household," he continues, "of God."
The very thing which they at the first had, by means
of so many toils and troubles, hath been for you accomplished by the
grace of God. Behold the hope of your calling.
"Being built upon the foundation of the Apostles and
Prophets."
Observe how he blends all together, the Gentiles,
the Jews,[1] the Apostles, the Prophets, and Christ, and illustrates
the union sometimes from the body, and sometimes from the building:
"built," saith he, "upon the foundation of the Apostles and Prophets;"
that is, the Apostles and Prophets are a foundation,[2] and he places
the Apostles first, though they are in order of time last, doubtless to
represent and express this, that both the one and the other are alike a
foundation, and that the whole is one building, and that there is one
root. Consider, that the Gentiles have the Patriachs as a foundation.
He here speaks more strongly of that point than he does when he speaks
of a "grafting in." There he rather attaches them on. Then he adds,
that He who binds the whole together in Christ. For the chief
corner-stone binds together both the walls, and the foundations. "In
whom each several building."
Mark, how he knits it all together, and represents
Him at one time, as holding down the whole body from above, and welding
it together; at another time, as supporting the building from below,
and being, as it were, a root, or base. And whereas he had used the
expression, "He created in Himself of the twain one new man;" (Eph. ii:
15.) by this he clearly shows us, that by Himself Christ knits together
the two walls: and again, that in Him it was created. And "He is the
first-born,"[3] saith he, "of all creation," that is, He Himself
supports all things.
"In whom each several building, fitly framed
together."
Whether you speak of the roof, or of the walls, or
of any other part whatsoever,[4] He it is supports the whole. Thus he
elsewhere calls Him a foundation. "For other foundations," saith he,
"can no man lay than that which is laid, which is Jesus Christ." (1
Cor. iii: 11.) "In whom each several building," he saith, "fitly framed
together." Here he displays the perfectness of it, and indicates that
one cannot otherwise have place in it, unless by living with great
exactness. "It groweth saith he into a holy temple in the Lord, in whom
ye also," he adds, "are builded together." He is speaking continuously:
"Into a holy temple, for a habitation of God in the Spirit." What then
is the object of this building? It is that God may dwell in this
temple. For each of you severally is a temple, and all of you together
are a temple. And He dwelleth in you as in the body of Christ, and as
in a Spiritual temple. He does not use the word which means our coming
to God, (<greek>prososos</greek>) but which implies God's
bringing us to Himself, (<greek>prosaUwUh</greek>) for we
came not out of
76
ourselves, but we were brought nigh by Him. "No one," saith Christ,
"cometh unto the Father but by Me." And again, "I am the way, and the
truth, and the life." (Jo. xiv: 6.)
He joins them with the Saints and again returns to
his former image, nowhere suffering them to be disunited from Christ.
Doubtless then, this is a building that shall go on until His coming.
Doubtlesss it was for this reason that Paul said, "As a wise master
builder, I laid a foundation." (1 Cor; iii: 10, 11.) And again that
Christ is the foundation. What then means all this? You observe that
the comparisons have all referred to the subject-matters, and that we
must not expound them to the very letter. The Apostle speaks from
analogy as Christ does, where He calls the Father an husbandman, (Jo.
xv: 1.) and Himself a root. (Rev. xxii: 16.)
Chap. iii. ver. 1. "For this cause I Paul, the
prisoner of Christ Jesus in behalf of you Gentiles."
He has mentioned Christ's great and affectionate
care; he now passes on to his own, insignificant indeed as it is, and a
very nothing in comparison with that, and yet this is enough to engage
them to himself. For this cause, saith he, am I also bound.[1] For if
my Lord was crucified for your sakes, much more am I bound. He not only
was bound Himself, but allows His servants to be bound also,--"for you
Gentiles." It is full of emphasis; not only do we no longer loathe you,
but we are even bound, saith he, for your sakes, and of this exceeding
grace am I partaker.
Ver. 2. "If so be that ye have heard of the
dispensation of that grace of God, which was given me to you-ward."
He alludes to the prediction addressed to Ananias
concerning him at Damascus, when the Lord said, "Go thy way, for he is
a chosen vessel unto Me, to bear My name before the Gentiles and
Kings." (Acts ix: 15.)
By "dispensation of grace," he means the revelation
made to him. As much as to say, "I learned it not from man. (Gal. i:
12.) He vouchsafed to reveal it even to me, though but an individual
for your sakes. For Himself said unto me, saith he, "Depart, for I will
send thee forth far hence unto the Gentiles." (Acts xxii: 21.) "If so
be that ye have heard" for a dispensation it was, a mighty one; to call
one, uninfluenced from any other quarter, immediately from above, and
to say, "Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou Me?" and to strike him blind
with that ineffable light! "if so be that ye have heard[2] saith he,
"of the dispensation of that grace of God which was given me to
you-ward."
Ver. 3. "How that by revelation was made known unto
me the mystery, as I wrote afore in few words."
Perhaps he had informed them of it by some persons,
or had not long before been writing to them.[3] Here he is pointing out
that the whole is of God, that we have contributed nothing. For what? I
ask, was not Paul himself, the wonderful, he that was so versed in the
law, he that was brought up at the feet of Gamaliel according to the
most perfect manner, was not he saved by grace? With good reason too
does he call this a mystery, for a mystery it is, to raise the Gentiles
in a moment to a higher rank than the Jews. "As I wrote afore," saith
he, "in few words," i.e., briefly,
Vet. 4. "Whereby, when ye read, ye can perceive."
Amazing! So then he wrote not the whole, nor so much
as he should have written. But here the nature of the subject prevented
it. Elsewhere, as in the case of the Hebrews (Heb. v: 11.) and the
Corinthians, (1 Cor. iii: 2.) the incapacity of the hearers. "Whereby,
when ye read, ye can perceive," saith he, "my understanding in the
mystery of Christ," i.e., how I knew, how I understood either such
things as God hath spoken, or else, that Christ sitteth at the right
hand of God; and then too the dignity, in that God "hath not dealt so
with any nation." (Ps. cxlvii: 20.) And then to explain what nation
this is with whom God hath thus dealt, he adds,
Ver. 5. "Which in other generations was not made
known unto the sons of men, as it hath now been revealed unto His holy
Apostles and Prophets in the Spirit."
What then, tell me, did not the Prophets[4] know it?
How then doth Christ say, that Moses and the Prophets wrote "these
things concerning Me?" And again, "If ye believed Moses, ye would
believe Me." (John v: 46.) And again, "Ye search the Scriptures,
because ye think that in them ye have eternal life, and these are they
which bear witness of me." (John v: 39.) His meaning is this, either
that it was not revealed unto all men, for he adds, "which in other
generations was not made known unto the sons of men, as it hath now
been revealed;" or else, that it was not thus made known by the very
facts and realities
77
themselves, "as it hath now been revealed unto His holy Apostles and
Prophets in the Spirit." For reflect. Peter, had he not been instructed
by the Spirit, never would have gone to the Gentiles. For hear what he
says, "Then hath God given unto them the Holy Ghost, as well as unto
us." (Acts x: 47.) That it was by the Spirit that God chose that they
should receive the grace. The Prophets then spoke, yet they knew it not
thus perfectly; so far from it, that not even did the Apostles, after
they had heard it. So far did it surpass all human calculation, and the
common expectation.
Ver. 6. "That the Gentiles are fellow-heirs, and
fellow-members of the body and fellow partakers."[1]
What is this; "fellow-heirs, and fellow-partakers of
the promise, and fellow-members of the body?" This last is the great
thing, that they should be one body; this exceeding closeness of
relation to Him. For that they were to be called indeed, that they
knew, but that it was so great, as yet they knew not. This therefore he
calls the mystery. "Of the promise." The Israelites were partakers, and
the Gentiles also were fellow-partakers of the promise of God.
"In Christ Jesus through the Gospel."
That is, by His being sent unto them also, and by
their believing; for it is not said they are fellow-heirs simply, but
"through the Gospel." However, this indeed, is nothing so great, it is
in fact a small thing, and it discloses to us another and greater
thing, that not only men knew not this, but that neither Angels nor
Archangels, nor any other created power, knew it. For it was a mystery,
and was not revealed. "That ye can perceive," he saith, "my
understanding." This alludes, perhaps, to what he said to them in the
Acts, that he had some knowledge that the Gentiles also were
called. This, he says, is his own knowledge, "the knowledge of
the mystery," which he had mentioned, viz., "that Christ will in
Himself make of the twain one new man." For by revelation he was
instructed, both he and Peter, that they must not spurn the Gentiles;
and this he states in his defence.
Ver. 7. "Whereof I was made a minister, according to
the gift of that grace of God which was given me according to the
working of His power."
He had said, "I am a prisoner;" but now again he
says, that all is of God, as he says, "according to the gift of His
grace;" for according to the power of the gift is the dignity of this
privilege. But the gift would not have been enough, had it not also
implanted in him power.
Moral. For a work indeed it was of power, of
mighty power, and such as no human diligence was equal to. For he
brought three qualifications to the preaching of the word, a zeal
fervent and venturous, a soul ready to undergo any possible hardship,
and knowledge and wisdom combined. For his love of enterprise, his
blamelessness of life, had availed nothing, had he not also
received the power of the Spirit. And look at it as seen first in
himself, or rather hear his own words. "That our ministration be not
blamed." (2 Cor. vi: 3.) And again, "For our exhortation, is not of
error, nor of uncleanness, nor in guile, nor a cloke of covetousness."
(1 Thes. ii: 3, 5.) Thus thou hast seen his blamelessness. And again,
"For we take thought for things honorable, not only in the sight of the
Lord, but also in the sight of men." (2 Cor. viii: 21.) Then again,
besides these; "I protest by that glorying in you which I have in
Christ Jesus our Lord, I die daily." (1 Cor. xv: 31.) And again; "Who
shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or
anguish, or persecution?" (Rom. viii: 35.) And again; "In much
patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses, in stripes, in
imprisonments, in watchings." (2 Cor. vi: 4, 5.) Then again, his
prudence and management; "To the Jews I became as a Jew, to them that
are without law as without law, to them that are under the law as under
the law." (1 Cor. ix: 20.) He shaves his head also, (Acts. xxi: 24-26.)
and does numberless things of the sort. But the crown of all is in the
power of the Holy Ghost. "For I will not dare to speak," saith he, "of
any things save those which Christ wrought through me." (Rom. xv: 18.)
And again, "For what is there wherein you were made inferior to the
rest of the Churches?" (2 Cor. xii: 13.) And again, "For in nothing was
I behind the very chiefest Apostles though I am nothing." (2 Cor. xii:
11.) Without these things, the work had been impossible.
It was not then by his miracles that men were made
believers; no, it was not the miracles that did this, nor was it upon
the ground of these that he claimed his high pretension, but upon those
other grounds. For a man must be alike irreproachable in conduct,
prudent and discreet in his dealings with others, regardless of danger,
and apt to teach. It was by these qualifications that the greater part
of his success was achieved. Where there were these, there was no need
of miracles. At least we see he was successful in numberless such
cases, quite antecedently to the use of miracles. But, now-a-days, we
without
78
any of these would fain command all things. Yet if one of them be
separated from the other, it henceforth becomes useless. What is the
advantage of a man's being ever so regardless of danger, if his life be
open to censure. "For if the light that is in thee be darkness," saith
Christ, "how great is that darkness?" (Mat. vi: 23.) Again, what the
advantage of a man's being of an irreproachable life, if he is sluggish
and indolent? "For, he that doth not take his cross, and follow after
Me," saith He, "is not worthy of Me;" (Mat. x: 38.) and so, "The good
shepherd layeth down his life for the sheep." (Jo. x: 11.) Again, what
is the advantage of being both these, unless a man is at the same time
prudent and discreet in "knowing how he ought to answer each one?"
(Col. iv: 6.) Even if miracles be not in our power, yet both these
qualities are in our power. Still however, notwithstanding Paul
contributed so much from himself, yet did he attribute all to grace.
This is the act of a grateful servant. And we should never so much as
have heard of his good deeds, had he not been brought to a necessity of
declaring them.
And are we worthy then so much as even to mention
the name of Paul? He, who had moreover grace to aid him, yet was not
satisfied, but contributed to the work ten thousand perils; whilst we,
who are destitute of that source of confidence, whence, tell me, do we
expect either to preserve those who are committed to our charge, or to
gain those who are not come to the fold;--men, as we are, who have been
making a study of self-indulgence, who are searching the world over for
ease, and who are unable, or rather who are unwilling, to endure even
the very shadow of danger, and are as far distant from his wisdom as
heaven is from earth? Hence it is too that they who are under us are at
so great a distance behind the men of those days; because the disciples
of those days were better than the teachers of these, isolated as they
were in the midst of the populace, and of tyrants, and having all men
on all sides their enemies, and yet not in the slightest degree dragged
down or yielding. Hear at least what he saith to the Philippians,
(Phil. i: 29.) "Because to you it hath been granted in the behalf of
Christ, not only to believe on Him, but also to suffer in his behalf."
And again to the Thessalonians, (1 Thes. ii: 14.) "For ye, brethren,
became imitators of the churches of God which are in Judæa." And
again in writing to the Hebrews (Heb. x: 34.) he said, "And ye took
joyfully the spoiling of your possessions." And to the Colossians (Col.
iii: 3.) he testifies, saying, "For ye died, and your life is hid with
Christ in God." And indeed to these very Ephesians he bears witness of
many perils and dangers. And again in writing to the Galatians, (Gal.
iii: 4.) he says, "Did ye suffer so many things in vain? if it be
indeed in vain." And you see them too, all employed in doing good.
Hence it was that both grace wrought effectually in those days, hence
also that they lived in good works. Hear, moreover, what he writes to
the Corinthians, against whom he brings charges out of number; yet does
he not bear even them record, where he says, "Yea, what zeal it wrought
in you, yea, what longing!" (1. Cor. vii: 11.) And again, in how many
points does he bear them record on this subject? These things one shall
not see now-a-days, even in teachers. They are all gone and perished.
And the cause is, that love hath waxed cold, that sinners go
unpunished; (for hear what he says writing to Timothy, (1 Tim. v; 20.)
"Them that sin, reprove in the sight of all;") it is that the rulers
are in a sickly state; for if the head be not sound, how can the rest
of the body maintain its vigor? But mark how great is the present
disorder. They, who were living virtuously, and who under any
circumstance might have confidence, have taken possession of the tops
of the mountains,[1] and have escaped out of the world, separating
themselves as from an enemy and an alien and not from a body to which
they belonged.
Plagues too, teeming with untold mischiefs, have
lighted upon the Churches. The chief offices have become saleable.[2]
Hence numberless evils are springing, and there is no one to redress,
no one to reprove them. Nay, the disorder has assumed a sort of method
and consistency. Has a man done wrong, and been arraigned for it? His
effort is not to prove himself guiltless, but to find if possible
accomplices in his crimes. What is to become of us? since hell is our
threatened portion. Believe me, had not God stored up punishment for us
there, ye would see every day tragedies deeper than the disasters of
the Jews. What then? however let no one take offence, for I mention no
names; suppose some one were to come into this church to present you
that are here at this moment, those that are now with me, and to make
inquisition of them; or rather not now, but suppose on Easter day any
one, endued with such a spirit, as to have a thorough knowledge of the
things they had been doing, should narrowly examine all that came to
Communion, and were being washed [in Baptism] after they had attended
the mysteries; many things would be discovered more shocking than the
Jewish
79
horrors. He would find persons who practise augury, who make use of
charms, and omens and incantations, and who have committed fornication,
adulterers, drunkards, and revilers,--covetous, I am unwilling to add,
lest I should hurt the feelings of any of those who are standing here.
What more? Suppose any one should make scrutiny into all the
communicants in the world, what kind of transgression is there which he
would not detect? and what if he examined those in authority? Would he
not find them eagerly bent upon gain? making traffic of high places?
envious, malignant, vainglorious, gluttonous, and slaves to money?
Where then there is such impiety as this going on,
what dreadful calamity must we not expect? And to be assured how sore
vengeance they incur who are guilty of such sins as these, consider the
examples of old. One single man, a common soldier, stole the sacred
property, and all were smitten. Ye know, doubtless, the history I mean?
I am speaking of Acham the son of Carmi, the man who stole the
consecrated spoil. (Joshua vii: 1-26.) The time too when the Prophet
spoke, was a time when their country was full of soothsayers, like that
of the Philistines. (Isa. ii: 6.) Whereas now there are evils out of
number at the full, and not one fears. Oh, henceforth let us take the
alarm. God is accustomed to punish the righteous also with the wicked;
such was the case with Daniel, and with the three holy Children, such
has been the case with ten thousand others, such is the case in the
wars that are taking place even at the present day. For the one indeed,
whatever burden of sins they have upon them, by this means lay aside
even that; but not so the other.
On account of all these things, let us take heed to
ourselves. Do ye not see these wars? Do ye not hear of these disasters?
Do ye learn no lesson from these things? Nations and whole cities are
swallowed up and destroyed, and myriads as many again are enslaved to
the barbarians.
If hell bring us not to our senses, yet let these
things. What, are these too mere threats, are they not facts that have
already taken place? Great is the punishment they have suffered, yet a
greater still shall we suffer, who are not brought to our senses even
by their fate. Is this discourse wearing?[2] I am aware it is myself,
but if we attend to it, it has its advantage; because this it has not,
the quality of an address to please,--nay more, nor ever shall have,
but ever those topics which may avail to humble and to chasten the
soul. For these will be to us the ground-work of those blessings to
come hereafter, to which God grant that we may all attain, in Jesus
Christ our Lord, with whom to the Father, together with the Holy Ghost
be glory and might and honor, now and henceforth, and forever and ever.
Amen.
HOMILY VII.
CHAPTER III. VERSES 8--11.
"Unto me, who am less than the least of all saints, was this grace
given, to preach unto the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ;
and to make all men see what is the dispensation of the mystery, which
from all ages hath been hid in God, who created all things:[1] to the
intent that now unto the principalities and the powers in the heavenly
places might be made known through the Church the manifold wisdom of
God, according to the eternal purpose, which He purposed in Christ
Jesus our Lord."
They who go to the physician's have not merely to go
there and nothing further; they have to learn how to treat themselves,
and to apply remedies. And so with us then who come here, we must not
do this and nothing else, we must learn our lesson, the surpassing
lowliness of Paul. What? when he was about to speak of the vastness of
the grace of God, hear what he saith, "Unto me, who am less than the
least of all saints, was this grace given." Lowliness indeed it was
even to bewail his former sins, although blotted out, and to make
mention of them, and to hold himself within his true measure as where
he calls himself "a blasphemer, and a persecutor, and injurious;" (1
Tim. i: 13.) yet nothing was
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equal to this: for "formerly," saith he, such was I; and again he calls
himself, "one born out of due time." (1 Cor. xv: 8.) But that after so
many great and good deeds and at that time he should thus humble
himself, and call himself "less than the least of all," this is indeed
great and surpassing moderation. "To one who am less than the least of
all saints; "he saith not, "than the Apostles." So that that expression
is less strong than this before us. There his words are, "I am not meet
to be called an Apostle." (1 Cor. xv: 9.) Here he says that he is even
"less than the least of all saints;" "to me," saith he, "who am less
than the least of all saints was this grace given." What grace? "To
preach unto the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ, and to make
all men see what is the dispensation of the mystery, which from all
ages hath been hid in God, who created all things, to the intent that
now unto the principalities and the powers in the heavenly places,
might be made known through the Church the manifold wisdom of God."
True, to man it was not revealed; and art thou enlightening Angels and
Archangels and Principalities and Powers? I am, saith he. For it was
"hid in God," even "in God who created all things." And dost thou
venture to utter this? I do, saith he. But whence hath this been made
manifest to the Angels? By the Church. Again he saith, not merely the
manifold (<greek>poicilos</greek>) but the much-manifold
(<greek>polupoicilos</greek>>) wisdom, that is, "the
multiplied and varied." What then is this? Did not Angels know it? No,
nothing of it; for if Principalities knew it not, much less could
Angels ever have known it. What then? Did not even Archangels know it?
No, nor even they. But whence were they going to know it? Who was to
reveal it? When we were taught it, then were they also by us.[1] For
hear what the Angel saith to Joseph; "Thou shalt call His Name Jesus,
for it is He that shall save His people from their sins." (Matt. i: 21.)
Paul himself was sent to the Gentiles, the other
Apostles to the Circumsion. So that the more marvellous and astonishing
commission was given, saith he, "to me, who am less than the least."
And this too was of grace, that he that was least should have the
greatest things entrusted to him; that he should be made the herald of
these tidings. For he that is made a herald of the greater tidings, is
in this way great.
"To preach unto the Gentiles the unsearchable
riches[2] of Christ."
If His "riches are unsearchable," and that too after
his appearing, much more is His essence. If it is still a mystery, much
more was it before it was made known; for a mystery he calls it on
this. account, because neither did the Angels know it, nor was it
manifest to any one else.
"And to make all men see,." saith he, "what is the
dispensation of the mystery which from all ages hath been hid in God,
who created all things."
Angels knew only this, that "The Lord's portion was
His people." (Deut. xxxii: 8, 9.) And again it is said, "The Prince of
Persia withstood me." (Dan. x: 13.) So that it is nothing to be
wondered at that they were ignorant of this; for if they were ignorant
of the circumstances of the return from the Captivity, much more would
they be of these things. For this is the gospel. "It is He that shall
save," it saith, "His people." (Matt. i: 21.) Not a word about the
Gentiles. But what concerns the Gentiles the Spirit revealeth. That
they were called indeed, the Angels knew, but that it was to the same
privileges as Israel, yea, even to sit upon the throne of God, this,
who would ever have expected? who would ever have believed?
"Which hath been hid," saith he, "in God. "
This "dispensation," however, he more clearly
unfolds in the Epistle to the Romans. "In God," he continues, "who
created all things by Jesus Christ."[3] And he does well to say "by
Jesus Christ;" forasmuch as He who created all things by Him, revealeth
also this by Him; for He hath made nothing without Him; for "without
Him," it is said, "was not any thing made." (John i: 30.)
In speaking of "principalities" and "powers," he
speaks both of those above and those beneath.
"According to the eternal purpose." It hath been
now, he means, brought to pass, but not now decreed, it had been
planned beforehand from the very first. "According to the eternal
purpose which He purposed[4] in Christ Jesus our Lord." That is,
according to the eternal foreknowledge; foreknowing the things to come,
i. e., he means the ages to come; for He knew what was to be, and thus
decreed it. According to the purpose of the ages, of those, perhaps,
which He hath made by Christ Jesus,
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because it was by Christ that every thing was made.
Ver. 12. "In whom we have," saith he, "boldness, and
access in confidence through our faith in him."
"Have access," not as prisoners, he says, nor yet,
as persons candidates for pardon, nor as sinners; for, saith he, we
have even "boldness with confidence," that is, accompanied with
cheerful trust; arising from what source? through our faith in Him."
Ver. 13. "Wherefore[1] I ask that ye faint not at my
tribulations for you, which are your glory."
How is it "for them?" How is it "their glory?" It is
because God so loved them, as to give even the Son for them, and to
afflict His servants for them: for it was in order that they might
attain so many blessings, that Paul was in prison. Surely this was from
God's exceeding love towards them: it is what God also saith concerning
the Prophets, "I have slain them by the words of my mouth." (Hos. vi:
5.) But how was it that they fainted, when another was afflicted? He
means, they were troubled, were distressed. This also he says when
writing to the Thessalonians, "that no man be moved by these
afflictions." (1 Thes. iii: 3.) For not only ought we not to grieve,
but we ought even to rejoice. If ye find consolation in the
forewarning, we tell you beforehand that here we have tribulation. And
why pray? Because thus hath the Lord ordered.
Ver. 14, 15. "For this cause[2] I bow my knees unto
the Father from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named."
He here shows the spirit of his prayer for them. He
does not say simply, "I pray," but manifests the supplication to be
heartfelt, by the "bowing of the knees."
"From whom every family."
That is, no longer, he means, reckoned, according to
the number of Angels, but according to Him who hath created the tribes
both in heaven above and in earth beneath, not as the Jewish.
Ver. 16, 17. "That He would grant you according to
the riches of His glory that ye may be strengthened with power through
His Spirit in the inward man; that Christ may dwell in your hearts
through faith."
Mark with what insatiable earnestness he invokes
these blessings upon them, that they may not be tossed about. But how
shall this be effected? By the "Holy Spirit in your inward man, that
Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith." How again shall this be?
Vet. 18, 19. "To the end that ye being rooted and
grounded in love, may be strong to apprehend with all the saints, what
is the breadth, and length, and height, and depth,[3] and to know the
love of Christ which passeth knowledge."
Thus is his prayer now again, the very same as when
he began. For what were his words in the beginning? "That the God of
our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory may give unto you a Spirit
of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of Him; having the eyes of
your heart enlightened, that ye may know what is the hope of His
calling, what the riches of the glory of His inheritance in the saints;
and what the exceeding greatness of His power to us-ward who believe."
And now again he says the same. "That ye may be strong to apprehend
with all the saints what is the breadth, and length, and height, and
depth;" i.e., to know perfectly the mystery which hath been
providentially ordered in our behalf:[4] "and the breadth, and length,
and height, and depth;" that is, too, the immensity of the love of God,
and how it extends every where. And he outlines it by the visible
dimensions of solid bodies, pointing as it were to a man. He
comprehends the upper and under and sides. I have thus spoken indeed,
he would say, yet is it not for any words of mine to teach you these
things; that must be the work of the Holy Spirit. "By His might," saith
he, is it that ye must be "strengthened" against the trials that await
you, and in order to remain unshaken; so that there is no other way to
be strengthened but by the Holy Ghost, both on account of trials and
carnal reasonings.
But how doth Christ dwell in the hearts? Hear what
Christ Himself saith, "I and my Father will come unto him, and make our
abode with him." (John xiv: 23.) He dwelleth in those hearts that are
faithful, in those that are "rooted" in His love, those that remain
firm and unshaken.
"That ye may be" thoroughly "strong," saith he; so
that there is great strength needed.
[5]"That ye may be filled unto all the fulness of
God."
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What he means is this. Although the love of Christ
lies above the reach of all human knowledge, yet shall ye know it, if
ye shall have Christ dwelling in you, yea, not only shall know from Him
this, but shall even "be filled unto all the fulness of God;" meaning
by the "fulness of God," either the knowledge how God is worshipped in
the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, or else urging them thus to
use every effort, in order to be filled with all virtue, of which God
is full.
Ver. 20. "Now unto Him that is able to do exceeding
abundantly above all that we ask or think, according to the power that
worketh in us."
That God hath done "abundantly above all that we ask
or think," is evident front what the Apostle himself hath written. For
I indeed, saith he, pray, but He of Himself, even without any prayer of
mine, will do works greater than all we ask, not simply "greater," nor
"abundantly greater," but "exceeding abundantly." And this is evident
from "the power, that worketh in us:" for neither did we ever ask these
things, nor did we expect them.
Ver. 21. "Unto Him be the glory," he concludes, "in
the Church and in Christ Jesus, unto all generations forever and ever.
Amen."
Well does he close the discourse with prayer and
doxology; for right were it that He, who hath bestowed upon us such
vast gifts, should be glorified and blessed, so that this is even a
proper part of our amazement at His mercies, to give glory for the
things advanced to us at God's hands through Jesus Christ.
"The glory in the Church." Well might he say this,
forasmuch as the Church alone can last on to eternity.
It seems necessary to state what are meant by
"families." (<greek>patriai</greek>) Here on earth, indeed
there are "families" that is races sprung from one parent stock; but in
heaven how can this be, where none is born of another? Surely then, by
"families,"[1] he means either the and orders of heavenly beings; as
also we find it written in Scripture, "the family of Amattari:" (1 Sam.
x: 21. See Septuagint.) or else that it is from Him from whom earthly
fathers have their name of father.
However, he does not ask the whole of God, but
demands of them also faith and love, and not simply love, but love
"rooted and grounded," so that neither any blasts can shake it, nor any
thing else overturn it. He had said, that "tribulations" are "glory,"
and if mine are so to you, he would say, much more will your own be: so
that to be afflicted is no token of men being forsaken, for He who hath
wrought so great things for us, never would do this.
Again, if in order to understand the love of God, it
was necessary for Paul to pray, and there was need of the indwelling of
the Holy Spirit, who by following mere reasonings shall understand the
nature of Christ? And why is it a difficult thing to learn that God
loveth us? Beloved, it is extremely difficult. For some know not even
this; wherefore, they even say, numberless evils come to be in the
world; and others know not the extent of this love. Nor, indeed, is
Paul seeking to know its extent, nor with any view to measure it; for
how could he? but only to understand this, that it is transcendent, and
great. And this very thing, he says, he is able to show, even from the
knowledge which hath been vouchsafed to us.
However, what is higher than the being "strengthened
with might," in order to have Christ within? Vast are the things we
ask, saith he, yet is He able to do above even them, so that not only
doth He love us, but cloth so intensely. Be it our care therefore,
beloved, to understand the love of God. A great thing indeed is this;
nothing is so beneficial to us, nothing so deeply touches us: more
availing this to convince our souls than the fear of hell itself.
Whence then shall we understand it? Both from the sources now
mentioned, and from the things which happen every day. For from what
motive have these things been done for us? from what necessity on His
part? None whatever. Over and over again he lays down love as the
cause. But the highest degree of love is that where men receive a
benefit, without any prior service on their part to call for it.
Moral. And let us then be followers of Him; let us
do good to our enemies, to them that hate us, let us draw near to those
who turn their backs upon us. This renders us like unto God. "For if ye
love them that love you," saith Christ, "what reward have ye?" "Do not
even the Gentiles the same." (Matt. v: 46.) But what is a sure proof of
love? To love him
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that hates thee. I wish to give you some example, (pardon me,) and
since I find it not among them that are spiritual, I shall quote an
instance from them that are without. See ye not those lovers? How many
insults are wreaked upon them by their mistresses, how many artifices
practised, how many punishments inflicted: yet they are enchained to
them, they burn for them, and love them better than their own souls,
passing whole nights before their thresholds. From them let us take our
example, not indeed to love such as those,--women, I mean, that are
harlots; no, but thus to love our enemies. For tell me, do not harlots
treat their lovers with greater insolence than all the enemies in the
world, and squander away their substance, and cast insult in their
face, and impose upon them more servile tasks than upon their own
menials? And yet still they desist not, though no one hath so great an
enemy in any one, as the lover in his mistress. Yea, this beloved one
disdains, and reviles, and oftentimes maltreats him, and the more she
is loved, the more she scorns him. And what can be more brutal than a
spirit like this? Yet notwithstanding he loves her still.
But possibly we shall find love like this in
spiritual characters also, not in those of our day, (for it has "waxed
cold,") (Matt. xxiv: 12.) but in those great and glorious men of old.
Moses, the blessed Moses, surpassed even those that love with human
passion. How, and in what way? First, he gave up the court, and the
luxury, and the retinue, and the glory attending it, and chose rather
to be with the Israelites. Yet is this not only what no one else would
ever have done, but would have even been ashamed, were another to have
discovered him, of being found to be a kinsman of men, who were slaves
and not only slaves, but were looked upon as even execrable. Yet was he
not only not ashamed of his kindred, but with all his spirit defended
them, and threw himself into dangers for their sake. (Acts. vii: 24.)
How? Seeing, it is said, one doing an injury to one of them, he
defended him that suffered the injury, and slew him that inflicted it.
But this is not as yet for the sake of enemies. Great indeed is this
act of itself, but not so great as what comes afterwards. The next day,
then, he saw the same thing taking place, and when he saw him whom he
had defended[1] doing his neighbor wrong, he admonished him to desist
from his wrong-doing. But he said, with great ingratitude, "Who made
thee a ruler and a judge over us?" (Acts. vii: 27.) Who would not have
taken fire at these words? Had then the former act been that of passion
and frenzy, then would he have smitten and killed this man also; for
surely he on whose behalf it was done, never would have informed
against him. But because they were brethren, it is said, he spoke thus.
When he [the Hebrew] was being wronged, he uttered no such word "Who
made thee a ruler and a judge over us?" "Wherefore saidst thou not this
yesterday?" Moses would say, "Thy injustice, and thy cruelty, these
make me a ruler and a judge."
But now, mark, how that some, in fact, say as much
even to God Himself. Whenever they are wronged indeed, they would have
Him a God of vengeance, and complain of His long suffering; but when
themselves do wrong, not for a moment.
However, what could be more bitter than words like
these? And yet notwithstanding, after this, when he was sent to that
ungrateful, to that thankless race, he went, and shrunk not back. Yea,
and after those miracles, and after the wonders wrought by his hand,
oftentimes they sought to stone him to death and he escaped out of
their bands. They kept murmuring too incessantly, and yet still,
notwithstanding, so passionately did he love them, as to say unto God,
when they committed that heinous sin, "Yet now if Thou wilt forgive,
forgive their sin; and if not, blot even me also out of the book which
Thou hast written." (Ex. xxxii: 32.) Fain would I perish, saith he,
with them, rather than without them be saved. Here, verily, is love
even to madness, verily, unbounded love. What sayest thou, Moses? Art
thou regardless of Heaven? I am, saith he, for I love those who have
wronged me. Prayest thou to be blotted out? Yea, saith he, what can I
do, for it is love? And what again after these things? Hear what the
Scripture saith elsewhere; "And it went ill with Moses for their
sakes." (Ps. cvi: 32.) How often did they wax wanton? How often did
they reject both himself and his brother? How often did they seek to
return back to Egypt? and yet after all these things did he burn, yea,
was beside himself with love for them, and was ready to suffer for
their sakes.
Thus ought a man to love his enemies; by
lamentation, by unwearied endurance, by doing everything, by showing
all favor, to aim at their salvation.
And what again, tell me, did Paul? did he not ask
even to be accursed in their stead? (Rom. ix: 3.) But the great pattern
we must of necessity derive from the Lord, for thus cloth He also
Himself, where he saith, "For He maketh His sun to rise on the evil and
the good." (Matt. v: 45.) adducing the example from His Father; but we
from Christ Himself. He came unto
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them, in His Incarnation, I mean, He became a servant for their sakes,
"He humbled Himself, He emptied Himself, He took the form of a
servant." ( Phil. ii: 7, 8.) And when He came unto them, He went not
Himself aside "into any way of the Gentiles," (Matt. x: 5.) and gave
the same charge to His disciples, and not only so, but "He went about
healing all manner of disease, and all manner of sickness. (Matt. iv:
23.) And what then? All the rest indeed were astonished, and marvelled,
and said, "Whence, then, hath this man all these things?" (Matt. xiii:
56.) But these, the objects of His beneficence, these said, "He hath a
devil," (John x: 20.) and "blasphemeth," (John x: 36.) and "is mad,"
and is a "deceiver," (John vii: 12, and Matt. xxvii: 63.) Did he
therefore cast them away? No, in no wise, but when He heard these
sayings, He even yet more signally bestowed His benefits upon them, and
went straightway to them that were about to crucify Him, to the intent
that He might but only save them. And after He was crucified, what were
His words? "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do."
(Luke xxiii: 34.) Both cruelly treated before this, and cruelly treated
after this, even to the very latest breath, for them He did every
thing, in their behalf He prayed. Yea, and after the Cross itself, what
did He not do for their sakes? Did He not send Apostles? Did He not
work miracles? Did He not shake the whole world?
Thus is it we ought to love our enemies, thus to
imitate Christ. Thus did Paul. Stoned, suffering unnumbered cruelties,
yet did he all things for their good. Hear his own words. "My heart's
desire and my supplication to God is for them that they may be saved."
(Rom. x: 1, 2.) And again; "For I bear them witness that they have a
zeal for God." And again; "If thou, being a wild olive tree wast
grafted in, how much more shall these be grafted into their own olive
tree?" (Rom. xi: 24.) How tender, thinkest thou, must be the affection
from which these expressions proceed, how vast the benevolence? it is
impossible to express it, impossible.
Thus is it we ought to love our enemies. This is to
love God, Who hath enjoined it, Who hath given it as His law. To
imitate Him is to love our enemy. Consider it is not thine enemy thou
art benefiting, but thyself; thou art not loving him, but art obeying
God. Knowing therefore these things, let us confirm our love one to
another, that we may perform this duty perfectly, and attain those good
things that are promised in Christ Jesus our Lord, with Whom to the
Father, together with the Holy Ghost, be glory, might, and honor, now,
and for ever and ever. Amen.
HOMILY VIII.
CHAPTER iv. Verses 1, 2.
"I therefore, the prisoner in the Lord, beseech you to walk worthily of
the calling wherewith ye were called, with all lowliness and meekness."
IT is the virtue of teachers to aim not at praise,
nor at esteem from those under their authority, but at their salvation,
and to do every thing with this object; since the man who should make
the other end his aim, would not be a teacher but a tyrant. Surely it
is not for this that God set thee over them, that thou shouldest enjoy
greater court and service, but that thine own interests should he
disregarded, and every one of theirs built up. This is a teacher's
duty: such an one was the blessed Paul, a man who was free from all
manner of vanity, and was contented to be one of the many, nay
more, to be the very least even of them. Hence he even calls himself
their servant, and so generally speaks in a tone of supplication.
Observe him then even now writing nothing dictatorial, nothing
imperious, but all chastened and subdued.
"I therefore," saith he, "the prisoner in the Lord,
beseech you to walk worthily of the calling wherewith ye were called."
What is it, tell me, thou art beseeching? Is it that thou mayest gain
any end for thyself? No, saith he, in no wise; it is that I may save
others. And yet surely they who beseech, do so for things which are of
importance to themselves. True; and this, saith he, is of importance to
myself, according to what he says also elsewhere in his writings, "Now
we live, if ye stand fast in the Lord;" (1 Thess. iii: 8.) for he ever
earnestly desired the salvation of those whom he was instructing.
"I, the prisoner in the Lord." Great and mighty
dignity! Greater than that of king or of consul, or of any other. Hence
it is the very title he uses in writing to Philemon, "As Paul the
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aged, and now a prisoner also of Jesus Christ." (Philemon 9.) For
nothing is so glorious as a bond for Christ's sake, as the chains that
were bound around those holy hands; more glorious is it to be a
prisoner for Christ's sake than to be an Apostle, than to be a Teacher,
than to be an Evangelist. Is there any that loveth Christ, he will
understand what I am saying. Is any transported and fired with devotion
for the Lord, he knows the power of these bonds. Such an one would
rather choose to be a prisoner for Christ's sake, than to have the
Heavens for his dwelling. More glorious than any gold were the hands he
was showing to them, yea, than any royal diadem. Yes, no jewelled tiara
bound around the head invests it with such glory, as an iron chain for
Christ's sake. Then was the prison more glorious than palaces, yea,
than heaven itself. Why say I than palaces? Because it contained a
prisoner of Christ. Is there any that loveth Christ, he knows the
dignity of this title, he knows what a virtue is this, he knows how
great a boon he bestowed upon mankind, even this, to be bound for His
sake. More glorious this, perhaps to be bound for His sake, than "to
sit at His right hand," (Matt. xx: 21.) more august this, than to "sit
upon the twelve thrones." (Matt. xix: 28.)
And why speak I of human glories? I am ashamed to
compare earthly riches and golden attire to these bonds. But forbearing
to speak of those great and heavenly glories, even were the thing
attended with no reward at all, this alone were a great reward, this an
ample recompense, to suffer these hardships for the sake of the
Beloved. They that love, even though it be not God, but man, they know
what I am saying, since they are more delighted to suffer for, than to
be honored by those they love. But to fully understand these things
belongs to the holy company, the Apostles, I mean, and them alone. For
hearken to what the blessed Luke saith, (Acts v: 11.) "that they
departed from the presence of the council, rejoicing that they were
counted worthy to suffer dishonor for the Name." To all others indeed
it seems to be foolishness, that to suffer dishonor is to be counted
worthy, that to suffer dishonor is to rejoice. But to them that
understand the love of Christ, this is esteemed of all things the most
blessed. Were any to offer me my choice, the whole Heaven or that
chain, that chain I would prefer. Were any to ask whether he should
place me on high with the Angels, or with Paul in his bonds, the prison
I would choose. Were any about to change me into one of those powers,
that are in Heaven, that are round about the throne, or into such a
prisoner as this, such a prisoner I would choose to be. Nothing is more
blessed than that chain. Would that I could be at this moment in that
very spot, (for the bonds are said to be still in existence,) to behold
and admire those men, for their love of Christ. Would that I could
behold the chains, at which the devils fear and tremble, but which
Angels reverence. Nothing is more noble than to suffer any evil for
Christ's sake. I count not Paul so happy, because he was "caught up
into Paradise," (2 Cor. xii: 4.) as because he was cast into the
dungeon; I count him not so happy, because he heard "unspeakable
words," as because he endured those bonds. I count him not so happy,
because he was "caught up into the third Heaven," (2 Cor. xii: 2.) as I
count him happy for those bonds' sake. For that these are greater than
those, hear how even he himself knew this; for he saith not, I who
"heard unspeakable words," beseech you: but what? "I, the prisoner in
the Lord, beseech you." Nor yet are we to wonder, though he inscribes
not this in all his Epistles, for he was not always in prison, but only
at certain times.
I deem it more desirable to suffer evil for Christ's
sake, than to receive honor at Christ's hands. This is transcendent
honor, this is glory that surpasseth all things. If He Himself who
became a servant for my sake, and "emptied" (Phil. ii: 7.) His glory,
yet thought not Himself so truly in glory, as when He was crucified for
my sake, what ought not I to endure? For hear His own words: "Father,
glorify Thou Me." (John xvii: 1.) What is this thou art saying? Thou
art being led to the cross with thieves and plunderors of graves, thou
endurest the death of the accursed; Thou art about to be spit upon and
buffeted; and callest Thou this glory?[1] Yes, He saith, for I suffer
these things for My beloved ones, and I count them altogether glory. If
He who loved the miserable and wretched calleth this glory, not to be
on His Father's throne, nor in His Father's glory, but in dishonor,--if
this was His glory, and if this He set before the other: much more
ought I to regard these things as glory. Oh! those blessed bonds! Oh!
those blessed hands which that chain adorned! Not so worthy were Paul's
hands when they lifted up and raised the lame man at Lystra, as when
they were bound around with those chains. Had I been living in those
times, how eagerly would I have embraced them, and put them to the very
apple of mine eyes. Never would I have ceased kissing those hands which
were counted worthy to be bound for my Lord. Marvellest thou at Paul,
when the viper fastened on his hand, and did him no hurt? Marvel not.
It reverenced his chain. Yea, and the whole sea reverenced it; for then
too
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was he bound, when he was saved from shipwreck. Were any one to grant
me power to raise the dead at this moment, I would not choose that
power, but this chain. Were I free from the cares of the Church, had I
my body strong and vigorous, I would not shrink from undertaking so
long a journey, only for the sake of beholding those chains, for the
sake of seeing the prison where he was bound. The traces indeed of his
miracles are numerous in all parts of the world, yet are they not so
dear as those of his scars. (Gal. vi: 17.) Nor in the Scriptures does
he so delight me when he is working miracles, as when he is suffering
evil, being scourged, and dragged about. Insomuch that from his body
were carried away handkerchiefs or aprons. Marvellous, truly
marvellous, are these things, and yet not so marvellous as those. "When
they had laid many stripes upon him, they cast him into prison." (Acts
xvi: 53.) And again; being in bonds, "they were singing hymns unto
God." (Acts xvi: 25.) And again; "They stoned him, and dragged him out
of the city, supposing that he was dead." (Acts xiv: 19.) Would ye know
how mighty a thing is an iron chain for Christ's sake, bound about His
servant's body? Hearken to what Christ Himself saith, "Blessed are ye."
(Mat. v: 11.) Why? When ye shall raise the dead? No. But why? When ye
shall heal the blind? Not at all. But why then? "When men shall
reproach you, and persecute you, and say all manner of evil against you
falsely for My sake." (Matt. v: 11.) Now, if to be evil spoken of
renders men thus blessed, to be evil entreated, what may not that
achieve? Hearken to what this blessed one himself saith elsewhere;
"Henceforth there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness:" (2
Tim. iv: 8.) and yet, more glorious than this crown is the chain: of
this, saith he, the Lord will count me worthy, and I am in no wise
inquisitive about those things. Enough it is for me for every
recompense, to suffer evil for Christ's sake. Let Him but grant me to
say, that "I fill up that which is lacking of the afflictions of
Christ:" (Col. i: 24.) and I ask nothing further.
Peter also was counted worthy of this chain; for he,
we read, was bound, and delivered to soldiers, and was sleeping. (Acts
xii: 6.) Yet he rejoiced and was not diverted from his right mind and
he fell into deep sleep which could not have been, had he been in any
great anxiety. However, he was sleeping, being between two soldiers:
and an Angel came unto him, and smote him on the side, and raised him
up. Now then, were any one to say to me, Which wouldest thou? Wouldest
thou be the Angel that struck Peter, or Peter that was delivered? I
would rather choose to be Peter, for whose sake even the Angel came,
yea, I would that I might enjoy those chains. And how is it, say ye,
that, as being released from great evils, he prays? Marvel not: he
prays, because he is afraid lest he should die; and of dying he is
afraid, because he would fain have his life to be still a subject for
further sufferings. For hearken to what the blessed Paul himself also
saith. (Phil. i:23, 24.) "To depart, and to be with Christ, is very far
better;" "Yet to abide in the flesh is more needful for your sake."
This he calls even a favor where he writes, and says, "To you it hath
been granted, (as a favor <greek>ekarisqh</greek>) in the
behalf of Christ, not only to believe on Him, but also to suffer in His
behalf." (Phil. i: 29.) So that this latter is greater than the other:
for He gave it of His free grace; verily, a favor it is, exceeding
great, yea greater than any one of those, greater than to make the sun
and the moon stand still, than to move the world! greater this than to
have power over devils, or to cast out devils. The devils grieve not so
much at being cast out by the faith which we exert, as when they behold
us suffering any evil, and imprisoned for Christ's sake. For this
increases our boldness. Not for this is it a noble thing to be in bonds
for Christ's sake that it procures for us a kingdom; it is that it is
done for Christ's sake. Not for this do I bless those bonds, for that
they conduct on to Heaven; it is because they are worn for the sake of
the Lord of Heaven. How great a boast to know that he was bound for
Christ's sake! How great a happiness, how high an honor, how
illustrious a distinction! Fain would I ever be dwelling on these
subjects. Fain would I cling to this chain. Fain would I, though in
reality I have not the power, yet still in idea, bind this chain round
my soul by a temper like his.
"The foundations of the prison-house," we read,
"were shaken" where Paul was bound, "and every one's bands were
loosed." (Acts xvi: 26.) Beholdest thou then in bonds a nature that can
dissolve bonds themselves? for as the Lord's death put death itself to
death, so also did Paul's bonds loose the men in bonds, shake the house
of bondage, open the doors. Yet is not this the natural effect of
bonds, but the very reverse; it is to keep him that is bound in safety,
not to open for him the prison walls. No, of bonds then in general this
is not the nature, but of those bonds which are for Christ's sake, it
is. "The jailor fell down before Paul and Silas." (Acts xvi: 29.) And
yet neither is this again the effect of chains in general, to lay the
binders at the feet of the bound: no, but, on the contrary, to put
these last under the hands of the former. Whereas here, the man who was
free was under the feet of the man who
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had been bound. The binder was beseeching him whom he had bound to
release him from his fear. Tell me, was it not thou that didst bind
him? Didst thou not cast him into the inner prison? Didst thou not make
his feet fast in the stocks? Why tremblest thou? Why art thou troubled?
Why weepest thou? Why hast thou drawn thy sword? Never bound I, saith
he, aught like this! I knew not that the prisoners of Christ had power
so mighty as this. What sayest thou? They received power to open
Heaven, and should they not be able to open a prison? They loosed them
that were bound by evil spirits, and was a piece of iron likely to
conquer them? Thou knowest not the men. And therefore also wert thou
pardoned. That prisoner is Paul, whom all the Angels reverence. He is
Paul, whose very handkerchiefs and napkins cast out devils, and chase
diseases to flight. And sure the bond which is of the devil is
adamantine, and far more indissoluble than iron; for this indeed binds
the soul, the other only the body. He therefore that released souls
that were bound, shall not he have power to release his own body? He
that could burst asunder the bonds of evil spirits, shall he not
unloose a rivet of iron? He that by his very garments unloosed those
prisoners, and released them from the spell of devils, shall not he of
himself set himself at liberty? For this was he first bound himself,
and then loosed the prisoners, that thou mighest understand that
Christ's servants in bonds possess a power far greater than they that
are at liberty. Had one who was at liberty wrought this, then had it
not been so marvellous. So then the chain was not a token of weakness,
but rather of a greater power, and thus is the saint's might more
illustriously displayed, when, even though in bonds, he overpowers them
that are at liberty, when he that is in bonds sets not only himself at
liberty, but them that are in bonds also. Where is the use of walls?
What the advantage of thrusting him into the inner prison, whereas he
opened the outer also? and why too was it done in the night? and why
with an earthquake?
Oh, bear with me a little, and give me leave while I
refrain from the Apostle's words, and revel in the Apostle's deeds, and
banquet on Paul's chain; grant me still longer to dwell upon it. I have
laid hold on that chain, and no one shall part me from it. More
securely at this moment am I bound by affection, than was he then in
the stocks. This is a bond which no one can loose, for it is formed of
the love of Christ; this neither the Angels, no, nor the kingdom of
Heaven, has power to unloose. We may hear Paul's own words; (Rom. viii;
38, 39.) "Neither angels, nor principalities, nor things present, nor
things to come, nor powers, nor height, nor depth, shall be able to
separate us from the love of God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord."
Now then, why did the event take place at midnight?
And wherefore too with an earthquake? Hearken, and marvel at the
providential orderings of God. Every one's bands were loosed, and the
doors were opened. And yet was this done only for the jailor's sake,
not with a view to display, but with a view to his salvation: for that
the prisoners knew not that they were loosed, is evident from Paul's
exclamation; for what said he? "He cried with a loud voice, saying, Do
thyself no harm, for we are all here." (Acts xvi: 28.) But never would
they all have been within, had they seen the doors opened, and
themselves set at liberty. They who were used to cut through walls, and
to scale roofs and parapets, and to venture on all sorts of attempts in
chains, never would have endured to remain within, with their
bandsloosed, and the doors opened, with the jailer himself asleep; no,
but the bond of sleep was to them instead of the bonds of iron. So that
the thing took place and yet no damage ensued from the miracle to the
jailer who was to be saved. And besides this too, they that are bound
are bound most securely in the night, not in the day; and so
accordingly might we behold them bound again with all care and
sleeping: but had these things been done in the day time, there would
have been great stir and tumult.
Then again, wherefore was the building shaken? It
was to arouse the jailer, to behold what was done, for he alone was
worthy of being saved. And do thou too, behold, I pray, the exceeding
greatness of the grace of Christ, for well were it in the midst of
Paul's bonds to make mention also of the grace of God, nay indeed the
very bonds themselves are of the gift and grace of God. Some indeed
there are who complain "Why was the jailer saved?" and from those very
circumstances, for which they ought to admire the loving-kindness of
God they find fault with it. Nor is it anything to be wondered at. Such
are these sickly persons, that find fault even with the food that
nourishes them, which they ought to prize, and who affirm that honey is
bitter: and those dimsighted persons who are darkened by the very thing
which ought to enlighten them. Not that these effects arise from the
nature of the objects themselves, but from the weakness of the persons
who are unable to use them properly. What, however, was I saying? When
they ought to be admiring God's loving-kindness, in that He took a man
who had fallen into the most desperate wickedness, and was making him
better, they find fault: "Why, how was it that he did not take
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the thing to be the work of witchcraft and of sorcery, and confine them
the more closely, and cry out?" Many things conspired to prevent this;
first, that he heard them singing praises to God. And sorcerers never
would have been singing such hymns as those, for he heard them, it is
said, singing praises unto God. Secondly, the fact, that they
themselves did not take flight, but even withheld him from killing
himself. Now had they done it for their own sake, they never would have
remained still within; they would themselves have escaped first of all.
Great again was their kindness also; they withheld the man from killing
himself, even him who had bound them, thus all but saying unto him,
"Truly, thou didst bind us with all safety, and most cruelly, that thou
thyself mightest be loosed from the most cruel of all bonds." For every
one is shackled with the chains of his own sins; and those bonds are
accursed, whereas these for Christ's sake are blessed, and worth many
an earnest prayer. For that these bonds can loose those other bonds of
sin, he showed to us by things which are matters of sense. Didst thou
behold them released, who had been bound with iron? Thou shalt see
thyself also delivered from other galling bonds. These bonds, the
prisoners' bonds, not those of Paul, I mean, are the effect of those
other bonds, the bonds of sins. They who were confined within, were
doubly prisoners, and the jailer himself was a prisoner. They indeed
were bound both with iron and with sins, he with sins only. Them did
Paul loose to assure the faith of him, for the chains which he loosed
were visible. And thus too did Christ Himself; but rather in the
inverse order. In that instance, there was a double palsy. What was it?
There was that of the soul by sins, and also that of the body. What
then did the Lord do? "Son," saith He, "be of good cheer, thy sins are
forgiven." (Matt. ix: 3-6.) He first loosed the bonds of the real and
true palsy, and then proceeds to the other: for when "certain of the
Scribes said within themselves, This man blasphemeth; Jesus,
knowing their thoughts, said, Wherefore think ye evil in your hearts?
For whether is easier, to say, Thy sins are forgiven, or to say, Arise,
and walk? But, that ye may know that the Son of Man hath power on earth
to forgive sins, (then saith he to the sick of the palsy,) Arise, and
take up thy bed, and go unto thy house." Having wrought the invisible
miracle, He confirmed it by the visible, the spiritual by the bodily
cure. And why did He do thus? That it might be fulfilled, which is
spoken, (Luke xix: 22.) "Out of thine own mouth will I judge thee, thou
wicked servant." For what said they? "None can forgive sins, but God
alone "Of course, therefore, no Angel, nor Archangel, nor any other
created power. This ye have yourselves confessed. And what then ought
to be said? If I shall be shown to have forgiven sins, it is fully
evident that I am God. However, He said it not thus, but what said He?
"But that ye may know that the Son of Man hath power on earth to
forgive sins; then saith He to the sick of the palsy, Arise, and take
up thy bed, and go unto thy house." (Matt. ix: 6.) When therefore, He
would say, I work the more difficult miracle, it is plain that there is
no pretext left you, no room for gainsaying about the easier one.[1]
Hence it was that He wrought the invisible miracle first, because there
were many gainsayers; and then He led them from the invisible to the
visible itself.
Surely then the faith of the jailer was no light or
hasty faith. He saw the prisoners. And he saw nothing, he heard nothing
wrong; he saw that nothing was done by sorcery, for they were singing
hymns unto God. He saw that every thing done proceeded from overflowing
kindness, for they did not avenge themselves against him, although they
had it in their power; for it was in their power to rescue both
themselves and the prisoners, and escape; and if not the prisoners, at
all events themselves; but they did not do this. Thus did they
challenge his reverence, not only by the miracle, but also by their
behavior. For how did Paul cry out? "He cried with a loud voice,
saying, Do thyself no harm, for we are all here." Thou seest at once
his freedom from vain-glory and arrogance, and his fellow-feeling. He
said not, "It is forus these wonders have been wrought," but as though
he were merely one of the prisoners, he said, "For we are all here."
And yet, even though they had not before this loosed themselves, nor
had done so by means of the miracle, still they might have been silent,
and have set all that were bound at liberty. For had they held their
peace, and had they not with their loud crying stayed his hand, he
would have thrust the sword through his throat. Wherefore also Paul
cried out, because he had been cast into the inner ward: as though he
had said, "To thine own injury hast thou done this, that thou hast
thrust in so far those that could deliver thee from the danger."
However they imitated not the treatment they had received at his hands;
though, had he died, all would have escaped. Thou seest that they chose
rather to remain in bonds, than to suffer him to perish. Hence too
might he reason within himself, "Had they been sorcerers, doubtless
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they would have set the others at liberty, and have released themselves
from their bonds:" (for it is likely that many such had also been
imprisoned.) He was the more amazed, in that having often received
sorcerers in charge, he had yet witnessed nothing done like this. A
sorcerer never would have shaken the foundations, so as to startle the
jailer from sleep, and thus render his own escape more difficult.
Now, however, let us proceed to look at the jailor's
faith. "And," saith the Scripture, "he called for lights and sprang in,
and trembling for fear fell down before Paul and Silas, and brought
them out, and said, Sirs, what must I do to be saved?" He grasped fire
and sword, and cried, "Sirs, what must I do to be saved?" "And they
said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, thou
and thy house." (Acts xvi: 29-31.) "This is not the act of sorcerers,"
he would say, "to deliver a doctrine like this. No mention any where
here of an evil spirit." Thou seest how worthy he was to be saved: for
when he beheld the miracle, and was relieved from his terror, he did
not forget what most concerned him, but even in the midst of so great
peril, he was solicitous about that salvation which concerned his soul:
and came before them in such a manner as it was meet to come before
teachers: he fell down at their feet. "And they spake," it continues,
"the word of the Lord, unto him with all that were in his house. And he
took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes; and was
baptized, he and all his, immediately." (Acts xvi: 32, 33.) Observe the
fervency of the man! He did not delay; he did not say, "Let day come,
let us see, let us look about us;" but with great fervency, he was both
himself baptized, and all his house. Yes, not like most men now-a-days,
who suffer both servants and wives and children to go unbaptized[1] Be
ye, I beseech you, like the jailor. I say not, in authority, but in
purpose; for what is the benefit of authority, where purpose is weak?
The savage one, the inhuman one, who lived in the practice of
unnumbered wrongs and made this his constant study, has become all at
once so humane, so tenderly attentive. "He washed," it is said, "their
stripes."
And mark, on the other hand, the fervency of Paul
also. Bound, scourged, thus he preached the Gospel. Oh, that blessed
chain, with how great travail did it travail that night, what children
did it bring forth! Yea of them too may he say, "Whom I have begotten
in my bonds." (Philem. x.) Mark thou, how he glories, and will have the
children thus begotten, to be on that account the more illustrious!
Mark thou, how transcendant is the glory of those bonds, in that they
give lustre not only to him that wore them, but also to them who were
on that occasion begotten by him. They have some advantage, who were
begotten in Paul's bonds, I say not in respect of grace, (for grace is
one and the same,) nor in respect of remission, (for remission is one
and the same to all,) but in that they are thus from the very outset
taught to rejoice and to glory in such things. "The same hour of the
night," it is said, "he took them, and washed their stripes, and was
baptized."
And now then behold the fruit. He straightway
recompensed them with his carnal things. "He brought them up into his
house, and set meat before them, and rejoiced greatly with all his
house, having believed in God." For what was he not ready to do, now
that by the opening of the prison doors, heaven itself was opened to
him? He washed his teacher, he set food before him, and rejoiced.
Paul's chain entered into the prison, and transformed all things there
into a Church; it drew in its train the body of Christ, it prepared the
spiritual feast, and travailed with that birth, at which Angels
rejoice. And was it without reason then that I said that the prison was
more glorious than Heaven? For it became a source of joy there; yes, if
"there is joy in Heaven over one sinner that repenteth," (Luke xv: 7.)
if, "where two or three are gathered together in His Name, there is
Christ in the midst of them;" (Matt. xviii: 20.) how much more, where
Paul and Silas, and the jailor and all his house were, and faith so
earnest as theirs!Observe the intense earnestness of their faith.
But this prison has reminded me of another prison.
And what then is that? It is that where Peter was. Not, however, that
any thing like this took place there. No. He was delivered to four
quaternions of soldiers to keep him and he sang not, he watched not,
but he slept; neither, again, had he been scourged. And yet was the
peril greater, for in the case before us indeed the end was
accomplished, and the prisoners Paul and Silas, had undergone their
punishment; but in his case it was yet to come. So that though there
were no stripes to torture him, yet was there the anticipation of the
future to distress him. And mark too the miracle there. "Behold, an
angel of the Lord," it is related, "stood by him, and a light shined in
the cell; and he smote Peter on the. side, and awoke him, saying, Rise
up quickly. And his chains fell off from his hands." (Acts xii: 7.) In
order that he might not imagine the transaction to be the work of the
light alone, he also struck Peter, Now no one saw the light, save
himself only, and he thought it was a vision. So insensible are they
that are asleep to the mercies
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of God. "And the angel," it proceeds, "said unto him, Gird thyself and
bind on thy sandals; and he did so. And he saith unto him, Cast thy
garment about thee, and follow me. And he went out and followed, and he
wist not that it was true which was done by the angel; but thought he
saw a vision. And when they were past the first and the second ward,
they came unto the iron gate, that leadeth unto the city, which opened
to them of his own accord; and they went out, and passed on through one
street; and straightway the angel departed from him." (Acts xii: 8-10.)
Why was not the same thing done here as was done in the case of Paul
and Silas? Because in that case they were intending to release them. On
that account God willed not that they should be released in this
manner. Whereas in blessed Peter's case, they were intending to lead
him forth to execution. But what then? Would it not have been far more
marvellous, some one may say, had he been led forth, and delivered over
into the king's hands, and then had been snatched away from the very
midst of his imminent peril, and sustained no harm? For thus moreover,
neither had the soldiers perished. Great is the question which has been
raised upon this matter. What! did God, it is said, save His own
servant with the punishment of others, with the destruction of others?
Now in the first place, it was not with the destruction of others; for
this did not arise from the ordering of providence, but arose from the
cruelty of the judge. How so? God had so providentially ordered it, as
that not only these men need not perish, but moreover that even he, the
judge, should have been saved, just as in this case of the jailor. But
he did not use the boon aright. "Now as soon as it was day," it
continues, "there was no small stir among the soldiers, what was become
of Peter." And what then? Herod makes strict inquiry into the matter,
"and he examined the guards," it is related, "and commanded that they
should be put to death." (Acts xii: 1819.) Now, indeed, had he not
examined them, there might have been some excuse for executing them.
Whereas, as it is, he had them brought before him, he examined them, he
found that Peter had been bound, that the prison had been well secured,
that the keepers were before the doors. No wall had been broken
through, no door had been opened, nor was there any other evidence
whatever of false dealing. He ought upon this to have been awed by the
power of God, which had snatched Peter from the very midst of perils,
and to have adored Him who was able to do such mighty works. But, on
the contrary, he ordered those men off to execution. How then in this
case is God the cause? Had He indeed caused the wall to be broken
through, and thus had extricated Peter, possibly the deed might have
been put to the account of their negligence. But if He so
providentially ordered it, as that the matter should be shown to be the
work not of the evil agency of man, but of the miraculous agency of
God, why did Herod act thus? For had Peter intended to flee, he would
have fled as he was, with his chains on. Had he intended to fly, in his
confusion he never would have had so great forethought as to take even
his sandals, but he would have left them. Whereas, as it is, the object
of the Angel's saying unto him, "Bind on thy sandals," was that they
might know that he had done the thing not in the act of flight, but
with full leisure. For, bound as he was, and fixed between the two
soldiers, he never would have found sufficient time to unbind the
chains also, and especially as he too, like Paul, was in the inner
ward. Thus then was the punishment of the keepers owing to the
unrighteousness of the judge. For why did not the Jews[1] act in the
same way? For now again I am reminded of yet another prison. The first
was that at Rome, next, was this at Cæsarea, now we come to that
at Jerusalem.[2] When then the chief Priests and the Pharisees heard
from those whom they had sent to the prison to bring Peter out, that
"they found no man within," but both doors "closed," and "the keepers
standing at the doors," why was it that they not only did not put the
keepers to death, but, so far from it, "they were much perplexed
concerning them whereunto this would grow." Now if the Jews, murderous
as they were in their designs against them, yet entertained not a
thought of the kind, much more shouldest not thou, who didst every
thing to please those Jews. For this unrighteous sentence vengeance
quickly overtook Herod.
But now if any complain of this, then complain too
about those who are killed on the highway, and about the ten thousand
others who are unjustly put to death, and further, of the infants also
that were slaughtered at the time of Christ's birth; for Christ also,
according to what thou allegest, was the cause of their deaths. But it
was not Christ, but rather the madness and tyranny of Herod's father.
Dost thou ask, Why then did He not snatch Him out of Herod's hands?
True, He might have done so, but there would have been nothing gained
by so doing. How many times, at least, did Christ. escape even from the
grasp of their hands?
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And yet what good did this do to that unfeeling people? Whereas here
there is even much profit arising to the faithful from what was done.
For as there were records made, and the enemies themselves bore
testimony to the facts, the testimony was above suspicion. As therefore
in that instance the mouths of the enemies were stopped in no other way
whatever, but only by the persons who came acknowledging the facts, so
was it also here. For why did the jailor here do nothing like what
Herod did? Nay, and the things which Herod witnessed were not at all
less wonderful than those which this man witnessed. So far as wonder
goes, it is no less wonderful to be assured that a prisoner came out
when the doors were closed, than it is to behold them set open. Indeed
this last might rather have seemed to be perhaps a vision of the
imagination, the other never could, when exactly and circumstantially
reported. So that, had this man been as wicked as Herod, he would have
slain Paul, as Herod did the soldiers; but such he was not.
If any one should ask, 'Why was it that God
permitted the children also to be murdered?' I should fall, probably,
into a longer discourse, than was originally intended to be addressed
to you.
At this point, however, let us terminate our
discourse, with many thanks to Paul's chain, for that it has been made
to us the source of so many blessings, and exhorting you, should ye
have to suffer any thing for Christ's sake, not only not to repine, but
to rejoice, as the Apostles did, yea, and to glory; as Paul said, "Most
gladly, therefore will I rather glory in my infirmities," (2 Cor. xii:
9.) for because of this it was that he heard also those words, "My
grace is sufficient for thee." Paul glories in bonds; and dost thou
pride thyself in riches? The Apostles rejoiced that they were counted
worthy to be scourged, and dost thou seek for ease and self-indulgence?
On what ground then, dost thou wish to attain the same end as they, if
here on earth thou art traveling the contrary road from them? "And
now," saith Paul, "I go bound in the spirit unto Jerusalem, not knowing
the things that shall befall me there; save that the Holy Ghost
testifieth unto me in every city, saying, that bonds and afflictions
abide me." (Acts xx: 22.) And why then dost thou set out, if bonds and
afflictions abide thee? For this very reason, saith he, that I may be
bound for Christ's sake, that I may die for His sake. "For I am ready
not to be bound only, but also to die for the name of the Lord Jesus."
(Acts xxi: 13.)
Moral. Nothing can be more blessed than that soul.
In what does he glory? In bonds, in afflictions, in chains, in scars;
"I bear branded on my body," saith he, "the marks of Jesus," (Gal. vi:
17.) as though they were some great trophy. And again, "For because of
the hope of Israel," saith he, "I am bound with this chain." (Acts
xxviii: 20.) And again, "For which I am an ambassador in chains." (Eph.
vi: 20.) What is this? Art thou not ashamed, art thou not afraid going
about the world as a prisoner? Dost thou not fear lest any one should
charge thy God with weakness? lest any one should on this account
refuse to come near thee and to join the fold? No, saith he, not such
are my bonds. They can shine brightly even in kings' palaces. "So that
my bonds," saith he, "became manifest in Christ, throughout the whole
prætorian guard: and most of the brethren in the Lord, being
confident through my bonds, are more abundantly bold to speak the word
of God without fear." (Phil. i: 13, 14.) Behold yea force in bonds
stronger than the raising of the dead. They beheld me bound, and they
are the more courageous. For where bonds are, there of necessity is
something great also. Where affliction is, there verily is salvation
also, there verily is solace, there verily are great achievements. For
when the devil kicks, then is he, doubtless, hit.[1] When he binds
God's servants, then most of all does the word gain ground. And mark
how this is every where the case. Paul was imprisoned; and in the
prison he did these things, yea, saith he, by my very bonds themselves.
He was imprisoned at Rome, and brought the more converts to the faith;
for not only was he himself emboldened, but many others also because of
him. He was imprisoned at Jerusalem, and preaching in his bonds he
struck the king with amazement, (Acts xxvi: 28.) and made the governor
tremble. (Acts xxiv: 25.) For being afraid, it is related, he let him
go, and he that had bound him was not ashamed to receive instruction
concerning the things to come at the hands of him whom he sad bound. In
bonds he sailed, and retrieved the wreck, and bound fast the tempest.
It was when he was in bonds that the monster fastened on him, and fell
off from his hand, having done him no hurt. He was bound at Rome, and
preaching in bonds drew thousands to his cause, holding forward, in the
place of every other, this very argument, I mean his chain.
It is not however our lot to be bound now-a-days.
And yet there is another chain if we have a mind to wear it. And what
is it? It is to restrain our hand, to be not so forward to
covetousness. With this chain let us bind ourselves. Let the fear of
God be unto us instead of a bond of iron. Let us loose them that are
bound by poverty, by affliction. There is no
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comparison between opening the doors of a prison, and releasing an
enthralled soul. There is no comparison between loosing the bonds of
prisoners and "setting at liberty them that are bruised;" (Luke iv:
18.) this last is far greater than the other; for the other there is no
reward in store, for this last there are ten thousand rewards.
Paul's chain has proved a long one, and has detained
us a length of time. Yea, long indeed it is, and more beautiful than
any cord of gold. A chain this, which draws them that are bound by it,
as it were by a kind of invisible machinery, to Heaven, and, like a
golden cord let down,[1] draws them up to the Heaven of heavens. And
the wonderful thing is this, that, bound, as it is, below, it draws its
captives upwards: and indeed this is not the nature of the things
themselves. But where God orders and disposes, look not for the nature
of things, nor for natural sentence, but for things above nature and
natural sequence.
Let us learn not to sink under affliction, nor to
repine; for look at this blessed saint. He had been scourged, and
sorely scourged, for it is said, "When they had laid many stripes upon
them." He had been bound too, and that again sorely, for the jailor
cast him into the inner ward, and with extraordinary security. And
though he was in so many perils, at midnight, when even the most
wakeful are asleep with sleep, another and a stronger bond upon them,
they chanted and sang praise unto the Lord. What can be more adamantine
than these souls? They bethought them how that the holy Children sang
even in fire and furnace. (Dan. iii: 1-30.) Perhaps they thus reasoned
with themselves, "we have as yet suffered nothing like that."
But our discourse has done well, in that it has thus
brought us out again to other bonds, and into another prison. What am I
to do? I would fain be silent, but am not able. I have discovered
another prison, far more wonderful and more astonishing than the
former. But, come now, rouse yourselves, as though I were just
commencing my discourse, and attend to me with your minds fresh. I
would fain break off the discourse, but it will not suffer me; for just
as a man in the midst of drinking cannot bear to break off his draught,
whatever any one may promise him; so I too, now I have laid hold of
this glorious cup of the prison of them that were bound for Christ's
sake, I cannot leave off, I cannot hold my peace. For if Paul in the
prison, and in the night, kept not silence, no, nor under the scourge;
shall I, who am sitting[2] here by daylight, and speaking so much at my
ease, shall I hold my peace, when men in bonds, and under the scourge,
and at midnight could not endure to do so? The holy Children were not
silent, no, not in the furnace and in the fire, and are not we ashamed
to hold our peace? Let us look then at this prison also. Here too, they
were bound, but at once and from the very outset it was evident that
they were not about to be burned, but only to enter as into a prison.
For why do ye bind men who are about to be committed to the flames?
They were bound, as Paul was, hand and foot. They were bound with as
great violence as he was. For the jailor thrust him into the inner
prison; and the king commanded the furnace to be intensely heated. And
now let us see the issue. When Paul and Silas sang, the prison was
shaken, and the doors were opened. When the three Children sang, the
bonds both of their feet and hands were loosed. The prison was opened,
and the doors of the furnace were opened: for a dewy breeze whistled
through it.
But many thoughts crowd around me. I know not which
to utter first, and which second. Wherefore, let no one, I entreat,
require order of me, for the subjects are closely allied.
They who were bound together with Paul and Silas
were loosed, and yet nevertheless they slept. In the case of the three
Children, instead of that, something else took place. The men who had
cast them in, were themselves burned to death. And then, as I was fain
to tell you, the king beheld them loose, and fell down before them: he
heard them singing their song of praise, and beheld four walking, and
he called them. As Paul, though able to do so, came not forth, until he
who had cast him in, called him, and brought him forth: so
neither did the three Children come forth, until he who had cast them
in commanded them to come forth. What lesson are we taught from this?
Not to be over hasty in courting persecution, nor when in tribulation
to be over eager for deliverance, and on the other hand when they
release us not to continue in it. Further, the jailor, inasmuch as he
was able to enter in where the saints were, fell down at their feet.
The king came but to the door and fell down. He dared not approach into
the prison which he had prepared for them in the fire. And now mark
their words. The one cried, "Sirs, what must I do to be saved?" (Acts
xvi: 30.) The other, though not indeed with so great humility, yet
uttered a voice no less sweet, "Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, ye
servants of the most high God, come forth, and come hither." (Dan. iii:
26.)
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Mighty dignity! "Ye servants of the most high God, come forth, and come
hither." How are they to come forth, O king? Thou didst cast them into
the fire bound; they have continued this long time in the fire. Why,
had they been made of adamant, had they been blocks of metal, in
singing that entire hymn, must they not have perished? On this account
then they were saved, because they sang praises to God. The fire
reverenced their readiness to suffer and afterwards it reverenced that
wonderful song, and their hymns of praise. By what title dost thou call
them? I said before, "Ye servants of the most high God." Yes, to the
servants of God, all things are possible; for if some, who are the
servants of men, have, nevertheless, power, and authority, and the
disposal of their concerns, much more have the servants of God. He
called them by the name most delightful to them, he knew that by this
means he flattered them most: for indeed, if it was in order to
continue servants of God, that they entered into the fire, there could
be no sound more delightful to them than this. Had he called them
kings, had he called them lords of the world, yet would he not so truly
have rejoiced them as when he said, "Ye servants of the most high God."
And why marvel at this? when, in writing to the mighty city, to her who
was mistress of the world, and prided herself upon her high dignities,
Paul set down as equivalent in dignity, nay, as far greater, yea
incomparably greater than consulship, or kingly name, or than the
empire of the world, this title, "Paul, a servant[1] of Jesus Christ."
(Ro. i: 1.) "Ye servants of the most high God." "Yes," he would say,
"if they show so great zeal as to be bond-servants, doubtless this is
the title by which we shall conciliate them.
Again, observe also the piety of the Children: they
showed no indignation, no anger, no gain-saying, but they came forth.
Had they regarded it as an act of vengeance that they had been thrown
into the furnace, they would have been grieved against the man who had
cast them in; as it is, there is nothing of the kind; but, as
though they were going forth from Heaven itself, so went they forth.
And what the Prophet says of the Sun, that "He is as a bridegroom
coming forth out of his chamber," (Ps. xix: 5.) one would not go amiss
in saying also of them. But though he goes forth thus, yet came they
forth there more gloriously than he, for he indeed comes forth to
enlighten the world with natural light, they to enlighten the world in
a different way, I mean, spiritually. For because of them the king
straightway issued a decree, containing these words, "It hath seemed
good unto me to show the signs and wonders that the Most High God hath
wrought toward me. How great are His signs! And how mighty are His
wonders!" (Dan. iv: 2,3.) So that they went forth, shedding a yet more
glorious radiance, beaming indeed in that region itself, but, what is
more than all, capable, by means of the king's writings, of being
diffused over the world and thus of dispelling the darkness which every
where prevails. "Come forth," said he, "and come hither." He gave no
commandment[2] to extinguish the flame, but hereby most especially
honored them, by believing that they were able not only to walk within
it, but even to come out of it while it was still burning.
But let us look again, if it seem good to you, at
the words of the jailor, "Sirs, what must I do to be saved?" What
language sweeter than this? This makes the very Angels leap for joy. To
hear this language, even the Only-begotten Son of God Himself became a
servant. This language they who believed at the beginning addressed to
Peter. (Acts ii: 37.) "What shall we do?" And what said he in
answer? "Repent and be baptized." To have heard this language
from the Jews, gladly would Paul have been cast even in to hell, in his
eagerness for their salvation and obedience. But observe, he commits
the whole matter to them, he wastes no unnecessary pains. Let us
however look at the next point. The king here does not say, What must I
do to be saved? but the teaching is plainer in his case than any
language whatever; for he straightway becomes a preacher, he needs not
to be instructed like the jailor. He proclaims God, and makes
confession of His power. "Of a truth your God is the God of Gods and
the Lord of Kings, because He hath sent His Angel, and hath delivered
you." (Dan. ii: 47; iii: 28.) And what was the sequel? Not one single
jailor, but numbers are instructed by the king's writings, by the sight
of the facts. For that the king would not have told a falsehood is
evident enough to every one, because he never would have chosen to bear
such testimony to captives, nor to overthrow his own acts; he never
would have chosen to incur the imputation of such utter madness: so
that had not the truth been abundantly manifest, he would not have
written in such terms, and with so many persons present.
Perceive ye how great is the power of bonds? How
great the force of those praises that are sung in tribulation? Their
heart failed not, they were not cast down, but were then yet more
vigorous, and their courage then yet greater and justly so.
While we are considering these things one
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question yet remains for us: Why was it that in the prison on the one
hand, the prisoners were loosed, whilst in the furnace the executioners
were burnt to death: for that indeed should have been the king's fate,
because neither were they who bound them, nor they who cast them into
the furnace, guilty of so great sin as the man who commanded this
should be done. Why then did they perish? On this point there is not
any very great need of minute examination; for they were wicked men.
And therefore this was providentially ordered, that the power of the
fire might be shown, and the miracle might be made more signal; for if
it thus devoured them that were without, how did it show them unscathed
that were within it? it was that the power of God might be made
manifest. And let no one wonder that I have put the king on a level
with the jailor, for he did the same thing; the one was in no wise more
noble than the other, and they both had their reward.
But, as I said, the righteous, when they are in
tribulations, are then especially more energetic, and when they are in
bonds: for to suffer any thing for Christ's sake is the sweetest of all
consolation.
Will ye that I remind you of yet another prison? It
seems necessary to go on from this chain to another prison still. And
which will ye? Shall it be that of Jeremiah, or of Joseph, or of
John? Thanks to Paul's chain; how many prisons has it opened to
our discourse? Will ye have that of John? He also was once bound for
Christ's sake, and for the law of God. What then? Was he idle when he
was in prison? Was it not from thence he sent, by his disciples, and
said, "Art Thou He that cometh, or look we for another? "(Matt. xi: 2,
3.) Even when there, then, it seems he taught, for surely he did not
disregard his duty. But again, did not Jeremiah prophesy concerning the
king of Babylon, and fulfil his work even there in prison? And what of
Joseph? Was he not in prison thirteen years? What then? Not even there
did he forget his virtue. I have yet to mention the bonds of one and
therewith will close my discourse. Our Master Himself was bound, He who
loosed the world from sins. Those hands were bound, those hands that
wrought ten thousand good deeds. For, "they bound Him," it saith, "and
led Him away to Caiaphas;" (Matt. xxvii: 2; John. xviii: 24.) yes, He
was bound who had wrought so many marvellous works.
Reflecting on these things, let us never repine; but
whether we be in bonds, let us rejoice; or whether we be not in bonds,
let us be as though we were bound together with Him. See how great a
blessing are bonds! Knowing all these things, let us send up our
thanksgiving for all things to God, through Christ Jesus our Lord with
whom to the Father, together with the Holy Ghost, be glory might and
honor, now and forever and ever. Amen.
HOMILY IX.
CHAPTER IV. VERSES 1--3.
"I therefore, the prisoner in the Lord, beseech you, to walk worthily
of the calling wherewith ye were called, with all lowliness and
meekness, with long-suffering, forbearing one another in love; giving
diligence to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace."
Great has the power of Paul's chain been shown to
be, and more glorious than miracles. It is not in vain then, as it
should seem, nor without an object, that he here holds it forward, but
as the means of all others most likely to touch them. And what saith
he? "I therefore, the prisoner in the Lord, beseech you, to walk
worthily of the calling wherewith ye were called." And how is that?
"with all lowliness and meekness, with long-suffering, forbearing one
another in love."
It is not the being merely a prisoner that is
honorable, but the being so for Christ's sake. Hence he saith, "in the
Lord," i.e., the prisoner for Christ's sake. Nothing is equal to this.
But now the chain is dragging me away still more from my subject, and
pulling me back again, and I cannot bear to resist it, but am drawn
along willingly,--yea, rather, with all my heart; and would that it
were always my lot to be descanting on Paul's chain.
But now do not become drowsy: for I am yet desirous
to solve that other question, which many raise, when they say, Why, if
tribulation be a glory, how came Paul himself to say in his defence[1]
to Agrippa, "I would to God that whether with little or with much not
thou only,
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but also all that hear me this day, might become such as I am, except
these bonds?" (Acts xxvi: 29.) He said not this, God forbid! as deeming
the thing a matter to be deprecated; no; for had it been such, he would
not have gloried in bonds, in imprisonments, in those other
tribulations; and when writing elsewhere he saith, "Most gladly will I
rather glory in my weaknesses." (2 Cor. xii: 9.) But what is the case?
This was itself a proof how great a thing he considered those bonds;
for as in writing to the Corinthians he said, "I fed you with milk, not
with meat, for ye were not yet able to bear it;" (1 Cor. iii: 2.) so
also here. They before whom he spoke were not able to hear of the
beauty, nor the comeliness, nor the blessing of those bonds. Hence[1]
it was he added, "except these bonds." To the Hebrews however he spoke
not thus, but exhorted them to "be bound with" (Heb. xiii: 3.) them
that were in bonds. And hence too did he himself rejoice in his bonds,
and was bound, and was led with the prisoners into the inner prison.
Mighty is the power of Paul's chain! A spectacle this, which may
suffice for every other, to behold Paul bound, and led forth from his
prison; to behold him bound, and sitting within it, what pleasure can
come up to this? What would I not give for such a sight? Do ye see the
emperors, the consuls, borne along in their chariots and arrayed in
gold, and their body-guard with every thing about them of gold? Their
halberds of gold, their shields of gold, their raiment of gold, their
horses with trappings of gold? How much more delightful than such a
spectacle is his! I would rather see Paul once, going forth with the
prisoners from his prison, than behold these ten thousand times over,
parading along with all that retinue. When he was thus led forth, how
many Angels, suppose ye, led the way before him? And to show that I
speak no fiction, I will make the fact manifest to you from a certain
ancient narrative.
Elisha the prophet, (perhaps ye know the man,) at
the time (2 Kings vi: 8-12.) when the king of Syria was at war with the
king of Israel, sitting at his own home, brought to light all the
counsels which the king of Syria was taking in his chamber with them
that were privy to his designs, and rendered the king's counsels of
none effect, by telling beforehand his secrets, and not suffering the
king of Israel to fall into the snares which he was laying. This sorely
troubled the king; he was disheartened, and was reduced to greater
perplexity, not knowing how to discover him who was disclosing all that
passed, and plotting against him, and disappointing his schemes. Whilst
therefore he was in this perplexity, and enquiring into the cause, one
of his armor. bearers told him, that there was a certain prophet, one
Elisha, dwelling in Samaria, who suffered not the king's designs to
stand, but disclosed all that passed. The king imagined that he had
discovered the whole matter. Sure, never was any one more miserably
misled than he. When he ought to have honored the man, to have
reverenced him, to have been awed that he really possessed so great
power, as that, seated, as he was, so many furlongs off, he should know
all that passed in the king's chamber, without any one at all to tell
him; this indeed he did not, but being exasperated, and wholly carried
away by his passion, he equips horsemen, .and soldiers, and dispatches
them to bring the prophet before him.
Now Elisha had a disciple as yet only on the
threshold of prophecy, (2 Kings vi: 13ff.) as yet far from being judged
worthy of revelations of this kind. The king's soldiers arrived at the
spot, as intending to bind the man, or rather the prophet.--Again I am
falling upon bonds, so entirely is this discourse interwoven with
them.--And when the disciple saw the host of soldiers, he was
affrighted, and ran full of trembling to his master, and told him the
calamity, as he thought, and informed him of the inevitable peril. The
prophet smiled at him for fearing things not worthy to be feared, and
bade him be of good cheer. The disciple, however, being as yet
imperfect, did not listen to him, but being still amazed at the sight,
remained in fear. Upon this, what did the prophet do? "Lord," said he,
"open the eyes of this young man, and let him see that they which are
with us, are more than they which are with them;" (2 Kings vi: 16, 17.)
and immediately he beheld the whole mountain, where the prophet then
dwelt, filled with so great a multitude of horses and chariots of fire.
Now these were nothing else than ranks of Angels. But if only for an
occasion like this so great a band of Angels attended Elisha what must
Paul have had? This is what the prophet David tells us. "The Angel of
the Lord encampeth round about them that fear Him." (Ps. xxxiv: 7.) And
again; "They shall bear thee up in their hands, test thou dash thy foot
against a stone." (Ps. xci: 2.) And why do I speak of Angels? The Lord
Himself was with him then as he went forth; for surely it cannot be
that He was seen by Abraham, and yet was not with Paul. No, it was His
own promise, "I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world."
(Matt. xxviii: 20.) And again, when He appeared to him, He said, "Be
not afraid, but speak, for I am with thee, and no man shall set on thee
to harm thee." (Acts xviii:
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9, 10.) Again, He stood by him in a dream, and said, "Be of good cheer,
for as thou hast testified concerning me at Jerusalem, so must thou
bear witness also at Rome." (Acts xxiii: II.)
The saints, though they are at all times a glorious
sight, and are full of abundant grace, yet are so, most of all, when
they are in perils for Christ's sake, when they are prisoners; for as a
brave soldier is at all times and of himself a pleasing spectacle to
them that behold him, but most of all when he is standing, and in ranks
at the king's side; thus also imagine to yourselves Paul, how great a
thing it was to see him teaching in his bonds.
Shall I mention, in passing, a thought, which just
at this moment occurs to me? The blessed martyr Babylas[1] was bound,
and he too for the very same cause as John also was, because he
reproved a king in his transgression. This man when he was dying gave
charge that his bonds should be laid with his body, and that the body
should be buried bound; and to this day the fetters lie mingled with
his ashes, so devoted was his affection for the bonds he had worn for
Christ's sake. "He was laid in chains of iron" as the Prophet saith of
Joseph. (Ps. cv: 18.) And even women have before now had trial of these
bonds.
We however are not in bonds, nor am I recommending
this, since now is not the time for them. But thou, bind not thine
hands, but bind thy heart and mind. There are yet other bonds, and they
that wear not the one, shall have to wear the other. Hear what Christ
saith, "Bind him hand and foot." (Matt. xxii: 13.) But God forbid we
should have trial of those bonds! but of these may He grant us even to
take our fill!
On these accounts he saith, "I, the prisoner in the
Lord, beseech you to walk worthily of the calling wherewith ye were
called." But what is this calling? Ye were called as His body, it is
said. Ye have Christ as your head; and though you were "enemies," and
had commit-the misdeeds out of number, yet "hath He raised you up with
Him and made you to sit with Him." (Eph. ii: 6.) A high calling this,
and to high privileges, not only in that we have been called from that
former state, but in that we are called both to such privileges, and by
such a method.
But how is it possible to "walk worthily" of it?
"With all lowliness." Such an one walks worthily. This is the basis of
all virtue. If thou be lowly, and bethink thee what thou art, and how
thou wast saved, thou wilt take this recollection as a motive to all
virtue. Thou wilt neither be elated with bonds, nor with those very
privileges which I mentioned, but as knowing that all is of grace, thou
wilt humble thyself. The lowly-minded man is able to be at once a
generous and a grateful servant. "For what hast thou," saith he that
thou didst not receive?" (1 Cor. iv: 7.) And again, hear his words, "I
labored more abundantly than they all; yet not I, but the grace of God
which was with me." (1 Cor. xv: 10.)
"With all lowliness," saith he; not that which is in
words, nor that which is in actions only, but even in one's very
bearing and tone of voice: not lowly towards one, and rude towards
another; be lowly towards all men, be he friend or foe, be he great or
small. This is lowliness. Even in thy good deeds be lowly; for hear
what Christ saith, "Blessed are the poor in spirit;" (Matt. v: 3.) and
He places this first in order. Wherefore also the Apostle himself
saith, "With all lowliness, and meekness, and long-suffering." For it
is possible for a man to be lowly, and yet quick and irritable, and
thus all is to no purpose; for oftentimes he will be possessed by his
anger, and ruin all.
"Forbearing," he proceeds, "one another in love."[2]
How is it possible to forbear, if a man be
passionate or censorious? He hath told us therefore the manner: "in
love," saith he. If thou, he would say, art not forbearing to thy
neighbor, how shall God be forbearing to thee? If thou bearest not with
thy fellow-servant, how shall the Master bear with thee? Wherever there
is love, all things are to be borne.
"Giving diligence[3]," saith he, "to keep the unity
of the Spirit in the bond of peace." Bind therefore thy hands with
moderation. Again that goodly name of "bond." We had dismissed it, and
it has of itself come back on us again. A goodly bond was that, and
goodly is this one also, and that other is the fruit of this. Bind
thyself to thy brother. They bear all things lightly who are bound
together in love. Bind thyself to him and him to thee; thou art lord of
both, for whomsoever I may be desirous to make my friend, I can by
means of kindliness accomplish it.
"Giving diligence," he says; a thing not to be done
easily, and not in every one's power. "Giving diligence," he proceeds,
"to keep
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the unity of the Spirit." What is this "unity of Spirit?" In the human
body there is a spirit which holds all together, though in different
members. So is it also here; for to this end was the Spirit given, that
He might unite those who are separated by race and by different
manners; for old and young, rich and poor, child and youth, woman and
man, and every soul become in a manner one, and more entirely so than
if there were one body. For this spiritual relation is far higher than
the other natural one, and the perfectness of the union more entire;
because the conjunction of the soul is more perfect, inasmuch as it is
both simple and uniform And how then is this unity preserved? "In the
bond of peace[1]." It is not possible for this to exist in enmity and
discord. "For whereas there is," saith he, "among you jealousy and
strife, are ye not carnal, and walk after the manner of men?" (1 Cor.
iii: 3.) For as fire when it finds dry pieces of wood works up all
together into one blazing pile, but when wet does not act at all nor
unite them; so also it is here. Nothing that is of a cold nature can
bring about this union, whereas any warm one for the most part can.
Hence at least it is that the glow of charity is produced; by the" bond
of peace," he is desirous to bind us all together. For just in the same
way, he would say, as if thou wouldest attach thyself to another, thou
canst do it in no other way except by attaching him to thyself; and if
thou shouldest wish to make the tie double, he must needs in turn
attach himself to thee; so also here he would have us tied one to
another; not simply that we be at peace, not simply that we love one
another, but that all should be only even one soul. A glorious bond is
this; with this bond let us bind ourselves together with one another
and unto God. This is a bond that bruises not, nor cramps the hands it
binds, but it leaves them free, and gives them ample play, and greater
courage than those which are at liberty. The strong if he be bound to
the weak, will support him, and not suffer him to perish: and if again
he be tied to the indolent, him he will rather rouse and animate.
"Brother helped by brother," it is said, "is as a strong city[2]." This
chain no distance of place can interrupt, neither heaven, nor earth,
nor death, nor any thing else, but it is more powerful and strong than
all things. This, though it issue from but one soul, is able to embrace
numbers at once; for hear what Paul saith, "Ye are not straitened in
us, but ye are straitened in your own affections; be ye also enlarged."
(2 Cor. vi: 12.)
Now then, what impairs this bond? Love of money, passion
for power, for glory, and the like, loosens them, and severs them
asunder. How then are we to see that they be not cut asunder? If these
tempers be got rid of, and none of those things which destroy charity
come in by the way to trouble us. For hear what Christ saith, (Matt.
xxiv: 12.) "Because iniquity shall be multiplied, the love of the many
shall wax cold." Nothing is so opposed to love as sin, and I mean not
love towards God, but that towards our neighbor also. But how then, it
may be said, are even robbers at peace? When are they, tell me? Not
when they are acting in a spirit which is that of robbers; for if they
fail to observe the rules of justice amongst those with whom they
divide the spoil, and to render to every one his right, you will find
them too in wars and broils. So that neither amongst the wicked is it
possible to find peace: but where men are living in righteousness and
virtue, you may find it every where. But again, are rivals ever at
peace? Never. And whom then would ye have me mention? The covetous man
can never possibly be at peace with the covetous. So that were there
not just and good persons, even though wronged by them, to stand
between them, the whole race of them would be torn to pieces. When two
wild beasts are famished, if there be not something put between them to
consume, they will devour one another. The same would be the case with
the covetous and the vicious. So that it is not possible there should
be peace where virtue is not already put in practice beforehand. Let us
form, if you please, a city entirely of covetous men, give them equal
privileges, and let no one bear to be wronged, but let all wrong one
another. Can that city possibly hold together? It is impossible. Again,
is there peace amongst adulterers? No, not any two will you find of the
same mind.
So then, to return, there is no other reason for
this, than that "love hath waxed cold;" and the cause again why love
hath waxed cold, is that "iniquity abounds." For this leads to
selfishness, and divides and severs the body, and relaxes it and rends
it to pieces. But where virtue is, it does the reverse. Because the man
that is virtuous is also above money; so that were there ten thousand
such in poverty they would still be peaceable; whilst the covetous,
where there are but two, can never be at peace. Thus then if we are
virtuous, love will not perish, for virtue springs from love, and love
from virtue. And how this is, I will tell you. The virtuous man does
not value money above friendship, nor does he remember injuries, nor
does wrong to his neighbor; he is not insolent, he endures all things
nobly. Of these things
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love consists. Again, he who loves submits to all these things, and
thus do they reciprocally produce one another. And this indeed, that
love springs from virtue, appears from hence, because our Lord when He
saith, "because iniquity shall be multiplied, the love of the many
shall wax cold," plainly tells us this. And that virtue springs from
love, Paul tells us, saying, "He that loveth his neighbor hath
fulfilled the law." (Rom. xiii: 10.) So then a man must be one of the
two, either very affectionate and much beloved, or else very virtuous;
for he who has the one, of necessity possesses the other; and, on the
contrary, he who knows not how to love, will therefore commit many evil
actions; and he who commits evil actions, knows not what it is to love.
Moral. Let us therefore follow after charity; it is
a safeguard which will not allow us to suffer any evil. Let us bind
ourselves together. Let there be no deceit amongst us, no hollowness.
For where friendship is, there nothing of the sort is found. This too
another certain wise man tells us. "Though thou drewest a sword at thy
friend, yet despair not: for there may be a returning again to favor.
If thou hast opened thy mouth against thy friend, fear not; for there
may be a reconciliation: except for upbraiding, or disclosing of
secrets, or a treacherous wound: for for these things a friend will
depart." (Ecclus. xxii: 21, 22.) For "disclosing," saith he, "of
secrets." Now if we be all friends, there is no need of secrets; for as
no man has any secret with himself and cannot conceal anything from
himself, so neither will he from his friends. Where then no secrets
exist, separation arising from this is impossible. For no other reason
have we secrets, than because we have not confidence in all men. So
then it is the waxing cold of love, which has produced secrets. For
what secret hast thou? Dost thou desire to wrong thy neighbor? Or, art
thou hindering him from sharing some benefit, and on this account
concealest it? But, no, perhaps it is none of these things. What then,
is it that thou art ashamed? If so, then this is a token of want of
confidence. Now then if there be love, there will be no "revealing of
secrets," neither any "upbraiding." For who, tell me, would ever
upbraid his own soul? And suppose even such a thing were done, it would
be for some good; for we upbraid children, we know, when we desire to
make them feel. And so Christ too on that occasion began to upbraid the
cities, saying, "Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida!"
(Luke x: 13.) in order that He might deliver them from upbraidings. For
nothing has such power to lay hold of the mind, or can more strongly
arouse it, or brace it up when relaxed. Let us then never use
upbraiding to one another merely for the sake of upbraiding. For what?
Wilt thou upbraid thy friend on the score of money? Surely not, if at
least thou possessest what thou hast in common. Wilt thou then for his
faults? No nor this, but thou wilt rather in that case correct him. Or,
as it goes on, "for a treacherous wound;" who in the world will kill
himself, or who wound himself? No one.
Let us then "follow after love;" he saith not simply
let us love; but let us "follow after love." (1 Cor. xiv: 1.) There is
need of much eagerness: she is soon out of sight, she is most rapid in
her flight; so many things are there in life which injure her. If we
follow her, she will not outstrip us and get away, but we shall
speedily recover her. The love of God is that which united earth to
Heaven. It was the love of God that seated man upon the kingly throne.
It was the love of God that manifested God upon earth. It was the love
of God that made the Lord a servant. It was the love of God that caused
the Beloved to be delivered up for His enemies, the Son for them that
hated Him, the Lord for His servants, God for men, the free. for
slaves. Nor did it stop here, but called us to yet greater things. Yes,
not only did it release us from our former evils, but promised,
moreover, to bestow upon us other much greater blessings. For these
things then let us give thanks to God, and follow after every virtue;
and before all things, let us with all strictness practice love, that
we may be counted worthy to attain the promised blessings; through the
grace and loving-kindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, to the
Father together with the Holy Ghost, be glory, might, and honor, now
and for ever and ever. Amen.
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HOMILY X.
EPHESIANS iV. 4.
"There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope
of your calling."
When the blessed Paul exhorts us to anything of
special importance, so truly wise and spiritual as he is, he grounds
his exhortation upon things in Heaven: this itself being a lesson he
had learned from the Lord. Thus he saith also elsewhere, "Walk in love,
even as Christ also hath loved us." (ch. v. 2.) And again, "Have this
mind in you, which was also in Christ Jesus, who being in the form of
God, counted it not a prize to be on an equality with God." (Phil. ii.
5, 6.) This is what he is doing here also, for whenever the examples he
is setting before us are great, he is intense in his zeal and feeling.
What then does he say, now he is inciting us to unity? "There is one
body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your
calling:"
Ver. 5. "One Lord, one faith, one baptism."
Now what is this one body? The faithful throughout
the whole world, both which are, and which have been, and which shall
be. And again, they that before Christ's coming pleased God, are "one
body." How so? Because they also knew Christ. Whence does this appear?
"Your father Abraham," saith He, "rejoiced to see My day, and he saw
it, and was glad." (John viii. 56.) And again, "If ye had believed
Moses," He saith, "ye would have believed Me, for he wrote of Me."
(John v. 46.) And the prophets too would not have written of One, of
whom they knew not what they said; whereas they both knew Him, and
worshiped Him. Thus then were they also "one body."
The body is not disjoined from the spirit, for then
would it not be a body. Thus it is customary also with us, touching
things which are united, and which have any great consistency or
coherence, to say, they are one body. And thus again, touching union,
we take that to be a body which is under one head. If there be one
head, then is there one body. The body is composed of members both
honorable and dishonorable. Only the greater is not to rise up even
against the meanest, nor this latter to envy the other. They do not all
indeed contribute the same share, but severally according to the
proportion of need. And forasmuch as all are formed for necessary and
for different purposes, all are of equal honor. Some indeed there are,
which are more especially principal members, others less so: for
example, the head is more a principal member than all the rest of the
body, as containing within itself all the senses, and the governing
principle of the soul. And to live without the head is impossible;
whereas many persons have lived for a long time with their feet cut
off. So that it is better than they, not only by its position, but also
by its very vital energy and its function.
Now why am I saying this? There are great numbers in
the Church; there are those who, like the head, are raised up to a
height; who, like the eyes that are in the head, survey heavenly
things, who stand far aloof from the earth, and have nothing in common
with it, whilst others occupy the rank of feet, and tread upon the
earth; of healthy, feet indeed, for to tread upon the earth is no crime
in feet, but to run to evil. "Their feet," saith the Prophet, "run to
evil." (Isa. lix. 7.) Neither then let these, the head, saith he, be
high-minded against the feet, nor the feet look with evil eye at them.
For thus the peculiar beauty of each is destroyed, and the perfectness
of its function impeded. And naturally enough; inasmuch as he who lays
snares for his neighbor will be laying snares first of all for himself.
And should the feet therefore not choose to convey the head anywhere
upon its necessary journey, they will at the same time be injuring
themselves by their inactivity and sloth. Or again, should the head not
choose to take any care of the feet, itself will be the first to
sustain the damage. However, those members do not rise up one against
the other; it is not likely, for it has been so ordered by nature that
they should not. But with man, how is it possible for him not to rise
up against man? No one, we know, ever rises up against Angels; since
neither do they rise against the Archangels. Nor, on the other hand,
can the irrational creatures proudly exalt themselves over us; but
where the nature is equal in dignity, and the gift one, and where one
has no more than another, how shall this be prevented?
And yet surely these are the very reasons why thou
oughtest not to rise up against thy neighbors. For if all things are
common, and one has nothing more than another, whence this mad folly?
We partake of the same nature, partake alike of soul and body, we
breathe the same air, we use the same food. Whence this rebellious
rising of one against another? And yet truly the being able by one's
virtue to overcome the
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incorporeal powers, that were enough to lead to arrogance; or rather
arrogance it would not be, for with good reason am I high-minded, and
exceedingly high-minded against the evil spirit. And behold even Paul,
how high-minded he was against that evil spirit. For when the evil
spirit was speaking great and marvelous things concerning him, he made
him hold his peace, and endured him not even in his flattery. For when
that damsel, "who had the spirit of divination," cried, saying, "These
men are the servants of the most high God, which show unto us the way
of salvation" (Acts xvi. 16, 17), he rebuked him severely, and silenced
his forward tongue. And again he elsewhere writes, and says, "God shall
bruise Satan under your feet shortly." (Rom. xvi. 20.) Will the
difference of nature have any effect? Perceivest thou not that the
difference between natures has no effect whatever, but only the
difference of purpose? Because of their principle therefore they are
far worse than all. Well, a man may say, but I am not rising up against
an Angel, because there is so vast a distance between my nature and
his. And yet surely thou oughtest no more to rise up against a mar than
against an Angel, for the Angel indeed differs from thee in nature, a
matter which can be neither an honor to him, nor a disgrace to thee:
whereas man differs from man not at all in nature, but in principle;
and there is such a thing as an Angel too even amongst men. So that if
thou rise not up against Angels, much more shouldest thou not against
men, against those who have become angels in this our nature; for
should any one among men become as virtuous as an Angel, that man is in
a far higher degree superior to thee, than an Angel is. And why so?
Because what the one possesses by nature, the other has achieved of his
own purpose. And again, because the Angel has his home far from thee in
distance also, and dwelleth in Heaven; whereas this man is living with
thee, and giving an impulse to thy emulation. And indeed he lives
farther apart from thee than the Angel. For "our citizenship," saith
the Apostle, "is in Heaven." (Phil. iii. 20.) And to show thee that
this man hath his home still farther distant, hear where his Head is
seated; upon the throne, saith he, the royal throne! And the farther
distant that throne is from us, the farther is he also.
Well, but I see him, thou wilt say, in the enjoyment
of honor, and I am led to jealousy. Why, this is the very thing which
has turned all things upside down, which has filled not the world only,
but the Church also, with countless troubles. And just as fierce blasts
setting in across a calm harbor, render it more dangerous than any
rock, or than any strait whatever; so the lust of glory entering in,
overturns and confounds everything.
Ye have oftentimes been present at the burning of
large houses. Ye have seen how the smoke keeps rising up to Heaven; and
if no one comes near to put a stop to the mischief, but every one keeps
looking to himself, the flame spreads freely on, and devours
everything. And oftentimes the whole city will stand around; they will
stand round indeed as spectators of the evil, not to aid nor assist.
And there you may see them one and all standing round, and doing
nothing but each individual stretching out his hand, and pointing out
to some one who may be just come to the spot, either a flaming brand
that moment flying through a window, or beams hurled down, or the whole
circuit of the walls forced out, and tumbling violently to the ground.
Many too there are of the more daring and venturesome, who will have
the hardihood even to come close to the very buildings themselves
whilst they are burning, not in order to stretch forth a hand towards
them, and to put a stop to the mischief, but that they may the more
fully enjoy the sight, being able from the nearer place to observe
closely all that which often escapes those at a distance. Then if the
house happen to be large and magnificent, it appears to them a pitiable
spectacle, and deserving of many tears. And truly there is a pitiable
spectacle for us to behold; capitals of columns crumbled to dust, and
many columns themselves shattered to pieces, some consumed by the fire,
others thrown down often by the very hands which erected them, that
they may not add fuel to the flame. Statues again, which stood with so
much gracefulness, with the ceiling resting on them, these you may see
all exposed, with the roof torn off, and themselves standing hideously
disfigured in the open air. And why should one go on to describe the
wealth stored up within? the tissues of gold, and the vessels of
silver? And where the lord of the house and his consort scarcely
entered, where was the treasure house of tissues and perfumes, and the
caskets of the costly jewels,--all has become one blazing fire, and
within now, are bath-men and street-cleaners, and runaway slaves, and
everybody; and everything within is one mass of fire and water, of mud,
and dust, and half-burnt beams!
Now why have I drawn out so full a picture as this?
Not simply because I wish to represent to you the conflagration of a
house, (for what concern is that of mine?) but because I wish to set
before your eyes, as vividly as I can, the calamities of the Church.
For like a conflagration indeed, or like a thunderbolt hurled from on
high, have they lighted upon the roof of the Church, and yet they rouse
up no one;
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but whilst our Father's house is burning, we are sleeping, as it were,
a deep and stupid sleep. And yet who is there whom this fire does not
touch? Which of the statues that stand in the Church? for the Church is
nothing else than a house built of the souls of us men. Now this house
is not of equal honor throughout, but of the stones which contribute to
it, some are bright and shining, whilst others are smaller and more
dull than they, and yet superior again to others.[1] There we may see
many who are in the place of gold also, the gold which adorns the
ceiling. Others again we may see, who give the beauty and gracefulness
produced by statues. Many[2] we may see, standing like pillars. For he
is accustomed to call men also "pillars" (Gal. ii. 9), not only on
account of their strength but also on account of their beauty, adding
as they do, much grace, and having their heads overlaid with gold. We
may see a multitude, forming generally the wide middle space and the
whole extent of the circumference; for the body at large occupies the
place of those stones of which the outer walls are built. Or rather we
must go on to a more splendid picture yet. This Church, of which I
speak, is not built of these stones, such as we see around us, but of
gold and silver, and of precious stones, and there is abundance of gold
dispersed everywhere throughout it. But, oh the bitter tears this calls
forth! For all these things hath the lawless rule of vainglory
consumed; that all-devouring flame, which no one has yet got under. And
we stand gazing in amazement at the flames, but no longer able to
quench the evil: or if we do quench it for a short time, yet after two
or three days as a spark blown up from a heap of ashes overturns all,
and consumes no less than it did before, so it is here also: for this
is just what is wont to happen in such a conflagration. And as to the
cause, it has devoured the supports of the very pillars of the Church;
those of us who supported the roof, and who formerly held the whole
building together it has enveloped in the flame. Hence too was a ready
communication to the rest of the outer walls: for so also in the case
of buildings, when the fire lays hold of the timbers, it is better
armed for its attack upon the stones; but when it has brought down the
pillars and leveled them with the ground, nothing more is wanted to
consume all the rest in the flames. For when the props and supports of
the upper parts fall down, those parts also themselves will speedily
enough follow them. Thus is it also at this moment with the Church: the
fire has laid hold on every part. We seek the honors that come from
man, we burn for glory, and we hearken not to Job when he saith,
"If like Adam (or after the manner of men) I covered
my transgressions
By hiding mine iniquity in my bosom,
Because I feared the great multitude."[3] Behold yea
virtuous spirit? I was not ashamed, he saith, to own before the whole
multitude my involuntary sins: And if he was not ashamed to confess,
much more were it our duty to do so. For saith the prophet, "Set thou
forth thy cause, that thou mayest be justified." (Isa. xliii. 26.)
Great is the violence of this evil, everything is overturned by it and
annihilated. We have forsaken the Lord, and are become slaves of honor.
We are no longer able to rebuke those who are under our rule, because
we ourselves also are possessed with the same fever as they. We who are
appointed by God to heal others, need the physician ourselves. What
further hope of recovery is there left, when even the very physicians
themselves need the healing hand of others?
I have not said these things without an object, nor
am I making lamentations to no purpose, but with the view that one and
all, with our women and children, having sprinkled ourselves with
ashes, and girded ourselves about with sackcloth, may keep a long fast,
may beseech God Himself to stretch forth His hand to us, and to stay
the peril. For need is there indeed of His hand, that mighty, that
marvelous hand. Greater things are required of us than of the
Ninevites. "Yet three days," said the prophet, "and Nineveh shall be
overthrown."[4] (Jonah iii. 4.) A fearful message, and burdened with
tremendous threat. And how should it be otherwise? to expect that
within three days, the city should become their tomb, and that all
should perish in one common judgment. For if, when it happens that two
children die at the same time in one house, the hardship becomes
intolerable, and if to Job this of all things seemed the most
intolerable, that the roof fell in upon all his children, and they were
thus killed; what must it be to behold not one house, nor two children,
but a nation of a hundred and twenty thousand buried beneath the ruins!
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Ye know how terrible a disaster is this, for lately
has this very warning happened to us, not that any prophet uttered a
voice, for we are not worthy to hear such a voice, but the warning
crying aloud from on high more distinctly than any trumpet.[1] However,
as I was saying, "Yet three days," said the prophet, "and Nineveh shall
be overthrown." A terrible warning indeed, but now we have nothing even
like that; no, there are no longer "three days,"[2] nor is there a
Nineveh to be overthrown, but many days are already past since the
Church throughout all the world has been overthrown, and leveled with
the ground, and all alike are overwhelmed in the evil; nay more, of
those that are in high places the stress is so much the greater. Wonder
not therefore if I should exhort you to do greater things than the
Ninevites; and why? nay more, I do not now proclaim a fast only, but I
suggest to you the remedy which raised up that city also when falling.
And what was that? "God saw their works," saith the prophet, "that they
turned from their evil way, and God repented of the evil which He said
He would do unto them." (Jonah iii. 10.) This let us do, both we and
you. Let us renounce the passion for riches, the lust for glory,
beseeching God to stretch forth His hand, and to raise up our fallen
members. And well may we, for our fear is not for the same objects as
theirs; for then indeed it was only 'stones and timbers that were to
fall, and bodies that were to perish; but now it is none of these; no,
but souls are about to be delivered over to hell fire. Let us implore,
let us confess unto Him, let us give thanks unto Him for what is past,
let us entreat Him for what is to come, that we may be counted worthy
to be delivered from this fierce and most terrible monster, and to lift
up our thanksgivings to the loving God and Father with whom, to the
Son, together with the Holy Ghost, be glory, might, and honor, now,
henceforth, and for ever and ever. Amen.
HOMILY XI.
EPHESIANS iv. 4--7.
"There is one body, and one Spirit, even as also ye were called in one
hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and
Father of all, who is over all, and through all, and in all. But unto
each one of us was the grace given according to the measure of the gift
of Christ."
The love Paul requires of us is no common love, but
that which cements us together, and makes us cleave inseparably to one
another, and effects as great and as perfect a union as though it were
between limb and limb. For this is that love which produces great and
glorious fruits. Hence he saith, there is "one body"; one, both by
sympathy, and by not opposing the good of others, and by sharing their
joy, having expressed all at once by this figure. He then beautifully
adds, "and one Spirit," showing[3] that from the one body there will be
one Spirit: or, that it is possible that there may be indeed one body,
and yet not one Spirit; as, for instance, if any member of it should be
a friend of heretics: or else he is, by this expression, shaming them
into unanimity, saying, as it were, "Ye who have received one Spirit,
and have been made to drink at one fountain, ought not to be divided in
mind"; or else by spirit here he means their zeal. Then he adds, "Even
as ye were called in one hope of your calling," that is, God hath
called you all on the same terms. He hath bestowed nothing upon one
more than upon another. To all He hath freely given immortality, to all
eternal life, to all immortal glory, to all brotherhood, to all
inheritance. He is the common Head of all; "He hath raised all" up,
"and made them sit with Him."[2] (Eph. ii. 6.) Ye then who in the
spiritual world have so great equality of privileges, whence is it that
ye are high-minded? Is it that one is wealthy and another strong? How
ridiculous must this be? For tell me, if the emperor some day were to
take ten persons, and to array them all in purple, and seat them on the
royal throne, and to bestow upon all the same honor, would any one of
these, think ye, venture to reproach another, as being more wealthy or
more illustrious than he? Surely never. And I have not yet said all;
for the difference is not so great in heaven as here
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below we differ. There is "one Lord, one faith, one baptism."[1] Behold
"the hope of your calling. One God and Father of all, who is over all,
and through all, and in all." For can it be, that thou art called by
the name of a greater God another, of a lesser God? That thou art saved
by faith, and another by works? That thou hast received remission in
baptism, whilst another has not? "There is one God and Father of all,
who is over all, and through all, and in all." "Who is over all," that
is, the Lord and above all; and "through all," that is, providing for,
ordering all; and "in you all," that is, who dwelleth in you all. Now
this they own to be an attribute of the Son; so that were it an
argument of inferiority, it never would have been said of the Father.
"But[2] unto each one of us was the grace given."
What then? he saith, whence are those diverse
spiritual gifts? For this subject was continually carrying away both
the Ephesians themselves and the Corinthians, and many others, some
into vain arrogance, and others into despondency or envy. Hence he
everywhere takes along with him this illustration of the body. Hence it
is that now also he has proposed it, inasmuch as he was about to make
mention of diverse gifts. He enters indeed into the subject more fully
in the Epistle to the Corinthians, because it was among them that this
malady most especially reigned: here however he has only alluded to it.
And mark what he says: he does not say, "according to the faith of
each," lest he should throw those who have no large attainments into
despondency. But what saith he? "According to the measure of the gift
of Christ." The chief and principal points of all, he saith,--Baptism,
the being saved by faith, the having God for our Father, our all
partaking of the same Spirit,--these are common to all. If then this or
that man possesses any superiority in any spiritual gift, grieve not at
it; since his labor also is greater. He that had received the five
talents, had five required of him; whilst he that had received the two,
brought only two, and yet received no less a reward than the other. And
therefore the Apostle here also encourages the hearer on the same
ground, showing that gifts are bestowed not for the honor of one above
another, but for the work of the church, even as he says further on:
"For the perfecting of the saints unto the work of
ministering unto the building up of the body of Christ."
Hence it is that even he himself saith, "Woe is unto
me, if I preach not the Gospel." (1 Cor. ix. 16.) For example: he
received the grace of Apostleship, but for this very reason, "woe unto
him," because he received it: whereas thou art free from the danger.
"According to the measure."
What is meant by, "according to the measure"? It
means, "not according to our merit," for then would no one have
received what he has received: but of the free gift we have all
received. And why then one more, and another less? There is nothing to
cause this, he would say, but the matter itself is indifferent; for
every one contributes towards "the building." And by this too he shows,
that it is not of his own intrinsic merit that one has received more
and another less, but that it is for the sake of others, as God Himself
hath measured it; since he saith also elsewhere, "But now hath God set
the members each one of them in the body, even as it pleased Him." (1
Cor. xii. 18.) And he mentions not the reason, lest he should deject or
dispirit the hearers.
Ver. 8. "Wherefore he saith, When He ascended on
high, He led captivity captive, and gave gifts unto men."
As though he had said, Why art thou high-minded? The
whole is of God. The Prophet saith in the Psalm, "Thou hast received
gifts among men" (Ps. lxviii. 18), whereas the Apostle saith, "He gave
gifts unto men." The one is the same as the other.[3]
Ver. 9, 10. "Now this, He ascended, what is it, but
that He also descended into the lower parts of the earth? He that
descended, is the same also that ascended far above all the Heavens,
that He might fill all things."
When thou hearest these words, think not of a mere
removal from one place to another; for what Paul establishes in the
Epistle to the Philippians (Phil. ii. 5-8), that very argument[4] is he
also insisting upon here. In the same way as there, when exhorting them
concerning lowliness, he brings forward Christ as an example,
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so does he here also, saying, "He descended into the lower parts of the
earth." For were not this so, this expression which he uses, "He became
obedient even unto death" (Phil. ii. 8, 9), were superfluous; whereas
from His ascending, he implies His descent, and by "the lower parts of
the earth," he means "death," according to the notions of men; as Jacob
also said, "Then shall ye bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to the
grave." (Gen. xxxii. 48.) And again as it is in the Psalm, "Lest I
become like them that go down into the pit" (Ps. cxliii. 7), that is
like the dead. Why does he descant upon this region here? And of what
captivity does he speak? Of that of the devil; for He took the tyrant
captive, the devil, I mean, and death, and the curse, and sin. Behold
His spoils and His trophies.
"Now this, He ascended, what is it but that He also
descended?"
This strikes at Paul of Samosata and his school.[1]
"He that descended, is the same also that ascended
far above all the Heavens, that He might fill all things."
He descended, saith he, into the lower parts of the
earth, beyond which there are none other: and He ascended up far above
all things, to that place, beyond which there is none other. This is to
show His divine energy, and supreme dominion. For indeed even of old
had all things been filled.
Ver. 11, 12. "And He gave some to be apostles; and
some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers;
for the perfecting of the saints, unto the work of ministering, unto
the building up of the body of Christ."
What he said elsewhere, "Wherefore also God hath
highly exalted Him" (Phil. ii. 9), that saith he also here. "He that
descended, is the same also that ascended." It did Him no injury that
He came down into the lower parts of the earth, nor was it any
hindrance to His becoming far higher than the Heavens. So that the more
a man is humbled, so much the more. is he exalted. For as in the case
of water, the more a man presses it downwards, the more he forces it
up; and the further a man retires to hurl a javelin, the surer his aim;
so is it also with humility. However, when we speak of ascents with
reference to God, we must needs conceive a descent first; but when with
reference to man, not at all so. Then he goes on to show further His
providential care, and His wisdom, for He who hath wrought such things
as these, who had such might, and who refused not to go down even to
those lower parts for our sakes, never would He have made these
distributions of spiritual gifts without a purpose. Now elsewhere he
tells us that this was the work of the Spirit, in the words, "In the
which the Holy Ghost hath made you bishops to feed the Church of
God."[2] And here he saith that it is the Son; and elsewhere that it is
God. "And He gave to the Church some apostles, and some prophets." But
in the Epistle to the Corinthians, he saith, "I planted, Apollos
watered; but God gave the increase." And again, "Now he that planteth
and he that watereth are one: but each shall receive his own reward
according to his own labor." (1 Cor. iii. 6-8.) So is it also here; for
what if thou bring in but little? Thou hast received so much. First, he
says, "apostles";[3] for these had all gifts; secondarily,
"prophets;" for there were some who were not indeed apostles, but
prophets, as Agabus; thirdly, "evangelists," who did not go about
everywhere, but only preached the Gospel, as Priscilla and Aquila;
"pastors and teachers," those who were entrusted with the charge of a
whole nation. What then? are the pastors and the teachers inferior?
Yes, surely; those who were settled and employed about one spot, as
Timothy and Titus, were inferior to those who went about the world and
preached the Gospel. However, it is not possible from this passage to
frame the subordination and precedence, but from another Epistle. "He
gave," saith he; thou must not say a word to gainsay it. Or perhaps by
"evangelists" he means those who wrote the Gospel.
"For the perfecting of the saints unto the work of
ministering, unto the building up of the body of Christ."[4]
Perceive ye the dignity of the office? Each one
edifies, each one perfects, each one ministers.
Ver. 13. "Till we all attain," he proceeds, "unto
the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the Son of God, unto a
full-grown man, unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of
Christ."
By "stature" here he means perfect "knowledge"; for
as a man will stand firmly, whereas
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children are carried about and waver in mind so is it also with
believers.
"To the unity," saith he, "of the faith."
That is, until we shall be shown to have all one faith:
for this is unity of faith, when we all are one, when we shall all
alike acknowledge the common bond. Till then thou must labor to this
end. If for this thou hast received a gift, that thou mightest edify
others, look well that thou overturn not thyself, by envying another.
God hath honored thee, and ordained thee, that thou shouldest build up
another. Yea, for about this was the Apostle also engaged; and for this
was the prophet prophesying and persuading, and the Evangelist
preaching the Gospel, and for this was the pastor and teacher; all had
undertaken one common work. For tell me not of the difference of the
spiritual gifts; but that all had one work. Now when we shall all
believe alike then shall there be unity; for that this is what he calls
"a perfect man," is plain. And yet he elsewhere calls us "babes" (1
Cor. xiii. 11), even when we are of mature age; but he is there looking
to another comparison, for there it is in comparison with our future
knowledge that he there calls us babes. For having said, "We know in
part" (1 Cor. xiii. 9, 12), he adds also the word "darkly," and the
like: whereas here he speaks with reference to another thing, with
reference to changeableness, as he saith also elsewhere, "But solid
food is for full-grown men." (Heb. v. 14.) Do you see then also in what
sense he there calls them full-grown? Observe also in what sense he
calls men "perfect here, by the words next added, where he says,
"that we may be no longer children." That we keep, he means to say,
that little measure, which we may have received, with all diligence,
with firmness and steadfastness.
Ver. 14. "That we may be no longer."--The word, "no
longer," shows that they had of old been in this case, and he reckons
himself moreover as a subject for correction, and corrects himself. For
this cause, he would say, are there so many workmen, that the building
may not be shaken, may not be "carried about," that the stones may be
firmly fixed.[1] For this is the character of children, to be tossed to
and fro, to be carried about and shaken. "That we may be no longer,"
saith he, "children, tossed to and fro, and carried about with every
wind of doctrine, by the sleight of men, in craftiness, after the wiles
of error." "And carried about," saith he, "with every wind." He comes
to this figure of speech, to point out in how great peril doubting
souls are. "With every wind," saith he, "by the sleight of men, in
craftiness, after the wiles of error." The word "sleight"[2] means the
art of gamesters. Such are the "crafty," whenever they lay hold on the
simpler sort. For they also change and shift about everything. He here
glances also at human life.
Ver. 15, 16. "But speaking truth,"[3] saith he, "in
love, may grow up in all things into Him, which is the Head, even
Christ, from whom," (that is, from Christ,) "all the body filly framed
and knit together, through that which every joint supplieth, according
to the working in due measure of each several part, maketh increase of
the body unto the building up of itself in love."
He expresses himself with great obscurity, from his
desire to utter everything at once. What he means, however, is this. In
the same way as the spirit, or vital principle, which descends from the
brain, communicates the sensitive faculty which is conveyed through the
nerves, not simply to all the members, but according to the proportion
of each member, to that which is capable of receiving more, more, to
that which is capable of less, less, (for the spirit is the root or
source;) so also is Christ. For the souls of men being dependent upon
Him as members, His provident care, and supply of the spiritual gifts
according to a due proportion in the measure of every single member,
effects their increase. But what is the meaning of this, "by the touch
of the supply"?[4] that is to say, by the sensitive faculty.[5] For
that spirit which is supplied to the members from the head,
"touches,"[6] each single member, and thus actuates it. As though one
should say, "the body receiving the supply according to the proportion
of its several members, thus maketh the increase"; or, in other words,
"the members receiving the supply according to the proportion of their
proper measure, thus make increase"; or otherwise again thus, "the
spirit flowing plenteously from above, and touching[7] all the members,
and supplying them as each is capable of "receiving it, thus maketh
increase." But wherefore doth he add, "in love"? Because in no other
way is it possible for that Spirit to descend. For as, in case a band
should happen to be torn from the body, the spirit which pro-
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ceeds from the brain seeks the limb, and if it finds it not, does not
leap forth from the body, and fly about and go to the hand, but if it
finds it not in its place, does not touch it; so also will it be here,
if we be not bound together in love. All these expressions he uses as
tending to humility. For what, he seems to say, if this or that man
receives more than another? He has received the same Spirit, sent forth
from the same Head, effectually working in all alike, communicating
itself to all alike.
"Fitly framed and knit together."
That is, having great care bestowed upon it; for the
body must not be put together anyhow, but with exceeding art and
nicety, since if it gets out of place, it is no longer. So that each
must not only be united to the body, but also occupy his proper place,
since if thou shalt go beyond this, thou art not united to it, neither
dost thou receive the Spirit. Dost thou not see, that in those
dislocations of the bones which take place in any accident, when a bone
gets out of its proper place and occupies that of another, how it
injures the whole body, and oftentimes will produce, death? So that
sometimes it will be found to be no longer worth preserving. For many
in many cases will cut it off, and leave a void in its place; because
everywhere what is in excess is an evil. And so again with the
elements, if they lose their proper proportion and be in excess, they
impair the whole system. This is the meaning of the being "fitly framed
and knit together." Consider then of how vast importance it is, that
each should remain in his own proper place, and not encroach on another
which in nowise appertains to him. Thou puttest the members together,
He supplieth them from above. For as there are in the body such
recipient organs, as we have seen, so is it also with the Spirit, the
whole root or source being from above. For example, the heart is the
recipient of the breath, the liver of the blood, the spleen of the
bile, and the other organs, some of one thing, others of another, but
all these have their source from the brain. So also hath God done,
highly honoring man, and being unwilling to be far from him, He hath
made Himself indeed the source of his dependence, and hath constituted
them fellow-workers with Himself; and some He hath appointed to one
office, and others to another. For example, the Apostle is the most
vital vessel of the whole body, receiving everything from Him; so that
He maketh eternal life to run through them to all, as through veins and
arteries, I mean through their discourse. The Prophet foretells things
to come, whilst He alone ordereth the same; Thou puttest the members
together,[1] but He supplies them with life, "For the perfecting of the
saints, for the work of the ministry." Love builds up, and makes men
cleave one to another, and be fastened and fitted together.
Moral. If therefore we desire to have the benefit of
that Spirit which is from the Head, let us cleave one to another. For
there are two kinds of separation from the body of the Church; the one,
when we wax cold in love, the other, when we dare commit things
unworthy of our belonging to that body; for in either way we cut
ourselves off from the "fullness of Christ." But if we are appointed to
build up others also, what shall not be done to them who are first to
make division? Nothing will so avail to divide the Church as love of
power. Nothing so provokes God's anger as the division of the Church.
Yea, though we have achieved ten thousand glorious acts, yet shall we,
if we cut to pieces the fullness of the Church, suffer punishment no
less sore than they who m. angled His body. For that indeed was brought
to pass for the benefit of the world, even though it was done with no
such intention; whereas this produces no advantage in any case, but the
injury is excessive. These remarks I am addressing not to the governors
only, but also to the governed. Now a certain holy man said what might
seem to be a bold thing; yet, nevertheless, he spoke it out. What then
is this? He said, that not even the blood of martyrdom can wash out
this sin? For tell me for what dost thou suffer as a martyr? Is it not
for the glory of Christ? Thou then that yieldest up thy life for
Christ's sake, how dost thou lay waste the Church, for whose sake
Christ yielded up His life? Hear what Paul saith, "I am not meet to be
called an Apostle (1 Cor. xv. 9), because I persecuted the Church of
God and made havoc of it." (Gal. i. 13.) This injury is not less than
that received at the hands of enemies, nay, it is far greater. For that
indeed renders her even more glorious, whereas this, when she is warred
upon by her own children, disgraces her even before her enemies.
Because it seems to them a great mark of hypocrisy, that those who have
been born in her, and nurtured in her bosom, and have learned perfectly
her secrets, that these should of a sudden change, and do her enemies'
work.
I mean these remarks for those who give
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themselves up indiscriminately to the men who are dividing the Church.
For if on the one hand those men have doctrines also contrary to ours,
then on that account further it is not right to mix with them: if, on
the other hand, they hold the same opinions, the reason for not mixing
with them is greater still. And why so? Because then the disease is
from lust of authority. Know ye not what was the fate of Korah, Dathan,
and Abiram? (Num. xvi. 1-35.) Of them only did I say? Was it not also
of them that were with them? What wilt thou say? Shall it be said,
"Their faith is the same, they are orthodox as well as we"? If so, why
then are they not with us? There is "one Lord, one faith, one baptism."
If their cause is right, then is ours wrong; if ours is right, then is
theirs wrong. "Children," saith he, "tossed to and fro, and carried
about with every wind." Tell me, dost thou think this is enough, to say
that they are orthodox? Is then the ordination[1] of clergy[2] past and
done away? And what is the advantage of other things,[3] if this be not
strictly observed? For as we must needs contend for the faith; so must
we for this also. For if it is lawful for any one, according to the
phrase of them of old, "to fill his hands,"[4] and to become. a priest,
let all approach to minister. In vain has this altar been raised, in
vain the fullness of the Church, in vain the number of the priests. Let
us take them away and destroy them. "God forbid!" ye will say. You are
doing these things, and do ye say, "God forbid"? How say ye, "God
forbid," when the very things are taking place? I speak and testify,
not looking to my own interest, but to your salvation. But if any one
be indifferent, he must see to it himself: if these things are a care
to no one else, yet are they a care to me. "I planted," saith he,
"Apollos watered, but God gave the increase." (1 Cor. iii. 6.) How
shall we bear the ridicule of the Greeks? For if they reproach us on
account of our heresies, what will they not say of these things? "If
they have the same doctrines, if the same mysteries, wherefore does a
ruler in one Church invade another? See ye," say they, "how all things
amongst the Christians are full of vainglory? And there is an ambition
among them, and hypocrisy. Strip them," say they, "of their numbers,
and they are nothing. Cut out the disease, the corrupt multi-rode."
Would ye have me tell what they say of our city, how they accuse us on
the score of our easy compliances? Any one, say they, that chooses may
find followers, and would never be at a loss for them. Oh, what a sneer
is that, what a disgrace are these things! And yet the sneer is one
thing, the disgrace is another. If any amongst us are convicted of
deeds the most disgraceful, and are about to meet with some penalty,
great is the alarm, great is the fear on all sides, lest he should
start away, people say, and join the other side. Yea, let such an one
start away ten thousand times, and let him join them. And I speak not
only of those who have sinned, but if there be any one free from
offense, and he has a mind to depart, let him depart. I am grieved
indeed at it, and bewail and lament it, and am cut to the very heart,
as though I were being deprived of one of my own limbs; and yet I am
not so grieved, as to be compelled to do anything wrong through such
fear as this. We have "not lordship over your faith" (2 Cor. i. 24),
beloved, nor command we these things as your lords and masters. We are
appointed for the teaching of the word, not for power, nor for absolute
authority. We hold the place of counselors to advise you. The counselor
speaks his own sentiments, not forcing the hearer, but leaving him full
master of his choice upon what is said; in this case alone is he
blameable, if he fail to utter the things which present themselves. For
this cause do we also say these things, these things do we assert, that
it may not be in your power in that day to say, "No one told us, no one
gave us commandment, we were ignorant, we thought it was no sin at
all." Therefore I assert and protest, that to make a schism in the
Church is no less an evil than to fall into heresy. Tell me, suppose a
subject of some king, though he did not join himself to another king,
nor give himself to any other, yet should take and keep hold of his
king's royal purple, and should tear it all from its clasp, and rend it
into many shreds; would he suffer less punishment than those who join.
themselves to the service of another? And what, if withal he were to
seize the king himself by the throat and slay him, and tear his body
limb from limb, what punishment could he undergo, that should be equal
to his deserts? Now if in doing this toward a king, his fellow-servant,
he would be committing an act too great for any punishment to reach; of
what hell shall not he be worthy who slays Christ, and plucks Him limb
from limb? of that one which is threatened? No, I think not, but of
another far more dreadful.
Speak, ye women, that are present,--for this
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generally is a failing of women,[1]--relate to them that are absent
this similitude which I have made; startle them. If any think to grieve
me and thus to have their revenge, let them be well aware that they do
these things in vain. For if thou wishest to revenge thyself on me, I
will give thee a method by which thou mayest take vengeance without
injury to thyself; or rather without injury it is not possible to
revenge thyself, but at all events with less injury. Buffet me, woman,
spit upon me, when thou meetest me in the public way, and aim blows at
me. Dost thou shudder at hearing this? When I bid thee buffet me, dost
thou shudder, and dost thou tear thy Lord and Master and not shudder?
Dost thou pluck asunder the limbs of thy Lord and Master, and not
tremble? The Church is our Father's house. "There is one body, and one
Spirit." But dost thou wish to revenge thyself on me? Yet stop at me.
Why dost thou revenge thyself on Christ in my stead? nay, rather, why
kick against the nails? In no case indeed is revenge good and right,
but to assault one when another has done the wrong is far worse. Is it
I that wronged you? Why then inflict pain on Him who hath not wronged
you? This is the very extreme of madness. I speak not in irony what I
am about to say, nor without purpose, but as I really think and as I
feel. I would that every one of those who with you are exasperated
against me, and who by this exasperation are injuring themselves, and
departing elsewhere, would direct his blows at me in my very face,
would strip me and scourge me, be his charge against me just or unjust,
and let loose his wrath upon me, rather than that they should dare to
commit what they now dare. If this were done, it were nothing; nothing,
that a man who is a mere nothing and of no account whatever, should be
so treated. And besides, I, the wronged and injured person, might call
upon God, and He might forgive you your sins. Not because I have so
great confidence; but because when he who has been wronged, entreats
for him who has done the wrong, he gains great confidence. "If one man
sin against another," it is said, "then shall they pray for him "a (1
Sam. ii. 25); and if I were unable, I might seek for other holy men,
and entreat them, and they might do it. But now whom shall we even
entreat, when God is outraged by us?
Mark the consistency; for of those who belong to
this Church, some never approach to communicate at all, or but once in
the year, and then without purpose, and just as it may happen; others
more regularly indeed, yet they too carelessly and without purpose, and
while engaged in conversation, and trifling about nothing: whilst those
who, forsooth, seem to be in earnest, these are the very persons who
work this mischief. Yet surely, if it is for these things ye are in
earnest, it were better that ye also were in the ranks of the
indifferent; or rather it were better still, that neither they should
be indifferent, nor you such as ye are. I speak not of you that are
present, but of those who are deserting from us. The act is adultery.
And if ye bear not to hear these things of them, neither should ye of
us. There must be breach of the law either on the one side or the
other. If then thou hast these suspicions concerning me, I am ready to
retire from my office, and resign it to whomsoever ye may choose. Only
let the Church be one. But if I have been lawfully made and
consecrated, entreat those who have contrary to the law mounted the
episcopal throne to resign it.
These things I have said, not as dictating to you,
but only to secure and protect you. Since every one of you is come to
age, and will have to give account of the things which he has done, I
entreat you not to cast the whole matter on us, and consider yourselves
to be irresponsible, that ye may not go on fruitlessly deceiving
yourselves, and at last bewail it. An account indeed we shall have to
give of your souls; but it will be when we have been wanting on our
part, when we fail to exhort, when we fail to admonish, when we fail to
protest. But after these words, allow even me to say that "I am pure
from the blood of all men" (Acts xx. 26); and that "God will deliver my
soul." (Ezek. iii. 19, 21.) Say what ye will, give a just cause why ye
depart, and I will answer you. But no, ye will not state it. Wherefore
I entreat you, endeavor hence-forward both to resist nobly and to bring
back those who have seceded, that we may with one accord lift up
thanksgiving to God; for to Him belongs the glory for ever and ever.
Amen.
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HOMILY XII.
EPHESAINS iv. 17.
"This I say therefore and testify in the Lord, that ye no longer walk
as the Gentiles also walk, in the vanity of their mind, bring darkened
in their understanding."
IT is the duty of the teacher to build up and
restore the souls of his disciples, not only by counselling and
instructing them, but also by alarming them, and delivering them up to
God. For when the words spoken by men as coming from fellow-servants
are not sufficient to kindle the soul, it then becomes necessary to
make over the case to God. This accordingly Paul does also; for having
discoursed(1) concerning lowliness, and concerning unity, and
concerning our duty not to rise up one against another, hear what he
says. "This I say therefore, and testify in the Lord, that ye no longer
walk as the Gentiles also walk." He does not say, "That ye henceforth
walk not as ye are now walking," for that expression would have struck
too hard. But he plainly indicates the same thing, only he brings his
example from others. And so in writing to the Thessalonians, he does
this very same thing, where he says, "Not in the passion of lust even
as the Gentiles which know not God." (1 Thess. iv. 5.) Ye differ from
them, he means to say, in doctrine, but that is wholly God's work: what
I require on your path is the life and the course of behavior that is
after God. This is your own. And I call the Lord to witness what I have
said, that I have not shrunk, but have told you how ye ought to walk.
"In the vanity," saith he, "of their mind." What is vanity of mind? It
it the being bused about vain things. And what are those vain things,
but all things in the present life? Of which the Preacher saith,
"Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." (Eccles. i. 2.) But a man will say
If they be vain and vanity, wherefore were they made? If they are God's
works, how are they vain? And great is the dispute concerning these
things. But hearken, beloved: it is not the works of God which he calls
vain; God forbid! The Heaven! is not vain the earth is not vain,--God
forbid!--nor the sun, nor the moon and stars, nor our own body. No, all
these are "very good." (Gen. i. 31.) But what is vain? Let us hear the
Preacher himself, what he saith; "I planted me vineyards, I gat me men
singers and women singers, I made me pools of water, I had great
possession of herds and flocks, I gathered me ago silver and gold, and
I saw that these are vanity." (Eccles. ii. 4-8.) And again, "Vanity of
vanities, all things are vanity." (Eccles. xii. 8.) Hear also what the
Prophet saith, "He healpeth up riches, and knoweth not who shall gather
them." (Ps. xxxix. 6.) Such is "vanity of vanities" your splendid
buildings, your vast and overflowing richest, the herds of slaves that
bustle along the public square, your pomp and vainglory, your high
thoughts, and your ostentation.(2) For all these are vain; they came
not from the hand of God, but are of our own creating. But why then are
they vain? Because they have no useful end. Riches are vain when they
are spent upon in luxury; but they cease to be vain when they are
"dispersed and given to the needy." (Ps. cxii. 9.) But when thou hast
spent them upon luxury, let us look at the end of them, what it
is;--grossness of body, flatulence, pantings, fullness of belly,
heaviness of head, softness of flesh, feverishness, enervation; for as
a man who shall draw into a leaking vessel labors in vain, so also does
the one who lives in luxury and self-indulgence draw into a leaking
vessel. But again that is called "vain," which is expected indeed to
contain something, but contains it not;--that which men call empty, as
when they speak of "empty hopes." And generally that is called "vain,"
which is bare and purposeless, which is of no use. Let us see then
whether all human things are not of this sort. "Let us eat and drink,
for tomorrow we die?" (1 Cor. xv. 32.) What then, tell me, is the end?
Corruption. Let us put on clothing and raiment. And what is the result?
Nothing. Such are the lives of the Greeks. They philosophized, but in
vain. They made a show of a life of hardship, but of mere hardship, not
looking to any beneficial end, but to vainglory, and to honor from the
many. But what is the honor of the many? It is nothing, for if they
themselves which render the honor perish, much more does the honor. He
that renders honor to another, ought first to render it to himself; for
if he gain not honor for him-
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self, how can he ever render it to another? Whereas now we seek even
honors from vile and despicable characters, themselves dishonorable,
and objects of reproach. What kind of honor then is this? Perceive ye,
how that all things are "vanity of vanities"? Therefore, saith he, "in
the vanity of their mind."
But further, is not their religion of this sort, wood and
stone? He hath made the sun to shine for a lamp to light us. Who will
worship his own lamp? The sun supplies us with light, but where he
cannot, a lamp can do it. Then why not worship thy lamp? "Nay," one
will say, "I worship the fire." Oh, how rediculous! So great is the
absurdity, and yet look again at another absurdity. By extinguish the
object of thy worship? Why destroy, why annihilate thy god? Wherefore,
dost thou not suffer thy house to be filled with him? For if the fire
be god, let him feed upon thy body. Put not thy god under the bottom of
thy kettle, or thy cauldron.(1) Bring him into thy inner chambers bring
him within thy silken draperies. Whereas not only dost thou not bring
him in, but if by any accident he has found entrance, thou drivest him
out from every place, thou callest everybody together, and, as though
some wild beast had entered, thou weepest and wailest, and callest the
presence of thy god an overwhelming calamity. I have a God, and I do
all I can to enshrine Him in my bosom, and I deem it my true bliss, not
when He visits my dwelling, but when I can draw Him even to my heart.
Do thou too draw the fire to thee heart. This is folly and vanity. Fire
is good for use, not for adoration; good for ministration and for
service, to be my slave, not to be my master. It was made for me, not I
for it. If thou art a worshiper of fire, why recline upon thy couch
thyself, and order thy cook to stand before thy god? Take up the art of
cookery thyself, become a baker if thou wilt, or a coppersmith, for
nothing can be more honorable than these arts, since these are they
that thy god visits. Why deem that art a disgrace, where thy god is all
in all? Why commit it to thy slaves, and not be ambitious of it
thyself? Fire is good, inasmuch as it is the work of a good Creator,
but it is not God. It is the work of God, it was not called God. Seest
thou not how ungovernable is its nature;--how when it lays hold on a
building it stops nowhere? But if it seizes anything continuous, it
destroys all; and, except the hands of workmen or others quench its
fury, it knows not friends nor foes, but deals with all alike. Is this
then your god, and are ye not ashamed? Well indeed does he say, "in the
vanity of their mind."
But the sun, they say, is God. Tell me, how and
wherefore. Is it that he sheds abundance of light? Yet dost thou not
see him overcome by clouds, and in bondage to the necessity of nature,
and eclipsed, and hidden by the moon? And yet the cloud is weaker than
the sun; but still it often gains the mastery of him. And this indeed
is the work of God's wisdom. God must needs be all sufficient: but the
sun needs many things; and this is not like a god. For he requires air
to shine in, and that, too, thin air; since the air, when it is greatly
condensed, suffers not the rays to pass through it. He requires also
water, and other restraining power, to prevent him from consuming. For
were it not that fountains, and lakes, and rivers, and seas, formed
some moisture by the emission of their vapor, there would be nothing to
prevent an universal conflagration. Dost thou see then, say ye, that he
is a god? What folly, what madness! A god, say ye, because he has power
to do harm. Nay, rather, for this very reason is he no god, because
where he does harm he needs nothing; whereas where he does good, he
requires many things besides. Now to do harm, is foreign to God's
nature; to do good, is His property. Where then the reverse is the
case, how can he be God? Seest thou not that poisonous drugs injure,
and need nothing; but when they are to do good, need many things? For
thy sake then b he such as he is, both good, and powerless; good, that
thou mayest acknowledge his Lord; and powerless, that thou mayest not
say that he is lord. "But," say they, "he nourishes the plants and the
seeds." What then, at that rate is not the very dung a god? for even
that also nourishes. And why not at that rate the scythe as well, and
the hands of the husbandman? Prove to me that the sun alone does the
work of nourishing without needing the help of either earth, or water,
or tillage; but let the seeds be sown, and let him shed forth his rays,
and produce the ears of corn. But now if this work be not his alone,
but that of the rains also, wherefore is not the water a god also? But
of this I speak not yet. Why is not the earth too a god, and why not
the dung, and the hoe? Shall we then, tell me, worship all? Alas, what
triffling! And indeed rather might the ear of corn be produced without
sun, than without earth and water; and so with plants and all other
things. Were there no each, none of these things could ever appear. And
if any one, as children and women do, were to put some earth into a
pot, and to fill up the pot with a quantity of dung, and to place it
under the roof, plants, though they may be weak ones, will be produced
from it. So that the contribution of the each and of the dung is
greater, and these therefore we ought to worship rather than the
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sun. He requires the sky, he requires the air, he requires these
waters, to prevent his doing harm,to be as bridles to curb the
fierceness of his power, and to restrain him from letting loose his
rays over the world, like some furious horse. And now tell me, where is
he at night? Whither has your god token his departure? For this is not
like a god, to be circumscribed and limited. This is in fact the
property of bodies only. But, say they, there is some sort of power
residing in him, and he has motion. Is this power then, I pray you,
itself God? Why then is it insufficient in itself, and why does it not
restrain the fire? For again, I come to the same argument. But what is
that power? Is it productive of light, or does it by the sun give
light, though of itself possessing none of these qualities? If so, then
is the sun superior to it. How far shall we unwind this maze?
Again, what is water? is not that too, they say, a
god? This again is a matter of truly absurd disputation. Is that not a
god, they say, which we make use of for so many purposes? And so again,
in like manner, of the earth. Truly "they walk in the vanity of their
mind, being darkened in their understanding."
But these words he is now using concerning life and
conduct. The Greeks are fornicators and adulterers. Of course. They who
paint to themselves such gods as these,(1) will naturally do all these
things; and if they can but escape the eyes of men, there is no one to
restrain them. For what will avail the argument of a resurrection, if
it appear to them a mere fable? Yea, and what that of the torments of
hell?--they too are but a fable. And mark the Satanic notion. When they
are told of gods who are fornicators, they deny that these are fables,
but believe them. Yet whenever any shall discourse to them of
punishment, "these," they say, "are poets, men who turn everything into
fable, that man's happy condition may be on all sides overturned."
But the philosophers, it is said, discovered
something truly grand, and far better than these. How? They who
introduced fate, and who tell us that nothing is providential, and that
there is no one to care for anything, but that all things consist of
atoms?(2) Or, others again who say that God is a body? Or who, tell me,
are they? Are they those who would turn the souls of men into the souls
of dogs, and would pervade mankind that one was once a dog, and a lion,
and a fish? How long will ye go on and never cease trifling, "being
darkened in the understanding"? for they say and do all things as
though they were indeed in the dark, both in those things which concern
doctrine, and those which concern fife and conduct; for the man who is
in darkness sees none of the things which lie before him, but
oftentimes when he sees a rope, he will take it for a live serpent;(3)
or again, if he is caught by a hedge, he will think that a man or an
evil spirit has hold of him, and great is the alarm, and great the
perturbation. Such aS these are the things they fear. "There were they
in great fear," it saith, "where no fear was" (Ps. liii. 5); but the
things which they ought to fear, these they fear not. But just as
children in their nurse(1) arms thrust their hands incautiously into
the fire, and boldly into the candle also, and yet are scared at a man
clothed in sackcloth; just so these Greeks, as if they were really
always children, (as some one also amongst themselves has said,(4) the
Greeks are always children,) fear those things that are no sins, such
as filthiness of the body, the pollution of a funeral,(5) a bed, or the
keeping of days, and the like: whereas those which are really sins,
unnatural lust, adultery, fornication, of these they make no account at
all. No, you may see a man washing himself from the pollution of a dead
body, but from dead works never; and, by the crowing of a single cock.
"So darkened are they in their understanding." Their soul is filled
with all sorts of terrors. For instance: "Such a person," one will say,
"was the first who met me, as I was going out of the house"; of course
ten thousand evils must certainly ensue. At another time, "the wretch
of a servant in giving me my shoes,(6) held out the left shoe
first,"--terrible mishaps and mischiefs! "I myself in coming out set
forth with the left foot foremost "; and this too is a token of
misfortune. And these are the evils that occur about the house. Then,
as I go out, my right eye shoots up from beneath. This is a sure sign
of tears. Again the women, when the reeds strike against the standards,
and ring, or when they themselves are scratched by the shuttle, turn
this also into a sign. And again, when they strike the web with the
shuttle, and do it with some vehemence, and then the reeds on the top
from the intensity of the blow strike against the standards and ring
this again they make a sign, and ten thousand things besides, deserving
of ridicule. And so if an ass should bray, or a
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cock should crow, or a man should sneeze, or whatever else may happen,
like men bound with ten thousand chains, or, as I was saying, like men
confined in the dark, they suspect everything, and are more slavish
than all the slaves in the world.(1)
But let it not be so with us. But scorning all these
things, as men living in the light, and having our citizenship in
Heaven, and having nothing in common with earth, let us regard but one
thing as terrible, that is, sin, and offending against God. And if
there be not this, let us scorn all the rest, and him that brought them
in, the Devil. For these things let us give thanks to God. Let us be
diligent, not only that we ourselves be never caught by this slavery,
but if any of those who are dear to us have been caught, let us break
his bonds asunder, let us release him from this most bitter and
contemptible captivity, let us make him free and unshackled for his
course toward Heaven, let us raise up his flagging wings, and teach him
to be wise for life and doctrine's sake. Let us give thanks to God for
all things. Let us beseech Him that He will not declare us unworthy of
the gifts offered to us, and let us ourselves withal endeavor to
contribute our own part, that we may teach not only by speaking, but by
acting also. For thus shall we be able to attain His unnumbered
blessings, of which God grant we may all be counted worthy, in Christ
Jesus our Lord with whom, to the Father and the Holy Ghost together, be
glory, might, and honor, now, henceforth, and for ever and ever. Amen.
HOMILY XIII.
EPHESIANS iv. 17-19.
"This I say therefore, and testify in the Lord, that ye no longer walk
as the Gentiles also walk, in the vanity of their mind, being darkened
in their understanding, alienated from the life of God, because
of the ignorance that is in them, because of the hardening of their
heart: who being past feeling, gave themselves up to lasciviousness, to
work all uncleanness with greediness."
THESE words are not addressed to the
Ephesians only, but are now addressed also to you; and that, not from
me, but from Paul; or rather neither from me nor from Paul, but from
the grace of the Spirit. And we then ought so to feel, as though that
grace itself were uttering them. And now hear what it saith. "This I
say therefore, and testify in the Lord, that ye no longer walk as the
Gentiles also walk in the vanity of their mind, being darkened in their
understanding, alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance
that is in them, because of the hardening of their heart." If then it
is ignorance, if it is hardening, why blame it?(2) if a man is
ignorant, it were just, not that he should be ill-treated for it, nor
be blamed, but that he should be informed of those things of which he
is ignorant. But mark how at once he cuts them off from all excuse.
"Who bring past feeling" saith he, "gave themselves up to
lasciviousness, to work all uncleanness with greediness but ye did not
so learn Christ." Here he shows us, that the cause of their hardening
was their way of life, and that their life was the consequence of their
own indolence and want of feeling.
"Who bring past feeling,"(3) saith he, "gave themselves
up."
Whenever then ye hear, that "God gave them up unto a
reprobate mind" (Rom. i. 28), remember this expression, that "they gave
themselves up." If then they gave themselves over, how did God give
them over? and if again God gave them over, how did they give
themselves over? Thou seest the seeming contradiction. The word, "gave
them over," then, means this, He permitted(4) them to be given over.
Seest thou, that the impure life is the ground for like doctrines also?
"Every one," saith the Lord, "that doeth ill hateth the light, and
cometh not to the light." (John iii. 20.) For how could a profligate
man, one more immersed in the practice of indiscriminate lewdness than
the swine(5) that wallow in the mire, and who is a lover of money, and
has not so much as any desire after temperance, enter upon a life like
this? They made the thing, saith he, their "work."(6) Hence their
"hardening" (ver. 19), hence the "darkness of their understand-
113
ing." There is such a thing as bring in the dark, even while the light
is shining, when the eyes are weak; and weak they become, either joy
the influx of ill humors, or by superabundance of rheum. And so surely
is it also here; when the strong current of the affairs of this life
overwhelms the perceptive power of the understanding, it is thrown into
a state of darkness. And in the same way as if we were placed in the
depths under water, we should be unable to see the sun through the
quantity of water lying, like heart takes place, that is, an
insensibility, whenever there is no fear to agitate the soul. "There is
no fear of God," it saith, "before his eyes" (Ps. xxxvi. 1); and again,
"The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God." (Ps. xiv. 1.) Now
blindness arises from no other cause than from want of feeling; this
dogs the channel; for whenever the fluids are curdled and collected
into one place, the limb becomes dead and void of feeling; and though
thou burn it, or cut it, or do what thou wilt with it, still it feels
not. So is it also with those persons, when they have once given
themselves over to lasciviousness: though thou apply the word to them
like fire, or steel, yet noting touches, nothing reaches them; their
limb is utterly dead. And unless thou canst remove the insensibility,
so as to touch the healthy members, everything thou doest is vain.
"With greediness," saith he.
Here he has most completely token away their excuse;
for it was in their power, if at least they chose it, not to be
"greedy,"(1) nor to be "lascivious," nor gluttonous, and yet to enjoy
their desires. It was in their power to partake in moderation(1) of
riches, and even of pleasure and of luxury; but when they indulged the
thing immoderately,(1) they destroyed all.
"To work all uncleanness," saith he.
Ye see how he strips them of all excuse by speaking
of "working uncleanness." They did not sin, he means, by making a false
step, but they worked out these horrid deeds, and they made the thing a
matter of study. "All uncleanness"; uncleanness is all adultery,
fornication, unnatural lust, envy, every kind of profligacy and
lasciviousness.
Ver. 20, 21. "But ye did not so learn Christ," he
continues, "if so be that ye heard Him, and were taught in Him even as
truth is in Jesus."
The expression, "If so be that ye heard Him," is not
that of one doubting, but of one even strongly affirming: as he also
speaks elsewhere, "If so be that it is a righteous thing with God to
recompense affliction to them that afflict you." (2 Thess. i. 6.) That
is to say, It was not for these purposes that "ye learned Christ."
Ver. 22. "That ye put away as concerning your former
manner of life, the old man."
This then surely is to learn Christ, to live
rightly; for he that lives wickedly knows not God, neither is known of
Him; for hear what he saith elsewhere, "They profess that they know
God, but by their works they deny Him." (Tit. i. 16.)
"As truth is in Jesus; that ye put away as
concerning your former manner of life, the old man."
That is to say, It was not on these terms that thou
enteredst into covenant. What is found among us is not vanity, but
truth. As the doctrines are true, so is the life also. Sin is vanity
and falsehood; but a right life is truth. For temperance is indeed
truth, for it has a great end; whereas profligacy ends in nothing.
"Which waxeth corrupt," saith he, "after the lusts
of deceit." As his lusts became corrupt, so himself also. How then do
his lusts become corrupt? By death alI things are dissolved; for hear
the Prophet, how he saith, "In that very day his thoughts perish." (Ps.
cxlvi. 4.) And not by death only, but by many things besides; for
instance, beauty, at the advance of either disease or old age,
withdraws and dies away, and suffers corruption. Bodily vigor again is
destroyed by the same means; nor does luxury itself afford the same
pleasure in old age, as is evident from the case of Barzillai:(2) the
history, no doubt, ye know. Or again, in another sense, lust corrupts
and destroys the old man; for as wool is destroyed by the very same
means by which it is produced, so likewise is the old man. For
love of glory destroys him, and pleasures will often destroy him, and
"lust" will utterly "deceive" him. For this is not really pleasure but
bitterness and deceit, all pretense and outward show. The surface,
indeed, of the things is bright, but the things themselves are only
full of misery and extreme wretchedness, and loath-someness, and utter
poverty. Take off the mask, and lay bare the true face, and thou shalt
see the cheat, for cheat it is, when that which is, appears not, and
that which is not, is displayed. And it is thus that impositions are
effected.
The Apostle delineates for us four men.(3) Of these
I shall give an explanation. In this place he mentions two, speaking
thus, "Putting away
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the old man, be ye renewed in the spirit of your mind, and put on the
new man." And in the Epistle to the Romans, two more, as where he
saith, "But I see a different law in my members warring against the law
of my mind, and bringing me into captivity under the law of sin which
is in my members." (Rom. vii. 23.) And "old man" to the "outer main"
However, three of these four were subject to corruption. Or rather
there are three, the new man the old, and this, man in his substance
and nature.(1)
Ver. 23. "And that ye be renewed," saith he, "in the
spirit of your mind."
In order that no one may suppose that, whereas he
speaks of old and new, he is introducing a different person, observe
his expression, "That ye be renewed." To be renewed is, when the
selfsame thing which has grown old is renewed, Changed from one thing
into the other. So that the subject indeed is the same, but the change
is in that which is accidental. Just as the body indeed is the same,
and the change in that which is accidental, so is it here. How then is
the renewal to take place? "In the spirit of your mind," saith he.
Whosoever therefore has the Spirit, will perform no old deed, for the
Spirit will not endure old deeds. "In the spirit," saith he, "of your
mind," that is, in the spirit which is in your mind.(2)
Ver. 24. "And put on the new man."
Seest thou that the subject is one, but the clothing
is twofold, that which is put off, and that which is put on? "The new
man," he continues, "which after God hath been created in righteousness
and holiness of truth." Now wherefore does he call virtue a man? And
wherefore vice, a man? Because a man cannot be shown without acting; so
that these things, no less than nature, show a man, whether he be good
or evil. Now as to undress one's self and to dress one's self is easy,
so may we see it is with virtue and vice. The young man is strong;
wherefore let us also become strong for the performance of good
actions. The young man has no wrinkle, therefore neither should we
have. The young man wavers not, nor is he easily taken with diseases,
therefore neither should we be.
Observe here how he calls this realizing of virtue,
this bringing of it into being from nothing, a "creation." But what?
was not that other former creation after God? No, in no wise, but after
the devil. He is the sole creator of sin.
How is this? For man is created henceforth, not of
water, nor of each, but "in righteousness and holiness of truth." What
is this? He straightway created him, he means, to be a son: for this
takes place from Baptism. This it is which is the reality," in
righteousness and holiness of truth." There was of old a righteousness,
there was likewise a holiness with the Jews. Yet was that righteousness
not in truth, but in figure. For the being clean in body was a type of
purity, not the truth of purity; was a type of righteousness, not the
truth of righteousness. "In righteousness," saith he, "and holiness,"
which are "of truth."
And this expression is used with reference to
falsehood; for many there are, who to them that are without, seem to be
righteous, yet are false. Now by righteousness is meant universal
virtue. For hearken to Christ, how He saith, "Except your righteousness
shall exceed the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, ye shall
in nowise enter into the kingdom of heaven." (Matt. v. 20.) And again,
he is called righteous, who has no charge against him; for so even in
courts of justice we say that that man is righteous, who has been
unrighteously treated, and has not done unrighteously in return. If
therefore we also before the terrible Tribunal shall be able to appear
righteous one towards another, we may meet with some lovingkindness.
Toward God indeed it is impossible we should appear so, whatever we may
have to show. For everywhere He overcometh in what is righteous, as the
Prophet(3) also saith, "That Thou mightest prevail when Thou comest
into judgment." But if we violate not what is righteous towards each
other, then shall we be righteous. If we shall be able to show that we
have been treated unrighteously, then Shall we be righteous.
How does he say to them who are already clothed,
"put on"? He is now speaking of that clothing which is from life and
good works. Before, the clothing was from Baptism, whereas now it is
from the daily life and from works; no longer "after the lusts of
deceit," but "after God." But what means the word "holy"? It is that
which is pure, that which is due; hence also we use the word of the
last duty in the case of the departed, as much as to say, "I owe them
nothing further, I have nothing else to answer
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for." Thus it is usual for us to say, "I have acquitted myself of all
obligations,"[1] and the like, meaning, "I owe nothing more."
Moral. Our part then is, never to put off the
garment of righteousness, which also the Prophet calls, "the garment of
salvation" (Isa. lxi. 10), that so we may be made like unto God. For He
indeed hath put on righteousness. This garment let us put on. Now the
word, "put on," plainly declares nothing else, than that we should
never at all put it off. For hear the Prophet, where he saith, "He
clothed himself also with cursing as with his garment, and it came into
his inward parts." (Ps. cix. 18.) And again, "Who coverest Thyself with
light as with a garment." (Ps. civ. 2.) And again, it is usual with us
to speak concerning men, such an one has "put on" such an one. So then
it is not for one day, nor for two, nor for three, but he would have us
ever arrayed in virtue, and never stripped of this garment. For a
man is not so disfigured when he is stripped of his clothing, as when
he is stripped of his virtue. In the former case his
fellow-servants behold his nakedness, in the latter his Lord and the
Angels If ever thou happen to see any one going out naked through the
public square, tell me, art thou not distressed? When then thou goest
about stripped of this garment, what shall we say? Seest not those
beggars whom we are wont to call strollers,[2] how they roam about, how
we pity even them? And yet nevertheless they are without excuse. We do
not excuse them when they have lost their clothes by gaming; and how
then, if we lose this garment, shall God pardon us? For whenever the
devil sees a man stripped of his virtue, he straightway disguises and
disfigures his face, and wounds him, and drives him to great straits.
Let us strip ourselves of our riches, that we be not
stripped of righteousness. The garb of wealth mars this garment. It is
a robe of thorns. Thorns are of this nature; and the more closely they
are wrapped around us, the more naked are we made. Lasciviousness
strips us of this garment; for it is a fire, and the fire will
consume this garment. Wealth is a moth; and as the moth eats through
all things alike, and spares not even silken garments, so does this
also. All these therefore let us put off, that we may become righteous,
that we may "put on the new man." Let us keep nothing old, nothing
outward, nothing that is "corrupt." Virtue is not toilsome, she is not
difficult to attain. Dost thou not see them that are in the mountains?
They forsake both houses, and wives, and children, and all
preëminence, and shut themselves away from the world, and clothe
themselves in sackcloth, and strew ashes beneath them; they wear
collars hung about their necks, and have pent themselves up in a narrow
cell.[3] Nor do they stop here, but torture themselves with fastings
and continual hunger. Did I now enjoin you to do the like, would ye not
all start away? Would ye not say, it is intolerable? But no, I say not
that we must needs do anything like this:--I would fain indeed that it
were so, still I lay down no law. What then? Enjoy thy baths, take care
of thy body, and throw thyself freely into the world, and keep a
household, have thy servants to wait on thee, and make free use of thy
meats and drinks! But everywhere drive out excess, for that it is which
causes sin, and the same thing, whatever it be, if it becomes
excessive, becomes a sin; so that excess is nothing else than sin. For
observe, when anger is excited above what is meet, then it rushes out
into insult, then it commits every sort of injury; so does inordinate
passion for beauty, for riches, for glory, or for anything else. And
tell me not, that indeed, those of whom I spoke were strong; for many
far weaker and richer, and more luxurious than thou art, have taken
upon them that austere and rugged life. And why speak I of men? Damsels
not yet twenty years old, who have spent their whole time in inner
chambers, and in a delicate and effeminate mode of life, in inner
chambers full of sweet ointments and perfumes, reclining on soft
couches, themselves soft in their nature, and rendered yet more tender
by their over indulgence, who all the day long have had no other
business than to adorn themselves, to wear jewels, and to enjoy every
luxury, who never waited on themselves, but had numerous handmaids
standing beside them, who wore soft raiment softer than their skin,
fine linen and delicate, who reveled continually in roses and such like
sweet odors,--yea, these very ones, in a moment, seized with Christ's
flame, have put off all that indolence and even their very nature, have
forgotten their delicateness and youth, and like so many noble
wrestlers, have stripped themselves of that soft clothing, and rushed
into the midst of the contest. And perhaps I shall appear to be telling
things incredible, yet nevertheless are they true. These then, these
very tender damsels, as I myself have heard, have brought themselves to
such a degree of severe training, that they will wrap the coars-
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est horsehair about their own naked bodies, and go with those tender
soles unsandaled, and will lie upon a bed of leaves: nay more, that
they watch the greater part of the night, and that they take no heed of
perfumes nor of any other of their old delights, but will even let
their head, once so carefully dressed, go without special care, with
the hair just plainly and simply bound up, so as not to fall into
unseemliness. And their only meal is in the evening, a meal not even of
herbs nor of bread, but of flour and beans and pulse and olives and
figs. They spin without intermission, and labor far harder than their
handmaids at home. What more? they will take upon them to wait upon
women who are sick, carrying their beds, and washing their feet. Nay,
many of them even cook. So great is the power of the flame of Christ;
so far does their zeal surpass their very nature.
However, I demand nothing like this of you, seeing
ye have a mind to be outstripped by women. Yet at least, if there be
any tasks not too laborious, at least perform these: restrain the rude
hand, and the incontinent eye. What is there, tell me, so hard, what so
difficult? Do what is just and right, wrong no man, be ye poor or rich,
shopkeepers or hired servants; for unrighteousness may extend even to
the poor. Or see ye not how many broils these engage in, and turn all
things upside down? Marry freely, and have children. Paul also
gave charge to such, to such he wrote. Is that struggle I spoke of too
great, and the rock too lofty, and its top too nigh unto Heaven, and
art thou unable to attain to such an height? At least then lay hold on
lesser things, and aim at those which are lower. Hast thou not courage
to get rid of thine own riches? At least then forbear to seize on the
things of others, and to do them wrong. Art thou unable to fast? At
least then give not thyself to self-indulgence. Art thou unable to lie
upon a bed of leaves? Still, prepare not for yourselves couches inlaid
with silver; but use a couch and coverings formed not for display, but
for refreshment; not couches of ivory. Make thyself small. Why fill thy
vessel with overwhelming cargoes? If thou be lightly equipped, thou
shalt have nothing to fear, no envy, no robbers, no liers in wait. For
indeed thou art not so rich in money as thou art in cares. Thou
aboundest not so much in possessions, as in anxieties and in perils,
"which bring in many temptations and lusts." (1 Tim. vi. 9.) These
things they endure, who desire to gain great possessions. I say not,
minister unto the sick; yet, at least, bid thy servant do it. Seest
thou then how that this is no toilsome task? No, for how can it be,
when tender damsels surpass us by so great a distance? Let us be
ashamed of ourselves, I entreat you; for in worldly matters, to be
sure, we in no point yield to them, neither in wars, nor in games; but
in the spiritual contest they get the advantage of us, and are the
first to seize the prize, and soar higher, like so many eagles:[1]
whilst we, like jackdaws, are ever living in the steam and smoke; for
truly is it the business of jackdaws, and of greedy dogs, to be setting
one's thoughts upon caterers and cooks. Hearken about the women of old;
they were great characters, great women and admirable; such were Sarah,
Rebekah, Rachel, Deborah, and Hannah; and such there were also in the
days of Christ. Yet did they in no case outstrip the men, but occupied
the second rank. But now it is the very contrary; women outstrip and
eclipse us. How contemptible! What a shame is this! We hold the place
of the head, and are surpassed by the body. We are ordained to rule
over them; not merely that we may rule, but that we may rule in
goodness also; for he that ruleth, ought especially to rule in this
respect, by excelling in virtue; whereas if he is surpassed, he is no
longer ruler[2] Perceive ye how great is the power of Christ's coming?
how He dissolved the curse? For indeed there are more virgins than
before among women, there is more modesty in those virgins, and there
are more widows. No woman would lightly utter so much as an unseemly
word. Wherefore then, tell me, dost thou use filthy speech? For tell me
not that they were virgins in despondency or despair.
The sex is fond of ornament, and it has this
failing. Yet even in this you husbands surpass them, who pride
yourselves even upon them, as your own proper ornament; for I do not
think that the wife is so ostentatious of her own jewels, as the
husband is of those of his wife. He is not so proud of his own golden
girdle, as he is of his wife's wearing jewels of gold. So that even of
this you are the causes, who light the spark and kindle up the flame.
But what is more, it is not so great a sin in a woman as in a man. Thou
art ordained to regulate her; in every way thou claimest to have the
preëminence. Show her then in this also, that thou takest no
interest in this costliness of hers, by thine own apparel. It is more
suitable for a woman to adorn herself, than for a man. If then thou
escape not the temptation, how shall she escape it? They have moreover
their share of vainglory, but this is common to them with men. They are
in a measure passionate, and this again is common to them with men. But
as to those things wherein they excel, these are
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no longer common to them with men; their sanctity, I mean, their
fervency, their devotion, their love towards Christ. Wherefore then,
one may say, did Paul exclude them from the teacher's seat? And here
again is a proof how great a distance they were from the men, and that
the women of those days were great. For, tell me, while Paul was
teaching, or Peter, or those saints of old, had it been right that a
woman should intrude into the office? Whereas we have gone on till we
have come so debased, that it is worthy of question, why women are not
teachers. So truly have we come to the same weakness as they. These
things I have said not from any desire to elate them, but to shame
ourselves, to chastise, and to admonish us, that so we may resume the
authority that belongs to us, not inasmuch as we are greater in size,
but because of our foresight, our protection of them, and our virtue.
For thus shall the body also be in the order which befits it, when it
has the best head to rule. And God grant that all, both wives and
husbands, may live according to His good pleasure, that we may all in
that terrible day be counted worthy to enjoy the lovingkindness of our
Master, and to attain those good things which are promised in Jesus
Christ our Lord, with whom to the Father, together with the Holy Ghost,
be glory, might, and honor, now and forever and ever. Amen.
HOMILY XIV.
Ephesians iv. 25--27.
"Wherefore, putting away falsehood, speak ye truth each one with his
neighbor; for we are members one of another. Be ye angry, and sin not;
let not the sun go down upon your wrath: neither give place to the
devil."
Having spoken of the "old man" generally, he next
draws him also in detail;[1] for this kind of teaching is more easily
learned when we learn by particulars. And what saith he? "Wherefore,
putting away falsehood." What sort of falsehood? Idols does he mean?
Surely not; not indeed but that they are falsehood also. However, he is
not now speaking of them, because these persons had nothing to do with
them; but he is speaking of that which passes between one man and
another, meaning that which is deceitful and false. "Speak ye truth,
each one," saith he, "with his neighbor"; then what is more touching to
the conscience[2] still, "because we are members one of another." Let
no man deceive his neighbor. As the Psalmist says here and there; "With
flattering lip and with a double heart do they speak." (Ps. xii. 2.)
For there is nothing, no, nothing so productive of enmity as deceit and
guile.
Observe how everywhere he shames them by this
similitude of the body. Let not the eye, saith he, lie to the foot, nor
the foot to the eye. For example, if there shall be a deep pit, and
then by having reeds laid across upon the mouth of it upon the earth,
and yet concealed under earth, it shall by its appearance furnish to
the eye an expectation of solid ground, will not the eye use the foot,
and discover whether it yields[3] and is hollow underneath, or whether
it is firm and resists?[4] Will the foot tell a lie, and not report the
truth as it is? And what again? If the eye were to spy a serpent or a
wild beast, will it lie to the foot? Will it not at once inform it, and
the foot thus informed by it refrain from going on? And what again,
when neither the foot nor the eye shall know how to distinguish, but
all shall depend upon the smelling, as, for example, whether a drug be
deadly or not; will the smelling lie to the mouth? And why not? Because
it will be destroying itself also. But it tells the truth as it appears
to itself. And what again? Will the tongue lie to the stomach? Does it
not, when a thing is bitter, reject it, and, if it is sweet, pass it
on? Observe ministration, and interchange of service; observe a
provident care arising from truth, and, as one might say, spontaneously
from the heart. So surely should it be with us also; let us not lie,
since we are "members one of another." This is a sure token of
friendship; whereas the contrary is of enmity. What then, thou wilt
ask, if a man shall use treachery against thee? Hearken to the truth.
If he use treachery, he is not a member; whereas he saith, "lie not
towards the members." "Be ye angry, and sin not."
Observe his wisdom. He both speaks to prevent our
sinning, and, if we do not listen, still
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does not forsake us; for his fatherly compassion does not desert
him. For just as the physician prescribes to the sick what he must do,
and if he does not submit to it, still does not treat him with
contempt, but proceeding to add what advice he can by persuasion, again
goes on with the cure; so also does Paul. For he indeed who: does
otherwise, aims only at reputation, and is annoyed at being
disregarded; whereas he who on all occasions aims at the recovery of
the patient, has this single object in view, how he may restore the
patient, and raise him up again. This then is what Paul is doing. He
has said, "Lie not." Yet if ever lying should produce anger,[1] he goes
on again to cure this also. For what saith he? "Be ye angry, and sin
not." It were good indeed never to be angry. Yet if ever any one should
fall into passion, still let him not fall into so great a degree. "For
let not the sun," saith he, "go down upon your wrath." Wouldest thou
have thy fill of anger? One hour, or two, or three, is enough for thee;
let not the sun depart, and leave you both at enmity. It was of God's
goodness that he rose: let him not depart, having shone on unworthy
men. For if the Lord of His great goodness sent him, and hath Himself
forgiven thee thy sins, and yet thou forgivest not thy neighbor, look,
how great an evil is this! And there is yet another besides this. The
blessed Paul dreads the night,[2] lest overtaking in solitude him that
was wronged, still burning with anger, it should again kindle up the
fire. For as long as there are many things in the daytime to
banish it, thou art free to indulge it; but as: soon as ever the
evening comes on, be reconciled, extinguish the evil whilst it is yet
fresh; for should night overtake it, the morrow will not avail to
extinguish the further evil which will have been collected in the
night. Nay, even though thou shouldest cut off the greater portion, and
yet not be able to cut off the whole, it will again supply from what is
left for the following night, to make the blaze more violent. And just
as, should the sun be unable by the heat of the day to soften and
disperse that part of the air which has been during the night condensed
into cloud, it affords material for a tempest, night overtaking the
remainder, and feeding it again with fresh vapors: so also is it in the
case of anger.
"Neither give place to the devil."
So then to be at war with one another, is "to give
place to the devil"; for, whereas we had need to be all in close array,
and to make our stand against him, we have relaxed our enmity against
him, and are giving the signal for turning against each other; for
never has the devil such place as in our enmities.[3] Numberless are
the evils thence produced. And as stones in a building, so long as they
are closely fitted together and leave no interstice, will stand firm,
while if there is but a single needle's passage through, or a crevice
no broader than a hair, this destroys and ruins all; so is it with the
devil. So long indeed as we are closely set and compacted together, he
cannot introduce one of his wiles; but when he causes us to relax a
little, he rushes in like a torrent. In every case he needs only a
beginning, and this is the thing which it is difficult to accomplish;
but this done, he makes room on all sides for himself. For henceforth
he opens the ear to slanders, and they who speak lies are the more
trusted: they have enmity which plays the advocate, not truth which
judges justly. And as, where friendship[4] is, even those evils which
are true appear false, so where there is enmity, even the false appear
true. There is a different mind, a different tribunal, which does not
hear fairly, but with great bias and partiality. As, in a balance, if
lead is cast into the scale, it will drag down the whole; so is it also
here, only that the weight of enmity is far heavier than any lead.
Wherefore, let us, I beseech you, do all we can to extinguish our
enmities before the going down of the sun. For if you fail to master it
on the very first day, both on the following, and oftentimes even for a
year, you will be protracting it, and the enmity will thenceforward
augment itself, and require nothing to aid it. For by causing us to
suspect that words spoken in one sense were meant in another, and
gestures also, and everything, it infuriates and exasperates us, and
makes us more distempered than madmen, not enduring either to utter a
name, or to hear it, but saying everything in invective and abuse. How
then are we to allay this passion? How shall we extinguish the flame?
By reflecting on our own sins, and how much we have to answer for to
God; by reflecting that we are wreaking vengeance, not on an enemy, but
on ourselves; by reflecting that we are delighting the devil, that we
are strengthening our enemy, our real
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enemy, and that for him we are doing wrong to our own members. Wouldest
thou be revengeful and be at enmity? Be at enmity, but be so with the
devil, and not with a member of thine own. For this purpose it is that
God hath armed us with anger, not that we should thrust the sword
against our own bodies, but that we should baptize[1] the whole blade
in the devil's breast. There bury the sword up to the hilt; yea, if
thou wilt, hilt and all, and never draw it out again, but add yet
another and another. And this actually comes to pass when we are
merciful to those of our own spiritual family and peaceably disposed
one towards another. Perish money, perish glory and reputation; mine
own member is dearer to me than they all. Thus let us say to ourselves;
let us not do violence to our own nature to gain wealth, to obtain
glory.
Ver. 28. "Let him that stole,"[2] saith he. "steal
no more."
Seest thou what are the members of the old man?
Falsehood, revenge, theft. Why said he not, "Let him that stole" be
punished, be tortured, be racked; but, "let him steal no more"? "But
rather let him labor, working with his hands the thing that is good,
that he may have whereof to give to him that hath need."
Where are they which are called pure;[3] they that
are full of all defilement, and yet dare to give themselves a name like
this? For it is possible, very possible, to put off the reproach, not
only by ceasing from the sin, but by working some good thing also.
Perceive ye how we ought to get quit of the sin? "They stole." This is
the sin. "They steal no more." This is not to do away the sin. But how
shall they? If they labor, and charitably communicate to others, thus
will they do away the sin. He does not simply desire that we should
work, but so "work" as to "labor," so as that we may "communicate" to
others. For the thief indeed works, but it is that which is evil.
Ver. 29. "Let no corrupt speech proceed out of your
mouth."
What is "corrupt speech"? That which is said
elsewhere to be also "idle, backbiting, filthy communication, jesting,
foolish talking." See ye how he is cutting up the very roots of anger?
Lying, theft, unseasonable conversation. The words, however, "Let him
steal no more," he does not say so much excusing them, as to pacify the
injured parties, and to recommend them to be content, if they never
suffer the like again. And well too does he give advice concerning
conversation;[4] inasmuch as we shall pay the penalty, not for our
deeds only, but also for our words.
"But such as is good," he proceeds, "for edifying,
as the need may be, that it may give grace to them that hear."
That is to say, What edifies thy neighbor, that only
speak, not a word more. For to this end God gave thee a mouth and a
tongue, that thou mightest give thanks to Him, that thou mightest build
up thy neighbor. So that if thou destroy that building, better were it
to be silent, and never to speak at all. For indeed the hands of the
workmen, if instead of raising the walls, they should learn to pull
them down, would justly deserve to be cut off. For so also saith the
Psalmist; "The Lord shall cut off all flattering lips." (Ps. xii. 3.)
The mouth,--this is the cause of all evil; or rather not the mouth, but
they that make an evil use of it. From thence proceed insults,
revilings, blasphemies, incentives to lusts, murders, adulteries,
thefts, all have their origin from this. And how, you will say, do
murders? Because from insult thou wilt go on to anger, from anger to
blows, from blows to murder. And how, again, adultery? "Such a woman,"
one will say, "loves thee, she said something nice about thee." This at
once unstrings thy firmness, and thus are thy passions kindled within
thee.
Therefore Paul said, "such as is good." Since then
there is so vast a flow of words, he with good reason speaks
indefinitely, charging us to use expressions of that kind, and giving
us a pattern of communication. What then is this? By saying, "for
edifying," either he means this, that he who hears thee may be grateful
to thee: as, for instance, a brother has committed forni-
120
cation; do not make a display of the offense, nor revel in it; thou
wilt be doing no good to him that hears thee; rather, it is likely,
thou wilt hurt him, by giving him a stimulus. Whereas, advise him what
to do, and thou art conferring on him a great obligation. Discipline
him how to keep silence, teach him to revile no man, and thou hast
taught him his best lesson, thou wilt have conferred upon him the
highest obligation. Discourse with him on contrition, on piety, on
almsgiving; all these things will soften his soul, for all these things
he will own his obligation. Whereas by exciting his laughter, or by
filthy communication, thou wilt rather be inflaming him. Applaud the
wickedness, and thou wilt overturn and ruin him.
Or else he means[1] thus, "that it may make them,
the hearers, full of grace." For as sweet ointment gives grace to them
that partake of it, so also does good speech. Hence it was moreover
that one said, "Thy name is as ointment poured forth." (Cant. i. 3.) It
caused them to exhale that sweet perfume. Thou seest that what he
continually recommends, he is saying now also, charging every one
according to his several ability to edify his neighbors. Thou then that
givest such advice to others, how much more to thyself!
Ver. 30. "And grieve not," he adds, "the Holy Spirit
of God."
A matter this more terrible and startling, as he
also says in the Epistle to the Thessalonians; for there too he uses an
expression of this sort. "He that rejecteth, rejecteth not man, but
God." (1 Thess. iv. 8.) So also here. If thou utter a reproachful word,
if thou strike thy brother, thou art not striking him, thou art
"grieving the Holy Spirit." And then is added further the benefit
bestowed, in order to heighten the rebuke.
"And grieve not the Holy Spirit," saith He, "in whom
ye were sealed unto the day of redemption."
He it is who marks us as a royal flock; He, who
separates us from all former things; He, who suffers us not to lie
amongst them that are exposed to the wrath of God,--and dost thou
grieve Him? Look how startling are his words there; "For he that
rejecteth," saith he, "rejecteth not man, but God:" and how cutting
they are here, "Grieve not the Holy Spirit," saith he, "in whom ye were
sealed."
Moral. Let this seal then abide upon thy mouth,[2]
and never destroy the impression. A spiritual mouth never utters a
thing of the kind. Say not, "It is nothing, if I do utter an unseemly
word, if I do insult such an one." For this very reason is it a great
evil, because it seems to be nothing. For things which seem to be
nothing are thus easily thought lightly of; and those which are thought
lightly of go on increasing; and those which go on increasing become
incurable.
Thou hast a spiritual mouth. Think what words thou
didst utter immediately upon being born,[3]--what words are worthy of
thy mouth. Thou callest God, "Father," and dost thou straightway revile
thy brother? Think, whence is it thou callest God, "Father"? Is it from
nature? No, thou couldest never say so. Is it from thy goodness? No,
nor is it thus. But whence then is it? It is from pure lovingkindness,
from tenderness, from His great mercy. Whenever then thou callest God,
"Father," consider not only this, that by reviling thou art committing
things unworthy of that, thy high birth, but also that it is of
lovingkindness that thou hast that high birth. Disgrace it not then,
after receiving it from pure lovingkindness, by showing cruelty towards
thy brethren. Dost thou call God "Father," and yet revile? No, these
are not the works of the Son of God. These are very far from Him. The
work of the Son of God was to forgive His enemies, to pray for them
that crucified Him, to shed His blood for them that hated Him. These
are works worthy of the Son of God, to make His enemies,--the
ungrateful, the dishonest, the reckless, the treacherous,--to make
these brethren and heirs: not to treat them that are become brethren
with ignominy like slaves.
[4]Think what words thy mouth uttered,--of
what table these words are worthy. Think what thy mouth touches, what
it tastes, of what manner of food it partakes! Dost thou deem thyself
to be doing nothing grievous in railing at thy brother? How then dost
thou call him brother? And yet if he be not a brother, how sayest thou,
"Our Father"? For the word "Our" is indicative of many persons. Think
with whom thou standest at the time of the mysteries! With the
Cherubim, with the Seraphim! The Seraphim revile not: no, their mouth
fulfills this one only duty, to sing the Hymn of praise, to glorify[5]
God. And how then shall thou be able to say with them, "Holy, Holy,
Holy,"[6] if thou use thy mouth for reviling? Tell me, I pray. Suppose
there were a royal vessel, and that always full of royal dainties, and
set apart for that
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purpose, and then that any one of the servants were to take and use it
for holding dung. Would he ever venture again, after it had been filled
with dung, to store it away with those other vessels set apart for
those other uses? Surely not. Now railing is like this, reviling is
like this. "Our Father!" But what? is this all? Hear also the words,
which follow, "which art in Heaven." The moment thou sayest, "Our
Father, which art in Heaven," the word raises thee up, it gives wings
to thy mind, it points out to thee that thou hast a Father in Heaven.
Do then nothing, speak nothing of things upon earth. He hath set thee
amongst that host above, He hath numbered thee with that heavenly
choir. Why dost thou drag thyself down? Thou art standing beside the
royal throne, and thou revilest? Art thou not afraid lest the king
should deem it an outrage? Why, if a servant, even with us, beats his
fellow-servant or assaults him, even though he do it justly, yet we at
once rebuke him, and deem the act an outrage; and yet dost thou, who
art standing with the Cherubim beside the king's throne, revile thy
brother? Seest thou not these holy vessels? Are they not used
continually for only one purpose? Does any one ever venture to use them
for any other? Yet art thou holier than these vessels yea, far holier.
Why then defile, why contaminate thyself? Standest thou in Heaven, and
dost thou revile? Hast thou thy citizenship with Angels, and dost thou
revile? Art thou counted worthy the Lord's kiss, and dost thou revile?
Hath God graced thy mouth with so many and great things, with hymns
angelic, with food, not angelic, no, but more than angelic, with His
own kiss, with His own embrace, and dost thou revile? Oh, no, I implore
thee. Vast are the evils of which this is the source; far be it from a
Christian soul. Do I not convince thee as I am speaking, do I not shame
thee? Then does it now become my duty to alarm you. For hear what
Christ saith: "Whosoever shall say to his brother, Thou fool, shall be
in danger of the hell of fire." (Matt. V. 22.) Now if that which is
lightest of all leads to hell, of what shall not he be worthy, who
utters presumptuous words? Let us discipline our mouth to silence.
Great is the advantage from this, great the mischief from ill language.
We must not spend our riches here. Let us put door and bolt upon them.
Let us devour ourselves alive if ever a vexatious word slip out of our
mouth. Let us entreat God, let us entreat him whom we have reviled. Let
us not think it beneath us to do so. It is ourselves we have wounded,
not him. Let us apply the remedy, prayer, and reconciliation with him
whom we have reviled. If in our words we are to take such forethought,
much more let us impose laws upon ourselves in our deeds. Yea, and if
we have friends, whoever they may be, and they should speak evil to any
man or revile him, demand of them and exact satisfaction. Let us by all
means learn that such conduct is even sin; for if we learn this, we
shall soon depart from it.
Now the God of peace keep both your mind and your
tongue, and fence you with a sure fence, even His fear, through Jesus
Christ our Lord, with whom to the Father, together with the Holy
Spirit, be glory forever. Amen.
HOMILY XV.
Ephesians iv. 31·
"Let all bitterness, and wrath, and anger, and clamor,
and railing, be put away from you, with all malice."
AS bees[1] will never settle down in an unclean
vessel,--and this is the reason why those who are skilled in these
matters sprinkle the spot with perfumes, and scented ointments, and
sweet odors; and the wicker baskets also, in which they will have to
settle as soon as they come out of the hives they sprinkle with
fragrant wines, and all other sweets, that there may be no noisome
smell to annoy them, and drive them away again,--so in truth is it also
with the Holy Spirit. Our soul is a sort of vessel or basket, capable
of receiving the swarms of spiritual gifts; but if there shall be
within it gall, and "bitterness, and wrath," the swarms will fly away.
Hence this blessed and wise husbandman well and thoroughly cleanses our
vessels, withholding neither knife nor any other instrument of iron,
and invites us to this spiritual swarm; and as he gathers it, he
cleanses us with prayers, and labors, and all the rest. Mark then how
he cleanses out our heart. He has banished lying, he has banished
anger. Now, again, he is
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pointing out how that evil may be yet more entirely eradicated; if we
be not, saith he, "bitter" in spirit. For it is as is wont to happen
with our bile, if there chance to be but little of it, there will be
but little disturbance if the receptacle should burst: but if ever the
strength and acridness of this quality becomes excessive, the vessel
which before held it, containing it no longer, is as if it were eaten
through by a scorching fire, and it is no longer able to hold it and
contain it within its appointed bounds, but, rent asunder by its
intense sharpness, it lets it escape and injure the whole body. And it
is like some very fierce and frightful wild beast, that has been
brought into a city; as long as it is confined in the cages made for
it, however it may rage, however it may roar, it will be unable to do
harm to any one; but if it is overcome by rage, and breaks through the
intervening bars, and is able to leap out, it fills the city with all
sorts of confusion and disturbance, and puts everybody to flight. Such
indeed is the nature also of bile. As long as it is kept within its
proper limits, it will do us no great mischief; but as soon as ever the
membrane that incloses it bursts, and there is nothing to hinder its
being at once dispersed over the whole system, then, I say, at that
moment, though it be so very trifling in quantity,[1] yet by reason of
the inordinate strength of its quality it taints all the other elements
of our nature with its own peculiar virulence. For finding the blood,
for instance, near to it, alike in place and in quality, and rendering
the heat which is in that blood more acrid, and everything else in fact
which is near it; passing from its just temperature it overflows its
bounds, turns all into gall, and therewith at once attacks likewise the
other parts of the body; and thus infusing into all its own poisonous
quality, it renders the man speechless, and causes him to expire,
expelling life. Now, why have I stated all these things with such
minuteness? It is in order that, understanding from this bitterness
which is of the body the intolerable evil of that bitterness which is
of the soul, and how entirely it destroys first of all the very soul
that engenders it, making everything bitter, we may escape experience
of it. For as the one inflames the whole constitution, so does the
other the thoughts, and carries away its captive to the abyss of hell.
In order then that by carefully examining these matters we may escape
this evil, and bridle the monster, or rather utterly root it out, let
us hearken to what Paul saith, "Let all bitterness be" (not destroyed,
but) "put away" from you. For what need have I of trouble to restrain
it, what necessity is there to keep watch on a monster, when it is in
my power to expel him from my soul, to remove him and drive him out, as
it were, into banishment? Let us hearken then to Paul when he saith,
"Let all bitterness be put away from you." But, ah, the perversity that
possesses us! Though we ought to do everything to effect this, yet are
there some so truly senseless as to congratulate themselves upon this
evil, and to pride themselves upon it, and to glory in it, and who are
envied by others. "Such a one," say they, "is a bitter man, he is a
scorpion, a serpent, a viper." They look upon him as one to be feared.
But wherefore, good man, dost thou fear the bitter person? "I fear,"
you say, "lest he injure me, lest he destroy me; I am not proof against
his malice, I am afraid lest he should take me who am a simple man, and
unable to foresee any of his schemes, and throw me into his snares, and
entangle us in the toils which he has set to deceive us." Now I cannot
but smile. And why forsooth? Because these are the arguments of
children, who fear things which are not to be feared. Surely there is
nothing we ought so to despise, nothing we ought so to laugh to scorn,
as a bitter and malicious man. For there is nothing so powerless[2] as
bitterness. It makes men fools and senseless.
Do ye not see that malice is blind? Have ye never
heard, that he that diggeth a pit for his neighbors, diggeth it for
himself? How, it may be said, ought we not to fear a soul full of
tumult? If indeed we are to fear the bitter in the same way as we fear
evil spirits, and fools and madmen, (for they indeed do everything at
random,) I grant it myself; but if we are to fear them as men skillful
in the conduct of affairs, that never. For nothing is so necessary for
the proper conduct of affairs as prudence; and there is no greater
hindrance to prudence than wickedness, and malice, and hollowness. Look
at bilious persons, how unsightly they are, with all their bloom
withered away. How weak they are, and puny, and unfit for anything. So
also are souls of this nature. What else is wickedness, but a jaundice
of the soul? Wickedness then has no strength in it, indeed it has not.
Have yea mind that I again make what I am saying plain to you by an
instance, by setting before you the portraits of a treacherous and a
guileless man? Absalom was a treacherous man, and "stole all men's
hearts." (2 Sam. xv. 6.) And observe how great was his treachery. "He
went about," it saith, "and said, 'Hast thou no judgment?'"[3] wishing
to
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conciliate every one to himself. But David was guileless. What then?
Look at the end of them both, look, how full of utter madness was the
former! For inasmuch as he looked solely to the hurt of his father, in
all other things he was blinded. But not so David. For "he that walketh
uprightly, walketh surely" (Prov. x. 9); and reasonably; he is one that
manages nothing over-subtilely, the man who devises no evil. Let us
listen then to the blessed Paul, and let us pity, yea, let us weep for
the bitter-minded, and let us practice every method, let us do
everything to extirpate this vice from their souls. For how is it not
absurd, that when there is bile within us (though that indeed is a
useful element, for without bile a man cannot possibly exist, that
bile, I mean, which is an element of his nature,) how then, I say, is
it not absurd that we should do all we can to get rid of this, though
we are so highly benefited by it; and yet that we should do nothing,
nor take any pains, to get rid of that which is in the soul, though it
is in no case beneficial, but even in the highest degree injurious. He
that thinketh that he is "wise among you," saith he, "let him become a
fool, that he may become wise." (1 Cor. iii. 18.) Hearken too again to
what Luke saith, "They did take their food with gladness and singleness
of heart, praising God, and having favor with all the people." (Acts
ii. 46, 47.) Why, do we not see even now that the simple and guileless
enjoy the common esteem of all? No one envies such an one when he is in
prosperity, no one tramples upon him when he is in adversity, but all
rejoice with him when he does well, and grieve with him in misfortune.
Whereas whenever a bitter man fares prosperously, one and all lament
it, as though some evil thing happened; but if he is unfortunate, one
and all rejoice. Let us then pity them, for they have common enemies
all over the world. Jacob was a guileless man, yet he overcame the
treacherous Esau. "For into a malicious soul wisdom shall not enter."
(Wisd. i. 4.) "Let all bitterness be put away from you.", Let not even
a remnant remain, for it will be sure, if stirred, as if from a
smouldering brand, to turn all within to an entire blaze. Let us
then distinctly understand what this bitterness is. Take, for example,
the hollow-hearted man, the crafty, the man who is on the watch to do
mischief, the man of evil suspicion. From him then "wrath" and "anger"
are ever produced; for it is not possible for a soul like this to be in
tranquillity, but the very root of "anger" and "wrath" is "bitterness."
The man of this character is both sullen, and never unbends his soul;
he is always moody, always gloomy. For as I was saying, they themselves
are the first to reap the fruit of their own evil ways.
"And clamor," he adds.
What now, and dost thou take away clamor also?
Yes, for the mild man must needs be of such a character, because clamor
carries anger, as a horse his rider; trip the horse, and you will throw
the rider.
Moral. This let women above all attend to, them who
on every occasion cry aloud and bawl. There is but one thing in which
it is useful to cry aloud, in preaching and in teaching. But in no
other case whatever, no, not even in prayer. And if thou wouldest learn
a practical lesson, never cry aloud at all, and then wilt thou never be
angry at all. Behold a way to keep your temper; for as it is not
possible that the man that does not cry out should be enraged, so is it
not that the man who does cry out should be otherwise than enraged. For
tell me not of a man being implacable, and revengeful, and of pure
natural bitterness, and natural choler. We are now speaking of the
sudden paroxysm of this passion.
It contributes then no little to this end, to
discipline the soul never to raise the voice and cry aloud at all. Cut
off clamor, and thou wilt clip the wings of anger, thou dost repress
the first rising of the heart. For as it is impossible for a man to
wrestle without lifting up his hands, so is it not possible that he
should be entangled in a quarrel without lifting up his voice. Bind the
hands of the boxer, and then bid him strike. He will be unable to do
so. So likewise will wrath be disarmed. But clamor raises it, even
where it does not exist. And hence it is especially that the female sex
are so easily overtaken in it. Women, whenever they are angry with
their maid-servants, fill the whole house with their own clamor. And
oftentimes too, if the house happens to be built along a narrow street,
then all the passers-by hear the mistress scolding, and the maid
weeping and wailing. What can possibly be more disgraceful than the
sound of those wailings?[1] What in the world has happened there? All
the women round immediately peep in and one of them says, "Such a one
is beating her own maid." Whatever can be more shameless than this?
"What then, ought one not to strike at all?" No, I say not so, (for it
must be done,) but then it must be neither frequently, nor
immoderately, nor for any wrongs of thine own, as I am constantly
saying, nor for any little failure in her service, but only if she is
doing harm to her own soul. If thou chastise her for a fault of this
kind, all will applaud, and there will be none to upbraid thee; but if
thou do it for any reasons of thine own, all will condemn thy cruelty
and harshness. And what is more base than all, there are some so fierce
and so savage as to lash them to such a degree, that
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the bruises will not disappear with the day. For they will strip the
damsels, and call their husbands for the purpose, and oftentimes tie
them to the pallets. Alas! at that moment tell me, does no recollection
of hell come over thee? What? dost thou strip thy handmaid, and expose
her to thy husband? And art thou not ashamed, lest he should condemn
thee for it? And then dost thou exasperate him yet more, and threaten
to put her in chains, having first taunted the wretched and pitiable
creature with ten thousand reproachful names, and called her
"Thessalian witch,[1] runaway, and prostitute"?
For her passion allows her not to spare even her own
mouth, but she looks to one single object, how she may wreak her
vengeance on the other, even though she disgrace herself. And then
after all these things forsooth, she will sit in state like any tyrant,
and call her children, and summon her foolish husband, and treat him as
a hangman. Ought these things to take place in the houses of
Christians? "Aye" say ye, "but slaves are a troublesome, audacious,
impudent, incorrigible race." True, I know it myself, but there are
other ways to keep them in order; by terrors, by threats, by words;
which may both touch her more powerfully, and save thee from disgrace.
Thou who art a free woman hast uttered foul words, and dost thou not
disgrace thyself more than her? Then if she shall have occasion to go
out to the bath, there are bruises on her back when she is naked, and
she carries about with her the marks of thy cruelty. "But," say ye,
"the whole tribe of slaves is intolerable if it meet with indulgence."
True, I know it myself. But then, as I was saying, correct them in some
other way, not by the scourge only, and by terror, but even by
flattering them, and by acts of kindness. If she is a believer, she is
thy sister. Consider that thou art her mistress, and that she ministers
unto thee. If she be intemperate, cut off the occasions of drunkenness;
call thy husband, and admonish her. Or dost thou not feel how
disgraceful a thing it is for a woman to be beaten? They at least who
have enacted ten thousand punishments for men,--the stake, and the
rack,--will scarcely ever hang a woman, but limit men's anger to
smiting her on the cheek; and so great respect have they observed
towards the sex, that not even when there is absolute necessity have
they often hung a woman, if she happen to be pregnant. For it is a
disgrace for a man to strike a woman: and if for a man, much more for
one of her own sex. It is moreover by these things that women become
odious to their husbands. "What then," ye may say, "if she shall act
the harlot?" Marry her to a husband; cut off the occasions of
fornication, suffer her not to be too high fed. "What then, if she
shall steal?" Take care of her, and watch her.--"Extravagant!" thou
wilt say; "What, am I to be her keeper? How absurd!" And why, I pray,
art thou not to be her keeper? Has she not the same kind of soul as
thou? Has she not been vouchsafed the same privileges by God? Does she
not partake of the same table? Does she not share with thee the same
high birth? "But what then," ye will say, "if she shall be a railer, or
a gossip, or a drunkard?" Yet, how many free women are such? Now, with
all the failings of women God hath charged men to bear: only, He saith,
let not a woman be an harlot, but every other failing besides bear
with. Yea, be she drunkard, or railer, or gossip, or evil-eyed, or
extravagant, and a squanderer of thy substance, thou hast her for the
partner of thy life. Train and restrain her. Necessity is upon thee. It
is for this thou art the head. Regulate her therefore, do thy own part.
Yea, and if she remain incorrigible, yea, though she steal, take care
of thy goods, and do not punish her so much. If she be a gossip,
silence her. This is the very highest philosophy.
Now, however, some are come to such a height of
indecency as to uncover the head, and to drag their maid-servants by
the hair.--Why do ye all blush?[2] I am not addressing myself to all,
but to those who are carried away into such brutal conduct. Paul saith,
"Let not a woman be uncovered." (1 Cor. xi. 5-15.) And dost thou then
entirely strip off her headdress? Dost thou see how thou art doing
outrage to thyself? If indeed she makes her appearance to thee with her
head bare, thou callest it an insult. And dost thou say that there is
nothing shocking when thou barest it thyself? Then ye will say, "What
if she be not corrected?" Chasten her then with the rod and with
stripes. And yet how many failings hast thou also thyself, and yet thou
art not corrected! These things I am saying not for their sakes, but
for the sake of you free-women, that ye do nothing so unworthy, nothing
to disgrace you, that ye do yourselves no wrong.[3] If thou wilt learn
this lesson in thy household in dealing with thy maid-servant, and not
be harsh but gentle and forbearing, much more wilt thou be so in thy
behavior to thy husband. For she who, though having authority, does
nothing of the sort, will do it much less where there is a check. So
that
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the discipline employed about your maid-servants, will be of the
greatest service to you in gaining the goodwill of your husbands. "For
with what measure ye mete," He saith, "it shall be measured unto you."
(Matt. vii. 2.) Set a bridle upon thy mouth. If thou art disciplined to
bear bravely with a servant when she answers back, thou wilt not be
annoyed with the insolence of an equal, and in being above annoyance,
wilt have attained to the highest philosophy. But some there are who
add even oaths, but there is nothing more shocking than a woman so
enraged. But what again, ye will say, if she dress gaily? Why then,
forbid this; thou hast my consent; but check it by first beginning with
thyself, not so much by fear as by example. Be in everything thyself a
perfect pattern.
"And let railing," saith he, "be put away from you."
Observe the progress of mischief. Bitterness produces wrath, wrath
anger, anger clamor, clamor railing, that is, revilings; next from
evil-speaking it goes on to blows, from blows to wounds, from wounds to
death. Paul, however, did not wish to mention any of these, but only
this, "let this," saith he, "be put away from you, with all malice."[1]
What is "with all malice"? It ends with this. For there are some, like
those dogs that bite secretly, which do not bark at all at those that
come near them, nor are angry, but which fawn, and display a gentle
aspect; but when they catch us off our guard, will fix their teeth in
us. These are more dangerous than those that take up open enmity.
Now since there are men too that are dogs, who neither cry out, nor fly
in a passion, nor threaten us when they are offended, yet in secret are
weaving plots, and contriving ten thousand mischiefs, and revenging
themselves not in words but in deeds; he hints at these. Let those
things be put away from you, saith he, "with all malice." Do not spare
thy words, and then revenge thyself in acts. My purpose in chastising
my tongue and curtailing its clamor, is to prevent its kindling up a
more violent blaze. But if thou without any clamor art doing the same
thing, and art cherishing the fire and the live coals within, where is
the good of thy silence? Dost thou not know that those conflagrations
are the most destructive of all which are fed within, and appear not to
those that are without? And that those wounds are the deadliest which
never break out to the surface; and those fevers the worst which burn
up the vitals? So also is this anger the most dangerous that preys upon
the soul. But let this too be put away from you, saith he, "with all
malice," of every kind and degree, great and little. Let us then
hearken to him, let us cast out all "bitterness and all malice," that
we "grieve not the Holy Spirit." Let us destroy all bitterness; let us
cut it up by the very roots. Nothing good, nothing healthful, can ever
come from a bitter soul; nothing but misfortunes, nothing but tears,
nothing but weeping and wailing. Do ye not see those beasts that roar
or cry out, how we turn away from them; the lion, for instance, and the
bear? But not so from the sheep; for there is no roaring, but a mild
and gentle voice. And so again with musical instruments, those which
are loud and harsh are the most unpleasant to the ear, such as the drum
and trumpet; whereas those which are not so, but are soothing, these
are pleasant, as the flute and lyre and pipe. Let us then prepare our
soul so as never to cry aloud, and thus shall we be enabled also to
gain the mastery over our anger. And when we have cut out this, we
ourselves shall be the first to enjoy the calm, and we shall sail into
that peaceful haven, which God grant we may all attain, in Jesus Christ
our Lord, with whom, together with the Holy Ghost, be unto the Father,
glory, might, and honor, now, and ever, and throughout all ages. Amen.
HOMILY XVI.
Ephesians iv. 31, 32.
"Let all bitterness, and wrath, and anger, and clamor, and railing be
put away from you, with all malice And be ye kind one to another,
tender-hearted, forgiving each other, even as God also in Christ
forgave you."'
If we are to attain to the kingdom of Heaven, it is
not enough to abandon wickedness, but there must be abundant practice
of that which is good also. To be delivered indeed from hell we must
abstain from wickedness; but to attain to the kingdom we must cleave
fast to virtue? Know ye not that even in the tribunals of the heathen,
when examination is made of men's deeds, and the whole city is
assembled, this is the case?
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Nay, there was an ancient custom amongst the heathen, to crown with a
golden crown,[1]--not the man who had done no evil to his country, for
this were in itself no more than enough to save him from
punishment;--rebut him who had displayed great public services. It was
thus that a man was to be advanced to this distinction. But what I had
especial need to say, had, I know not how, well nigh escaped me.
Accordingly having made some slight correction of what I have said, I
retract the first portion of this division.
For as I was saying that the departure from evil is
sufficient to prevent our falling into hell, whilst I was speaking,
there stole upon me a certain awful sentence, which does not merely
bring down vengeance on them that dare to commit evil, but which also
punishes those who omit any opportunity of doing good. What sentence
then is this? When the day, the dreadful day, He saith, was arrived,
and the set time was come, the Judge, seated on the judgment seat set
the sheep on the right hand and the goats on the left; and to the sheep
He said, "Come, ye blessed of My Father, inherit the kingdom prepared
for you from the foundation of the world: for I was an hungered, and ye
gave me meat." (Matt. xxv. 34.) So far, well. For it was meet that for
such compassion they should receive this reward. That those, however,
who did not communicate of their own possessions to them that were in
need, that they should be punished, not merely by the loss of
blessings, but by being also sent to hell-fire, what just reason, I
say, can there be in this? Most certainly this too will have a fair
show of reason, no less than the other case: for we are hence
instructed, that they that have done good shall enjoy those good things
that are in heaven, but they, who, though they have no evil indeed to
be charged with, yet have omitted to do good, will be hurried away with
them that have done evil into hell-fire. Unless one might indeed say
this, that the very not doing good is a part of wickedness, inasmuch as
it comes of indolence, and indolence is a part of vice, or rather, not
a part, but a source and baneful root of it. For idleness is the
teacher of all vice. Let us not then foolishly ask such questions as
these, what place shall he occupy, who has done neither any evil nor
any good? For the very not doing good, is in itself doing evil. Tell
me, if thou hadst a servant, who should neither steal, nor insult, nor
contradict thee, who moreover should keep from drunkenness and every
other kind of vice, and yet should sit perpetually in idleness, and not
doing one of those duties which a servant owes to his master, wouldest
thou not chastise him, wouldest thou not put him to the rack? Tell me.
And yet forsooth he has done no evil. No, but this is in itself doing
evil. But let us, if you please, apply. this to other cases in life.
Suppose then that of an husbandman. He does no damage to our property,
he lays no plots against us, and he is not a thief, he only ties his
hands behind him, and sits at home, neither sowing, nor cutting a
single furrow, nor harnessing oxen to the yoke, nor looking after a
vine, nor in fact discharging any one of those other labors required in
husbandry. Now, I say, should we not punish such a man? And yet he has
done no wrong to any one; we have no charge to make against him. No,
but by this very thing has he done wrong. He does wrong in that he does
not contribute his own share to the common stock of good. And what
again, tell me, if every single artisan or mechanic were only to do no
harm, say to one of a different craft,--nay, were to do no harm, even
to one of his own, but only were to be idle, would not our whole life
at that rate be utterly at an end and perish? Do you wish that I yet
further extend the discourse with reference to the body also? Let the
hand then neither strike the head, nor cut out the tongue, nor pluck
out the eye, nor do any evil of this sort, but only remain idle, and
not render its due service to the body at large; would it not be more
fitting that it should be cut off, than that one should carry it about
in idleness, and a detriment to the whole body? And what too, if the
mouth, without either devouring the hand, or biting the breast, should
nevertheless fail in all its proper duties; were it not far better that
it should be stopped up? If therefore both in the case of servants, and
of mechanics, and of the whole body, not only the commission of evil,
but also the omission of what is good, is great unrighteousness, much
more will this be the case in regard to the body of Christ.
Moral. And therefore the blessed Paul also, in
leading us away from sin, leads us on to virtue. For where, tell me, is
the advantage of all the thorns being cut out, if the good seeds be not
sown? For our labor, remaining unfinished, will come round and end in
the same mischief. And therefore Paul also, in his deep and
affectionate anxiety for us, does not let his admonitions stop at
eradicating and destroying evil tempers, put urges us at once to
evidence the implanting of good ones. For having said, "Let all
bitterness, and wrath, and clamor, and railing be put away from you,
with all malice," he adds, "And be[2] ye kind one to another,
tender-hearted, forgiving each other." For all these
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are habits and dispositions. And our abandonment of the one thing is
not sufficient to settle us in the habitual practice of the other, but
there is need again of some fresh impulse, and of an effort not less
than that made in our avoidance of evil dispositions, in order to our
acquiring good ones. For so in the case of the body, the black man, if
he gets rid of this complexion, does not straightway become white. Or
rather let us not conduct our discourse with an argument from physical
subjects, but draw our example from those which concern moral choice.
He who is not our enemy, is not necessarily our friend; but there is an
intermediate state, neither of enmity nor of friendship, which is
perhaps that in which the greater part of mankind stand toward us. He
that is not crying is not therefore necessarily also laughing, but
there is a state between the two. And so, I say, is the case here. He
that is not "bitter" is not necessarily "kind," neither is he that is
not "wrathful" necessarily "tender-hearted"; but there is need of a
distinct effort, in order to acquire this excellence. And now look how
the blessed Paul according to the rules of the best husbandry,
thoroughly cleans and works the land entrusted to him by the
Husbandman. He has taken away the bad seeds; he now exhorts us to
retain the good plants. "Be ye kind," saith he, for if, when the thorns
are plucked up, the field remains idle, it will again bear unprofitable
weeds. And therefore there is need to preoccupy its unoccupied and
fallow state by the setting of good seeds and plants. He takes away
"anger," he puts in "kindness"; he takes away "bitterness," he puts in
"tender-heartedness"; he extirpates "malice" and "railing," he plants
"forgiveness" in their stead. For the expression, "forgiving one
another," is this; be disposed, he means, to forgive one another. And
this forgiveness is greater than that which is shown in money-matters.
For he indeed who forgives a debt of money to him that has borrowed of
him, does, it is true, a noble and admirable deed, but then the
kindness is confined to the body, though to himself indeed he repays a
full recompense by that benefit which is spiritual and concerns the
soul; whereas he who forgives trespasses will be benefiting alike his
own soul, and the soul of him who receives the forgiveness. For by this
way of acting, he not only renders himself, but the other also, more
charitable. Because we do not so deeply touch the souls of those who
have wronged us by revenging ourselves, as by pardoning them, and thus
shaming them and putting them out of countenance. For by the other
course we shall be doing no good, either to ourselves or to them, but
shall be doing harm to both by seeking ourselves for retaliation, like
the rulers of the Jews, and by kindling up the wrath that is in them;
but if we return injustice with gentleness, we shall disarm all his
anger, and shall be setting up in his breast a tribunal which will give
a verdict in our favor, and will condemn him more severely than we
ourselves could. For he will convict and will pass sentence upon
himself, and will look for every pretext for repaying the share of
long-suffering granted him with fuller measure, knowing that, if he
repay it in equal measure, he is thus at a disadvantage, in not having
himself made the beginning, but received the example from us. He will
strive accordingly to exceed in measure, in order to eclipse, by the
excess of his recompense, the disadvantage he himself sustains in
having been second in making advances towards requital; and the
disadvantage again which accrues to the other from the time, if he was
the first sufferer, this he will make up by excess of kindness. For
men, if they are right-minded, are not so affected by evil as by the
good treatment they may receive at the hands of those whom they have
injured. For it is a base sin, and it is matter of reproach and scorn
for a man who is well-treated not to return it; whilst for a man who is
ill-treated, not to go about to resent it, this has the praise and
applause, and the good word of all. And therefore they are more deeply
touched by this conduct than any.
So that if thou hast a wish to revenge thyself,
revenge thyself in this manner. Return good for evil, that thou mayest
render him even thy debtor, and achieve a glorious victory. Hast thou
suffered evil? Do good; thus avenge thee of thine enemy. For if thou
shalt go about to resent it, all will blame both thee and him alike.
Whereas if thou shall endure it, it will be otherwise. Thee they will
applaud and admire; but him they will reproach. And what greater
punishment can there be to an enemy, than to behold his enemy admired
and applauded by all men? What more bitter to an enemy, than to behold
himself reproached by all before his enemy's face? If thou shalt avenge
thee on him, thou wilt both be condemned perhaps thyself, and wilt be
the sole avenger; whereas, if thou shalt forgive him, all will be
avengers in thy stead. And this will be far more severe than any evil
he can suffer, that his enemy should have so many to avenge him. If
thou openest thy mouth, they will be silent; but if thou art silent,
not with one tongue only, but with ten thousand tongues of others, thou
smitest him, and art the more avenged. And on thee indeed, if thou
shalt reproach him, many again will cast imputations (for they will say
that thy words are those of passion); but when others who have suffered
no wrong from him thus overwhelm him with reproaches, then is the
revenge
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especially clear of all suspicion. For when they who have suffered no
mischief, in consequence of thy excessive forbearance feel and
sympathize with thee, as though they had been wronged themselves, this
is a vengeance clear of all suspicion. "But what then," ye will say,
"if no man should take vengeance?" It cannot be that men will be such
stones, as to behold such wisdom and not admire it. And though they
wreak not their vengeance on him at the time; still, afterwards, when
they are in the mood, they will do so, and they will continue to scoff
at him and abuse him. And if no one else admire thee, the man himself
will most surely admire thee, though he may not own it. For our
judgment of what is right, even though we be come to the very depth of
wickedness, remains impartial and unbiased. Why, suppose ye, did our
Lord Christ say, "Whosoever smiteth thee on the right cheek, turn to
him the other also"? (Matt. v. 39.) Is it not because the more
long-suffering a man is, the more signal the benefit he confers both on
himself and on the other? For this cause He charges us to "turn the
other also," to satisfy the desire of the enraged. For who is such a
monster as not to be at once put to shame? The very dogs are said to
feel it; for if they bark and attack a man, and he throws himself on
his back and does nothing, he puts a stop to all their wrath.[1] If
they then reverence the man who is ready to suffer evil from them, much
more will the race of man do so, inasmuch as they are more rational.
However, it is right not to overlook what a little
before came into my recollection, and was brought forward for a
testimony. And what then was this? We were speaking of the Jews,
and of the chief rulers amongst them, how that they were blamed,
as seeking retaliation. And yet this the law permitted them; "eye
for eye, and tooth for tooth." (Lev. xxiv. 20.) True, but not to the
intent that men should pluck out each other's eyes, but that they
should check boldness in aggression, by fear of suffering in return,
and thus should neither do any evil to others, nor suffer any evil from
others themselves. Therefore it was said, "eye for eye," to bind the
hands of the aggressor, not to let thine loose against him; not to ward
off the hurt from thine eyes only, but also to preserve his eyes safe
and sound.
But, as to what I was enquiring about,--why, if
retaliation was allowed, were they arraigned who practiced it? Whatever
can this mean? He here speaks of vindictiveness; for on the spur of the
moment he allows the sufferer to act, as I was saying, in order to
check the aggressor; but to bear a grudge he permits no longer; because
the act then is no longer one of passion, nor of boiling rage, but of
malice premeditated. Now God forgives those who may be carried away,
perhaps upon a sense of outrage, and rush out to resent it. Hence He
says, "eye for eye"; and yet again, "the ways of the revengeful lead to
death."[2] Now, if, where it was permitted to put out eye for eye, so
great a punishment is reserved for the revengeful, how much more for
those who are bidden even to expose themselves to ill-treatment. Let us
not then be revengeful, but let us quench our anger, that we may be
counted worthy of the lovingkindness, which comes from God ("for with
what measure," saith Christ, "ye mete, it shall be measured unto you,
and with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged") (Matt. vii. 2),
and that we may both escape the snares of this present life, and in the
day that is at hand, may obtain pardon at His hands, through the grace
and loving-kindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, to the Father,
together with the Holy Ghost, be glory, power, honor, both now and
forever and ever. Amen.
HOMILY XVII.
EPHESIANS iv. 32, AND v. 1, 2.
"And be ye kind one to another, tender hearted, forgiving each other,
even as God also in Christ forgave you. Be ye therefore imitators of
God, as beloved children; and walk in love, even as Christ also loved
you, and gave Himself up for us, an offering and a sacrifice to God for
an odor of a sweet smell."
THE events which are past have greater force than
those which are yet to come, and appear to be both more wonderful and
more convincing. And hence accordingly Paul founds his exhortation upon
the things which have already been done for us, inasmuch as they, on
Christ's account, have a greater force. For to say,
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"Forgive, and ye shall be forgiven" (Matt. vi. 14), and "if ye forgive
not, ye shall in nowise be forgiven" (Matt. vi. 15),--this addressed to
men of understanding, and men who believe in the things to come, is of
great weight; but Paul appeals to the conscience not by these arguments
only, but also by things already done for us. In the former way we may
escape punishment, whereas in this latter we may have our share of some
positive good. Thou imitatest Christ. This alone is enough to recommend
virtue, that it is "to imitate God." This is a higher principle than
the other, "for He maketh His sun to rise on the evil and the good, and
sendeth rain on the just and the unjust." (Matt. v. 45.) Because he
does not merely say that we are "imitating God," but that we do so in
those things wherein we receive ourselves such benefits. He would have
us cherish the tender heart of fathers towards each other. For by
heart, here, is meant lovingkindness and compassion. For inasmuch as it
cannot be that, being men, we shall avoid either giving pain or
suffering it, he does the next thing, he devises a remedy,--that we
should forgive one another. And yet there is no comparison. For if thou
indeed shouldest at this moment forgive any one, he will forgive thee
again in return; whereas to God thou hast neither given nor forgiven
anything. And thou indeed art forgiving a fellow-servant; whereas God
is forgiving a servant, and an enemy, and one that hates Him.
"Even as God," saith he, "also in Christ forgave
you."
And this, moreover, contains a high allusion. Not
simply, he would say, hath He forgiven us, and at no risk or cost, but
at the sacrifice of His Son; for that He might forgive thee, He
sacrificed the Son; whereas thou, oftentimes, even when thou seest
pardon to be both without risk and without cost, yet dost not grant it.
"Be ye therefore imitators of God as beloved
children; and walk in love, even as Christ also loved you, and gave
Himself up for us an offering and sacrifice to God for an odor of a
sweet smell."
That thou mayest not then think it an act of
necessity, hear how He saith, that "He gave Himself up." As thy Master
loved thee, love thou thy friend. Nay, but neither wilt thou be able so
to love; yet still do so as far as thou art able. Oh, what can be more
blessed than a sound like this! Tell me of royalty or whatever else
thou wilt, there is no comparison. Forgive: another, and thou art
"imitating God," thou art made like unto God. It is more our duty
to forgive trespasses than debts of money; for if thou forgive debts,
thou hast not "imitated God"; whereas if thou shalt forgive trespasses,
thou art "imitating God." And yet how shalt thou be able to say, "I am
poor, and am not able to forgive it," that is, a debt, when thou
forgivest not that which thou art able to forgive, that is, a trespass?
And surely thou dost not deem that in this case there is any loss. Yea,
is it not rather wealth, is it not abundance, is it not a plentiful
store?
And behold yet another and a nobler
incitement:[1]--" as beloved children," saith he. Ye have yet another
cogent reason to imitate Him, not only in that ye have received such
good at His hands, but also in that ye are called His children. And
since not all children imitate their fathers, but those which are
beloved, therefore he saith, "as beloved children."
Ver. 2. "Walk in love."[2]
Behold, here, the groundwork of all! So then where
this is, there is no "wrath, no anger, no clamor, no railing," but all
are done away. Accordingly he puts the chief point last. Whence wast
thou made a child? Because thou wast forgiven. On the same ground on
which thou hast had so vast a privilege vouch-safed thee, on that
selfsame ground forgive thy neighbor. Tell me, I say, if thou wert in
prison, and hadst ten thousand misdeeds to answer for, and some one
were to bring thee into the palace; or rather to pass over this
argument, suppose thou wert in a fever and in the agonies of death, and
some one were to benefit thee by some medicine, wouldest thou not value
him more than all, yea and the very name of the medicine? For if we
thus regard occasions and places by which we are benefited, even as our
own souls, much more shall we the things themselves. Be a lover then of
love; for by this art thou saved, by this hast thou been made a son.
And if thou shalt have it in thy power to save another, wilt thou not
use the same remedy, and give the advice to all, "Forgive, that ye may
be forgiven"? Thus to incite one another, were the part of grateful, of
generous, and noble spirits.
"Even as Christ also," he adds, "loved you."
Thou art only sparing friends, He enemies. So then
far greater is that boon which cometh from our Master. For how in our
case is the "even as" preserved. Surely it is clear that it will be, by
our doing good to our enemies.
"And gave Himself up for us an offering and a
sacrifice to God for an odor of a sweet smell."
Seest thou that to suffer for one's enemies is "a
sweet-smelling savor," and an "acceptable
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sacrifice"? And if thou shalt die, then wilt thou be indeed a
sacrifice. This it is to "imitate God."
Ver. 3. "But fornication, and all uncleanness or
covetousness, let it not even be named among you, as becometh saints."
He has spoken of the bitter passion, of wrath; he
now comes to the lesser evil: for that lust is the lesser evil, hear
how Moses also in the law says, first, "Thou shalt do no murder" (Ex.
xx. 13), which is the work of wrath, and then, "Thou shalt not commit
adultery" (Ex. xx. 14), which is of lust. For as "bitterness," and
"clamor," and "all malice," and "railing," and the like, are the works
of the passionate man, so likewise are "fornication, uncleanness,
covetousness," those of the lustful; since avarice and sensuality
spring from the same passion.[1] But just as in the former case he took
away "clamor" as being the vehicle of" anger," so now does he "filthy
talking" and "jesting" as being the vehicle of lust; for he proceeds,
Ver. 4. "Nor filthiness, nor foolish talking, or
jesting, which are not befitting; but rather giving of thanks."
Have no witticisms, no obscenities, either in word
or in deed, and thou wilt quench the flame--"let them not even be
named," saith he, "among you," that is, let them not anywhere even make
their appearance. This he says also in writing to the Corinthians. "It
is actually reported that there is fornication among you" ( 1 Cor. v. 1
); as much as to say, Be ye all pure. For words are the way to acts.
Then, that he may not appear a forbidding kind of person and austere,
and a destroyer of playfulness, he goes on to add the reason, by
saying, "which are not befitting," which have nothing to do with
us--"but rather giving of thanks." What good is there in uttering a
witticism? thou only raisest a laugh. Tell me, will the shoemaker ever
busy himself about anything which does not belong to or befit his
trade? or will he purchase any tool of that kind? No, never. Because
the things we do not need, are nothing to us.
MORAL. Let there not be one idle word; for from idle
words we fall also into foul words. The present is no season of loose
merriment, but of mourning, of tribulation, and lamentation: and dost
thou play the jester? What wrestler on entering the ring neglects the
struggle with his adversary, and utters witticisms? The devil stands
hard at hand, "he is going about roaring" (1 Pet. v. 8) to catch thee,
he is moving everything, and turning everything against thy life, and
is scheming to force thee from thy retreat, he is grinding his teeth
and bellowing, he is breathing fire against thy salvation; and dost
thou sit uttering witticisms, and "talking folly," and uttering things
"which are not befitting." Full nobly then wilt thou be able to
overcome him! We are in sport, beloved. Wouldest thou know the life of
the saints? Listen to what Paul saith. "By the space of three years I
ceased not to admonish every one night and day with tears." (Acts xx.
31.) And if so great was the zeal he exerted in behalf of them of
Miletus and Ephesus, not making pleasant speeches, but introducing his
admonition with tears, what should one say of the rest? But hearken
again to what he says to the Corinthians. "Out of much affliction and
anguish of heart I wrote unto you with many tears." (2 Cor. ii. 4.) And
again, "Who is weak, and I am not weak?" "Who is made to stumble, and I
burn not?" (2 Cor. xi. 29.) And hearken again to what he says
elsewhere, desiring every day, as one might say, to depart out of the
world. "For indeed we that are in this tabernacle do groan" (2 Cor. v.
4); and dost thou laugh and play? It is war-time, and art thou handling
the dancers' instruments? Look at the countenances of men in battle,
their dark and contracted mien, their brow terrible and full of awe.
Mark the stern eye, the heart eager and beating and throbbing, their
spirit collected, and trembling and intensely anxious. All is good
order, all is good discipline, all is silence in the camps of those who
are arrayed against each other. They speak not, I do not say, an
impertinent word, but they utter not a single sound. Now if they who
have visible enemies, and who are in nowise injured by words, yet
observe so great silence, dost thou who hast thy warfare, and the chief
of thy warfare in words, dost thou leave this part naked and exposed?
Or art thou ignorant that it is here that we are most beset with
snares? Art thou amusing and enjoying thyself, and uttering witticisms
and raising a laugh, and regarding the matter as a mere nothing? How
many perjuries, how many injuries, how many filthy speeches have arisen
from witticisms! "But no," ye will say, "pleasantries are not like
this." Yet hear how he excludes all kinds of jesting. It is a time now
of war and fighting, of watch and guard, of arming and arraying
ourselves. The time of laughter can have no place here; for that is of
the world. Hear what Christ saith: "The world shall rejoice, but ye
shall be sorrowful." (John xvi. 20.) Christ was crucified for thy ills,
and dost thou laugh? He was buffeted, and endured so great sufferings
because of thy calamity, and the tempest that had overtaken thee; and
dost thou play the reveler? And how wilt thou not then rather provoke
Him?
But since the matter appears to some to be one of
indifference, which moreover is difficult
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to be guarded against, let us discuss this point a little, to show you
how vast an evil it is. For indeed this is a work of the devil, to make
us disregard things indifferent. First of all then, even if it were
indifferent, not even in that case were it right to disregard it, when
one knows that the greatest evils are both produced and increased by
it, and that it oftentimes terminates in fornication. However, that it
is not even indifferent is evident from hence. Let us see then whence
it is produced. Or rather, let us see what sort of a person a saint
ought to be:--gentle, meek, sorrowful, mournful, contrite. The man then
who deals in jests is no saint. Nay, were he even a Greek, such an one
would be scorned. These are things allowed to those only who are on the
stage. Where filthiness is, there also is jesting; where unseasonable
laughter is, there also is jesting. Hearken to what the Prophet saith,
"Serve the Lord in fear, and rejoice with trembling." (Ps. ii. II.)
Jesting renders the soul soft and indolent. It excites the soul unduly,
and often it teems with acts of violence, and creates wars. But what
more? In fine, hast thou not come to be among men? then "put away
childish things." (I Cor. xiii. II.) Why, thou wilt not allow thine own
servant in the market place to speak an impertinent word: and dost thou
then, who sayest thou art a servant of God, go uttering thy witticisms
in the public square? It is well if the soul that is "sober" be not
stolen away; but one that is relaxed and dissolute, who cannot carry
off? It will be its own murderer, and will stand in no need of the
crafts or assaults of the devil.
But, moreover, in order to understand this, look too
at the very name.[1] It means the versatile man, the man of all
complexions, the unstable, the pliable, the man that can be anything
and everything. But far is this from those who are servants to the
Rock. Such a character quickly turns and changes; for he must needs
mimic both gesture and speech, and laugh and gait, and everything, aye,
and such an one is obliged to invent jokes: for he needs this also. But
far be this from a Christian, to play the buffoon. Farther, the man who
plays the jester must of necessity incur the signal hatred of the
objects of his random ridicule, whether they be present, or being
absent hear of it.
If the thing is creditable, why is it left to
mountebanks? What, dost thou make thyself a mountebank, and yet art not
ashamed? Why is it ye permit not your gentlewomen to do so? Is it not
that ye set it down as a mark of an immodest, and not of a discreet
character? Great are the evils that dwell in a soul given to jesting;
great is the ruin and desolation. Its consistency is broken, the
building is decayed, fear is banished, reverence is gone. A tongue thou
hast, not that thou mayest ridicule another man, but that thou mayest
give thanks unto God. Look at your merriment-makers,[2] as they are
called, those buffoons. These are your jesters. Banish from your souls,
I entreat you, this graceless accomplishment. It is the business of
parasites, of mountebanks, of dancers, of harlots; far be it from a
generous, far be it from a highborn soul, aye, far too even from
slaves. If there be any one who has lost respect, if there be any vile
person, that man is also a jester. To many indeed the thing appears to
be even a virtue, and this truly calls for our sorrow. Just as lust by
little and little drives headlong into fornication, so also does a turn
for jesting. It seems to have a grace about it, yet there is nothing
more graceless than this. For hear the Scripture which says, "Before
the thunder goeth lightning, and before a shamefaced man shall go
favor."[3] Now there is nothing more shameless than the jester; so that
his mouth is not full of favor, but of pain. Let us banish this custom
from our tables. Yet are there some who teach it even to the poor! O
monstrous! they make men in affliction play the jester. Why, where
shall not this pest be found next? Already has it been brought into the
Church itself. Already has it laid hold of the very Scriptures. Need I
say anything to prove the enormity of the evil? I am ashamed indeed,
but still nevertheless I will speak; for I am desirous to show to what
a length the mischief has advanced, that I may not appear to be
trifling, or to be discoursing to you on some trifling subject; that
even thus I may be enabled to withdraw you from this delusion. And let
no one think that I am fabricating, but I will tell you what I have
really heard. A certain person happened to be in company with one of
those who pride themselves highly on their knowledge (now I know I
shall excite a smile, but still I will say it notwithstanding); and
when the platter was set before him, he said, "Take and eat, children,
lest your belly be angry!"[4] And again, others say, "Woe unto thee,
Mammon, and to him that hath thee not"[5] and many like enormities has
jesting introduced; as when they say, "Now is there no nativity."[6]
And this I say to show the enormity of this base temper; for these are
the expressions of a soul destitute of all reverence. And are not these
things enough to call down thunderbolts? And one might find many other
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such things which have been said by these men.
Wherefore, I entreat you, let us banish the custom
universally, and speak those things which become us. Let not holy
mouths utter the words of dishonorable and base men. "For what
fellowship have righteousness and iniquity, or what communion hath
light with darkness?" (2 Cor. vi. 14.) Happy will it be for us, if,
having kept ourselves aloof from all such foul things, we be thus able
to attain to the promised blessings; far indeed from dragging such a
train after us, and sullying the purity of our minds by so many. For
the man who will play the jester will soon go on to be a railer, and
the railer will go on to heap ten thousand other mischiefs on himself.
When then we shall have disciplined these two faculties of the soul,
anger and desire (vid. Plat. Phaedr. cc. 25, 34), and have put them
like well-broken horses under the yoke of reason, then let us set over
them the mind as charioteer, that we may "gain the prize of our high
calling" (Phil. iii. 14); which God grant that we may all attain,
through Jesus Christ our Lord, with Whom, together with the Holy Ghost,
be unto the Father, glory, might, and honor, now, and ever, and
throughout all ages. Amen.
HOMILY XVIII.
EPHESIANS v. 5, 6.
"For this ye know of a surety, that no fornicator, nor unclean person,
nor covetous man, which is an idolater, hath any inheritance in the
kingdom of Christ and God. Let no man deceive you with empty words: for
because of these things cometh the wrath of God upon the sons of
disobedience."
THERE were, it is likely, in the time of our
forefathers also, some who "weakened the hands of the people" (Jer.
xxxviii. 4), and brought into practice that which is mentioned by
Ezekiel,--or rather who did the works of the false prophets, who
"profaned God among His people for handfuls of barley" (Ezek. xiii.
19); a thing, by the way, done methinks by some even at this day. When,
for example, we say that he who calleth his brother a fool shall depart
into hell-fire, others say, "What? Is he that calls his brother a fool
to depart into hell-fire? Impossible," say they. And again, when we say
that "the covetous man is an idolater," in this too again they make
abatements, and say the expression is hyperbolical. And in this manner
they underrate and explain away all the commandments. It was in
allusion then to these that the blessed Paul, at this time when he
wrote to the Ephesians, spoke thus, "For this ye know,[1] that no
fornicator, nor unclean person, nor covetous man, which is an idolater,
hath any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and God"; adding, "let no
man[2] deceive you with empty words." Now "empty words" are those which
for a while are gratifying, but are in nowise borne out in facts;
because the whole case is a deception.
"Because of these things cometh the wrath of God
upon the sons of disobedience."
Because of "fornication," he means, because of
"covetousness," because of "uncleanness," or both because of these
things, and because of the "deceit,"[3] inasmuch as there are
deceivers. "Sons of disobedience"; he thus calls those who are utterly
disobedient, those who disobey Him.
Ver. 7, 8. "Be not ye, therefore, partakers with
them. For ye were[4] once darkness, but are now light in the Lord."
Observe how wisely he urges them forward; first,
from the thought of Christ, that ye love one another, and do injury to
no man; then, on the other hand, from the thought of punishment and
hell-fire. "For ye were once darkness," says he, "but are now light in
the Lord." Which is what he says also in the Epistle to the Romans;
"What fruit then had ye at that time in the things whereof ye are now
ashamed?" (Rom. vi. 21), and reminds them of their former wickedness.
That is to say, thinking what ye once were, and what ye are now become,
do not run back into your former wickedness, nor do "despite to the
grace" (Heb. x. 29) of God.
"Ye were once darkness, but are now light in the
Lord!"
Not, he says, by your own virtue, but through
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the grace of God has this accrued to you. That is to say, ye also were
sometime worthy of the same punishments, but now are so no more. "Walk"
therefore "as children of light." What is meant however by "children of
light," he adds afterwards.
Ver. 9, 10. "For the fruit[1] of the light is in all
goodness and righteousness and truth, proving what is well-pleasing
unto the Lord."
"In all goodness,"[2] he says: this is opposed to
the angry, and the bitter: "and righteousness"; this to the covetous:
"and truth"; this to false pleasure: not those former things, he says,
which I was mentioning, but their opposites. "In all"; that is, the
fruit of the Spirit ought to be evinced in everything. "Proving what is
well-pleasing unto the Lord"; so that those things are tokens of a
childish and imperfect mind.
Ver. 11, 12, 13. "And have no fellowship with the
unfruitful works of darkness, but rather even reprove them. For the
things which are done by them in secret it is a shame even to speak of.
But all things when they are reproved, are made manifest by the light."
He had said, "ye are light." Now the light reproves
by exposing the things which take place in the darkness. So that if ye,
says he, are virtuous, and conspicuous, the wicked will be unable to
lie hidden. For just as when a candle is set, all are brought to light,
and the thief cannot enter; so if your light shine, the wicked being
discovered shall be caught. So then it is our duty to expose them. How
then does our Lord say, "Judge not, that ye be not judged"? (Matt. vii.
I, 3.) Paul did not say "judge," he said "reprove," that is, correct.
And the words, "Judge not, that ye be not judged," He spoke with
reference to very small errors. Indeed, He added, "Why beholdest thou
the mote that is in thy brother's eye, but considerest not the beam
that is in thine own eye?" But what Paul is saying is of this sort. As
a wound, so long as it is imbedded and concealed outwardly, and runs
beneath the surface, receives no attention, so also sin, as long as it
is concealed, being as it were in darkness, is daringly committed in
full security; but as soon as "it is made manifest," becomes "light";
not indeed the sin itself, (for how could that be?) but the sinner. For
when he has been brought out to light, when he has been admonished,
when he has repented, when he has obtained pardon, hast thou not
cleared away all his darkness? Hast thou not then healed his wound?
Hast thou not called his unfruitfulness into fruit? Either this is his
meaning,[3] or else what I said above, that your life "being manifest,
is light." For no one hides an irreproachable life; whereas things
which are hidden, are hidden by darkness covering them.
Ver. 14. "Wherefore he saith, Awake thou that
sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ shall shine upon thee."
By the "sleeper" and the "dead," he means the man
that is in sin; for he both exhales noisome odors like the dead, and is
inactive like one that is asleep, and like him he sees nothing, but is
dreaming, and forming fancies and illusions. Some indeed read,[4] "And
thou shalt touch Christ "; but others, "And Christ shall shine Upon
thee "; and it is rather this latter. Depart from sin, and thou shalt
be able to behold Christ. "For every one that doeth ill, hateth the
light, and cometh not to the light." (John iii. 20. ) He therefore that
doeth it not, cometh to the light.
Now he is not saying this with reference to the
unbelievers only, for many of the faithful, no less than unbelievers,
hold fast by wickedness; nay, some far more. Therefore to these also it
is necessary to exclaim, "Awake,[5] thou that sleepest, and arise from
the dead, and Christ shall shine upon thee." To these it is fitting to
say this also, "God is not the God of the dead, but of the living."
(Matt. xxii. 32.) If then he is not the God of the dead, let us live.
Now there are some who say that the words, "the
covetous man is an idolater," are hyperbolical. However, the statement
is not hyperbolical, it is true. How, and in what way? Because the
covetous man apostatizes from God, just as the idolater does. And lest
you should imagine this is a bare assertion, there is a declaration of
Christ which saith, "Ye cannot serve God and Mammon." (Matt. vi.
24.) If then it is not possible to serve God and Mammon, they who serve
Mammon have thrown themselves out of the service of God; and they who
have denied His sovereignty, and serve lifeless gold, it is plain
enough that they are
134
idolaters. "But I never made an idol," a man will say, "nor set up an
altar, nor sacrificed sheep, nor poured libations of wine; no, I came
into the church, and lifted up my hands to the Only-begotten Son of
God; I partake of the mysteries, I communicate in prayer, and in
everything else which is a Christian's duty. How then," he will say,
"am I a worshiper of idols?" Yes, and this is the very thing which is
the most astonishing of all, that when thou hast had experience, and
hast "tasted" the lovingkindness of God, and "hast seen that the Lord
is gracious" (Ps. xxxiv. 8), thou shouldest abandon Him who is
gracious, and take to thyself a cruel tyrant, and shouldest pretend to
be serving Him, whilst in reality thou hast submitted thyself to the
hard and galling yoke of covetousness. Thou hast not yet told me of thy
own duty done, but only of thy Master's gifts. For tell me, I beseech
thee, whence do we judge of a soldier? Is it when he is on duty
guarding the king, and is fed by him, and called the king's own, or is
it when he is minding his own affairs and interests? To pretend to be
with him, and to be attentive to his interests whilst he is advancing
the cause of the enemy, we declare to be worse than if he breaks away
from the king's service, and joins the enemy. Now then thou art doing
despite to God, just as an idolater does, not with thine own mouth
singly, but with the ten thousands of those whom thou hast wronged. Yet
you will say, "an idolater he is not." But surely, whenever they say,
"Oh! that Christian, that covetous fellow," then not only is he himself
committing outrage by his own act, but he frequently forces those also
whom he has wronged to use these words; and if they use them not, this
is to be set to the account of their reverence.
Do we not see that such is the fact? What else is an
idolater? Or does not he too worship passions, oftentimes not mastering
his passions? I mean, for example, when we say that the pagan idolater
worships idols, he will say, "No, but it is Venus, or it is Mars." And
if we say, Who is this Venus? the more modest amongst them will say, It
is pleasure. Or what is this Mars? It is wrath. And in the same way
dost thou worship Mammon. If we say, Who is this Mammon? It is
covetousness, and this thou art worshiping. "I worship it not," thou
wilt say. Why not? Because thou dost not bow thyself down? Nay, but as
it is, thou art far more a worshiper in thy deeds and practices; for
this is the higher kind of worship. And that you may understand this,
look in the case of God; who more truly worship Him, they who merely
stand up at the prayers, or they who do His will? Clearly enough, these
latter. The same also is it with the worshipers of Mammon; they who do
his will, they truly are his worshipers. However, they who worship the
passions are oftentimes free from the passions. One may see a worshiper
of Mars oftentimes governing his wrath. But this is not true of thee;
thou makest thyself a slave to thy passion.
Yes, but thou slayest no sheep? No, thou slayest
men, reasonable souls, some by famine, others by blasphemies. Nothing
can be more frenzied than a sacrifice like this. Who ever beheld souls
sacrificed? How accursed is the altar of covetousness! When thou
passest by this idol's altar here, thou shalt see it reeking with the
blood of bullocks and goats; but when thou shalt pass by the altar of
covetousness, thou shalt see it breathing the shocking odor of human
blood. Stand here before it in this world, and thou shalt see, not the
wings of birds burning, no vapor, no smoke exhaled, but the bodies of
men perishing. For some throw themselves among precipices, others tie
the halter, others thrust the dagger through their throat. Hast thou
seen the cruel and inhuman sacrifices? Wouldest thou see yet more
shocking ones than these? Then I will show thee no longer the bodies of
men, but the souls of men slaughtered in the other world. Yes, for it
is possible for a soul to be slain with the slaughter peculiar to the
soul; for as there is a death of the body,[1] so is there also of the
soul. "The soul that sinneth," saith the Prophet," it shall die."
(Ezek. xviii. 4.) The death of the soul, however, is not like the death
of the body; it is far more shocking. For this bodily death, separating
the soul and the body the one from the other, releases the one from
many anxieties and toils, and transmits the other into a manifest
abode: then when the body has been in time dissolved and crumbled away,
it is again gathered together in incorruption, and receives back its
own proper soul. Such we see is this bodily death. But that of the soul
is awful and terrific. For this death, when dissolution takes place,
does not let it pass, as the body does, but binds it down again to an
imperishable body, and consigns it to the unquenchable fire. This then
is the death of the soul. And as therefore there is a death of the
soul, so is there also a slaughter of the soul. What is the slaughter
of the body? It is the being turned into a corpse, the being stripped
of the energy derived from the soul. What is the slaughter of the soul?
It is its being made a corpse also. And how is the soul made a
corpse? Because as the body then becomes a corpse when the soul
leaves it destitute of its own vital energy, so also does the soul then
be-
135
come a corpse, when the Holy Spirit leaves it destitute of His
spiritual energy.
Such for the most part are the slaughters made at
the altar of covetousness. They are not satisfied, they do not stop at
men's blood no, the altar of covetousness is not glutted, unless
it sacrifice the very soul itself also, unless it receive the souls of
both, the sacrificer and the sacrificed. For he who sacrifices must
first be sacrificed, and then he sacrifices; and the dead sacrifices
him who is yet living. For when he utters blasphemies, when he reviles,
when he is irritated, are not these so many incurable wounds of the
soul?
Thou hast seen that the expression is no hyperbole.
Wouldest thou hear again another argument, to teach you how
covetousness is idolatry, and more shocking than idolatry? Idolaters
worship the creatures of God ("for they worshiped," it is said, "and
served the creature rather than the Creator") (Rom. i. 25); but thou
art worshiping a creature of thine own. For God made not covetousness
but thine own insatiable appetite invented it.[1] And look at the
madness and folly. They that worship idols, honor also the idols they
worship; and if any one speak of them with disrespect or ridicule, they
stand up in their defense; whereas thou, as if in a sort of
intoxication, art worshiping an object, which is so far from being free
from accusation, that it is even full of impiety. So that thou, even
more than they, excellest in wickedness. Thou canst never have it to
say as an excuse, that it is no evil. If even they are in the highest
degree without excuse, yet art thou in a far higher, who art
forever censuring covetousness, and reviling those who devote
themselves to it, and who yet doth serve and obey it.
We will examine, if you please, whence idolatry took
its rise. A certain wise man (Wisd. xiv. 16) tells us, that a certain
rich man afflicted with untimely mourning for his son, and having no
consolation for his sorrow, consoled his passion in this way: having
made a lifeless image of the dead, and constantly gazing at it, he
seemed through the image to have his departed one still; whilst certain
flatterers, "whose God was their belly" (Phil. iii. 19), treating the
image with reverence in order to do him honor, carried on the custom
into idolatry.[2] So then it took its rise from weakness of soul, from
a senseless custom, from extravagance. But not so covetousness: from
weakness of soul indeed it is, only that it is from a worse weakness.
It is not that any one has lost a son, nor that he is seeking for
consolation in sorrow. nor that he is drawn on by flatterers. But how
is it? I will tell you. Cain in covetousness overreached[3] God; what
ought to have been given to Him, he kept to himself; what he should
have kept himself, this he offered to Him; and thus the evil began even
from God. For if we are God's, much more are the first-fruits of our
possessions. Again, men's violent passion for women arose from
covetousness.[4] "They saw the daughters of men" (Gen. vi. 2), and they
rushed headlong into lust. And from hence again it went on to money;
for the wish to have more than one's neighbor of this world's goods,
arises from no other source, than from "love waxing cold." The wish to
have more than one's share arises from no other source than
recklessness, misanthropy, and arrogance toward others. Look at the
earth, how wide is its extent? How far greater than we can use the
expanse of the sky and the heaven? It is that He might put an end to
thy covetousness, that God hath thus widely extended the bounds of the
creation. And art thou then still grasping and even thus? And dost thou
hear that covetousness is idolatry, and not shudder even at this? Dost
thou wish to inherit the earth? Then hast thou no inheritance in
heaven. Art thou eager to leave an inheritance to others, that thou
mayest rob thyself of it? Tell me, if any one were to offer thee power
to possess all things, wouldest thou be unwilling? It is in thy power
now, if thou wilt. Some, however, say, that they are grieved when they
transmit the inheritance to others, and would fain have consumed it
themselves, rather than see others become its masters. Nor do I acquit
thee of this weakness; for this too is characteristic of a weak soul.
However, at least let as much as this be done. In thy will leave Christ
thine heir. It were thy duty indeed to do so in thy lifetime, for this
would show a right disposition. Still, at all events, be a little
generous, though it be but by necessity. For Christ indeed charged us
to give to the poor with this object, to make us wise in our lifetime,
to induce us to despise money, to teach us to look down upon earthly
things. It is no contempt of money, as you think, to bestow it upon
this man and upon that man when one dies, and is no longer master of
it. Thou art then no longer giving of thine own, but of absolute
necessity: thanks to death, not to thee. This is no act of affection,
it is thy loss.
136
However, let it be done even thus; at least then give up thy passion.
MORAL. Consider how many acts of plunder, how many
acts of covetousness, thou hast committed. Restore all fourfold. Thus
plead thy cause to God. Some, however, there are who are arrived at
such a pitch of madness and blindness, as not even then to comprehend
their duty; but who go on acting in all cases, just as if they were
taking pains to make the judgment of God yet heavier to themselves.
This is the reason why our blessed Apostle writes and says, "Walk as
children of light." Now the covetous man of all others lives in
darkness, and spreads great darkness over all things around.
"And have no fellowship," he adds, "with the
unfruitful works of darkness, but rather even reprove them; for the
things which are done by them in secret, it is a shame even to speak
of; but all things when they are reproved are made manifest by the
light." Hearken, I entreat you, all, as many of you as like not to be
hated for nothing, but to be loved. "What need is there to be hated?"
one says. A man commits a robbery, and dost thou not reprove him, but
art afraid of his hatred? though this, however, is not being hated for
nothing. But dost thou justly convict him, and yet fear the hatred?
Convict thy brother, incur enmity for the love's sake which thou owest
to Christ, for the love's sake which thou owest to thy brother. Arrest
him as he is on his road to the pit of destruction. For to admit him to
our table, to treat him with civil speeches, with salutations, and with
entertainments, these are no signal proofs of friendship. No, those I
have mentioned are the boons which we must bestow upon our friends,
that we may rescue their souls from the wrath of God. When we see them
lying prostrate in the furnace of wickedness, let us raise them up.
"But," they say, it is of no use, he is incorrigible." However, do thou
thy duty, and then thou hast excused thyself to God. Hide not thy
talent. It is for this that thou hast speech, it is for this thou hast
a mouth and a tongue, that thou mayest correct thy neighbor.[1] It is
dumb and reasonless creatures only that have no care for their
neighbor, and take no account of others. But dost thou while calling
God, "Father," and thy neighbor, "brother," when thou seest him
committing unnumbered wickednesses, dost thou prefer his good-will to
his welfare? No, do not so, I entreat you. There is no evidence of
friendship so true as never to overlook the sins of our brethren. Didst
thou see them at enmity? Reconcile them. Didst thou see them guilty of
covetousness? Check them. Didst thou see them wronged? Stand up in
their defense. It is not on them, it is on thyself thou art conferring
the chief benefit. It is for this we are friends, that we may be of use
one to another. A man will listen in a different spirit to a friend,
and to any other chance person. A chance person he will regard perhaps
with suspicion, and so in like manner will he a teacher, but not so a
friend.
"For," he says, "the things which are done by them
in secret it is a shame even to speak of: but all things when they are
reproved are made manifest by the light." What is it he means to say
here? He means this. That some sins in this world are done in secret,
and some also openly; but in the other it shall not be so. Now there is
no one who is not conscious to himself of some sin. This is why he
says," But all the things when they are reproved are made manifest by
the light." What then? Is this again, it will be said, meant concerning
idolatry? It is not; the argument is about our life and our sins. "For
everything that is made manifest," says he, "is light."
Wherefore, I entreat you, be ye never backward to
reprove, nor displeased at being reproved.[2] For as long indeed as
anything is carried on in the dark, it is carried on with greater
security; but when it has many to witness what is done, it is brought
to light. By all means then let us do all we can to chase away the
deadness which is in our brethren, to scatter the darkness, and to
attract to us the "Sun of righteousness." For if there be many shining
lights, the path of virtue will be easy to themselves, and they which
are in darkness will be more easily detected, while the light is held
forth and puts the darkness to flight. Whereas if it be the reverse,
there is fear lest as the thick mist of darkness and of sin overpowers
the light, and dispels its transparency, those shining lights
themselves should be extinguished. Let us be then disposed to benefit
one another, that one and all, we may offer up praise and glory to the
God of lovingkindness, by the grace and loving-kindness of the only
begotten Son with whom to the Father, together with the Holy Ghost, be
glory, strength, honor now and forever and forever. Amen.
137
HOMILY XIX.
EPHESIANS v. 15, 16, 17.
"Look then carefully how ye walk, not as unwise, but as wise; redeeming
the time, because the days are evil. Wherefore be ye not foolish, but
understand what the will of the Lord is."
HE is still cleansing away the root of bitterness,
still cutting off the very groundwork of anger) For what is he saying?
"Look carefully how ye walk." "They are sheep in the midst of wolves,"
and he charges them to be also "as doves." For "ye shall be harmless,"
saith he, "as doves." (Matt. x. 16.) Forasmuch then as they were both
amongst wolves, and were besides commanded not to defend themselves,
but to suffer evil, they needed this admonition.[2] Not indeed but that
the former was sufficient to render them stronger;[3] but now that
there is besides the addition of the two, reflect how exceedingly it is
heightened. Observe then here also, how carefully he secures them, by
saying, "Look how ye walk." Whole cities were at war with them; yea,
this war made its way also into houses. They were divided, father
against son, and son against father, mother against daughter, and
daughter against mother. What then? Whence these divisions? They heard
Christ say, "He that loveth father or mother more than me, is not
worthy of me." (Matt. x. 37.) Lest therefore they should think that he
was without reason introducing wars and fightings, (since there was
likely to be much anger produced, if they on their part were to
retaliate,) to prevent this, he says, "See carefully how ye walk." That
is to say, "Except the Gospel message,[4] give no other handle on any
score whatever, for the hatred which you will incur." Let this be the
only ground of hatred. Let no one have any other charge to make against
you; but show all deference and obedience, whenever it does no harm to
the message, whenever it does not stand in the way of godliness. For it
is said, "Render to all their dues, tribute to whom tribute, custom to
whom custom." (Rom. xiii. 7.) For when amongst the rest of the world
they shall see us forbearing, they will be put to shame.
"Not as unwise, but as wise,[5] redeeming the time."
It is not from any wish that you should be artful,
and versatile, that he gives this advice. But what he means is this.
The time is not yours. At present ye are strangers, and sojourners, and
foreigners, and aliens; seek not honors, seek not glory, seek not
authority, nor revenge; bear all things, and in this way, "redeem the
time";[6] give up many things, anything they may require. Imagine now,
I say, a man had a magnificent house, and persons were to make their
way in, on purpose to murder him, and he were to give a large sum, and
thus to rescue himself. Then we should say, he has redeemed himself. So
also hast thou a large house, and a true faith in thy keeping. They
will come to take all away. Give whatever they may demand, only
preserve the principal thing, I mean the faith.
"Because the days" saith he "are evil."
What is the evil of the day? The evil of the
day ought to belong to the day. What is the evil of a body?
Disease. And what again the evil of the soul? Wickedness. What is
the evil of water? Bitterness. And the evil of each particular thing,
is with reference to that nature of it which is affected by the evil.
If then there is an evil in the day, it ought to belong to the day, to
the hours, to the day-light. So also Christ saith, "Sufficient unto the
day is the evil thereof." (Matt. vi. 34.) And from this expression we
shall understand the other. In what sense then does he call "the days
evil "? In what sense the "time" evil? It is not the essence of the
thing, not the things as so created, but it is the things transacted in
them. In the same way as we are in the habit of saying, "I have passed
a disagreeable and wretched day."[7] And yet how could it be
disagreeable, except from the circumstances which took place in it? Now
the events which take place in it are, good things from God, but evil
things from bad men. So then of the evils which happen in the times,
men are the creators, and hence it is that the times are said to be
evil. And thus we also call the times evil.
Ver. 17, 18. "Wherefore,"[8] he adds, "be ye
138
not foolish, but understand what the will of the Lord is; and be not
drunk with wine, wherein is riot."
For indeed intemperance in this renders men
passionate and violent, and hot-headed, and irritable and savage. Wine
has been given us for cheerfulness, not for drunkenness. Whereas now it
appears to be an unmanly and contemptible thing for a man not to get
drunk. And what sort of hope then is there of salvation? What?
contemptible, tell me, not to get drunk, where to get drunk ought of
all things in the world to be most contemptible? For it is of all
things right for even a private individual to keep himself far from
drunkenness; but how much more so for a soldier, a man who lives
amongst swords, and bloodshed, and slaughter: much more, I say, for the
soldier, when his temper is sharpened by other causes also, by power,
by authority, by being constantly in the midst of stratagems and
battles. Wouldest thou know where wine is good? Hear what the Scripture
saith, "Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine
unto the bitter in soul." (Prov. xxxi. 6.) And justly, because it can
mitigate asperity and gloominess, and drive away clouds from the brow.
"Wine maketh glad the heart of man" (Ps. civ. 15), says the Psalmist.
How then does wine produce drunkenness? For it cannot be that one and
the same thing should work opposite effects. Drunkenness then surely
does not arise from wine, but from intemperance. Wine is bestowed upon
us for no other purpose than for bodily health; but this purpose also
is thwarted by immoderate use. But hear moreover what our blessed
Apostle writes and says to Timothy, "Use a little wine for thy
stomach's sake, and thine often infirmities."[1]
This is the reason why God has formed our bodies in
moderate proportions, and so as to be satisfied with a little, from
thence at once instructing us that He has made us adapted to another
life. And that life He would fain have bestowed upon us even from the
very beginning; but since we rendered ourselves unworthy of it, He
deferred it; and in the time during which He deferred it, not even in
that does He allow us immoderate indulgence; for a little cup of wine
and a single loaf is enough to satisfy a manes hunger. And man the lord
of all the brute creation has He formed so as to require less food in
proportion than they, and his body small; thereby declaring to us
nothing else than this, that we are hastening onward to another life.
"Be not drunk," says he, "with wine, wherein is riot"; for it does not
save[2] but it destroys; and that, not the body only, but the soul also.
Ver. 18, 19, 20, 21. "But be filled[3] with the
Spirit; speaking one to another in psalms and hymns and spiritual
songs, singing and making melody with your heart to the Lord; giving
thanks always for all things in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ to
God even the Father; subjecting yourselves one to another in the fear
of Christ."
Dost thou wish, he says, to be cheerful, dost thou
wish to employ the day? I give thee spiritual drink; for drunkenness
even cuts off the articulate sound of our tongue; it makes us lisp and
stammer, and distorts the eyes, and the whole frame together. Learn to
sing psalms, and thou shall see the delightfulness of the employment.
For they who sing psalms are filled with the Holy Spirit, as they who
sing satanic songs are filled with an unclean spirit.
What is meant by "with your hearts to the Lord"? It
means, with close attention and understanding. For they who do not
attend closely, merely sing, uttering the words, whilst their heart is
roaming elsewhere.
"Always," he says, "giving thanks for all things in
the name of our Lord Jesus Christ unto God even the Father, subjecting
yourselves one to another in the fear of Christ."
That is, "let your requests be made known unto God,
with thanksgiving" (Phil. iv. 6); for there is nothing so pleasing to
God, as for a man to be thankful. But we shall be best able to give
thanks unto God, by withdrawing our souls from the things before
mentioned, and by thoroughly cleansing them by the means he has told us.
"But be filled," says he, "with the Spirit."
And is then this Spirit within us? Yes, indeed,
within us. For when we have driven away lying, and bitterness, and
fornication, and uncleanness, and covetousness, from our souls, when we
are become kind, tender-hearted, forgiving one another, when there is
no jesting, when we have rendered ourselves worthy of it, what is there
to hinder the Holy Spirit from coming and lighting upon us? And not
only will He come unto us, but He will fill our hearts; and when we
have so great a light kindled within us, then will the way of virtue be
no longer difficult to attain, but will be easy and simple.
"Giving thanks always,[4] he says, "for all things."
139
What then? Are we to give thanks for everything that
befalls us? Yes; be it even disease, be it even penury. For if a
certain wise man gave this advice in the Old Testament, and said,
"Whatsoever is brought upon thee take cheerfully, and be patient when
thou art changed to a low estate" (Ecclus. ii, 4); much more ought this
to be the case in the New. Yes, even though thou know not the word,
give thanks. For this is thanksgiving. But if thou give thanks when
thou art in comfort and in affluence, in success and in prosperity,
there is nothing great, nothing wonderful in that. What is required is,
for a man to give thanks when he is in afflictions, in anguish, in
discouragements. Utter no word in preference to this, "Lord, I thank
thee." And why do I speak of the afflictions of this world? It is our
duty to give God thanks, even for hell[1] itself, for the torments and
punishments of the next world. For surely it is a thing beneficial to
those who attend to it, when the dread of hell is laid like a bridle on
our hearts. Let us therefore give thanks not only for blessings which
we see, but also for those which we see not, and for those which we
receive against our will. For many are the blessings He bestows upon
us, without our desire, without our knowledge. And if ye believe me
not, I will at once proceed to make the case clear to you. For
consider, I pray, do not the impious and unbelieving Gentiles ascribe
everything to the sun and to their idols? But what then? Doth He not
bestow blessings even upon them? Is it not the work of His providence,
that they both have life, and health, and children, and the like? And
again they that are called Marcionites,[2] and the Manichees, do they
not even blaspheme Him? But what then? Does He not bestow blessings on
them every day? Now if He bestows blessings on them that know them not,
much more does he bestow them upon us. For what else is the peculiar
work of God if it be not this, to do good to all mankind, alike by
chastisements and by enjoyments? Let us not then give thanks only when
we are in prosperity, for there is nothing great in this. And this the
devil also well knows, and therefore he said, "Doth Job fear God for
nought? Hast Thou not made an hedge about him and about all that he
hath on every side? Touch all that he hath; no doubt, he will renounce
Thee to Thy face!" (Job i. 10, 11.) However, that cursed one gained no
advantage; and God forbid he should gain any advantage of us either;
but whenever we are either in penury, or in sicknesses, or in
disasters, then let us increase our thanksgiving; thanksgiving, I mean,
not in words, nor in tongue, but in deeds and works, in mind and in
heart. Let us give thanks unto Him with all our souls. For He loves us
more than our parents; and wide as is the difference between evil
and goodness, so great is the difference between the love of God and
that of our fathers. And these are not my words, but those of Christ
Himself Who loveth us. And hear what He Himself saith, "What man is
there of you, who, if his son shall ask him for a loaf, will give him a
stone? If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your
children, how much more shall your Father which is in Heaven give good
things to them that ask Him?" (Matt. vii. 9, 11.) And again, bear what
He saith also elsewhere: "Can a woman forget her sucking child that she
should not have compassion on the son of her womb? Yea, they may
forget, yet will not I forget thee, saith the Lord." (Isa. xlix. 15.)
For if He loveth us not, wherefore did He create us? Had He any
necessity? Do we supply to Him any ministry and service? Needeth He
anything that we can render? Hear what the Prophet says; "I have said
unto the Lord, Thou art my Lord, I have no good beyond Thee." (Ps. xvi.
2.)
The ungrateful, however, and unfeeling say, that
this were worthy of God's goodness, that there should be an equality
amongst all. Tell me, ungrateful mortal, what sort of things are they
which thou deniest to be of God's goodness, and what equality meanest
thou? "Such an one," thou wilt say, "has been a cripple from his
childhood; another is mad, and is possessed; another has arrived at
extreme old age, and has spent his whole life in poverty; another in
the most painful diseases: are these works of Providence? One man is
deaf, another dumb, another poor, whilst another, impious, yea, utterly
impious, and full of ten thousand vices, enjoys wealth, and keeps
concubines, and parasites, and is owner of a splendid mansion, and
lives an idle life."[3] And many instances of the sort they string
together, and weave a long account of complaint against the providence
of God.
What then are we to say to them? Now if they were
Greeks, and were to tell us that the universe is governed by some one
or other, we should in turn address. to them the self-same words, "What
then, are things without a provi-
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dence? How then is it that ye reverence gods, and worship genii and
heroes? For if there is a providence, some one or other superintends
the whole." But if any, whether Christians or Heathen, should be
impatient at this, and be wavering, what shall we say to them? "Why,
could so many good things, tell me, arise of themselves? The daily
light? The beautiful order and the forethought that exist in all
things? The mazy dances of the stars? The equable course of nights and
days? The regular gradation of nature in vegetables, and animals, and
men? Who, tell me, is it that ordereth these? If there were no
superintending Being, but all things combined together of themselves,
who then was it that made this vault revolve, so beautiful, so vast, I
mean the sky, and set it upon the earth, nay more, upon the waters? Who
is it that gives the fruitful seasons? Who implanted so great power in
seeds and vegetables? For that which is accidental is necessarily
disorderly; whereas that which is orderly implies design. For which,
tell me, of the things around us that are accidental, is not full of
great disorder, and of great tumult and confusion? Nor do I speak of
things accidental only, but of those also which imply some agent, but
an unskillful agent. For example, let there be timber and stone, and
let there be lime withal; and let a man unskilled in building take
them, and begin building, and set hard to work; will he not spoil and
destroy everything? Again, take a vessel without a pilot, containing
everything which a vessel ought to contain, without a shipwright; I do
not say that it is unequipped and unfinished, but though well equipped,
it will not be able to sail. And could the vast extent of earth
standing on the waters, tell me, ever stand so firmly, and so long a
time, without some power to hold it together?[1] And can these views
have any reason? Is it not the extreme of absurdity to conceive such a
notion? And if the earth supports the heaven, behold another burden
still; but if the heaven also is borne upon the waters, there arises
again another question. Or rather not another question, for it is the
work of providence. For things which are borne upon the water ought not
to be made convex, but concave. Wherefore? Because the whole body of
anything which is concave is immersed in the waters, as is the case
with a ship; whereas of the convex the body is entirely above, and only
the rim rests upon the surface; so that it requires a resisting body,
hard, and able to sustain it, in order to bear the burden imposed. But
does the atmosphere then support the heaven? Why, that is far softer,
and more yielding even than water, and cannot sustain anything, no, not
the very lightest things, much less so vast a bulk. In fine, if we
chose to follow out the argument of providence, both generally and in
detail, time itself would fail us. For I will now ask him who would
start those questions above mentioned, are these things the result of
providence, or of the want of providence? And if he shall say, that
they are not from providence, then again I will ask, how then did they
arise? But no, he will never be able to give any account at all. And
dost thou not know that?
Much more then is it thy duty not to question, not
to be over curious, in those things which concern man. And why not?
Because man is nobler than all these, and these were made for his sake,
not he for their sake. If then thou knowest not so much as the skill
and contrivance that are visible in His providence, how shalt thou be
able to know the reasons, where he himself is the subject? Tell me, I
pray, why did God form him so small, so far below the height of heaven,
as that he should even doubt of the things which appear above him? Why
are the northern and southern climes uninhabitable? Tell me, I say, why
is the night made longer in winter and shorter in summer? Why are the
degrees of cold and heat such as they are? Why is the body mortal? And
ten thousand questions besides I will ask thee, and if thou wilt, will
never cease asking. And in one and all thou wilt surely be at a loss to
answer. And thus is this of all things most providential, that the
reasons of things are kept secret from us. For surely, one would have
imagined man to be the cause of all things, were there not this to
humble our understanding.
"But such an one," you will say, "is poor, and
poverty is an evil. And what is it to be sick, and what is it to be
crippled?" Oh, man, they are nothing.[2] One thing alone is evil, that
is to sin; this is the only thing we ought to search to the bottom. And
yet we omit to search into the causes of what are really evils, and
busy ourselves about other things. Why is. it that not one of us ever
examines why he has sinned? To sin,--is it then in my power, or is it
not in my power? And why need I go round about me for a number of
reasons? I will seek for the matter within myself. Now then did I ever
master my wrath? Did I ever master my anger, either through shame, or
through fear of man? Then whenever
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I discover this done, I shall discover that to sin is in my own power.
No one examines these matters, no one busies himself about them: But
only according to Job, "Man in a way altogether different swims upon
words."[1] For why does it concern thee, if such an one is blind, or
such an one poor? God hath not commanded thee to look to this, but to
what thou thyself art doing. For if on the one hand thou doubtest that
there is any power superintending the world, thou art of all men the
most senseless; but if thou art persuaded of this, why doubt that it is
our duty to please God?
"Giving thanks always," he says, "for all things to
God."
Go to the physician's, and thou wilt see him,
whenever a man is discovered to have a wound, using the knife and the
cautery. But no, in thy case, I say not so much as this; but go to the
carpenter's. And yet thou dost not examine his reasons, although thou
understandest not one of the things which are done there, and many
things will appear to thee to be difficulties; as, for instance, when
he hollows the wood, when he alters its outward shape. Nay, I would
bring thee to a more intelligible craft still, for instance, that of
the painter, and there thy head will swim. For tell me, does he not
seem to be doing what he does, at random? For what do his lines mean,
and the turns and bends of the lines? But when he puts on the colors,
then the beauty of the art will become conspicuous. Yet still, not even
then wilt thou be able to attain to any accurate understanding of it.
But why do I speak of carpenters, and painters, our fellow-servants?
Tell me, how does the bee frame her comb, and then shalt thou speak
about God also. Master the handiwork of the ant, the spider, and the
swallow, and then shalt thou speak about God also. Tell me these
things. But no, thou never canst. Wilt thou not cease then, O man, thy
vain enquiries? For vain indeed they are. Wilt thou not cease busying
thyself in vain about many things? Nothing so wise as this ignorance,
where they that profess they know nothing are wisest of all, and they
that spend overmuch labor on these questions, the most foolish of
all. So that to profess knowledge is not everywhere a sign of wisdom,
but sometimes of folly also. For tell me, suppose there were two men,
and one of them should profess to stretch out his lines, and to measure
the expanse that intervenes between the earth and heaven, and the other
were to laugh at him, and declare that he did not understand it, tell
me, I pray, which should we laugh at, him that said he knew, or him
that knew not? Evidently, the man that said that he knew. He that is
ignorant, therefore, is wiser than he that professes to know.[2] And
what again? If any one were to profess to tell us how many cups of
water the sea contains, and another should profess his ignorance, is
not the ignorance here again wiser than the knowledge?[3] Surely,
vastly so. And why so? Because that knowledge itself is but intense
ignorance. For he indeed who says that he is ignorant, knows something.
And what is that? That it is incomprehensible to man.[4] Yes, and this
is no small portion of knowledge. Whereas he that says he knows, he of
all others knows not what he says he knows, and is for this very reason
utterly ridiculous.
MORAL. Alas! how many things are there to teach us
to bridle this unseasonable impertinence and idle curiosity; and yet we
refrain not, but are curious about the lives of others; as, why one is
a cripple, and why another is poor. And so by this way of reasoning we
shall fall into another sort of trifling which is endless, as, why such
an one is a woman? and, why all are not men? why there is such a thing
as an ass? why an ox? why a dog? why a wolf? why a stone? why wood? and
thus the argument will run out to an interminable length. This in truth
is the reason, why God has marked out limits to our knowledge, and has
laid them deep in nature. And mark, now, the excess of this busy
curiosity. For though we look up to so great a height as from earth to
heaven, and are not at all affected by it; yet as soon as ever we go up
to the top of a lofty tower, and have a mind to stoop over a little,
and look down, a sort of giddiness and dizziness immediately seizes us.
Now, tell me the reason of this. No, thou couldest never find out a
reason for it. Why is it that the eye possesses greater power than
other senses, and is caught by more distant objects? And one might see
it by comparison with the case of hearing. For no one will ever be able
to shout so loudly, as to fill the air as far as the eye can reach, nor
to hear at so great a distance. Why are not all the members of equal
honor? Why have not all received one function and one place? Paul also
searched into these questions; or rather he did not search into them,
for he was wise; but where he comes by chance upon this topic, he says,
"Each one of them, hath God set even as it hath pleased Him." (1 Cor.
xii. 18.) He assigns the whole to His will. And so then let us only
"give thanks for all things." " Wherefore," says he, "give thanks for
all things." This is the part of a well-disposed, of a wise, of an
intelligent servant; the opposite is that of a tattler, and an idler,
and a
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busy-body. Do we not see amongst servants, that those among them who
are worthless and good far nothing, are both tattlers, and triflers and
that they pry into the concerns of their masters, which they are
desirous to conceal: whereas the intelligent and well-disposed look to
one thing only, how they may fulfill their service. He that says much,
does nothing: as he that does much, never says a word out of season.
Hence Paul said, where he wrote concerning widows, "And they learn not
only to be idle, but tattlers also." (1 Tim. v. 13.) Tell me, now,
which is the widest difference, between our age and that of children,
or between God and men? between ourselves compared with gnats, or God
compared with us? Plainly between God and us. Why then dost thou busy
thyself to such an extent in all these questions? "Give thanks for all
things." "But what," say you, "if a heathen should ask the question?
How am I to answer him? He desires to learn from me whether there is a
Providence, for he himself denies that there is any being thus
exercising foresight." Turn round then, and ask him the same question
thyself. He will deny therefore that there is a Providence. Yet that
there is a Providence, is plain from what thou hast said; but that it
is incomprehensible, is plain from those things whereof we cannot
discover the reason. For if in things where men are the disposers, we
oftentimes do not understand the method of the disposition, and in
truth many of them appear to us inconsistent, and yet at the same time
we acquiesce, how much more will this be so in the case of God?
However, with God nothing either is inconsistent, or appears so to the
faithful. Wherefore let us "give thanks for all things," let us give
Him glory for all things.
"Subjecting[1] yourselves one to another," he says,
"in the fear of Christ." For if thou submit thyself for a ruler's sake,
or for money's sake, or from respectfulness, much more from the fear of
Christ. Let there be an interchange of service and submission. For then
will there be no such thing as slavish service. Let not one sit down in
the rank of a freeman, and the other in the rank of a slave; rather it
were better that both masters and slaves be servants to one
another;--far better to be a slave in this way than free in any other;
as will be evident from hence. Suppose the case of a man who should
have an hundred slaves, and he should in no way serve them; and suppose
again a different case, of an hundred friends, all waiting upon one
another. Which will lead the happier life? Which with the greater
pleasure, with the more enjoyment? In the one case there is no anger,
no provocation, no wrath, nor anything else of the kind whatever; in
the other all is fear and apprehension. In the one case too the whole
is forced, in the other is of free choice. In the one case they serve
one another because they are forced to do so, in the other with mutual
gratification. Thus does God will it to be; for this He washed His
disciples' feet. Nay more, if thou hast a mind to examine the matter
nicely, there is indeed on the part of masters a return of service. For
what if pride suffer not that return of service to appear? Yet if the
slave on the one hand render his bodily service, and thou maintain that
body, and supply it with food and clothing and shoes, this is an
exchange of service: because unless thou render thy service as well,
neither will he render his, but will be free, and no law will compel
him to do it if he is not supported. If this then is the case with
servants, where is the absurdity, if it should also become the case
with free men. "Subjecting yourselves in the fear," saith he, "of
Christ."[2] How great then the obligation, when we shall also have a
reward. But he does not choose to submit himself to thee? However do
thou submit thyself; not simply yield, but submit thyself. Entertain
this feeling towards all, as if all were thy masters. For thus shalt
thou soon have all as thy slaves, enslaved to thee with the most abject
slavery. For thou wilt then more surely make them thine, when without
receiving anything of theirs, thou of thyself renderest them of thine
own. This is "subjecting yourselves one to another in the fear of
Christ," in order that we may subdue all the passions, be servants of
God, and preserve the love we owe to one another. And then shall we be
able also to be counted worthy of the lovingkindness which cometh of
God, through the grace and mercies of His only-begotten Son, with whom
to the Father, together with the Holy Ghost, be glory, might, honor,
now and forever and ever. Amen.
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HOMILY XX.
EPHESIANS v. 22--24.
"Wives, be in subjection unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. For
the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the
Church: being Himself the Saviour of the body. But as the Church is
subject to Christ, so let the wives also be to their husbands in
everything."
A CERTAIN wise man, setting down a number of things
in the rank of blessings, set down this also in the rank of a blessing,
"A wife agreeing with her husband." (Ecclus. xxv. 1.) And elsewhere
again he sets it down among blessings, that a woman should dwell in
harmony with her husband. (Ecclus. xl. 23.) And indeed from the
beginning, God appears to have made special provision for this union;
and discoursing of the twain as one, He said thus, "Male and female
created He them" (Gen. i. 27); and again, "There is neither male nor
female." (Gal. iii. 28.) For there is no relationship between man and
man so close as that between man and wife, if they be joined together
as they should be. And therefore a certain blessed man too, when he
would express surpassing love, and was mourning for one that was dear
to him, and of one soul with him, did not mention father, nor mother,
nor child, nor brother, nor friend, but what? "Thy love to me was
wonderful," saith he, "passing the love of women." (2 Sam. i. 26.) For
indeed, in very deed, this love is more despotic than any despotism:
for others indeed may be strong, but this passion is not only strong,
but unfading. For there is a certain love deeply seated in our nature,
which imperceptibly to ourselves knits together these bodies of ours.
Thus even from the very beginning woman sprang from man, and afterwards
from man and woman sprang both man and woman.[1] Perceivest thou the
close bond and connection? And how that God suffered not a different
kind of nature to enter in from without? And mark, how many
providential arrangements He made. He permitted the man to marry his
own sister; or rather not his sister, but his daughter; nay, nor yet
his daughter, but something more than his daughter, even his own
flesh.[2] And thus the whole He framed from one beginning, gathering
all together, like stones in a building, into one. For neither on the
one hand did He form her from without, and this was that the man might
not feel towards her as towards an alien; nor again did He confine
marriage to her,[3] that she might not, by contracting herself,[4] and
making all center in herself, be cut off from the rest. Thus as in the
case of plants, they are of all others the best, which have but a
single stem, and spread out into a number of branches; (since were all
confined to the root alone, all would be to no purpose, whereas again
had it a number of roots, the tree would be no longer worthy of
admiration;) so, I say, is the case here also. From one, namely Adam,
He made the whole race to spring, preventing them by the strongest
necessity from being ever torn asunder, or separated; and afterwards,
making it more restricted, He no longer allowed sisters and daughters
to be wives, lest we should on the other hand contract our love to one
point, and thus in another manner be cut off from one another. Hence
Christ said, "He which made them from the beginning, made them male and
female." (Matt. xix. 4.)
For great evils are hence produced, and great
benefits, both to families and to states. For there is nothing which so
welds our life together as the love of man and wife. For this many will
lay aside even their arms,[5] for this they will give up life itself.
And Paul would never without a reason and without an object have spent
so much pains on this subject, as when he says here, "Wives, be in
subjection unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord." And why so?
Because when they are in harmony, the children are well brought up, and
the domestics are in good order, and neighbors, and friends, and
relations enjoy the fragrance. But if it be otherwise, all is turned
upside down, and thrown into confusion. And just as when the generals
of an army are at peace one with another, all things are in due
subordination, whereas on the other hand, if they are at variance,
everything is turned upside down; so, I say, is it also here.
Wherefore, saith he, "Wives, be in subjection unto your own husbands,
as unto the Lord."
Yet how strange! for how then is it, that it is said
elsewhere, "If one bid not farewell both to wife and to husband, he
cannot follow me"? (Luke xiv. 26.) For if it is their duty to be in
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subjection "as unto the Lord," how saith He that they must depart from
them for the Lord's sake? Yet their duty indeed it is, their bounden
duty. But the word "as" is not necessarily and universally expressive
of exact equality. He either means this, " 'as' knowing that ye are
servants to the Lord"; (which, by the way, is what he says elsewhere,
that, even though they do it not for the husband's sake, yet must they
primarily for the Lord's sake;) or else he means, "when thou obeyest
thy husband, do so as serving the Lord."[1] For if he who resisteth
these external authorities, those of governments, I mean, "withstandeth
the ordinance of God" (Rom. xiii. 2), much more does she who submits
not herself to her husband. Such was God's will from the beginning.
Let us take as our fundamental position then that
the husband occupies the place of the "head," and the wife the place of
the "body."
Ver. 23, 24. Then, he proceeds with arguments and
says that "the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the
head of the Church, being Himself the Saviour of the body. But[2] as
the Church is subject to Christ, so let the wives be to their husbands
in everything."
Then after saying, "The husband is the head of the
wife, as Christ also is of the Church," he further adds, "and He is the
Saviour of the body." For indeed the head is the saving health of the
body. He had already laid down beforehand for man and wife, the ground
and provision of their love, assigning to each their proper place, to
the one that of authority and forethought, to the other that of
submission. As then "the Church," that is, both husbands and wives, "is
subject unto Christ, so also ye wives submit yourselves to your
husbands, as unto God."
Ver. 25. "Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ
also loved the Church."
Thou hast heard how great the submission; thou hast
extolled and marvelled at Paul, how, like an admirable and spiritual
man, he welds together our whole life. Thou didst well. But now hear
what he also requires at thy hands; for again he employs the same
example.
"Husbands," saith he, "love your wives, even as
Christ also loved the Church."
Thou hast seen the measure of obedience, hear also
the measure of love.[3] Wouldest thou have thy wife obedient unto thee,
as the Church is to Christ? Take then thyself the same provident care
for her, as Christ takes for the Church. Yea, even if it shall be
needful for thee to give thy life for her, yea, and to be cut into
pieces ten thousand times, yea, and to endure and undergo any suffering
whatever,--refuse it not. Though thou shouldest undergo all this, yet
wilt thou not, no, not even then, have done anything like Christ. For
thou indeed art doing it for one to whom thou art already knit; but He
for one who turned her back on Him and hated Him. In the same way then
as He laid at His feet her who turned her back on Him, who hated, and
spurned, and disdained Him, not by menaces, nor by violence, nor by
terror, nor by anything else of the kind, but by his unwearied
affection; so also do thou behave thyself toward thy wife. Yea, though
thou see her looking down upon thee, and disdaining, and scorning thee,
yet by thy great thoughtfulness for her, by affection, by kindness,
thou wilt be able to lay her at thy feet. For there is nothing more
powerful to sway than these bonds, and especially for husband and wife.
A servant, indeed, one will be able, perhaps, to bind down by fear; nay
not even him, for he will soon start away and be gone. But the partner
of one's life, the mother of one's children, the foundation of one's
every joy, one ought never to chain down by fear and menaces, but with
love and good temper. For what sort of union is that, where the wife
trembles at her husband? And what sort of pleasure will the husband
himself enjoy, if he dwells with his wife as with a slave, and not as
with a free-woman? Yea, though thou shouldest suffer anything on her
account, do not upbraid her; for neither did Christ do this.
Ver. 26. "And gave Himself up," he says, "for it,
that He might sanctify and cleanse it."
So then she was unclean! So then she had blemishes,
so then she was unsightly, so then she was worthless! Whatsoever kind
of wife thou shalt take, yet shalt thou never take such a bride as the
Church, when Christ took her, nor one so far removed from thee as the
Church was from Christ, And yet for all that, He did not abhor her, nor
loathe her for her surpassing deformity. Wouldest thou hear her
deformity described? Hear what Paul saith, "For ye were once darkness."
(Eph. v. 8.) Didst thou see the blackness of her hue? What blacker than
darkness? But look again at her boldness, "living," saith he, "in
malice and envy." (Tit. iii. 3.) Look again at her impurity;
"disobedient, foolish." But what am I saying? She was both foolish, and
of an evil tongue; and yet notwithstanding, though so many were her
blemishes, yet did He give Himself up for her in her deformity, as for
one in the bloom of youth, as for one dearly be-
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loved, as for one of wonderful beauty. And it was in admiration of this
that Paul said, "For scarcely for a righteous man will one die (Rom. v.
7); and again, "in that while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us."
(Rom. v. 8.) And though such as this, He took her, He arrayed her in
beauty, and washed her, and refused not even this, to give Himself for
her.
Ver. 26, 27. "That He might sanctify it having
cleansed it," he proceeds, "by the washing of water with the word; that
He might present the Church to Himself a glorious Church, not having
spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing, but that it should be holy and
without blemish."
"By the washing or layer" He washeth her
uncleanness. "By the word," saith he. What word? "In the Name of the
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost."[1] (Matt. xxviii. 19.)
And not simply hath He adorned her, but hath made her "glorious, not
having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing." Let us then also seek
after this beauty ourselves, and we shall be able to create it. Seek
not thou at thy wife's hand, things which she is not able to possess.
Seest thou that the Church had all things at her Lord's hands? By Him
was made glorious, by Him was made pure, by Him made without blemish?
Turn not thy back on thy wife because of her deformity. Hear the
Scripture that saith, "The bee is little among such as fly, but her
fruit is the chief of sweet things."[2] (Ecclus. xi. 3.) She is of
God's fashioning. Thou reproachest not her, but Him that made her; what
can the woman do? Praise her not for her beauty. Praise and hatred and
love based on personal beauty belong to unchastened souls. Seek thou
for beauty of soul. Imitate the Bridegroom of the Church. Outward
beauty is full of conceit and great license, and throws men into
jealousy, and the thing often makes thee suspect monstrous things. But
has it any pleasure? For the first or second month, perhaps, or at most
for the year: but then no longer; the admiration by familiarity wastes
away. Meanwhile the evils which arose from the beauty still abide, the
pride, the folly, the contemptuousness. Whereas in one who is not such,
there is nothing of this kind. But the love having begun on just
grounds, still continues ardent, since its object is beauty of soul,
and not of body. What better, tell me, than heaven? What better than
the stars? Tell me of what body you will, yet is there none so fair.
Tell me of what eyes you will, yet are there none so sparkling. When
these were created, the very Angels gazed with wonder, and we gaze with
wonder now; yet not in the same degree as at first. Such is
familiarity; things do not strike us in the same degree. How much more
in the case of a wife! And if moreover disease come too, all is at once
fled. Let us seek in a wife affectionateness, modest-mindedness,
gentleness; these are the characteristics of beauty. But loveliness of
person let us not seek, nor upbraid her upon these points, over which
she has no power, nay, rather, let us not upbraid at all, (it were
rudeness,) nor let us be impatient, nor sullen. Do ye not see how many,
after living with beautiful wives, have ended their lives pitiably, and
how many, who have lived with those of no great beauty, have run on to
extreme old age with great enjoyment. Let us wipe off the "spot" that
is within, let us smooth the "wrinkles" that are within, let us do away
the "blemishes" that are on the soul. Such is the beauty God requires.
Let us make her fair in God's sight, not in our own. Let us not look
for wealth, nor for that high-birth which is outward, but for that true
nobility which is in the soul. Let no one endure to get rich by a wife;
for such riches are base and disgraceful; no, by no means let any one
seek to get rich from this source. "For they that desire to be rich,
fall into a temptation and a snare, and many foolish and hurtful lusts,
and into destruction and perdition." (1 Tim. vi. 9.) Seek not therefore
in thy wife abundance of wealth, and thou shall find everything else go
well. Who, tell me, would overlook the most important things, to attend
to those which are less so? And yet, alas! this is in every case our
feeling. Yes, if we have a son, we concern ourselves not how he may be
made virtuous, but how we may get him a rich wife; not how he may be
well-mannered, but well-monied:[3] if we follow a business, we enquire
not how it may be clear of sin, but how it may bring us in most profit.
And everything has become money; and thus is everything corrupted and
ruined, because that passion possesses us.
Ver. 28. "Even so ought husbands to love their own
wives," saith he, "as their own bodies."
What, again, means this? To how much greater a
similitude, and stronger example has he come; and not only so, but also
to one how much nearer and clearer, and to a fresh obligation. For that
other one was of no very constraining force, for He was Christ, and was
God, and gave Himself. He now manages his argument on a different
ground, saying, "so ought men "; because the thing is not a favor,
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but a debt. Then, "as their own bodies." And why?
Ver. 29. "For no man ever hated his own flesh, but
nourisheth and cherisheth it."
That is, tends it with exceeding care. And how is
she his flesh? Hearken; "This now is bone of my bones," saith Adam,
"and flesh of my flesh." (Gen. ii. 23.) For she is made of matter taken
from us. And not only so, but also, "they shall be," saith God, "one
flesh." (Gen. ii. 24.)
"Even as Christ also the Church." Here he returns to
the former example.
Ver. 30. "Because we are members of His body, of His
flesh and of His bones."[1]
Ver. 31. "For this cause shall a man leave his
father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife, and the twain shall
become one flesh."[2]
Behold again a third ground of obligation; for he
shows that a man leaving them that begat him, and from whom he was
born, is knit to his wife; and that then the one flesh is, father, and
mother, and the child, from the substance of the two commingled. For
indeed by the commingling of their seeds is the child produced, so that
the three are one flesh. Thus then are we in relation to Christ; we
become one flesh by participation, and we much more than the child. And
why and how so? Because so it has been from the beginning.
Tell me not that such and such things are so. Seest
thou not that we have in our own flesh itself many defects? For one
man, for instance, is lame, another has his feet distorted, another his
hands withered, another some other member weak; and yet nevertheless he
does not grieve at it, nor cut it off, but oftentimes prefers it even
to the other. Naturally enough; for it is part of himself. As great
love as each entertains towards himself, so great he would have us
entertain towards a wife. Not because we partake of the same nature;
no, this ground of duty towards a wife is far greater than that; it is
that there are not two bodies but one; he the head, she the body. And
how saith he elsewhere "and the Head of Christ is God "? (1 Cor. xi.
3.) This I too say, that as we are one body, so also are Christ and the
Father One. And thus then is the Father also found to be our Head. He
sets down two examples, that of the natural body and that of Christ's
body. And hence he further adds,
Ver. 32. "This is great mystery: but I speak in
regard of Christ and of the Church."[3]
Why does he call it a great mystery? That it was
something great and wonderful, the blessed Moses, or rather God,
intimated. For the present, however, saith he, I speak regarding
Christ, that having left the Father, He came down, and came to the
Bride, and became one Spirit. "For he that is joined unto the Lord is
one Spirit." (1 Cor. vi. 17.) And well saith he, "it is a great
mystery." And then as though he were saying, "But still nevertheless
the allegory does not destroy affection," he adds,
Ver. 33. "Nevertheless[4] do ye also severally love
each one his own wife even as himself; and let the wife see that she
fear her husband."
For indeed, in very deed, a mystery it is, yea, a
great mystery, that a man should leave him that gave him being, him
that begat him, and that brought him up, and her that travailed with
him and had sorrow, those that have bestowed upon him so many and great
benefits, those with whom he has been in familiar intercourse, and be
joined to one who was never even seen by him and who has nothing in
common with him, and should honor her before all others. A mystery it
is indeed. And yet are parents not distressed when these events take
place, but rather, when they do not take place; and are delighted when
their wealth is spent and lavished upon it.--A great mystery indeed!
and one that contains some hidden wisdom. Such Moses prophetically
showed it to be from the very first; such now also Paul proclaims it,
where he saith, "concerning Christ and the Church."
However not for the husband's sake alone it is thus
said, but for the wife's sake also, that "he cherish her as his own
flesh, as Christ also the Church," and, "that the wife fear her
husband." He is no longer setting down the duties of love only, but
what? "That she fear her husband." The wife is a second authority; let
not her then demand equality, for. she is under the head; nor let him
despise her as being in subjection, for she is the body; and if the
head despise the body, it will itself also perish. But let him bring in
love on his part as a counterpoise to obedience on her part. For
example, let the hands and the feet, and all the rest of the members be
given up for service to the head, but let the head provide for the
body, seeing it contains every sense in itself. Nothing can be better
than this union.
And yet how can there ever be love, one may
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say, where there is fear? It will exist there, I say, preeminently. For
she that fears and reverences, loves also; and she that loves, fears
and reverences him as being the head, and loves him as being a member,
since the head itself is a member of the body at large. Hence he places
the one in subjection, and the other in authority, that there may be
peace; for where there is equal authority there can never be peace;
neither where a house is a democracy, nor where all are rulers; but the
ruling power must of necessity be one. And this is universally the case
with matters referring to the body, inasmuch as when men are spiritual,
there will be peace. There were "five thousand souls," and not one of
them said, "that aught of the things which he possessed was his own"
(Acts iv. 32), but they were subject one to another; an indication this
of wisdom, and of the fear of God. The principle of love, however, he
explains; that of fear he does not. And mark, how on that of love he
enlarges, stating the arguments relating to Christ and those relating
to one's own flesh, the words," For this cause shall a man leave his
father and mother." (Ver. 31.) Whereas upon those drawn from fear he
forbears to enlarge. And why so? Because he would rather that this
principle prevail, this, namely, of love; for where this exists,
everything else follows of course, but where the other exists, not
necessarily. For the man who loves his wife, even though she be not a
very obedient one, still will bear with everything. So difficult and
impracticable is unanimity, where persons are not bound together by
that love which is founder in supreme authority; at all events, fear
will not necessarily effect this. Accordingly, he dwells the more upon
this, which is the strong tie. And the wife though seeming to be the
loser in that she was charged to fear, is the gainer, because the
principal duty, love, is charged upon the husband. "But what," one may
say, "if a wife reverence me not?" Never mind, thou art to love,
fulfill thine own duty. For though that which is due from others may
not follow, we ought of course to do our duty. This is an example of
what I mean. He says, "submitting yourselves one to another in the fear
of Christ." And what then if another submit not himself? Still obey
thou the law of God. Just so, I say, is it also here. Let the wife at
least, though she be not loved, still reverence notwithstanding, that
nothing may lie at her door; and let the husband, though his wife
reverence him not, still show her love notwithstanding, that he himself
be not wanting in any point. For each has received his own.
This then is marriage when it takes place according
to Christ, spiritual marriage, and spiritual birth, not of blood, nor
of travail, nor of the will of the flesh. Such was the birth of Christ,
not of blood, nor of travail. Such also was that of Isaac. Hear how the
Scripture saith, "And it ceased to be with Sarah after the manner of
women." (Gen. xviii. 11.) Yea, a marriage it is, not of passion, nor of
the flesh, but wholly spiritual, the soul being united to God by a
union unspeakable, and which He alone knoweth. Therefore he saith, "He
that is joined unto the Lord is one spirit." (1 Cor. vi. 17.) Mark how
earnestly he endeavors to unite both flesh with flesh, and spirit with
spirit. And where are the heretics?[1] Never surely, if marriage were a
thing to be condemned, would he have called Christ and the Church a
bride and bridegroom; never would he have brought forward by way of
exhortation the words, "A man shall leave his father and his mother ";
and again have added, that it was "spoken in regard of Christ and of
the Church." For of her it is that the Psalmist also saith, "Hearken, O
daughter, and consider, and incline thine ear; forget also thine own
people, and thy father's house. So shall the king desire thy beauty."
(Ps. xlv. 10, 11.) Therefore also Christ saith, "I came out from the
Father, and am come." (John xvi. 28.) But when I say, that He left the
Father, imagine not such a thing as happens among men, a change of
place; for just in the same way as the word "go forth" is used, not
because He literally came forth, but because of His incarnation, so
also is the expression, "He left the Father."
Now why did he not say of the wife also, She shall
be joined unto her husband? Why, I say, is this? Because he was
discoursing concerning love, and was discoursing to the husband. For to
her indeed be discourses concerning reverence, and says, "the husband
is the head of the wife" (ver. 23), and again, "Christ is the Head of
the Church." Whereas to him he discourses concerning love, and commits
to him this province of love, and declares to him that which pertains
to love, thus binding him and cementing him to her. For the man that
leaves his father for the sake of his wife, and then again, leaves this
very wife herself and abandons her, what forbearance can he deserve?
Seest thou not how great a share of honor God would
have her enjoy, in that he hath taken thee away from thy father, and
hath linked thee to her? What then, a man may say, if our duty is done,
and yet she does not follow the example? "Yet if the unbelieving
departeth, let him depart; the brother or the sister is not under
bondage in such cases." (1 Cor. vii. 15.)
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However, when thou hearest of "fear," demand that
fear which becomes a free woman, not as though thou wert exacting it of
a slave. For she is thine own body; and if thou do this, thou
reproachest thyself in dishonoring thine own body. And of what nature
is this "fear"? It is the not contradicting, the not rebelling, the not
being fond of the preëminence. It is enough that fear be kept
within these bounds. But if thou love, as thou art commanded, thou wilt
make it yet greater. Or rather it will not be any longer by fear that
thou wilt be doing this, but love itself will have its effect. The sex
is somehow weaker, and needs much support, much condescension.
But what will they say, who are knit together in
second marriages?[1] I speak not at all in condemnation of them, God
forbid; for the Apostle himself permits them, though indeed by way of
condescension.
Supply her with everything. Do everything and endure
trouble for her sake. Necessity is laid upon thee.
Here he does not think it right to introduce his
counsel, as he in many cases does, with examples from them that are
without. That of Christ, so great and forcible, were alone enough; and
more especially as regards the argument of subjection. "A man shall
leave," he saith, "his father and mother." Behold, this then is from
without. But he does not say, and "shall dwell with," but "shall cleave
unto," thus showing the closeness of the union, and the fervent love.
Nay, he is not content with this, but further by what he adds, he
explains the subjection in such a way as that the twain appear no
longer twain. He does not say, "one spirit," he does not say, "one
soul" (for that is manifest, and is possible to any one), but so as to
be "one flesh." She is a second authority, possessing indeed an
authority, and a considerable equality of dignity; but at the
same time the husband has somewhat of superiority. In this consists
most chiefly the well-being of the house. For he took that former
argument, the example of Christ, to show that we ought not only to
love, but also to govern; "that she may be," saith he, "holy and
without blemish." But the word "flesh" has reference to love--and the
word "shall cleave" has in like manner reference to love. For if thou
shalt make her "holy and without blemish," everything else will follow.
Seek the things which are of God, and those which are of man will
follow readily enough. Govern thy wife, and thus will the whole house
be in harmony. Hear what Paul saith. "And if they would learn any
thing, let them ask their own husbands at home." (1 Cor. xiv. 35.) If
we thus regulate our own houses, we shall be also fit for the
management of the Church. For indeed a house is a little Church. Thus
it is possible for us by becoming good husbands and wives, to surpass
all others.
Consider Abraham, and Sarah, and Isaac, and the
three hundred and eighteen born in his house. (Gen. xiv. 14.) How the
whole house was harmoniously knit together, how the whole was full of
piety and fulfilled the Apostolic injunction. She also "reverenced her
husband"; for hear her own words, "It hath not yet happened unto me
even until now, and my lord is old also." (Gen. xviii. 12.)[2] And he
again so loved her, that in all things he obeyed her commands. And the
young child was virtuous, and the servants born in the house, they too
were so excellent that they refused not even to hazard their lives with
their master; they delayed not, nor asked the reason. Nay, one of them,
the chief, was so admirable, that he was even entrusted with the
marriage of the only-begotten child, and with a journey into a foreign
country. (Gen. xxiv. 1-67.) For just as with a general, when his
soldiery also is well organized, the enemy has no quarter to attack;
so, I say, is it also here: when husband and wife and children and
servants are all interested in the same things, great is the harmony of
the house. Since where this is not the case, the whole is oftentimes
overthrown and broken up by one bad servant; and that single one will
often mar and utterly destroy the whole.
MORAL. Let us then be very thoughtful both for our
wives, and children, and servants; knowing that we shall thus be
establishing for ourselves an easy government, and shall have our
accounts with them gentle and lenient, and say, "Behold I, and the
children which God hath given me." (Isa. viii. 18.) If the husband
command respect, and the head be honorable, then will the rest of the
body sustain no violence. Now what is the wife's fitting behavior, and
what the husband's, he states accurately, charging her to reverence him
as the head, and him to love her as a wife; but how, it may be said,
can these things be? That they ought indeed so to be, he has proved.
But how they can be so, I will tell you. They will be so, if we will
despise money, if we will look but to one thing only, excellence of
soul, if we will keep the fear of God before our eyes. For what he says
in his discourse to servants, "whatsoever any man doeth, whether it be
good or evil, the same shall he receive of the Lord" (Eph. vi. 8); this
is also the case here. Love her therefore not for her sake so much as
for Christ's sake. This, at least, he as much as
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intimates, in saying, "as unto the Lord." So then do everything, as in
obedience to the Lord, and as doing everything for His sake. This were
enough to induce and to persuade us, and not to suffer that there
should be any teasing and dissension. Let none be believed when
slandering the husband to his wife; no, nor let the husband believe
anything at random against the wife, nor let the wife be without reason
inquisitive about his goings out and his comings in. No, nor on any
account let the husband ever render himself worthy of any suspicion
whatever. For what, tell me, what if thou shall devote thyself all the
day to thy friends, and give the evening to thy wife, and not even thus
be able to content her, and place her out of reach of suspicion? Though
thy wife complain, yet be not annoyed--it is her love, not her
folly--they are the complaints of fervent attachment, and burning
affection, and fear. Yes, she is afraid lest any one have stolen her
marriage bed, lest any one have injured her in that which is the summit
of her blessings, lest any one have taken away from her him who is her
head, lest any one have broken through her marriage chamber.
There is also another ground of petty jealousy. Let
neither claim too much service of the servants, neither the husband
from the maid-servant, nor the wife from the man-servant. For these
things also are enough to beget suspicion. For consider, I say, that
righteous household I spoke of. Sarah herself bade the patriarch take
Hagar. She herself directed it, no one compelled her, nor did the
husband[1] attempt it; no, although he had dragged on so long a period
childless, yet he chose never to become a father, rather than to grieve
his wife. And yet even after all this, what said Sarah? "The Lord judge
between me and thee." (Gen. xvi. 5.) Now, I say, had he been any one
else would he not have been moved to anger? Would he not also have
stretched forth his hand, saying as it were, "What meanest thou? I had
no desire to have anything to do with the woman; it was all thine own
doing; and dost thou turn again and accuse me?"--But no, he says
nothing of the sort;--but what? "Behold, thy maid is in thy hand; do to
her that which is good in thine eyes." (Gen. xvi. 6.) He delivered up
the partner of his bed, that he might not grieve Sarah. And yet
surely is there nothing greater than this for producing
affection. For if partaking of the same table produces unanimity even
in robbers towards their foes, (and the Psalmist[2] saith, "Who didst
eat sweet food at the same table with me"); much more will the becoming
one flesh--for such is the being the partner of the bed--be effectual
to draw us together. Yet did none of these things avail to overcome
him; but he delivered Hagar up to his wife, to show that nothing had
been done by his own fault. Nay, and what is more, he sent her forth
when with child. Who would not have pitied one that had conceived a
child by himself? Yet was the just man unmoved, for he set before
everything else the love he owed his wife.
Let us then imitate him ourselves. Let no one
reproach his neighbor with his poverty; let no one be in love with
money; and then all difficulties will be at an end.
Neither let a wife say to her husband, "Unmanly
coward that thou art, full of sluggishness and dullness, and fast
asleep! here is such a one, a low man, and of low parentage, who runs
his risks, and makes his voyages, and has made a good fortune; and his
wife wears her jewels, and goes out with her pair of milk-white
mules;[3] she rides about everywhere, she has troops of slaves, and a
swarm of eunuchs, but thou hast cowered down and livest to no purpose."
Let not a wife say these things, nor anything like them. For she is the
body, not to dictate to the head, but to submit herself and obey. "But
how," some one will say, "is she to endure poverty? Where is she to
look for consolation?" Let her select and put beside her those who are
poorer still. Let her again consider how many noble and high-born
maidens have not only received nothing of their husbands, but have even
given dowries to them, and have spent their all upon them. Let her
reflect on the perils which arise from such riches, and she will cling
to this quiet life. In short, if she is affectionately disposed towards
her husband, she will utter nothing of the sort. No, she will rather
choose to have him near her, though gaining nothing, than gaining ten
thousand talents of gold, accompanied with that care and anxiety which
always arise to wives from those distant voyages.
Neither, however, let the husband, when he hears
these things, on the score of his having the supreme authority, betake
himself to revilings and to blows; but let him exhort, let him admonish
her, as being less perfect, let him persuade her with arguments. Let
him never once lift his hand,--far be this from a noble spirit,--no,
nor give expression to insults, or taunts, or revilings; but let him
regulate and direct her as being wanting in wisdom. Yet how shall this
be
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done? If she be instructed in the true riches, in the heavenly
philosophy, she will make no complaints like these. Let him teach her
then, that poverty is no evil. Let him teach her, not by what he says
only, but also by what he does. Let him teach her to despise glory; and
then his wife will speak of nothing, and will desire nothing of the
kind. Let him, as if he had an image given into his hands to mould, let
him, from that very evening on which he first receives her into the
bridal chamber, teach her temperance, gentleness, and how to live,
casting down the love of money at once from the outset, and from the
very threshold. Let him discipline her in wisdom, and advise her never
to have bits of gold hanging at her ears, and down her cheeks, and laid
round about her neck, nor laid up about the chamber, nor golden and
costly garments stored up. But let her chamber be handsome, still let
not what is handsome degenerate into finery. No, leave these things to
the people of the stage. Adorn thine house thyself with all possible
neatness, so as rather to breathe an air of soberness than much
perfume. For hence will arise two or three good results. First then,
the bride will not be grieved, when the apartments are opened, and the
tissues, and the golden ornaments, and silver vessels, are sent back to
their several owners. Next, the bridegroom will have no anxiety about
the loss, nor for the security of the accumulated treasures. Thirdly
again, in addition to this, which is the crown of all these benefits,
by these very points he will be showing his own judgment, that indeed
he has no pleasure in any of these things, and that he will moreover
put an end to everything else in keeping with them, and will never so
much as allow the existence either of dances, or of immodest songs. I
am aware that I shall appear perhaps ridiculous to many persons, in
giving such admonitions. Still nevertheless, if ye will but listen to
me, as time goes on, and the benefit of the practice accrues to you,
then ye will understand the advantage of it. And the laughter will pass
off, and ye will laugh at the present fashion, and will see that the
present practice is really that of silly children and of drunken men.
Whereas what I recommend is the part of soberness, and wisdom, and of
the sublimest way of life. What then do I say is our duty? Take away
from marriage all those shameful, those Satanic, those immodest songs,
those companies of profligate young people, and this will avail to
chasten the spirit of thy bride.[1] For she will at once thus reason
with herself; "Wonderful! What a philosopher this man is! he regards
the present life as nothing, he has brought me here into his house, to
be a mother, to bring up his children, to manage his household
affairs." "Yes, but these things are distasteful to a bride?" Just for
the first or second day;--but not afterwards; nay, she will even reap
from them the greatest delight, and relieve herself of all suspicion.
For a man who can endure neither flute-players, nor dancers, nor broken
songs,[2] and that too at the very time of his wedding, that man will
scarcely endure ever to do or say anything shameful. And then after
this, when thou hast stripped the marriage of all these things, then
take her, and form and mould her carefully, encouraging her bashfulness
to a considerable length of time, and not destroying it suddenly. For
even if the damsel be very bold, yet for a time she will keep silence
out of reverence for her husband, and feeling herself a novice in the
circumstances. Thou then break not off this reserve too hastily, as
unchaste husbands do, but encourage it for a long time. For this will
be a great advantage to thee. Meanwhile she will not complain, she will
not find fault with any laws thou mayest frame for her. During that
time therefore, during which shame, like a sort of bridle laid upon the
soul, suffers her not to make any murmur, nor to complain of what is
done, lay down all thy laws. For as soon as ever she acquires boldness,
she will overturn and confound everything without any sense of fear.
When is there then another time so advantageous for moulding a wife, as
that during which she reverences her husband, and is still timid, and
still shy? Then lay down all thy laws for her, and willing or
unwilling, she will certainly obey them. But how shalt thou help
spoiling her modesty? By showing her that thou thyself art no less
modest than she is, addressing to her but few words, and those too with
great gravity and collectedness. Then entrust her with the discourses
of wisdom, for her soul will receive them. And establish her in that
loveliest habit, I mean modesty. If you wish me, I will also tell you
by way of specimen, what sort of language should be addressed to her.
For if Paul shrank not from saying, "Defraud ye not one the other" (2
Cor. vii. 5), and spoke the language of a bridesmaid, or rather not of
a bridesmaid, but of a spiritual soul, much more will not we shrink
from speaking. What then is the language we ought to address to her?
With great delicacy then we may say to her, "I have taken thee, my
child, to be partner of my life, and have brought thee in to share with
me in the closest and most honorable ties, in my children, and the
superintendence of my house. And what advice then shall I now recommend
thee?" But rather, first talk with her of your love for her; for
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there is nothing that so contributes to persuade a hearer to admit
sincerely the things that are said, as to be assured that they are said
with hearty affection. How then art thou to show that affection? By
saying, "when it was in my power to take many to wife, both with better
fortunes, and of noble family, I did not so choose, but I was enamoured
of thee, and thy beautiful life, thy modesty, thy gentleness, and
soberness of mind." Then immediately from these beginnings open the way
to your discourse on true wisdom, and with some circumlocution make a
protest against riches. For if you direct your argument at once
against riches, you will bear too heavily upon her; but if
you do it by taking an occasion, you will succeed entirely. For you
will appear to be doing it in the way of an apology, not as a morose
sort of person, and ungracious, and over-nice about trifles. But when
you take occasion from what relates to herself, she will be even
pleased. You will say then, (for I must now take up the discourse
again,) that "whereas I might have married a rich woman, and with good
fortune, I could not endure it. And why so? Not capriciously, and
without reason; but I was taught well and truly, that money is no real
possession, but a most despicable thing, a thing which moreover belongs
as well to thieves, and to harlots, and to grave-robbers. So I gave up
these things, and went on till I fell in with the excellence of thy
soul, which I value above all gold. For a young damsel who is discreet
and ingenuous, and whose heart is set on piety, is worth the whole
world. For these reasons then, I courted thee, and I love thee, and
prefer thee to my own soul. For the present life is nothing. And I
pray, and beseech, and do all I can, that we may be counted worthy so
to live this present life, as that we may be able also there in the
world to come to be united to one another in perfect security. For our
time here is brief and fleeting. But if we shall be counted worthy by
having pleased God to so exchange this life for that one, then shall we
ever be both with Christ and with each other, with more abundant
pleasure. I value thy affection above all things, and nothing is so
bitter or so painful to me, as ever to be at variance with thee. Yes,
though it should be my lot to lose my all, and to become poorer than
Irus,[1] and undergo the extremest hazards, and suffer any pain
whatsoever, all will be tolerable and endurable, so long as thy
feelings are true towards me. And then will my children be most
dear to me, whilst thou art affectionately disposed towards me. But
thou must do these duties too." Then mingle also with your discourse
the Apostle's words, that "thus God would have our affections blended
together; for listen to the Scripture, which saith, 'For this cause
shall a man leave his father and mother, and cleave to his wife.' Let
us have no pretext for narrow-minded jealousy.[2] Perish riches, and
retinue of slaves, and all your outward pomps. To me this is more
valuable than all." What weight of gold, what amount of treasures, are
so dear to a wife as these words? Never fear that because she is
beloved she will ever rave against thee, but confess that thou lovest
her. For courtezans indeed, who now attach themselves to one and now to
another, would naturally enough feel contempt towards their lovers,
should they hear such expressions as these; but a free-born wife or a
noble damsel would never be so affected with such words; no, she will
be so much the more subdued. Show her too, that you set a high value on
her company, and that you are more desirous to be at home for her sake,
than in the market-place. And esteem her before all your friends, and
above the children that are born of her, and let these very children be
beloved by thee for her sake. If she does any good act, praise and
admire it; if any foolish one, and such as girls may chance to do,
advise her and remind her. Condemn out and out all riches and
extravagance, and gently point out the ornament that there is in
neatness and in modesty; and be continually teaching her the things
that are profitable.
Let your prayers be common.[3] Let each go to
Church; and let the husband ask his wife at home, and she again ask her
husband, the account of the things which were said and read there. If
any poverty should overtake you, cite the case of those holy men, Paul
and Peter, who were more honored than any kings or rich men; and yet
how they spent their lives, in hunger and in thirst. Teach her that
there is nothing in life that is to be feared, save only offending
against God. If any marry thus, with these views, he will be but little
inferior to monks; the married but little below the unmarried.
If thou hast a mind to give dinners, and to make
entertainments, let there be nothing immodest, nothing disorderly. If
thou shouldest find any poor saint able to bless your house, able only
just by setting his foot in it to bring in the whole blessing of God,
invite him. And shalt I say moreover another thing? Let no one of you
make it his endeavor to marry a rich
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woman, but much rather a poor one. When she comes in, she will not
bring so great a source of pleasure from her riches, as she will
annoyance from her taunts, from her demanding more than she brought,
from her insolence, her extravagance, her vexatious language. For she
will say perhaps, "I have not yet spent anything of thine, I am still
wearing my own apparel, bought with what my parents settled upon me."
What sayest thou, O woman? Still wearing thine own! And what can be
more miserable than this language? Why, thou hast no longer a body of
thine own, and hast thou money of thine own? After marriage ye are no
longer twain, but are become one flesh, and are then your possessions
twain, and not one? Oh! this love of money! Ye both are become one man,
one living creature; and dost thou still say "mine own"? Cursed and
abominable word that it is, it was brought in by the devil. Things far
nearer and dearer to us than these hath God made all common to us, and
are these then not common? We cannot say, "my own light, my own sun, my
own water": all our greater blessings are common, and are riches not
common? Perish the riches ten thousand times over! Or rather not the
riches, but those tempers of mind which know not how to make use of
riches, but esteem them above all things.
Teach her these lessons also with the rest,
but with much graciousness. For since the recommendation of
virtue has in itself much that is stern, and especially to a young and
tender damsel, whenever discourses on true wisdom are to be made,
contrive that your manner be full of grace and kindness. And above all
banish this notion from her soul, of "mine and thine." If she say the
word "mine," say unto her, "What things dost thou call thine? For in
truth I know not; I for my part have nothing of mine own. How then
speakest thou of 'mine,' when all things are thine?" Freely grant her
the word. Dost thou not perceive that such is our practice with
children? When, whilst we are holding anything, a child snatches it,
and wishes again to get hold of some other thing, we allow it, and say,
"Yes, and this is thine, and that is thine." The same also let us do
with a wife; for her temper is more or less like a child's; and if she
says "mine," say, "why, everything is thine, and I am thine." Nor is
the expression one of flattery, but of exceeding wisdom. Thus wilt thou
be able to abate her wrath, and put an end to her disappointment. For
it is flattery when a man does an unworthy act with an evil object:
whereas this is the highest philosophy. Say then, "Even I am thine, my
child; this advice Paul gives me where he says, ' The husband hath not
power over his own body, but the wife.' (1 Cor. vii. 4.) If I have no
power over my body, but thou hast, much more hast thou over my
possessions." By saying these things thou wilt have quieted her, thou
wilt have quenched the fire, thou wilt have shamed the devil, thou wilt
have made her more thy slave than one bought with money, with this
language thou wilt have bound her fast. Thus then, by thine own
language, teach her never to speak of "mine and thine." And again,
never call her simply by her name, but with terms of endearment, with
honor, with much love. Honor her, and she will not need honor from
others; she will not want the glory that comes from others, if she
enjoys that which comes from thee. Prefer her before all, on every
account, both for her beauty and her discernment, and praise her. Thou
wilt thus persuade her to give heed to none that are without, but to
scorn all the world except thyself. Teach her the fear of God, and all
good things will flow from this as from a fountain, and the house will
be full of ten thousand blessings. If we seek the things that are
incorruptible, these corruptible things will follow. "For," saith He,
"seek first His kingdom, and all these things shall be added unto you."
(Matt. vi. 33.) What sort of persons, think you, must the children of
such parents be? What the servants of such masters? What all others who
come near them? Will not they too eventually be loaded with blessings
out of number? For generally the servants also have their characters
formed after their master's, and are fashioned after their humors, love
the same objects, which they have been taught to love, speak the same
language, and engage with them in the same pursuits. If thus we
regulate ourselves, and attentively study the Scriptures, in most
things we shall derive instruction from them. And thus shall be able to
please God, and to pass through the whole of the present life
virtuously, and to attain those blessings which are promised to those
that love Him, of which God grant that we may all be counted worthy,
through the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with
Whom, together with the Holy Ghost, be unto the Father, glory, power,
and honor, now, and ever, through all ages. Amen.
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HOMILY XXI.
EPHESIANS vi. 1--3.
"Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right.
Honor thy father and mother (which is the first commandment with
promise), that it may be well with thee, and thou mayest live long on
the earth."
As a man in forming a body, places the head first,
after that the neck, then the feet, so does the blessed Paul proceed in
his discourse. He has spoken of the husband, he has spoken of the wife,
who is second in authority, he now goes on by gradual advances to the
third rank--which is that of children. For the husband has authority
over the wife, and the husband and the wife over the children. Now then
mark what he is saying.
"Children,[1] obey your parents in the Lord; for
this is the first commandment with promise."
Here he has not a word of discourse concerning
Christ, not a word on high subjects, for he is as yet addressing his
discourse to tender understandings. And it is for this reason,
moreover, that he makes his exhortation short, inasmuch as children
cannot follow up a long argument. For this reason also he does not
discourse at all about a kingdom, (because it does not belong to the
tender age of childhood to understand these subjects,) but what a
child's soul most especially longs to hear, that he says, namely, that
it shall "live long." For if any one shall enquire why it is that he
omitted to discourse concerning a kingdom, but set before them the
commandment laid down in the law, he does this because he speaks to
them as infantile, and because he is well aware that if the husband and
the wife are thus disposed according to the law which he has laid down,
there will be but little trouble in securing the submission of the
children. For whenever any matter has a good and sound and orderly
principle and foundation, everything will thenceforward go on with
method and regularity, with much facility: the more difficult thing is
to settle the foundation, to lay down a firm basis. "Children," saith
he, "obey your parents in the Lord," that is, according to the Lord.
This, he means to say, is what God[2] commands you. But what then if
they shall command foolish things? Generally a father, however foolish
he may be himself, does not command foolish things. However, even in
that case, the Apostle has guarded the matter, by saying, "in the
Lord"; that is, wherever you will not be offending against God. So that
if the father be a gentile or a heretic, we ought no longer to obey,
because the command is not then, "in the Lord." But how is it that he
says, "Which is the first commandment"? For the first is, "Thou shalt
not commit adultery;--Thou shalt not kill." He does not speak of it
then as first in rank,[3] but in respect of the promise. For upon those
others there is no reward annexed, as being enacted with reference to
evil things, and to departure from evil things. Whereas in these
others, where there is the practice of good, there is further a promise
held out. And observe how admirable a foundation he has laid for the
path of virtue, that is, honor and reverence towards parents. When he
would lead us away from wicked practices, and is just about to enter
upon virtuous ones, this is the first thing he enjoins, honor towards
parents; inasmuch as they before all others are, after God, the authors
of our being, so that it is reasonable they should be the first to reap
the fruits of our right actions; and then all the rest of mankind. For
if a man have not this honor for parents he will never be gentle toward
those unconnected with him.
However, having given the necessary injunctions to
children, he passes to the fathers, and says,
Ver. 4. "And ye fathers, provoke not your children
to wrath; but nurture them up in the chastening and admonition of the
Lord."
He does not say, "love them," because to this nature
draws them even against their own will, and it were superfluous to lay
down a law on such subjects. But what does he say? "Provoke not your
children to wrath," as many do by disinheriting them, and disowning
them, and treating them overbearingly, not as free, but as slaves. This
is why he says, "Provoke not your children to wrath." Then, which is
the chief thing of all, he shows how they will be led to obedience,
referring the whole source of it to the head and chief authority. And
in the same way as he has shown the husband to be the cause of the
wife's obedience, (which is the reason also why he addresses the
greater part of
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his arguments to him, advising him to attach her to himself by the
power of love,) so, I say, here also, he refers the efficiency to him,
by saying, "But bring them up in the chastening and admonition of the
Lord." Thou seest that where there are spiritual ties, the natural ties
will follow. Do you wish your son to be obedient? From the very first
"Bring him up in the chastening and admonition of the Lord." Never deem
it an unnecessary thing that he should be a diligent hearer of the
divine Scriptures. For there the first thing he hears will be this,
"Honor thy father and thy mother"; so that this makes for thee. Never
say, this is the business of monks. Am I making a monk of him? No.
There is no need he should become a monk.[1] Why be so afraid of a
thing so replete with so much advantage? Make him a Christian. For it
is of all things necessary for laymen[2] to be acquainted with the
lessons derived from this source; but especially for children. For
theirs is an age full of folly; and to this folly are super added the
bad examples derived from the heathen tales, where they are made
acquainted with those heroes so admired amongst them, slaves of their
passions, and cowards with regard to death; as, for example, Achilles,
when he relents, when he dies for his concubine, when another gets
drunk, and many other things of the sort. He requires therefore the
remedies against these things. How is it not absurd to send children
out to trades, and to school, and to do all you can for these objects,
and yet, not to "bring them up in the chastening and admonition of the
Lord "? And for this reason truly we are the first to reap the fruits,
because we bring up our children to be insolent and profligate,
disobedient, and mere vulgar fellows. Let us not then do this; no, let
us listen to this blessed Apostle's admonition. "Let us bring them up
in the chastening and admonition of the Lord." Let us give them a
pattern. Let us make them from the earliest age apply themselves to the
reading of the Scriptures. Alas, that so constantly as I repeat this, I
am looked upon as trifling! Still, I shall not cease to do my duty.
Why, tell me, do ye not imitate them of old? Ye women, especially,
emulate those admirable women. Has a child been born to any one?
Imitate Hannah's example (1 Sam. i. 24); look at what she did. She
brought him up at once to the temple. Who amongst you would not rather
that his son should become a Samuel than that he should be king of the
whole world ten thousand times over? "And how," you will say, "is it
possible he should become such a one?" Why is it not possible? It is
because thou dost not choose it thyself, nor committest him to the care
of those who are able to make him such a one. "And who," it will be
said, "is such a one as this?" God. Since she put him into the hands of
God. For not even Eli himself was one of those in any great degree
qualified to form him; (how could he be, he who was not able to form
even his own children?) No, it was the faith of the mother and her
earnest zeal that wrought the whole. He was her first child, and her
only one, and she knew not whether she should ever have others besides.
Yet she did not say, "I will wait till the child is grown up, that he
may have a taste of the things of this life, I will allow him to have
his pastime in them a little in his childish years." No, all these
thoughts the woman repudiated, she was absorbed in one object, how from
the very beginning she might dedicate the spiritual image[3] to God.
Well may we men be put to the blush at the wisdom of this woman. She
offered him up to God, and there she left him. And therefore was her
married state more glorious, in that she had made spiritual objects her
first care, in that she dedicated the first-fruits to God. Therefore
was her womb fruitful, and she obtained other children besides.[4] And
therefore she saw him honorable even in. the world. For if men when
they are honored, render honor in return, will not God much more, He
who does this, even without being honored? How long are we to be mere
lumps of flesh? How long are we to be stooping to the earth? Let
everything be secondary with us to the provident care we should take of
our children, and to our "bringing them up in the chastening and
admonition of the Lord." If from the very first he is taught to be a
lover of true wisdom, then wealth greater than all wealth has he
acquired and a more imposing name. You will effect nothing so great by
teaching him an art, and giving him that outward learning by which he
will gain riches, as if you teach him the art of despising riches. If
you desire to make him rich, do this. For the rich man is not he who
desires great riches, and is encircled with great riches; but the man
who has need of nothing.[5] Discipline your son in this, teach him
this. This is the greatest riches. Seek not how to give him reputation
and high character in outward learning, but consider deeply how you
shall teach him to despise the glory that belongs to this present life.
By this means would he become more distinguished and more truly
glorious. This it is possible for the
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poor man and the rich man alike to accomplish. These are lessons which
a man does not learn from a master, nor by art, but by means of the
divine oracles. Seek not how he shall enjoy a long life here, but how
he shall enjoy a boundless and endless life hereafter. Give him the
great things, not the little things. Hear what Paul saith, "Bring them
up in the chastening and admonition of the Lord "; study not to make
him an orator, but train him up to be a philosopher. In the want of the
one there will be no harm whatever; in the absence of the other, all
the rhetoric in the world will be of no advantage. Tempers are wanted,
not talking; character, not cleverness; deeds, not words. These gain a
man the kingdom. These confer what are benefits indeed. Whet not his
tongue, but cleanse his soul. I do not say this to prevent your
teaching him these things, but to prevent your attending to them
exclusively. Do not imagine that the monk alone stands in need of these
lessons from Scripture. Of all others, the children just about to enter
into the world specially need them. For just in the same way as the man
who is always at anchor in harbor, is not the man who requires his ship
to be fitted out and who needs a pilot and a crew, but he who is always
out at sea; so is it with the man of the world and the monk. The one is
entered as it were into a waveless harbor, and lives an untroubled
life, and far removed from every storm; whilst the other is ever on the
ocean, and lives out at sea in the very midst of the ocean, battling
with billows without number.
And though he may not need it himself, still he
ought to be so prepared as to stop the mouths of others.[1] Thus the
more distinguished he is in the present life, so much the more he
stands in need of this education. If he passes his life in courts,
there are many Heathens, and philosophers, and persons puffed up with
the glory of this life. It is like a place full of dropsical people.
Such in some sort is the court. All are, as it were, puffed up, and in
a state of inflammation. And they who are not so are studying to become
so. Now then reflect how vast a benefit it is, that your son on
entering there, should enter like an excellent physician, furnished
with instruments which may allay every one's peculiar inflammation, and
should go up to every one, and converse with him, and restore the
diseased body to health, applying the remedies derived from the
Scriptures, and pouring forth discourses of the true philosophy. For
with whom is the recluse to converse? with his wall and his ceiling?
yea, or again with the wilderness and the woods? or with the birds and
the trees? He therefore has not so great need of this sort of
discipline. Still, however, he makes it his business to perfect this
work, not so much with a view of disciplining others as himself. There
is then every need of much discipline of this sort to those that are to
mix in the present world, because such an one has a stronger temptation
to sin than the other. And if you have a mind to understand it, he will
further be a more useful person even in the world itself. For all will
have a reverence for him from these words, when they see him in the
fire without being burnt, and not desirous of power. But power he will
then obtain, when he least desires it, and will be a still higher
object of respect to the king; for it is not possible that such a
character should be hid. Amongst a number of healthy persons, indeed, a
healthy man will not be noticed; but when there is one healthy man
amongst a number of sick, the report will quickly spread and reach the
king's ears, and he will make him ruler over many nations. Knowing then
these things, "bring up your children in the chastening and admonition
of the Lord."
"But suppose a man is poor." Still he will be in no
wise more insignificant than the man who lives in kings' courts,
because he is not in kings' courts; no, he will be held in admiration,
and will soon gain that authority which is yielded voluntarily, and not
by any compulsion. For if a set of Greeks, men worthless as they are,
and dogs,[2] by taking up that worthless philosophy of theirs, (for
such the Grecian philosophy is,) or rather not itself but only its mere
name, and wearing the threadbare cloak, and letting their hair grow,
impress many; how much more will he who is a true philosopher? If a
false appearance, if a mere shadow of philosophy at first sight so
catches us, what if we should love the true and pure philosophy? Will
not all court it, and entrust both houses, and wives, and children,
with full confidence to such men? But there is not, no, there is not
such a philosopher existing now. And therefore, it is not possible to
find an example of the sort. Amongst recluses, indeed, there are such,
but amongst people in the world no longer. And that amongst recluses
there are such, it would be possible to adduce a number of instances.
However, I will mention one out of many. Ye know, doubtless, and have
heard of, and some, perhaps, have also seen, the man. whom I am now
about to mention. I mean, the admirable Julian. This man was a rustic,
in humble life, and of humble parentage, and totally uninstructed in
all outward accomplishments, but full of unadorned wisdom.[3] When he
came into
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the cities, (and this was but rarely,) never did such a concourse take
place, not when orators, or sophists, or any one else rode in. But what
am I saying? Is not his very name more glorious than that of any
king's, and celebrated even to this day? And if these things were in
this world, in the world in which the Lord promised us no one good
thing, in which He hath told us we are strangers, let us consider how
great will be the blessings laid up for us in the heavens. If, where
they were sojourners they enjoyed so great honor, how great glory shall
they enjoy where their own city is! If, where He promised tribulation,
they meet with such attentive care, then where He promises true honors,
how great shall be their rest!
And now would ye have me exhibit examples of secular
men? At present, indeed, we have none; still there are perhaps even
secular men who are excellent, though not arrived at the highest
philosophy. I shall therefore quote you examples from the saints of the
ancient times. How many, who had wives to keep and children to bring
up, were inferior in no respect, no, in no respect to those who have
been mentioned? Now, however, it is no longer so, "by reason of the
present distress" (1 Cor. vii. 26), as this blessed Apostle saith. Now
then whom would ye have me mention? Noah, or Abraham? The son of the
one or of the other? Or again, Joseph? Or would ye have me go to the
Prophets? Moses I mean, or Isaiah? However, if you will, let us carry
our discourse to Abraham, whom all are continually bringing forward to
us above all others. Had he not a wife? Had he not children? Yes, for I
too use the same language to you, as you do to me. He had a wife, but
it was not because he had a wife that he was so remarkable. He had
riches, but it was not because he had riches that he pleased God. He
begat children, but it was not because he begat children that he was
pronounced blessed. He had three hundred and eighteen servants born in
his house, but it was not on this account that he was accounted
wonderful. But would you know why it was? It was for his hospitality,
for his contempt of riches, for his chastened conduct. For what, tell
me, is the duty of a philosopher? Is it not to despise both riches and
glory? Is it not to be above both envy and every other passion? Come
now then, let us bring him forward and strip him, and show you what a
philosopher he was. First of all, he esteemed his fatherland as
nothing. God said, "Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred"
(Gen. xii. 1), and immediately he went forth. He was not bound to his
house, (or surely he would never have gone forth,) nor to his love of
familiar friends, nor to anything else whatever. But what? glory and
money he despised above all others. For when he had put an end to war
by turning the enemy to flight, and was requested to take the spoil, he
rejected it. (Gen. xiv. 21-23.)
Again, the son of this great man was reverenced, not
because of his riches, but for his hospitality: not because of his
children, but for his obedience: not because of his wife, but for the
barrenness inflicted on his wife. (Gen. XXV. 21.)
They looked upon the present life as nothing, they
followed not after gain, they despised all things. Tell me, which sort
of plants are the best? Are not those which have their strength from
themselves and are injured neither by rains, nor by hailstorms, nor by
gusts of wind, nor by any other vicissitude of the sort, but stand
naked in defiance of them all, and needing neither wall nor fence to
protect them? Such is the true philosopher, such is that wealth of
which we spoke. He has nothing, and has all things: he has all things,
and has nothing. For a fence is not within, but only without; a wall is
not a thing of nature, but only built round from without. And what
again, I ask, what sort of body is a strong one? Is it not that which
is in health, and which is overcome neither by hunger nor repletion,
nor by cold, nor by heat; or is it that which in view of all these
things, needs both caterers, and weavers, and hunters, and physicians,
to give it health? He is the rich man, the true philosopher, who
needeth none of these things. For this cause it was that this blessed
Apostle said, "Bring them up in the chastening and admonition of the
Lord." Surround them not with outward defenses. For such is wealth,
such is glory; for when these fall, and they do fall, the plant stands
naked and defenseless, not only having derived no profit from them
during the time past, but even injury. For those very shelters that
prevented its being inured to the attacks of the winds, will now have
prepared it for perishing all at once. And so wealth is injurious
rather, because it renders us undisciplined for the vicissitudes of
life. Let us therefore train up our children to be such, that they
shall be able to bear up against every trial, and not be surprised at
what may come upon them; "let us bring them up in the chastening and
admonition of the Lord." And great will be the reward which will be
thus laid up in store for us. For if men for making statues and
painting portraits of kings enjoy so great honor, shall not we who
adorn the image of the King of kings, (for man is the image of God,)
receive ten thousand blessings, if we effect a true likeness? For the
likeness is in this, in the virtue of the soul, when we train our
children to be good, to be meek, to be forgiving, (because all these
are attributes of God,) to be beneficent, to be humane; when
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we train them to regard the present world as nothing. Let this then be
our task, to mold and to direct both ourselves and them according to
what is right. Otherwise with what sort of boldness shall we stand
before the judgment-seat of Christ? If a man who has unruly children is
unworthy to be a Bishop (Tit. i. 6), much more is he unworthy of the
kingdom of Heaven. What sayest thou? If we have an unruly wife, or
unruly children, shall we have to render account? Yes, we shall, if we
do not with exactness bring in that which is due from ourselves; for
our own individual virtue is not enough in order to salvation. If the
man who laid aside the one talent gained nothing, but was punished even
in such a manner, it is plain that one's own individual virtue is not
enough in order to salvation, but there is need of that of another
also. Let us therefore entertain great solicitude for our wives, and
take great care of our children, and of our servants, and of ourselves.
And in our government both of ourselves and of them, let us beseech God
that He aid us in the work. If He shall see us interested in this work,
and solicitous about it, He will aid us; but if He shall see us paying
no regard to it, He will not give us His hand. For He does not
vouchsafe us His assistance when we sleep, but when we labor also
ourselves. For a helper, (as the name implies,) is not a helper of one
that is inactive, but of one who works also himself. But the good God
is able of Himself to bring the work to perfection, that we may be all
counted worthy to attain to the blessings promised us, through the
grace and compassions of His only begotten Son, with Whom together with
the Holy Ghost be unto the Father, glory, might, and honor, now and
ever, and throughout all ages. Amen.
HOMILY XXII.
EPHESIANS vi. 5--8.
"Servants, be obedient unto them that, according to the flesh, are your
masters, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as unto
Christ; not in the way of eye-service, as men-pleasers: but as servants
of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart; with good-will doing
service, as unto the Lord, and not unto men: knowing that whatsoever
good thing each one doeth, the same shall he receive again from the
Lord, whether he be bond or free."
THUS then it is not husband only, nor wife, nor
children, but virtuous servants also that contribute to the
organization and protection of a house. Therefore the blessed Paul has
not overlooked this department even. He comes to it, however, in the
last place, because it is last in dignity and rank. Still he addresses
much discourse also to them, no longer in the same tone as to children,
but in a far more advanced way, inasmuch as he does not hold out to
these the promise in this world, but in that which is to come.
"Knowing," saith he, "that whatsoever good or evil[1] thing each one
doeth, the same shall he receive of the Lord," and thus at once
instructs them to love wisdom. For though they be inferior to the
children in dignity, still in mind they are superior to them.
"Servants," saith he, "be obedient to them that,
according to the flesh, are your masters."
Thus at once he raises up, at once soothes the
wounded soul. Be not grieved, he seems to say, that you are inferior to
the wife and the children. Slavery is nothing but a name. The
mastership is "according to the flesh," brief and temporary;[2] for
whatever is of the flesh, is transitory. "With fear," he adds, "and
trembling."[3] Thou seest that he does not require the same fear from
slaves as from wives: for in that case he simply said, "and let the
wife see that she fear her husband "; whereas in this case he heightens
the expression, "with fear," he saith, "and trembling, in singleness of
your heart, as unto Christ." This is what he constantly says. What
meanest thou, blessed Paul? He is a brother, or rather he has become a
brother, he enjoys the same privileges, he belongs to the same body.
Yea, more, he is the brother, not of his own master only, but also of
the Son of God, he is partaker of all the same privileges; yet sayest
thou, "obey your masters according to the flesh, with fear and
trembling"? Yes, for this very reason, he would say, I say it. For if I
charge free men to submit themselves one to another in the fear of
God,--as he said above, "submitting yourselves one to another in the
fear of Christ";--if I charge moreover the wife to fear and reverence
her husband, although she is his equal; much more must I so speak to the
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servant. It is no sign of low birth, rather it is the truest nobility,
to understand how to lower ourselves, to be modest and unassuming, and
to give way to our neighbor. And the free have served the free with
much fear and trembling. "In singleness of heart," he says.
And it is well said, since it is possible to serve
with fear and trembling, and yet not of good will, but in just any way
that may be possible. Many servants in many instances secretly cheat
their masters. And this cheating accordingly he does away, by saying,
"in singleness of your heart as unto Christ, not in the way of
eye-service as men-pleasers, but as servants of Christ, doing the will
of God from the heart; with good-will doing service, as unto the Lord,
and not unto men." Seest thou how many words he requires, in order to
implant this good principle, "with goodwill," I mean, and "from the
heart"? That other service, "with fear and trembling" I mean, we see
many rendering to their masters, and the master's threat goes far to
secure that. But show, saith he, that thou servest as "the servant of
Christ," not of man. Make the right action your own, not one of
compulsion. Just as in the words which follow, he persuades and
instructs the man who is ill-treated by another to make the right
action his own, and the work of his own free choice. Because inasmuch
as the man that smites the cheek, is not supposed to come to that act
in consequence of any intention in the person struck, but only of his
own individual malice, what saith He? "Turn to him the other also"
(Matt. v. 39); to show him that in submitting to the first thou wert
not unwilling. For he that is lavish in suffering wrong, makes that his
own which is not his own act, by suffering himself to be smitten on the
other cheek also, and not merely by enduring the first blow. For this
latter will have perhaps the appearance even of cowardice; but that of
a high philosophy.--Thus thou wilt show that it was for the sake of
wisdom that thou didst bear the first blow also. And so in the present
case, show here too, that thou bearest this slavery also willingly. The
man-pleaser then is no servant of Christ. The servant of Christ is not
a man-pleaser. (Gal. i. 10.) For who that is the servant of God, makes
it his object to please men? And who that pleases men, can be a servant
of God?
"From the heart,"[1] saith he, "with good-will doing
service." For since it is possible to do service even with singleness
of heart and not wrongfully, and yet not with all one's might, but only
so far as fulfilling one's bounden duty, therefore he says, do it with
alacrity, not of necessity, upon principle, not upon constraint. If
thus thou do service, thou art no slave; if thou do it upon principle,
if with good-will, if from the heart, and if for Christ's sake. For
this is the servitude that even Paul, the free man, serves, and
exclaims, "For we preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus, as Lord, and
ourselves as your servants for Jesus' sake." (2 Cor. iv. 5.) Look how
he divests thy slavery of its meanness. For just in the same way as the
man who has been robbed, if he gives still more to him who has taken,
is not ranked among those robbed, but rather amongst liberal givers;
not amongst those who suffer evil, but amongst those who do good; and
rather clothes the other with disgrace by his liberality, than is
clothed with disgrace by being robbed,--so, I say, in this case, by his
generosity he will appear at once more high-minded, and by showing that
he does not feel the wrong,[2] will put the other to shame.
Let us then do service to our masters for Christ's
sake, "knowing," he continues, "that whatsoever good thing each one
doeth, the same shall he receive of the Lord, whether he be bond or
free." For inasmuch as it was probable that many masters, as being
unbelievers, would have no sense of shame, and would make no return to
their slaves for their obedience, observe how he has given them
encouragement, so that they may have no misgiving about the
remuneration, but may have full confidence respecting the recompense.
For as they who receive a benefit, when they make no return, make God a
debtor to their benefactors; so, I say, do masters also, if, when
well-treated by thee, they fail to requite thee, requite thee the more,
by rendering God thy debtor.
Ver. 9. "And ye masters," he continues, "do the same
things unto them."
The same things. What are these? "With good-will do
service." However he does not actually say, "do service," though by
saying, "the same things," he plainly shows this to be his meaning. For
the master himself is a servant. "Not as men-pleasers," he means, "and
with fear and trembling": that is, toward God, fearing lest He one day
accuse you for your negligence toward your slaves.
"And forbear threatening;" be not irritating, he
means, nor oppressive.
"Knowing that both their Master and[3] yours is in
Heaven."[4] Ah! How mighty a Master does he hint at
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here! How startling the suggestion! It is this. "With what measure thou
metest, it shall be measured unto thee again" (Matt. vii. 2); lest thou
hear the sentence, "Thou wicked servant. I forgave thee all that debt."
(Matt. xviii. 32.)
"And there is no respect of persons," he saith,
"with Him."
Think not, he would say, that what is done towards a
servant, He will therefore forgive, because done to a servant. Heathen
laws indeed as being the laws of men, recognize a difference between
these kinds of offenses. But the law of the common Lord and Master of
all, as doing good to all alike, and dispensing the same rights to all,
knows no such difference.
But should any one ask, whence is slavery, and why
it has found entrance into human life, (and many I know are both glad
to ask such questions, and desirous to be informed of them,) I will
tell you. Slavery is the fruit of covetousness, of degradation, of
savagery; since Noah, we know, had no servant, nor had Abel, nor Seth,
no, nor they who came after them. The thing was the fruit of sin, of
rebellion against parents. Let children hearken to this, that whenever
they are undutiful to their parents, they deserve to be servants. Such
a child strips himself of his nobility of birth; for he who rebels
against his father is no longer a son; and if he who rebels against his
father is not a son, how shall he be a son who rebels against our true
Father? He has departed from his nobility of birth, he has done outrage
to nature. Then come also wars, and battles, and take their
prisoners.[1] Well, but Abraham, you will say, had servants. Yes, but
he used them not as servants.
Observe how everything depends upon the head; the
wife, by telling him "to love her"; the children, by telling him "to
bring them up in the chastening and admonition of the Lord"; the
servants, by the words, "knowing that both their Master and yours is in
Heaven." So, saith he, ye also in like manner, as being yourselves
servants, shall be kind and indulgent. "Finally, be strong in the Lord
and in the strength of His might."
But if, before considering this next, ye have a mind
to hearken, I shall make the same remarks concerning servants, as I
have also made before concerning children. Teach them to be religious,
and everything else will follow of necessity. But now, when any one is
going to the theater, or going off to the bath, he drags all his
servants after him; but when he goes to church, not for a moment; nor
does he compel them to attend and hear. Now how shall thy servant
listen, when thou his master art attending to other things? Hast thou
purchased, hast thou bought thy slave? Before all things enjoin him
what God would have him do, to be gentle towards his fellow-servants,
and to make much account of virtue.
Every one's house is a city; and every man is a
prince in his own house. That the house of the rich is of this
character, is plain enough, where there are both lands, and stewards,
and rulers over rulers. But I say that the house of the poor also is a
city. Because here too there are offices of authority; for instance,
the husband has authority over the wife, the wife over the servants,
the servants again over their own wives; again the wives and the
husbands over the children. Does he not seem to you to be, as it were,
a sort of king, having so many authorities under his own authority? and
that it were meet that he should be more skilled both in domestic and
general government than all the rest? For he who knows how to manage
these in their several relations, will know how to select the fittest
men for offices, yes, and will choose excellent ones. And thus the wife
will be a second king in the house, lacking only the diadem; and be who
knows how to choose this king, will excellently regulate all the rest.
Ver. 10. "Finally," saith he, "be strong in the
Lord."
Whenever the discourse is about to conclude, he
always employs this turn. Said I not well from the first, that every
man's house is a camp in itself? For look, having disposed of the
several offices, he proceeds to arm them, and to lead them out to
war.[2] If no one usurps the other's office, but every one remains at
his post, all will be well ordered.
"Be strong," saith he, "in the Lord, and in the
strength of His might."
That is, in the hope which we have in Him, by means
of His aid. For as he had enjoined many duties, which were necessary to
be done, fear not, he seems to say, cast your hope upon the Lord, and
He will make all easy.
Ver. 11. "Put on the whole armor of God, that ye may
be able to stand against the wiles of the devil."
He saith not, against the fightings, nor against the
hostilities, but against the "-wiles." For this enemy is at war with
us, not simply, nor openly, but by" wiles." What is meant by wiles? To
use "wiles," is to deceive and to take by artifice or contrivance ; a
thing which takes place both in the case of the arts, and by words, and
actions, and stratagems, in the case of those who seduce us.
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I mean something like this. The Devil never proposes to us sins in
their proper colors; he does not speak of idolatry, but he sets it off
in another dress, using "wiles,"[1] that is, making his discourse
plausible, employing disguises. Now therefore the Apostle is by this
means both rousing the soldiers, and making them vigilant, by
persuading and instructing them, that our conflict is with one skilled
in the arts of war, and with one who wars not simply, nor directly, but
with much wiliness. And first then he arouses the disciples from the
consideration of the Devil's skill; but in the second place, from his
nature, and the number of his forces. It is not from any desire to
dispirit the soldiers that stand under him, but to arouse, and to
awaken them, that he mentions these stratagems, and prepares them to be
vigilant; for had he merely detailed their power, and there stopped his
discourse, he must have dispirited them. But now, whereas both before
and after this, he shows that it is possible to overcome such an enemy,
he rather raises their courage; for the more clearly the strength of
our adversaries is stated on our part to our own people, so much the
more earnest will it render our soldiers.
Ver. 12. "For our wrestling is not," saith he,
"against flesh and blood,[2] but against the principalities, against
the powers, against the world-rulers of this darkness, against the
spiritual hosts of wickedness, in the heavenly places."
Having stimulated them by the character of the
conflict, he next goes on to arouse them also by the prizes set before
them. For what is his argument? Having said that the enemies are
fierce, he adds further, that they despoil us of vast blessings. What
are these? The conflict lies "in the heavenlies";[3] the struggle is
not about riches, not about glory, but about our being enslaved. And
thus is the enmity irreconcilable. The strife and the conflict are
fiercer when for vast interests at stake; for the expression "in the
heavenlies"[3] is equivalent to, "for the heavenly things." It is not
that they may gain anything by the conquest, but that they may despoil
us. As if one were to say, "In what does the contract lie?" In gold.
The word "in," means, "in behalf of"; the word "in," also means, "on
account[4] of."[5] Observe how the power of the enemy startles us; how
it makes us all circumspection, to know that the hazard is on
behalf of vast interests, and the victory for the sake of great
rewards. For he is doing his best to cast us out of Heaven.
He speaks of certain "principalities, and powers,
and world-rulers of this darkness." What darkness? Is it that of night?
No, but of wickedness. "For ye were," saith he, "once darkness" (Eph.
v. 8); so naming that wickedness which is in this present life; for
beyond it, it will have no place, not in Heaven, nor in the world to
come.
"World-rulers " [6] he calls them, not as having the
mastery over the world, but the Scripture is wont to call wicked
practices "the world," as, for example, where Christ saith, "They are
not of this world, even as I am not of the world." (John xvii. 16.)
What then, were they not of the world? Were they not clothed with
flesh? Were they not of those who are in the world? And again; "The
world hateth Me, but you it cannot hate." (John vii. 7.) Where again He
calls wicked practices by this name. Thus the Apostle here by the world
means wicked men, and the evil spirits have more especial power over
them. "Against the spiritual hosts of wickedness," saith he, "in the
heavenly places." "Principalities, and powers," he speaks of; just as
in the heavenly places there are "thrones and dominions, principalities
and powers." (Col. i. 16.)
Ver. 13. "Wherefore," saith he, "take up the whole
armor of God, that ye may be able to withstand in the evil day, and,
having done all, to stand."
By "evil day" he means the present life, [7] and
calls it too "this present evil world" (Gal. i. 4), from the evils
which are done in it. It is as much as to say, Always be armed. And
again, "having done all," saith he; that is, both passions, and vile
lusts, and all things else that trouble us. He speaks not merely of
doing the deed, but of completing it, [8] so as not only to slay, but
to stand also after we have slain. For many who have gained this
victory, have fallen again. "Having done," saith he, "all"; not having
done one, but not the other. For even after the victory, we must stand.
An enemy may be struck, but things that are struck revive again if we
do not stand. But if after having fallen they rise up again, so long as
we stand, they are fallen. So long as we waver not, the adversary rises
not again.
"Let us put on the whole armor of God." Seest thou
how he banishes all fear? For if it be possible "to do all, and to
stand," his de-
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scribing in detail the power of the enemy does not create cowardice and
fear, but it shakes off indolence. "That ye may be able," he saith, "to
withstand in the evil day." And he further gives them encouragement too
from the time; the time, he seems to say, is short;[1] so that ye must
needs stand; faint not when the slaughter is achieved.
MORAL. If then it is a warfare, if such are the
forces arrayed against us, if "the principalities" are incorporeal, if
they are "rulers of the world," if they are "the spiritual hosts of
wickedness," how, tell me, canst thou live in self-indulgence? How
canst thou be dissolute? How if we are unarmed, shall we be able to
overcome? These words let every one repeat to himself every day,
whenever he is under the influence of anger, or of lust, whenever he is
aiming, and all to no profit, after this languid life. Let him hearken
to the blessed Paul, saying to him, "Our wrestling is not against flesh
and blood, but against the principalities, against the powers." A
harder warfare this than that which is matter of sense, a fiercer
conflict. Think how long time this enemy is wrestling, for what it is
that he is fighting, and be more guarded than ever. "Nay," a man will
say, "but as he is the devil, he ought to have been removed out of the
way, and then all had been saved."[2] These are the pretenses to which
some of your indolent ones m self-defense give utterance. When thou
oughtest to be thankful, O man, that, if thou hast a mind, thou hast
the victory over such a foe, thou art on the contrary even
discontented, and givest utterance to the words of some sluggish and
sleepy soldier. Thou knowest the points of attack,[3] if thou choosest.
Reconnoiter on all sides, fortify thyself. Not against the devil alone
is the conflict, but also against his powers. How then, you may say,
are we to wrestle with the darkness? By becoming light. How with the
"spiritual hosts of wickedness"? By becoming good. For wickedness is
contrary to good, and light drives away darkness. But if we ourselves
too be darkness, we shall inevitably be taken captive. How then shall
we overcome them? If, what they are by nature, that we become by
choice, free from flesh and blood, thus shall we vanquish them. For nce
it was probable that the disciples would have many persecutors,
"imagine not," he would say, "that it is they who war with you. They
that really war with you, are the spirits that work in them. Against
them is our conflict." Two things he provides for by these
considerations; he renders them in themselves more courageous and he
lets loose their wrath against those who war against them. And
wherefore is our conflict against these? Since we have also an
invincible ally, the grace of the Spirit. We have been taught an art,
such as shall enable us to wrestle not against men, but against
spirits. Nay, if we have a mind, neither shall we wrestle at all; for
it is because we choose it, that there is a struggle, since so great is
the power of Him that dwelleth in us, as that He said, "Behold, I have
given you authority to tread upon serpents and scorpions, and over all
the power of the enemy." (Luke x. 19.) All power hath He given us, both
of wrestling and of not wrestling. It is because we are slothful, that
we have to wrestle with them ; for that Paul wrestled not, hear what he
saith himself, "Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall
tribulation, or anguish, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or
peril, or sword?" (Rom. viii. 35.) And again hear his words, "God shall
bruise Satan under your feet shortly." (Rom. xvi. 20.) For he had him
under his subjection; whence also he said, "I charge thee in the name
of Jesus Christ to come out of her." (Acts xvi. 18.) And this is not
the language of one wrestling; for he that wrestles has not yet
conquered, and he that has conquered no longer wrestles; he has
subdued, has taken his captive. And so Peter again wrestled not with
the devil, but he did that which was better than wrestling. In the case
of the faithful, the obedient, the catechumens, they prevailed over him
to vast advantage and over his powers. Hence too was it that the
blessed Paul said, "For we are not ignorant of his devices" (2 Cor. ii.
11), which was the way moreover in which he especially overcame him;
and again hear his words, "And no marvel--if his ministers also fashion
themselves as ministers of righteousness." (2 Cor. xi. 14, 15.) So well
knew he every part of the conflict, and nothing escaped him. Again,
"For the mystery of lawlessness," saith he, "doth already work." (2
Thess. ii. 7.)
But against its is the struggle; for hearken again
to him, saying, "I am persuaded, that neither angels, nor
principalities, nor things present, nor things to come, nor powers, nor
any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of
Christ." (Rom. viii. 38.) He saith not simply, "from Christ," but,
"from the love of Christ."[4] For many there are who are united
forsooth to Christ, and who yet love Him not. Not only, saith he,
shalt thou not persuade me to deny Him, but, not even to love Him
less. And if the powers above had not strength to do this, who else
should move him? Not,
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however, that he saith this, as though they were actually attempting
it, but upon the supposition; wherefore also he said, "I am persuaded."
So then he did not wrestle, yet nevertheless he fears his artifices;
for hear what he saith, "I fear lest by any means, as the serpent
beguiled Eve in his craftiness, your minds should be corrupted from the
simplicity that is toward Christ." (2 Cor. xi. 3.) True, you will say,
but he uses this word touching himself also where he saith, "For I
fear[1] lest, by any means, after that I have preached to others I
myself should be rejected." How then art thou "persuaded that no one
shall separate thee "? Perceivest thou that the expression is that of
lowliness and of humility? For he already dwelt in Heaven. And hence
also it was that he said, "For I know nothing against myself" (1 Cor.
iv. 4); and again, "I have finished the course." (2 Tim. iv. 7.) So
that it was not with regard to these matters that the devil placed
obstacles in his way, but with reference to the interests of the
disciples. And why forsooth? Because in these points he was not himself
sole master, but also their own will. There the devil prevailed in some
cases; nay, neither there was it over him that he prevailed, but over
the indolence of persons who took no heed. If indeed, whether from
slothfulness, or anything else of the sort, he had failed to fulfill
his own duty, then had the devil prevailed over him; but if he himself
on his part did all he could, and they obeyed not it was not over him
he prevailed, but over their disobedience; and the disease prevailed
not over the physician, but over the unruliness of the patient; for,
when the physician takes every precaution, and the patient undoes all,
the patient is defeated, not the physician. Thus then in no instance
did he prevail over Paul. But in our own case, it is matter for
contentment that we should be so much as able to wrestle. For the
Romans indeed this is not what he asks, but what? "He shall bruise
Satan under your feet shortly." (Rom. xvi. 20.) And for these Ephesians
he invokes, "Him that is able to do exceeding abundantly above all that
we ask or think." (Eph. iii. 20.) He that wrestles is still held fast,
but it is enough for him that he has not fallen. When we depart hence,
then, and not till then, will the glorious victory be achieved. For
instance, take the case of some evil lust. The extraordinary thing
would be, not even to entertain it, but to stifle it. If, however, this
be not possible, then though we may have to wrestle with it, and retain
it to the last, yet if we depart still wrestling, we are conquerors.
For the case is not the same here as it is with wrestlers; for there if
thou throw not thy antagonist, thou hast not conquered; but here if
thou be not thrown, thou hast conquered; if thou art not thrown, thou
hast thrown him; and with reason, because there both strive for the
victory, and when the one is thrown, the other is crowned; here,
however, it is not thus, but the devil is striving for our defeat; when
then I strip him of that upon which he is bent, I am conqueror. For it
is not to overthrow us, but to make us share his overthrow that he is
eager. Already then am I conqueror, for he is already cast down, and in
a state of ruin; and his victory consists not in being himself crowned,
but in effecting my ruin; so that though I overthrow him not, yet if I
be not overthrown, I have conquered. What then is a glorious victory?
It is, over and above, to trample him underfoot, as Paul did, by
regarding the things of this present world as nothing. Let us too
imitate him, and strive to become above them, and nowhere to give him a
hold upon us. Wealth, possessions, vain-glory, give him a hold. And
oftentimes indeed this has roused him, and oftentimes exasperated him.
But what need is there of wrestling? What need of engaging with him? He
who is engaged in the act of wrestling has the issue in uncertainty,
whether he may not be himself defeated and captured. Whereas he that
tramples him under foot, has the victory certain.
Oh then, let us trample under foot the power of the devil;
let us trample under foot our sins, I mean everything that pertains to
this life, wrath, lust, vain-glory, every passion; that when we depart
to that world, we may not be convicted of betraying that power which
God hath given us; for thus shall we attain also the blessings that are
to come. But if in this we are unfaithful, who will entrust us with
those things which are greater? If we were not able to trample down one
who had fallen, who had been disgraced, who had been despised, who was
lying beneath our feet, how shall the Father give us a Father's
rewards? If we subdue not one so placed in subjection to us, what
confidence shall we have to enter into our Father's house? For, tell
me, suppose thou hadst a son, and, that he, disregarding the
well-disposed part of thy household, should associate with them that
have distressed thee, with them that have been expelled his father's
house, with them that spend their time at the gaming table, and that he
should go on so doing to the very last; will he not be disinherited? It
is plain enough he will. And so too shall we; if, disregarding the
Angels who have well pleased our Father and whom He hath set over us,
we have our conversation with the devil, inevitably we shall be dis-
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inherited, which God forbid; but let us engage in the war we have to
wage with him.
If any one hath an enemy, if any one hath been
wronged by him, if any one is exasperated, let him collect together all
that wrath, all that fierceness, and pour it out upon the head of the
devil. Here wrath is a good thing, here anger is profitable, here
revenge is praiseworthy, for just as amongst the heathen, revenge is a
vice, so truly here is revenge a virtue. So then if thou hast any
failings, rid thyself of them here. And if thou art not able thyself to
put them away, do it, though with thy members also.[1] Hath any one
struck thee? Bear malice against the devil, and never relinquish thy
hatred towards him. Or again, hath no one struck thee? Yet bear him
malice still, because he insulted, because he offended thy Lord and
Master, because he injures and wars against thy brethren. With him be
ever at enmity, ever implacable, ever merciless. Thus shall he be
humbled, thus despicable, thus shall he be an easy prey. If we are
fierce towards him, he shall never be fierce towards us. If we are
compliant, then he will be fierce; it is not with him as it is with our
brethren. He is the foe and enemy, both of life and salvation, both
ours and his own. If he loves not himself, how shall he be able to love
us? Let us then put ourselves in array and wound him, having for our
mighty confederate the Lord Jesus Christ, who can both render us
impregnable to his snares, and worthy of the good things to come; which
God grant that we may all attain, through the grace and lovingkindness
of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, together with the Holy Ghost, be
unto the Father, glory, might, and honor, now and ever, and throughout
all ages. Amen.
HOMILY XXIII.
EPHESlANS vi. 14.
"Stand therefore, having girded your loins with truth."
HAVING drawn up this army, and roused their
zeal,--for both these things were requisite, both that they should be
drawn up in array and subject to each other, and that their spirit
should be aroused,--and having inspired them with courage, for this was
requisite also, he next proceeds also to arm them. For arms had been of
no use, had they not been first posted each in his own place, and had
not the spirit of the soldier's soul been roused; for we must first arm
him within, and then without.
Now if this is the case with soldiers, much more is
it with spiritual soldiers. Or rather in their case, there is no such
thing as arming them without, but everything is within. He hath roused
their ardor, and set it on fire, he hath added confidence. He hath set
them in due array. Observe how he also puts on the armor. "Stand
therefore,"[2] saith he. The very first feature in tactics is, to know
how to stand well, and many things will depend upon that. Hence he
discourses much concerning standing, saying also elsewhere, "Watch ye,
stand fast." (1 Cor. xvi. 13.) And again, "So stand fast in the Lord."
(Phil. iv. 1.) And again, "Let him that thinketh he standeth, take heed
test he fall." (1 Cor. x. 12.) And again, "That ye may be able, having
done all, to stand." (Eph. vi. 13.) Doubtless then he does not mean
merely any way of standing, but a correct way, and as many as have had
experience in wars know how great a point it is to know how to stand.
For if in the case of boxers and wrestlers, the trainer recommends this
before anything else, namely, to stand firm, much more will it be the
first thing in warfare, and military matters.
The man who, in a true sense, stands, is upright; he
stands not in a lazy attitude, not leaning upon anything. Exact
uprightness discovers itself by the way of standing, so that they who
are perfectly upright, they stand. But they who do not stand, cannot be
upright, but are unstrung and disjointed. The luxurious man does not
stand upright, but is bent; so is the lewd man, and the lover of money.
He who knows how to stand will from his very standing, as from a sort
of foundation, find every part of the conflict easy to him.
"Stand therefore," saith he, "having girded your
loins with truth."[3] He is not speaking of a literal, physical gir-
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dle, for all the language in this passage he employs in a spiritual
sense.[1] And observe how methodically he proceeds. First he girds up
his soldier? What then is the meaning of this? The man that is loose in
his life, and is dissolved in his lusts, and that has his thoughts
trailing on the ground, him he braces up by means of this girdle, not
suffering him to be impeded by the garments entangling his legs, but
leaving him to run with his feet well at liberty. "Stand therefore,
having girded your loins," saith he. By the "loins" here he means this;
just what the keel is in ships, the same are the loins with us the
basis or groundwork of the whole body: for they are, as it were, a
foundation, and upon them as the schools of the physicians tell you,
the whole frame is built. So then in "girding up the loins" he compacts
the foundation of our soul; for he is not of course speaking of these
loins of our body, but is discoursing spiritually: and as the loins are
the foundation alike of the parts both above and below, so is it also
in the case of these spiritual loins. Oftentimes, we know, when persons
are fatigued, they put their hands there as if upon a sort of
foundation, and in that manner support themselves; and for this reason
it is that the girdle is used in war, that it may bind and hold
together this foundation, as it were, in our frame; for this reason too
it is that when we run we gird ourselves. It is this which guards our
strength. Let this then, saith he, be done also with respect to the
soul, and then in doing anything whatsoever we shall be strong; and it
is a thing most especially becoming to soldiers.
True, you may say, but these our natural loins we
gird with a leathern band ; but we, spiritual soldiers, with what? I
answer, with that which is the head and crown of all our thoughts, I
mean, "with .truth." "Having girded your loins," saith he, "with
truth."[3] What then is the meaning of "with truth"? Let us love
nothing like falsehood, all our duties let us pursue "with truth," let
us not lie one to another. Whether it be an opinion, let us seek the
truth, or whether it be a line of life, let us seek the true one. If we
fortify ourselves with this, if we "gird ourselves with truth," then
shall no one overcome us. He who seeks the doctrine of truth, shall
never fall down to the earth ; for that the things which are not true
are of the earth, is evident from this, that all they that are without
are enslaved to the passions, following their own reasonings; and
therefore if we are sober, we shall need no instruction in the tales of
the Greeks. Seest thou how weak and frivolous they are? incapable of
entertaining about God one severe thought or anything above human
reasoning? Why? Because they are not "girded about with truth"; because
their loins, the receptacle of the seed of life, and the main strength
of their reasonings, are ungirt; nothing then can be weaker than these.
And the Municheans[4] again, seest thou, how all the things they have
the boldness to utter, are from their own reasonings? "It was
impossible," say they, "for God to create the world without matter."
Whence is this so evident? These things they say, grovening, and from
the earth, and from what happens amongst ourselves; because man, they
say, cannot create otherwise. Marcion again, look what he says. "God,
if He took upon Him flesh, could not remain pure." Whence is this
evident? "Because," says he, "neither can men." But men are able to do
this. Valentinus again, with his reasonings all trailing along the
ground, speaks the things of the earth; and in like manner Paul of
Samosata. And Arius, what does he say? "It was impossible for God when
He begat, to beget without passion."[5] Whence, Arius, hast thou the
boldness to allege this; merely from the things which take place
amongst ourselves? Seest thou how the reasonings of all these trail
along on the ground? All are, as it were, let loose and unconfined, and
savoring of the earth? And so much then for doctrines. With regard to
life and conduct, again, whoremongers, lovers of money, and of glory,
and of everything else, trail on the ground. They have not their loins
themselves standing firm, so that when they are weary they may rest
upon them; but when they are weary, they do not put their hands upon
them and stand upright, but flag. He, however, who "is girt about with
the truth," first, never is weary; and secondly, if he should be weary,
he will rest himself upon the truth itself. What? Will poverty, tell
me, render him weary? No, in nowise; for he will repose on the true
riches, and by this poverty will understand what is true poverty. Or
again, will slavery make him weary? No, in nowise, for he will know
what is the true slavery. Or shall disease? No, nor even that. "Let
your loins," saith Christ, "be girded about, and your lamps burning"
(Luke xii. 35 ), with that light which shall never be put out. This is
what the Israelites also, when they were departing out of Egypt (Ex.
xii. 11), were
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charged to do. For why did they eat the passover with their loins
girded? Art thou desirous to hear the ground of it? According to the
historical fact, or according to its mystical sense,[1] shall I state
it? But I will state them both, and do ye retain it in mind, for I am
not doing it without an object, merely that I may tell you the
solution, but also that my words may become in you reality. They had,
we read, their loins girded, and their staff in their hands, and their
shoes on their feet, and thus they ate the Passover. Awful and terrible
mysteries, and of vast depth; and if so terrible in the type, how much
more in the reality? They come forth out of Egypt, they eat the
Passover. Attend. "Our Passover hath been sacrificed, even Christ," it
is said. Wherefore did they have their loins girded? Their guise is
that of wayfarers; for their having shoes, and staves in their hands,
and their eating standing, declares nothing else than this. Will ye
hear the history first, or the mystery?[2] Better the history first.
What then is the design of the history? The Jews were continually
forgetting God's benefits to them. Accordingly then, God tied the sense
of these, His benefits, not only to the time, but also to the very
habit of them that were to eat. For this is why they were to eat girded
and sandalled, that when they were asked the reason, they might say,
"we were ready for our journey, we were just about to go forth out of
Egypt to the land of promise and we were ready for our exodus." This
then is the historical type. But the reality is this; we too eat a
Passover, even Christ; "for," saith he, "our Passover hath been
sacrificed, even Christ." (1 Cor. v. 7.) What then? We too ought to eat
it, both sandalled and girded. And why? That we too may be ready for
our Exodus, for our departure hence.
MORAL. Let not any one of them that eat this
Passover look towards Egypt, but towards Heaven, towards "Jerusalem
that is above." (Gal. iv. 26.) On this account thou eatest with thy
loins girded, on this account thou eatest with shoes on thy feet, that
thou mayest know, that from the moment thou first beginnest to eat the
Passover, thou oughtest to set out, and to be upon thy journey. And
this implies two things, both that we must depart out of Egypt, and
that, whilst we stay, we must stay henceforth as in a strange country;
"for our citizenship," saith he, "is in Heaven" (Phil. iii. 20); and
that all our life long we should ever be prepared, so that when we are
called we may not put it off, but say, "My heart is fixed." (Ps. cviii.
1.) "Yes, but this Paul indeed could say, who knew nothing against
himself; but I, who require a long time for repentance, I cannot say
it." Yet that to be girded is the part of a waking soul, hearken to
what God says to that righteous man, "Gird up now thy loins like a man,
for I will demand of thee, and declare thou unto Me." (Job xxxviii. 3.)
This He says also to all the prophets, and this He says again to Moses,
to be girded. And He Himself also appears to Ezekiel (Ezek. ix. 11,
Sept.) girded. Nay more, and the Angels, too, appear to us girded (Rev.
xv. 6), as being soldiers. From our being girded about, it comes that
we also stand bravely as from our standing our being girded Collies.
For we also are going to depart, and many are the
difficulties that intervene. When we have crossed this plain,
straightway the devil is upon us, doing everything, contriving every
artifice, to the end that those who have been saved out of Egypt, those
who have passed the Red Sea, those who are delivered at once from the
evil demons, and from unnumbered plagues, may be taken and destroyed by
him. But, if we be vigilant, we too have a pillar of fire, the grace of
the Spirit. The same both enlightens and overshadows us. We have manna;
yea rather not manna, but far more than manna. Spiritual drink we have,
not water, that springs forth from the Rock. So have we too our
encampment (Rev. xx. 9), and we dwell in the desert even now; for a
desert indeed without virtue, is the earth even now, even more desolate
than that wilderness. Why was that desert so terrible? Was it not
because it had scorpions in it, and adders? (Deut. viii. 15.) "A land,"
it is said, "which none passed through." (Jer. ii. 6.). Yet is not that
wilderness, no, it is not so barren of fruits, as is this human nature.
At this instant, how many scorpions, how many asps are in this
wilderness, how many serpents, how many "offsprings of vipers" (Matt.
iii. 7) are these through whom we at this instant pass! Yet let us not
be afraid; for the leader of this our Exodus is not Moses, but Jesus.
How then is it that we shall not suffer the same
things? Let us not commit the same acts, and then shall we not suffer
the same punishment. They murmured, they were ungrateful; let us
therefore not cherish these passions. How was it that they fell all of
them?
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"They despised the pleasant land." (Ps. cvi. 24.) "How 'despised' it?
Surely they prized it highly." By becoming indolent and cowardly, and
not choosing to undergo any labors to obtain it. Let not us then
"despise" Heaven! This is what is meant by "despising." Again, among us
also has fruit been brought, fruit from Heaven, not the cluster of
grapes borne upon the staff (Num. xiii. 23), but the "earnest of the
Spirit" (2 Cor. i. 22), "the citizenship which is in Heaven" (Phil.
iii. 20), which Paul and the whole company of the Apostles, those
marvelous husbandmen, have taught us. It is not Caleb the son of
Jephunneh, nor Jesus the son of Nun, that hath brought these fruits;
but Jesus the Son of "the Father of mercies" (2 Cor. i. 3), the Son of
the Very God, hath brought every virtue, hath brought down from Heaven
all the fruits that are from thence, the songs of heaven hath He
brought. For the words which the Cherubim above say, these hath He
charged us to say also, "Holy, Holy, Holy."[1] He hath brought to us
the virtue of the Angels. "The Angels marry not, neither are given in
marriage" (Matt. xxii. 30) this fair plant hath He planted here also.
They love not money, nor anything like it; and this too hath He sown
amongst us. They never die and this hath He freely given us also, for
death is no longer death, but sleep. For hearken to what He saith, "Our
friend Lazarus is fallen asleep." (John xi. 11.)
Seest thou then the fruits of "Jerusalem that is
above"? (Gal. iv. 26.) And what is indeed more stupendous than all is
this, that our war-fire is not decided, but all these things are given
us before the attainment of the promise For they indeed toiled even
after they had entered into the land of promise;--rather, they toiled
not, for had they chosen to obey God, they might have taken all the
cities, without either arms or array. Jericho, we know, they
overturned, more after the fashion of dancers than of warriors. We
however have no warfare after we have entered into the land of promise,
that is, into Heaven, but only so long as we are, in the wilderness,
that is, in the present life. "For he that is entered into his rest
hath himself also rested from his works as God did from His." (Heb. iv.
10.) "Let us not then be weary in well-doing, for in due season we
shall reap, if we faint not." (Gal. vi. 9.) Seest thou how that just as
He led them, so also He leads us? In their case, touching the manna and
the wilderness, it is said, "He that gathered much had nothing over,
and he that gathered little had no lack." (Ex. xvi. 18.) And we have
this charge given us, "not to lay up treasure upon the earth." (Matt.
vi. 19.) But if we do lay up treasure, it is no longer the earthly worm
that corrupts it, as was the case with the manna, but that which
dwelleth eternally with fire.[2] Let us then "subdue all things," that
we furnish not food to this worm. For "he," it is said, "who gathered
much had nothing over." For this too happens with ourselves also every
day. We all of us have but the same capacity of hunger to satisfy. And
that which is more than this, is but an addition of cares. For what He
intended in after-times to deliver, saying, "Sufficient unto the day is
the evil thereof" (Matt. vi. 34), this had He thus been teaching even
from the very beginning,[3] and not even thus did they receive it. But
as to us, let us not be insatiable, let us not be discontented, let us
not be seeking out for splendid houses; for we are on our pilgrimage,
not at home; so that if there be any that knows that the present life
is a sort of journey, and expedition, and, as one might say, it is what
they call an entrenched camp,[4] he will not be seeking for splendid
buildings. For who, tell me, be he ever so rich, would choose to build
a splendid house in an encampment? No one; he would be a laughing
stock, he would be building for his enemies, and would the more
effectually invite them on; and so then, if we be in our senses,
neither shall we. The present life is nothing else than a march and an
encampment.
Wherefore, I beseech you, let us do all we can, so
as to lay up no treasure here; for if the thief should come, we must in
a moment arise and depart. "Watch," saith He, "for ye know not at what
hour the thief cometh" (Matt. xxiv. 42, 43), thus naming death. O then,
before he cometh, let us send away everything before us to our native
country ; but here let us be "well girded," that we may be enabled to
overcome our enemies, whom God grant that we may overcome, through the
grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with Whom together
with the Holy Ghost, be unto the Father glory, strength, honor forever
and ever. Amen.
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HOMILY XXIV.
EPHESIANS vi. 14--17·
"Stand therefore, having girded your loins with truth, and having on
the breastplate of righteousness; and having shod your feet with the
preparation of the gospel of peace; withal taking up the shield of
faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the
evil one. And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the
Spirit, which is the word of God."
"HAVING girded your loins," saith he, "with truth."
What can be the meaning of this? I have stated in the preceding
discourse, that he ought to be lightly accoutered, in order that there
should be no impediment whatever to his running.
"And having on," he continues, "the breastplate of
righteousness." As the breastplate is impenetrable, so also is
righteousness, and by righteousness here he means a life of universal
virtue.[1] Such a life no one shall ever be able to overthrow; it is
true, many wound him, but no one cuts through him, no, not the devil
himself. It is as though one were to say, "having righteous deeds fixed
in the breast "; of these it is that Christ saith, "Blessed are they
that hunger and thirst after righteousness; for they shall be filled."
(Matt. v. 6.) Thus is he firm and strong like a breastplate. Such a man
will never be put out of temper.
"And having shod your feet with the preparation of
the gospel of peace." It is more uncertain in what sense this was said.
What then is its meaning? They are noble greaves, doubtless, with which
he invests us. Either then he means this, that we should be prepared
for the gospel, and should make use of our feet for this, and should
prepare and make ready its way before it;[2] or if not this, at least
that we ourselves should be prepared for our departure. "The
preparation," then, "of the gospel of peace," is nothing else than a
most virtuous life; according to what the Prophet saith. "Thou wilt
prepare their heart, thou wilt cause thine ear to hear." (Ps. x. 17.)
"Of the gospel," he says, "of peace," and with reason; for inasmuch as
he had made mention of warfare and fighting, he shows us that this
conflict with the evil spirits we must needs have: for the gospel is
"the gospel of peace"; this war which we have against them, puts an end
to another war, that, namely, which is between us and God; if we are at
war with the devil, we are at peace with God. Fear not therefore,
beloved; it is a "gospel," that is, a word of good news; already is the
victory won.
"Withal taking up the shield of faith."
By "faith" in this place, he means, not knowledge,
(for that he never would have ranged last,) but that gift by which
miracles are wrought.[3] And with reason does he term this " 'faith' a
shield"; for as the shield is put before the whole body, as if it were
a sort of rampart, just so is this faith; for all things yield to it.
"Wherewith ye shall be able," saith he, "to quench
all the fiery darts of the evil one."
For this shield nothing shall be able to resist; for
hearken to what Christ saith to His disciples, "If ye have faith as a
grain of mustard seed, ye shall say unto this mountain, Remove hence to
yonder place, and it shall remove." (Matt. xvii. 20.) But how are we to
have this faith? When we have rightly performed all those duties.
"By the darts of the evil one," he means, both
temptations, and vile desires; and "fiery," he says, for such is the
character of these desires. Yet if faith can command the evil spirits,
much more can it also the passions of the soul.
"And take the helmet," he continues, "of salvation,"
that is, of your salvation. For he is casing them in armor.
"And the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of
God." He either means the Spirit, or else, "the spiritual sword ": for
by this[4] all things are severed, by this all things are cleft
asunder, by this we cut off even the serpent's head.
Ver. 18, 19, 20. "With all prayer and supplication,"
saith he, "praying at all seasons in the Spirit, and watching thereunto
in all perseverance and supplication for all the saints; and on my
behalf that utterance may be given unto me, in opening my mouth to make
known with boldness the mystery of the gospel, for which
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I am an ambassador in chains, that in it I may speak boldly, as I ought
to speak."
As the word of God has power to do all things, so
also has he who has the spiritual gift. " For the word of God," saith
he, "is living, and active and sharper than any two-edged sword." (Heb.
iv. 12.) Now mark the wisdom of this blessed Apostle. He hath armed
them with all security. What then is necessary after that? To call upon
the King, that He may stretch forth His hand. "With all prayer, and
supplication, praying at all seasons in the Spirit"; for it is possible
"to pray" not "in the Spirit," when one "uses vain repetitions" (Matt.
vi. 7); "and watching thereunto," he adds, that is, keeping sober; for
such ought the armed warrior, he that stands at the King's side, to be
wakeful and temperate:--"in all perseverance and supplication for all
the saints; and on my behalf that utterance may be given unto me in
opening my mouth." What sayest thou, blessed Paul? Hast thou, then,
need of thy disciples? And well does he say, "in opening my mouth." He
did not then study what he used to say, but according to what Christ
said, "When they deliver you up, be not anxious how or what ye shall
speak: for it shall be given you in that hour what ye shall speak"
(Matt. x. 19): so truly did he do everything by faith, everything by
grace. "With boldness," he proceeds, "to make known the mystery of the
Gospel"; that is, that I may answer for myself in its defense, as I
ought. And art thou bound in thy chain, and still needest the aid of
others? Yea, saith he, for so was Peter also bound in his chain, and
yet nevertheless "was prayer made earnestly for him." (Acts xii. 5.)
"For which I am an ambassador in chains, that in it I may speak boldly,
as I ought to speak"; that is, that I may answer with confidence, with
courage, with great prudence.
Ver. 21. "But that ye also[1] may know my affairs,
how I do, Tychicus, the beloved brother and faithful minister in the
Lord, shall make known to you all things."
As soon as he had mentioned his chains, he leaves
something for Tychicus also to relate to them of his own accord. For
whatever topics there were of doctrine and of exhortation, all these he
explained by his letter: but what were matters of bare recital, these
he entrusted to the bearer of the letter. "That ye may know my
affairs," that is, may be informed of them. This manifests both the
love which he entertained towards them, and their love towards him.
Ver. 22. "Whom I have sent unto you," saith he," for
this very purpose, that ye may know our state, and that he may comfort
your hearts."
This language he employs, not without a purpose, but
in consequence of what he had been saying previously; "having girded
your loins, having on the breastplate," &c., which are a token of a
constant and unceasing advance; for hear what the Prophet saith," Let
it be unto him as the raiment wherewith he covereth himself, and for
the girdle wherewith he is girded continually" (Ps. cix. 19); and the
Prophet Isaiah again saith, that God hath "put on righteousness as a
breastplate" (Isa. lix. 17); by these expressions instructing us that
these are things which we must have, not for a short time only, but
continually, inasmuch as there is continual need of warfare. "For it is
said the righteous are bold as a lion." (Prov. xxviii. 1.) For he that
is armed with such a breastplate, it cannot be that he should fear the
array that is against him, but he will leap into the midst of the
enemy. And again Isaiah saith, "How beautiful are the feet of him that
bringeth good tidings." (Isa. lii. 7.) Who would not run, who would not
serve in such a cause; to publish the good tidings of peace, peace
between God and man, peace, where men have toiled not, but where God
hath wrought all?
But what is the" preparation of the Gospel"?[2] Let
us hearken to what John saith, "Make ye ready the way of the Lord, make
His paths straight." (Matt. iii. 3.) But again there is need also of
another "preparation" after baptism, so that we may do nothing unworthy
of "peace." And then, since the feet are usually a token of the way of
life, hence he is constantly exhorting in this language, "Look,
therefore, carefully how ye walk." (Eph. v. 15.) On this account, he
would say, let us exhibit a practice and example worthy of the Gospel;
that is, make our life and conduct pure. The good tidings of peace have
been proclaimed to you, give to these good tidings a ready way; since
if ye again become enemies, there is no more "preparation of peace." Be
ready, be not backward to embrace this peace. As ye were ready and
disposed for peace and faith, so also continue. The shield is that
which first receives the assaults of the adversary, and preserves the
armor uninjured. So long then as faith be right and the life be right,
the armor remains uninjured.
He discourses, however, much concerning faith, but
most especially in writing to the Hebrews, as he does also concerning
hope. Believe, saith he, in the good things to come, and none of this
armor shall be injured. In dangers, in toils, by holding out thy hope
and thy faith to protect thee, thou wilt preserve thy armor uninjured.
"He that cometh to God
169
must believe that He is, and that He is a rewarder of them that seek
after Him." (Heb. xi. 6.) Faith is a shield; but wherever there are
quibbles, and reasonings, and scrutinizings, then is it no longer a
shield, but it impedes us. Let this our faith be such as shall cover
and screen the whole frame. Let it not then be scanty, so as to leave
the feet or any other part exposed, but let the shield be commensurate
with the whole body.
"Fiery(1) darts." For many doubtful reasonings there
are, which set the soul, as it were, on fire, many difficulties, many
perplexities, but all of them faith sets entirely at rest; many things
does the devil dart in, to inflame our soul and bring us into
uncertainty; as, for example, when some persons say, "Is there then a
resurrection?" "Is there a judgment?" "Is there a retribution?" "But is
there faith?" the apostle would say, "thou shalt with it quench the
darts of the devil. Has any base lust assaulted thee? Hold before thee
thy faith in the good things quenched, and others not. Hearken to what
Paul saith, "For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are
not worthy to be compared with the glory that shall be revealed to
us-ward." (Rom. viii. 18.) Seest thou how many darts the righteous
quenched in those days? Seemeth it not to thee to be "fiery darts,"
when the patriarch burned with inward fire, as he was offering up his
son? Yea, and other righteous men also have quenched "all his darts."
Whether then they be reasonings that assault us, let us hold out this;
or whether they be base desires, let us use this; or whether again
labors and distresses, upon this let us repose. Of all the other armor,
this is the safeguard; if we have not this, they will be quickly
pierced through. Withal," saith he, "taking up the shield of faith."
What is the meaning of "withal"? It means both "in truth," and "in
righteousness," and "in the preparation of the gospel "; that is to
say, all these have need of the aid of faith.
And therefore he adds further, "and take the helmet
of salvation"; that is to say, finally by this shall ye be able to be
in security. To receive the helmet of salvation is to escape the peril.
For as the helmet covers the head perfectly in every part, and suffers
it not to sustain any injury, but preserves it, so also does faith
supply alike the place of a shied, and of a helmet(2) to preserve us.
For if we quench his darts, quickly shall we receive also those saving
thoughts that suffer not our governing principle(3) to sustain any
harm; for if thee, the thoughts that are adverse to our salvation, are
quenched, those which are not so, but which contribute to our
salvation, and inspire us with good hopes, will be generated within us,
and will rest upon our governing principle as a helmet does upon the
head.
And not only this, but we shall take also "the sword
of the Spirit," and thus not only ward off his missiles, but smite the
devil himself. For a soul that does not despair of herself, and is
proof against those fiery darts, will stand with all intrepidity to
face the enemy, and will cleave open his breastplate with this very
sword with which Paul also burst through it, and "brought into
captivity his devices" (2 COR. x. 5); he will cut off and behead the
serpent.
"Which is the word of God."
By the "word of God" in this place, he means on the
one hand the ordinance of God, or the word of command; or on the other
that it is in the Name of Christ. For if we keep his commandments, by
these we shall kill and slay above all things they stand in need of
God; for what does he say?
"With all prayer and supplication," he says, these
things shall be done, and ye shall accomplish all by praying. But when
thou drawest near, never ask for thyself only: thus shalt thou have God
favorable to thee.
"With all prayer and supplication, praying at all
seasons in the Spirit, and washing thereunto in all perseverance for
all the saints." Limit it not, I say to certain times of the day, for,
hear what he is saying; approach at all times; "pray," saith he,
"without ceasing." (1 Thess. v. 17.) Hast thou never heard of that
widow, how by her importunity she prevailed? (Luke xviii. 1-7.) Hast
thou never heard of that friend, who at midnight shamed his friend into
yielding by his 25-30), how by the constancy of her entreaty she called
forth the Lord's compassion? These all of them gained their object by
their importunity
"Praying at all seasons," saith he, "in the Spirit."
That is to say, let us seek for the things which are
according to God, nothing of this world, nothing pertaining to this
life.
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Therefore, is there need not only that we "pray
without ceasing," but also, that we should do so "watching;--and
watching," saith he, "thereunto." Whether he is here speaking of
vigils;(1) or of the wakefulness of the soul, I admit both meanings.
Seest thou how that Canaanitish woman watched unto prayer? and though
the Lord gave her no answer, nay, even crumbs which fall from their
masters' table" (Matt. xv. 27), and desisted not until she obtained her
request How, too, did that widow cry, and persist so long, until she
was able to shame into yielding that ruler, that neither feared God,
nor regarded man (Luke xviii. 1-7)? And how, again, did the friend
persist, remaining before the door in the dead of night, till he shamed
the other into yielding by his importunity, and made him arise. (Luke
xi. 5-8.) This is to be watchful.
Wouldest thou understand what watchfulness in prayer
is? Go to Hannah, hearken to her very words, "Adonai Eloi Sabaoth." (1
Sam. i. II.) Nay, rather, hear what preceded those words; "they all
rose up," says the history, "from the table" (I Sam. i. 9), and
she, forthwith, did not betake herself to sleep, nor to repose. Whence
she appears to me even when she was sitting at the table to have
partaken lightly, and not to have been made heavy with viands.
Otherwise never could she have shed so many tears; for if we, when we
are fasting and foodless, hardly pray thus, or rather never pray thus,
much more would not she ever have prayed thus after a meal, unless even
at the meal she had been as they that eat not. Let us be ashamed, us
that are men, at the example of this woman; let us be ashamed, that are
suing and gasping for a kingdom, at her, praying and weeping for a
little child. "And she stood," it says, "before the Lord" (I Sam. i.
10); and what are her words? "Adonai, Lord, Eloi Sabaoth!" and this is,
being interpreted, "O Lord, the God of Hosts." Her tears went before
her tongue; by these she hoped to prevail with God to bend to her
request. Where tears are there is always affliction also: where
affliction is, there is great wisdom and heedfulness. "If thou wilt
indeed," she continues, "look on the affliction of thine handmaid, and
wilt give unto thine handmaid a man child, then will I give him unto
the Lord all the days of his life." (I Sam. i. II.) She said not, "for
one year," or, "for two," as we do;--nor said she, "if thou wilt give
me a child, I will give thee money"; but, "I give back to Thee the very
gift itself entire, my first-born, the son of my prayer." Truly here
was a daughter of Abraham. He gave when it was demanded of him. She
offers even before it is demanded.
But observe even after this her deep reverence."
Only her lips moved, but her voice," it saith, "was not heard." (I Sam.
i. 13.) And thus does he who would gain his request draw nigh unto God;
not consulting his ease, nor gaping, nor lounging, nor scratching his
head, nor with utter listlessness. What, was not God able to grant,
even without any prayer at all? What, did He not know the woman's
desire even before she asked? And yet had He granted it before she
asked, then the woman's earnestness would not have been shown, her
virtue would not have been made manifest, she would not have gained so
great a reward. So that the delay is not the result of envy or of
witchcraft, but of providential kindness. When therefore ye hear the
Scripture saying, that "the Lord had shut up her womb" (ver. 5, 6), and
that, "her rival provoked her sore"; consider that it is His intention
to prove the woman's seriousness.(2) For, mark, she had a husband
devoted to her, for he said (ver. 8), "Am I not better to thee than ten
sons?" "And her rival," it saith, "provoked her sore," that is,
reproached her, insulted over her. And yet did she never once
retaliate, nor utter imprecation against her, nor say, "Avenge me, for
my rival reviles me." The other had children, but this woman had her
husband's love to make amends. With this at least he even consoled her,
saying, "Am not I better to thee than ten sons?"
But let us look, again, at the deep wisdom of this
woman. "And Eli," it says, "thought she handmaid for a daughter of
Belial, for out of the abundance of my complaint and my provocation
have I spoken hitherto." (Ver. 16.) Here is truly the proof of a
contrite heart, when we are not angry with those that revile us, when
we are not indignant against them, when we reply but in self-defense.
Nothing renders the heart so wise as affliction; nothing is there so
sweet as "godly mourning." (2 COR. vii. 10.) "Out of the abundance"
saith she, "of my complaint and my provocation have I spoken hitherto."
Her let us imitate, one and all. Hearken, ye that are barren, hearken,
ye that desire children, hearken, both husbands and wives; yes, for
husbands, too used oftentimes to contribute their part; for hear what
the Scripture saith, "And Isaac intreated the Lord for Rebekah his
wife, because she was barren." (Gen. xxv. 21.) For prayer is able to
accomplish great things.
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"With all prayer and supplication," saith he "for
all the saints, and for me," placing himself last. What doest thou, O
blessed Paul, in thus placing thyself last? Yea, saith he, "that
utterance may be given unto me, in opening my mouth, to make known with
boldness the mystery of the gospel, for which I am an ambassador in
chains." And where art thou an ambassador? "To mankind," saith he. Oh
amazing lovingkindness of God! He sent from Heaven in His own Name
ambassadors for peace, and lo, men took them, and bound them, and
reverenced not so much as the law of nations, that an ambassador never
suffers any hurt. "But, however, I am an ambassador in bonds. The chain
lies like a bridle upon me, restraining my boldness, but your prayer
shall open my mouth" in order that I may speak all things I was sent to
speak.
"But that ye also may know my affairs, how I do,
Tychicus, the beloved brother, and faithful minister in the Lord, shall
make known to you all things." If" faithful," he will tell no
falsehood, he will in everything speak the truth :--"whom I have sent
unto you for this very purpose, that ye might know our state, and that
he may comfort your hearts." Amazing, transcendent affection I "that it
may not be in the power" he means, "of them that would, to affright
you." intimates as much; that is, "may not suffer you to sink under it."
with faith from God the Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ."
He invokes upon them, "peace and love with faith."
He saith well: for he would not that they should have regard to bye by
itself, and mince themselves with those of a different faith. Either he
means this, or that above described, namely, that they should have
faith also, so as to have a cheerful confidence of the good things to
come. The "peace" which is towards God, and the "love." And if there be
peace, there will also be bye; if bye, there will be peace also. "With
faith," because without faith, love amounts to nothing; or rather love
could not exist at all without it.
Ver. 24. "Grace be with all them that love our Lord
Jesus Christ in uncorruptness."
Why does he separate the two here, placing "peace"
by itself, and "grace" by itself?
"In uncorruptness," he concludes.
What is this "in uncorruptness"? It either means,
"in purity"; or else, "for the sake of those things which are
incorruptible," as, for example, not in riches, nor in glory, but in
those treasures which are incorruptible. The "in" means, "through."
"Through uncorruptness," that is, "through virtue."(1) Because all sin
is corruption. And in the same way as we say a virgin is corrupted, so
also do we speak of the soul. Hence Paul says, "Lest by any means your
minds should be corrupted." ((2) COR. xi. 3.) And again elsewhere, he
says, "In doctrine, showing uncorruptness."(3) For what, tell me, is
corruption of the body? Is it not the dissolution of the whole frame,
and of its union? This then is what takes place also in the soul when
sin enters. The beauty of the soul is temperance, and righteousness;
the heath of the soul is courage, and prudence; for the base man is
hideous in our eyes, so is the covetous, so is the man who gives
himself up to evil practices, and so the coward and unmanly man is
sick, and the foolish man is out of health. Now that sins work
corruption, is evident from this, that they render men base, and weak,
and cause them to be sick and diseased. Nay, and when we say that a
virgin is corrupted, we say so, strictly speaking, on this account
also, not only because the body is defiled, but became of the
transgression. For the mere act is natural; and if in that consisted
the "corruption," then were marriage corruption. Hence is it not the
act that is corruption, but the sin, for it dishonors and puts her to
shame. And again, what would be corruption in the case of a house? Its
dissolution. And so, one. For hear what the Scripture saith, "All flesh
had corrupted his way" (Gen. vi. 12); and again, "In intolerable
corruption" (3) (Ex. xviii. 18); and again, "Men corrupted in mind."
((2) Tim. iii. 8.) Our body is corruptible, but our soul is
incorruptible: Oh then, let us not make that corruptible also. This,
the corruption of the body, was the work of former sin;(4) but sin
which is after the Laver, has the power also to render the soul
corruptible, and to make it an easy prey to "the worm that dieth not."
For never had that worm touched it, had it not found the soul
corruptible. The worm touches not adamant, and even if he touches it,
he can do it no harm. Oh then, corrupt not the soul; for that which is
corrupted is full of foul stench; for hearken to the Prophet who saith,
"My wounds stink and are corrupt because of my foolishness." (Ps.
xxxviii. 5.)
172
However, "this corruption" of the body "shall put on
incorruption" (I COR. XV. 53), but the other of the soul, never; for
where incorruption is, there is no(1) corruption. Thus is it a
corruption which is incorruptible, which hath no end, a deathless
death; which would have been, had the body remained deathless. Now if
we shall depart into the next world having not burnt up, ever wasted by
the worm, is corruption 'incorruptible; like as was the case with the
blessed Job. He was corrupted, and died not, and that through a
lengthened period, and "wasted continually, scraping the clods of dust
from his sore."(2) Some such torment as this shall it undergo, when the
worms surround and devour you, let us dread the words, that we meet not
with the realties. Covetousness is corruption, corruption more
dangerous than any other, and leading on to idolatry. Let us shun the
corruption, let us choose the incorruption. Hast thou in covetousness
overreached and defrauded some one? The fruits of thy covetousness
perish, but the covetousness remains; a corruption which is the
foundation of incorruptible corruption. The enjoyment indeed passes
away, but the sin remains imperishable. A fearful evil is it for us not
to strip ourselves of everything in this present world; a great
calamity to depart into the next with loads of sins about us. "For in
Sheol," it is said "who shall give Thee thanks?" (Ps. vi. 5.) There is
the place of judgment; then is there no longer season for repentance.
How many things did the rich man bewail then? (Luke xvi. 23.) And yet
it availed him nothing. How many things did they say who had neglected
to feed Christ? (Matt. xxv. 41.) Yet were they led away notwithstanding
into the everlasting fire. How many things had they then to say: "that
had wrought iniquity"; "Lord, did we not prophesy by Thy Name, and by
Thy Name cast out devils?" And yet notwithstanding, they were not
owned. All these things therefore will take place then; but it will be
of no avail, if they be not done now. Let us fear then, lest ever we
should have to say then, "Lord, when saw we Thee an hungered, and fed
Thee not?" (Matt. xxv. 44.) Let us feed Him now, not one day, nor two,
nor three days. "For let not mercy and truth," saith the Wise Man,
"forsake thee." (Prov. iii. 3.) He saith not "do it once, nor twice"
The Virgins, we know, had oil, but not enough to last out. (Matt. xxv.
3, 8.) And thus we need much oil, and thus should we be "like a green
olive tree in the house of God." (Ps. lii. 8.) Let us reflect then how
many burdens of sins each of us has about him, and let us make our acts
of mercy counterbalance them; nay rather, far exceed them, that not
only the sins may be quenched, but that the acts of righteousness may
be also accounted unto us for righteousness. For if the good deeds be
not so many in number as to put aside the crimes laid against us, and
out of the reminder to be counted unto us for righteousness,(3) then
shall no one rescue us from that punishment, from which God grant that
we may be all delivered, through the grace and lovingkindness of our
Lord Jesus Christ, with whom to the Father, &c.
HOMILIES OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM,
ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
ON THE
EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE
TO THE
PHILIPPIANS
INTRODUCTORY DISCOURSE.
THE Philippians are of a city in Macedonia, a city
that is a colony, as Luke saith. Here that seller of purple was
converted, a woman of uncommon piety and heedfulness. Here the ruler of
the synagogue[1] believed. Here was Paul scourged with Silas. Here the
magistrates requested them to depart, and were afraid of them, and the
preaching had an illustrious commencement. And he bears them many and
high testimonies himself, calling them his own crown, and saying they
had suffered much. For, "To you," he saith, "it hath been granted of
God,[2] not only to believe on Him, but also to suffer in His behalf."
(Phil. i. 29.) But when he wrote to them, it happened that he was in
bonds. Therefore he says, "So that my bonds became manifest in Christ
in the whole prætorium," calling the palace of Nero the
prætorium.[3] But he was bound and let go again,[4] and this he
showed to Timothy by saying, "At my first defence no one took my part,
but all forsook me: may it not be laid to their account. But the Lord
stood by me and strengthened me." (2 Tim. iv. 16.) He speaks of the
bonds then in which he was before that defence. For that Timothy was
not present then, is evident: for, "At my first defence," he says, "no
man took my part"; and this, by writing, he was making known to him. He
would not then, had he already known it, have written thus to him. But
when he wrote this epistle, Timothy was with him. And he shows it by
what he says: " But I hope in the Lord Jesus to send Timothy shortly
unto you." (Phil. ii. 19.) And again, "Him I hope to send forthwith so
soon as I shall see how it will go with me." For he was loosed from his
bonds and again bound after he had been to them. But if he saith, "Yea,
and I am[5] offered upon the sacrifice and service of your faith," it
is not as though this were now come to pass, but as much as to say,
"and whenever this takes place I am glad," raising them from their
dejection at his bonds. For that he was not about to die at that time
is plain from what he saith: "But I hope[6] in the Lord that I myself
also shall come shortly unto you." (Phil. ii. 24.) And again, "And
having this confidence, I know that I shall abide, yea, and abide with
you all."
2. But the Philippians had sent to him Epaphroditus,
to carry him money, and to know the things concerning him, for they
were most lovingly disposed toward him. For that they sent, hear
himself, saying, "I have all things, and
182
abound; I am filled, having received from Epaphroditus the things that
came from you." At the same time they sent to know this. For that they
sent also to know this he shows at once in the beginning of the
epistle, writing of his own matters, and saying, "But I would have you
know that the things which happened unto me have fallen out rather unto
the progress of the Gospel." (Phil. i. 12.) And again, "I hope to send
Timothy shortly unto you, that I also may be of good comfort when I
know your state." This, "that I also," is as if he meant "as you for
full assurance sent to know the things concerning me, so I also, that I
may be of good comfort when I know the things concerning you." Since
then they had also been a long time without sending[1] (for this he
proves by saying, "Now at length you have revived your thought for me")
(Phil. iv. 10), and then they heard that he was in bonds (Phil. ii.
26); for if they heard about Epaphroditus, that he was sick, he being
no such very remarkable person as Paul was, much more did they hear
about Paul, and it was reasonable that they should be disturbed;
therefore, in the opening of the epistle he offers them much
consolation about his bonds, showing that they should not merely not be
disturbed, but even rejoice. Then he gives them counsel about unanimity
and humility, teaching them that this was their greatest safety, and
that so they could easily overcome their enemies. For it is not being
in bonds that is painful to your teachers, but their disciples not
being of one mind. For the former brings even furtherance to the
Gospel, but the latter distracts.
3. So then after admonishing them to be of one mind,
and showing that unanimity comes of humility, and then aiming a shaft
at those Jews who were everywhere corrupting the doctrine under a show
of Christianity, and calling them "dogs" and "evil workers" (Phil. iii.
2), and giving admonition to keep away from them, and teaching to whom
it is right to attend, and discoursing at length on moral points, and
bringing them to order, and recalling them to themselves,
by saying, "The Lord is at hand" (Phil. iv. 5), he makes
mention also, with his usual wisdom, of what had been sent,
and then offers them abundant consolation. But he appears in writing to
be doing them special honor, and never in any place writes any thing of
reproof, which is a proof of their virtue, in that they gave no
occasion to their teacher, and that he has written to them not in the
way of rebuke, but throughout in the way of encouragement. And as I
said also at first, this city showed great readiness for the faith;
inasmuch as the very jailor, (and you know it is a business full of all
wickedness,) at once, upon one miracle, both ran to them, and was
baptized with all his house. For the miracle that took place he saw
alone, but the gain he reaped not alone, but jointly with
his wife and all his house. Nay, even the magistrates who
scourged him seem to have done this I rather of sudden impulse than out
of wickedness, both from their sending at once to let him
go, and from their being afterwards afraid. And he bears
testimony to them not only in faith, or in perils, but also in
well-doing, where he says, "That even in the beginning of the Gospel,
ye sent once and again unto my need" (Phil. iv. 15, 16), when no one
else did so; for he says, "no Church had fellowship with me in the
matter of giving and receiving"; and that their intermission had been
rather from lack of opportunity than from choice, saying, "Not that ye
took no thought for me, but ye lacked opportunity." (Phil. iv. 10.) Let
us also, knowing these things, and having so many patterns, and the
love that he bore them--for that he loved them greatly appears in his
saving, "For I have no man like minded, who will care truly for your
state" (Phil. ii. 20); and again, "Because I have you in my heart, and
in my bonds,"--
4. let us also, knowing these things, show ourselves
worthy of such examples, by being ready to suffer for Christ.[2] But
now the persecution is no more. So then, if there is nothing else, let
us imitate their earnestness in well doing, and not think, if we have
given once or twice, that we have fulfilled all. For we must do this
through our whole life. For it is not once that we have to please God,
but constantly. The racer, if, after running even ten heats, he leave
the remaining one undone, has lost all; and we, if we begin with good
works, and afterward faint, have lost all, have spoiled all. Listen to
that profitable admonition that saith, "Let not mercy[3] and truth
forsake thee." (Prov. iii. 3.) He saith not do so once, nor the second
time, nor the third, nor the tenth, nor the hundredth, but continually:
"let them not forsake thee." And he did not say, Do not forsake them,
but, "Let them not forsake thee," showing that we are in need of them,
and not they of us; and teaching us that we ought to make every effort
to keep them with us. And "bind them," saith he, "about thy neck." For
as the children of the wealthy have an ornament of gold about their
neck, and never put it off, because it exhibits a token of their high
birth, so should we too wear mercy ever about us, showing that we are
children of the compassionate one, "who
183
makes the sun to rise upon the evil and the good" (Matt. v. 45). "But
the unbelievers," you say, "do not believe it." I say then, hereby
shall they believe, if we do these works. If they see that we take pity
on all, and are enrolled under Him for our Teacher, they will know that
it is in imitation of Him that we so act. For " mercy," it says, "and
true faith."[1] He well said "true." For He willeth it not to be of
rapine or fraud. For this were not "faith"; this were not "truth." For
he that plundereth must lie and forswear himself. So do not thou, saith
he, but have faith with thy mercy.
Let us put on this ornament. Let us make a golden
chain for our soul, of mercy I mean, while we are here. For if this
age[2] pass, we can use it no longer. And why? THERE there are no poor,
THERE there are no riches, no more want THERE. While we are children,
let us not rob ourselves of this ornament. For as with children, if
they become men, these are taken away, and they are advanced to other
adornment; so too is it with us. There will be no more alms by money,
but other and far nobler.[3] Let us not then deprive ourselves of this!
Let us make our soul appear beautiful! Great is alms, beautiful, and
honorable, great is that gift, but greater is goodness. If we learn to
despise riches, we shall learn other things besides. For behold how
many good things spring from hence! He that giveth alms, as he ought to
give, learns to despise wealth. He that has learned to despise wealth
has cut up the root of evils. So that he does not do a greater good
than he receives, not merely in that there is a due
recompense and a requital for alms, but also in that his soul becomes
philosophic, and elevated, and rich. He that gives alms is instructed
not to admire riches or gold. And this lesson once fixed in his mind,
he has gotten a great step toward mounting to Heaven, and has cut away
ten thousand occasions of strife, and contention, and envy, and
dejection. For ye know, ye too know, that all things are done for
riches, and unnumbered wars are made for riches. But he that has
learned to despise them, has placed himself in a quiet harbor, he no
longer fears damage. For this hath alms taught him. He no longer
desires what is his neighbor's; for how should he, that parts with his
own, and gives? He no longer envies the rich man; for how should he,
that is willing to become poor? He clears the eye of his soul. And
these are but here. But hereafter it is not to be told what blessings
he shall win. He shall not abide without with the foolish virgins, but
shall enter in with those that were wise, together with the Bridegroom,
having his lamps bright. And though they have endured hardship in
virginity, he that hath not so much as tasted these hardships shall be
better than they. Such is the power of Mercy.[4] She brings in her
nurslings with much boldness. For she is known to the porters in
Heaven, that keep the gates of the Bride-Chamber, and not known only,
but reverenced; and those whom she knows to have honored her, she will
bring in with much boldness, anti none will gainsay, but all make room.
For if she brought God down to earth, and persuaded him to become man,
much more shall she be able to raise a man to Heaven; for great is her
might. If then[5] from mercy and loving-kindness God became man, and He
persuaded Himself to become a servant, much rather will He bring His
servants into His own house. Her let us love, on her let us set our
affection, not one day, nor two, but all our life long, that she may
acknowledge us. If she acknowledge us, the Lord will acknowledge us
too. If she disown us, the Lord too will disown us, and will say, "I
know you not." But may it not be ours to hear this voice, but that
happy one instead, "Come, ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom
prepared for you from the foundation of the world." (Matt. xxv. 34.)
Which may we all obtain, by His grace and lovingkindness, in Christ
Jesus our Lord, with whom to the Father and the Holy Ghost, be glory,
strength, honor, now and for ever, and world without end. Amen.
184
HOMILY I.
PHILIPPlANS i. 1, 2.
"Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus, to all the saints in
Christ Jesus which are at Philippi, fellow-Bishops[1] and Deacons:
Grace to you, and peace, from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus
Christ."
HERE, as writing to those of equal honor, he does
not set down his rank of Teacher, but another, and that a great one.
And what is that? He calls himself a "servant," and not an Apostle. For
great truly is this rank too, and the sum of all good things, to be a
servant of Christ, and not merely to be called so. "The servant of
Christ," this is truly a free man in respect to sin, and being a
genuine servant, he is not a servant to any other, since he would not
be Christ's servant, but by halves. And in again writing to the Romans
also, he says, "Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ." (Rom. i. 1.) But
writing to the Corinthians and to Timothy he calls himself an
"Apostle." On what account then is this? Not because they were superior
to Timothy. Far from it. But rather he honors them, and shows them
attention, beyond all others to whom he wrote. For he also bears
witness to great virtue in them, For besides, there indeed he was about
to order many things, and therefore assumed his rank as an Apostle. But
here he gives them no injunctions but such as they could perceive of
themselves.
"To the saints in Christ Jesus which are at
Philippi." Since it was likely that the Jews too would call themselves
"saints" from the first oracle, when[2] they were called a "holy
people, a people for God's own possession " (Ex. xix. 6;
Deut. vii. 6, etc.); for this reason he added, "to the
saints in Christ Jesus." For these alone are holy, and those
hence-forward profane. "To the fellow-Bishops[3] and Deacons." What is
this? were there several Bishops of one city? Certainly not; but he
called the Presbyters so. For then they still interchanged the titles,
and the Bishop was called a Deacon.[4] For this cause in writing to
Timothy, he said, "Fulfil thy ministry," when he was a Bishop. For that
he was a Bishop appears by his saying to him, "Lay hands hastily on no
man." (1 Tim. v. 22.) And again, "Which was given thee with the laying
on of the hands of the Presbytery." (1 Tim. iv. 14.) Yet Presbyters
would not have laid hands on a Bishop. And again, in writing to Titus,
he says, "For this cause I left thee in Crete, that thou shouldest
appoint elders[5] in every city, as I gave thee charge. If any man is
blameless, the husband of one wife" (Tit. i. 5, 6); which he says of
the Bishop.[6] And after saying this, he adds immediately, "For the
Bishop must be blameless, as God's steward, not self willed:" (Tit. i.
7.) So then, as I said, both the Presbyters were of old called Bishops
and Deacons of Christ, and the Bishops Presbyters; and hence even now
many Bishops write, "To my fellow-Presbyter," and, "To my
fellow-Deacon." But otherwise the specific name is distinctly
appropriated to each, the Bishop and the Presbyter. "To the
fellow-Bishops," he says, "and Deacons,
Ver. 2. "Grace to you and peace from God our Father
and the Lord Jesus Christ."
How is it that though he nowhere else writes to the
Clergy, not in Rome, nor in Corinth, nor in Ephesus, nor anywhere, but
in general, to "all the saints, the believers, the beloved," yet here
he writes to the Clergy? Because it was they that sent, and bare fruit,
and it was they that dispatched Epaphroditus to him.
Ver. 3. "'I thank my God," he says, "upon all my
remembrance of you."
He said in another of his writings, "Obey them that
have the rule over you, and submit to them: for they watch in behalf of
your souls, as they that shall give account; that they may do this with
joy, and not with grief." (Heb. xiii. 17.) If then the "grief" be due
to the wickedness of the disciples, the doing it" with joy" would be
due to their advancement. As often as I remember you, I glorify God.
But this he does from his being conscious of many good things in them.
I both glorify, he says, and pray. I do not, be-
185
cause ye have advanced unto virtue, cease praying for you. But "I thank
my God," he says, "upon all my remembrance of you,"
Ver. 4. "Always in every prayer of mine for you all
making request also with joy."
"Always,"[1] not only while I am praying. "With
joy." For it is possible to do this with grief too, as when he says
elsewhere, "For out of much affliction and anguish of heart I wrote
unto you with many tears." (2 Cor. ii. 4.)
Ver. 5. "For your fellowship in furtherance of the
Gospel from the first day even until now."
Great is that he here witnesseth of them, and very
great, and what one might have witnessed of Apostles and Evangelists.
Ye did not, because ye were entrusted with one city, he saith, care for
that only, but ye leave nothing undone to be sharers of my labors,
being everywhere at hand and working with me, and taking part in my
preaching. It is not once, or the second, or third time, but always,
from the time ye believed until now, ye have assumed the readiness of
Apostles. Behold how those indeed that were in Rome turned away from
him; [2] for hear him saying, "This thou knowest, that all that are in
Asia turned away from me." (2 Tim. i. 15.) And again, "Demas forsook
me": and " at my first defence no one took my part." (2 Tim. iv. 10,
16.) But these, although absent, shared in his tribulations, both
sending men to him, and ministering to him according to their ability,
and leaving out nothing at all. And this ye do not now only, saith he,
but always, in ever), way assisting me. So then it is a "fellowship in
furtherance of the Gospel." For when one preacheth, and thou waitest on
the preacher, thou sharest his crowns. Since even in the contests that
are without, the crown is not only for him that striveth, but for the
trainer, and the attendant, and all that help to prepare the athlete.
For they that strengthen him, and recover him, may fairly participate
in his victory. And in wars too, not only he that wins the prize of
valor, but all they too that attend him, may fairly claim a share in
the trophies, and partake of the glory, as having shared in his
conflict by their attendance on him. For it availeth not a little to
wait on saints, but very much. For it makes us sharers in the rewards
that are laid up for them. Thus; suppose some one hath given up great
possessions for God, continually devotes himself to God, practices
great virtue, and even to words, and even to thoughts, and even in
everything observes extreme strictness. It is open to thee too, even
without showing such strictness, to have a share in the rewards that
are laid up for him for these things. How? If thou aid him both in word
and deed. If thou encourage him both by supplying his needs, and by
doing him every possible service. For then the smoother of that rugged
path will be thyself. So then if ye admire those in the deserts that
have adopted the angelic life, those in the churches that practice the
same virtues with them; if ye admire, and are grieved that ye are far
behind them; ye may, in another way, share with them, by waiting on
them, and aiding them. For indeed this too is of God s lovingkindness,
to bring those that are less zealous,[3] and are not able to undertake
the hard and rugged and strict life, to bring, I say, even those, by
another way, into the same rank with the others. And this Paul means by
"fellowship." They give a share to us, he means, in carnal things, and
we give a share to them in spiritual things. For if God for little and
worthless things granteth the kingdom, His servants too, for little and
material things, give a share in spiritual things: or rather it is He
that giveth both the one and the other by means of them. Thou canst not
fast, nor be alone, nor lie on the ground, nor watch all night? Yet
mayest thou gain the reward of all these things, if thou go about the
matter another way, by attending on him that laboreth in them, and
refreshing and anointing him constantly, and lightening the pains of
these works. He, for his part, stands fighting and taking blows. Do
thou wait on him when he returns from the combat, receive him in thy
arms, wipe off the sweat, and refresh him; comfort, soothe, restore his
wearied soul. If we will but minister to the saints with such
readiness, we shall be partakers of their rewards. This Christ also
tells us. "Make to yourselves friends by means of the mammon of
unrighteousness, that they may receive you into their eternal
tabernacles." (Luke xvi. 9.) Seest thou that they are become sharers?
"From the first day," he says, "even until now." And "I rejoice" not
only for what is past, but also for the future; for from the past I
guess that too.
Ver. 6. "Being confident of this very thing, that He
which began a good work in you will perfect it until the day of Jesus
Christ."
See how he also teaches them to be unassuming. For
since he had witnessed a great thing of them, that they may not feel as
men are apt to do, he presently teaches them to refer both the past and
the future to Christ. How? By saying, not, "Being confident that as ye
began ye will also finish," but what? "He which began a good work in
you will perfect it." He did not rob them of the achievement, (for he
said, "I
186
rejoice for your fellowship," clearly as if making it their act,) nor
did he call their good deeds solely their own, but primarily of God.
"For I am confident," saith he, "that He which began a good work in you
will perfect it until the day of Jesus Christ." That is, God will. And
it is not about yourselves, he implies, but about those descending from
you that I feel thus. And indeed it is no small praise, that God should
work in one. For if He is "no respecter of persons," as indeed He is
none, but is looking to our purpose[1] when He aids us in good deeds,
it is evident that we are agents in drawing Him to us; so that even in
this view he did not rob them of their praise. Since if His in working
were indiscriminate, there would have been nothing to hinder but that
even Heathens and all men might have Him working in them, that is, if
He moved us like logs and stones, and required not our part. So that in
saying "God will perfect it," this also again is made their praise, who
have drawn to them the grace of God, so that He aids them in going
beyond human nature. And in another way also a praise, as that "such
are your good deeds that they cannot be of man, but require the divine
impulse." But if God will perfect, then neither shall there be much
labor, but it is right to be of good courage, for that they shall
easily accomplish all, as being assisted by Him.
Ver. 7. "Even as it is right for me to be thus
minded on behalf of you all, because I have you in my heart, inasmuch
as both in my bonds, and in the defence and confirmation of the Gospel,
ye all are partakers with me of grace."
Greatly still does he show here his longing desire,
in that he had them in his heart; and in the very prison, and though
bound, he remembered the Philippians. And it is not a little to the
praise of these men, since it is not of prejudice that this Saint
conceived his love, but of judgment, and right reasons. So that to be
loved of Paul so earnestly is a proof of one's being something great
and admirable. "And in the defense,"[2] he says, "and confirmation of
the Gospel." And what wonder if he had them when in prison, since not
even at the moment of going before the tribunal to make my defense, he
says, did ye slip from my memory. For so imperial a thing is spiritual
love, that it gives way to no season, but ever keeps hold of the soul
of him who loves, and allows no trouble or pain to overcome that soul.
For as in the case of the Babylonian furnace, when so vast a flame was
raised, it was a dew to those blessed Children. So too does friendship
occupying the soul of one who loves, and who pleases God, shake off
every flame, and produce a marvelous dew.
"And in the confirmation of the Gospel," he says. So
then his bonds were a confirmation of the Gospel, and a defense. And
most truly so. How? For if he had shunned bonds, he might have been
thought a deceiver; but he that endures every thing, both bonds and
affliction, shows that he suffers this for no human reason, but for
God, who rewards. For no one would have been willing to die, or to
incur such great risks, no one would have chosen to come into collision
with such a king,[3] I mean Nero, unless he looked to another far
greater King. Truly a "confirmation of the Gospel" were his bonds. See
how he more than succeeded in turning all things to their opposite. For
what they supposed to be a weakness and a detraction, that he calls a
confirmation; and had this not taken place, there had been a weakness.
Then he shows that his love was not of prejudice, but of judgment. Why?
I have you (in my heart), he says, in my bonds, and in my defense,
because of your being "partakers of my grace." What is this? Was this
the "grace" of the Apostle, to be bound, to be driven about, to suffer
ten thousand evils? Yes. For He says, "My grace is sufficient for thee,
for my power is made perfect in weakness." (2 Cor. xii. 9.)
"Wherefore," saith he, "I take pleasure in weaknesses, in injuries."
Since then I see you in your actions giving proof of your virtue, and
being partakers of this grace, and that with readiness, I reasonably
suppose thus much. For I that have had trial of you, and more than any
have known you, and your good deeds; how that even when so distant from
us, ye strive not to be wanting to as in our troubles, but to partake
in our trials for the Gospel's sake, and to take no less share than
myself, who am engaged in the combat, far off as ye are; am doing but
justice in witnessing to these things.
And why did he not say "partakers," but "partakers
with me" [4]? I myself too, he means, share with another, that I may be
a partaker of the Gospel; that is, that I may share in the good things
laid up for the Gospel.[5] And the wonder indeed is. that they were all
so minded; for he says that "ye all are fellow-partakers of grace."
From these beginnings, then, I am confident that such ye will be even
to the end. For it cannot be that so bright a commencement should be
quenched, and fail, but it points to[6] great results.
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Since then it is possible also in other ways[1] to
partake of grace, and of trials, and of tribulations, let us also, I
beseech you, be partakers. How many of those who stand here, yea,
rather all, would fain share with Paul in the good things to come! It
is in your power if ye are willing, on behalf of those who have
succeeded to his ministry, when they suffer any hardship for Christ's
sake, to take their part and succor them. Hast thou seen thy brother in
trial? Hold out a hand! Hast thou seen thy teacher in conflict? Stand
by him! But, says one, there is no one like Paul! now for disdain! now
for criticism! So there is no one like Paul? Well, I grant it. But, "He
that receiveth," saith He, "a prophet in the name of a prophet, shall
receive a prophet's reward." (Matt. x. 41.) For was it for this
that these were honored, that they coöperated with Paul? Not for
this, but because they coöperated with one who had undertaken the
preaching. Paul was honorable for this, that he suffered these things
for Christ's sake.
There is indeed no one like Paul. No. not even but a
little approaching to that blessed one. But the preaching is the same
as it was then.
And not only in his bonds did they have fellowship
with him, but also from the beginning. For hear him saying, "And ye
yourselves also know, ye Philippians, that in the beginning of the
Gospel, no Church had fellowship with me in the matter of giving and
receiving, but ye only." (Phil. iv. 15 .) And even apart from trials,
the teacher has much labor, watching, toiling in the word, teaching,
complaints, accusations, imputations, envyings. Is this a little
matter, to bear ten thousand tongues, when one might have but one's own
anxieties? Alas! what shall I do? for I am in a strait between two
things. I long to urge you on and encourage you to the alliance and
succor of the saints of God; but I fear lest some one should suspect
another thing, that I say this not for your sakes, but for theirs. But
know that it is not for their sakes I say these things, but for your
own. And if ye are willing to attend, I convince you by my very words;
the gain is not equal to you and to them. For ye, if ye give, will give
those things from which, willing or unwilling, ye must soon after part,
and give place to others; but what thou receivest is great and far more
abundant. Or, are ye not so disposed, that in giving ye will receive?
For if ye are not so disposed, I do not even wish you to give. So far
am I from making a speech for them! Except one have first I so disposed
himself, as receiving rather than giving, as gaining ten thousand fold,
as benefited rather than a benefactor, let him not give. If as one
granting a favor to the receiver, let him not give. For this is not so
much my care, that the saints may be supported. For even if thou give
not, another will give. So that what I want is this, that you may have
a relief from your own sins. But he that gives not so will have no
relief. For it is not giving that is doing alms, but the doing it with
readiness; the rejoicing, the feeling grateful to him that receives.
For, "not grudgingly," saith he, "or of necessity; for God loveth a
cheerful giver." (2 Cor. ix. 7.) Except then one so give, let him not
give: for that is loss, not alms. If then ye know that ye will
gain, not they, know that your gain becomes greater.[2] For as for them
the body is fed, but your soul is approved; for them, not one of their
sins is forgiven when they receive, but for you, the more part of your
offenses is removed. Let us then share with them in their great
prizes.[3] When men adopt kings they do not think they give more than
they receive: Adopt thou Christ, and thou shalt have great security.
Wilt thou also share with Paul? Why do I say Paul when it is Christ
that receiveth?
But that ye may know that all is for your sakes that
I say and do, and not of care for the comfort of others, if there is
any of the rulers of the church that lives in abundance and wants
nothing, though he be a saint, give not, but prefer to him one that is
in want, though he be not so admirable. And wherefore? Because Christ
too so willeth, as when He saith, "If thou make a supper or a dinner,
call not thy friends, neither thy kinsmen, but the maimed, the lame,
the blind, that cannot recompense thee." (Luke xiv. 12.) For it is not
indiscriminately that one should pay such attentions, but to the
hungry, but to the thirsty, but to those who need clothing, but to
strangers, but to those who from riches have been reduced to
poverty.[4] For He said not simply, "I was fed," but 'I was an
hungered," for, "Ye saw me an hungered," He says," and fed me." (Matt.
xxv. 35.) Twofold is the claim, both that he is a saint and that he is
hungry. For if he that is simply hungry ought to be fed, much more when
he is a saint too that is hungry. If then he is a saint, but not in
need, give not; for this were no gain. For neither did Christ enjoin
it; or rather, neither is he a saint[5] that is in abundance and
receiveth. Seest thou that it is not for filthy lucre that these things
have been said to you, but for your profit? Feed the hungry, that thou
mayest not
188
feed the fire of hell. He, eating of what is thine, sanctifies also
what remains. (Luke xi. 41.) Think how the widow maintained Elias; and
she did not more feed than she was fed: she did not more give than
receive. This now also takes place in a much greater thing. For it is
not a "barrel of meal," nor "a cruse of oil" (1 Kings xvii. 14), but
what? "An hundred fold, and eternal life" (Matt. xix. 21, 29), is the
recompense for such--the mercy of God thou becomest; the spiritual
food; a pure leaven. She was a widow, famine was pressing, and none of
these things hindered her. Children too she had, and not even so was
she withheld. (1 Kings xvii. 12.) This woman is become equal to her
that cast in the two mites. She said not to herself, "What shall I
receive from this man? He stands in need of me. If he had any power he
had not hungered, he had broken the drought, he had not been subject to
like sufferings. Perchance he too offends God." None of these things
did she think of. Seest thou how great a good it is to do well with
simplicity, and not to be over curious about the person benefited? If
she had chosen to be curious she would have doubted; she would not have
believed. So, too, Abraham, if he had chosen to be curious, would not
have received angels. For it cannot, indeed it cannot be, that one who
is exceeding nice in these matters, should ever meet with them. No,
such an one usually lights on impostors; and how that is, I will tell
you. The pious man is not desirous to appear pious, and does not clothe
himself in show, and is likely to be rejected. But the impostor, as he
makes a business of it, puts on a deal of piety that is hard to see
through. So that while he who does good, even to those who seem not
pious, will fall in with those who are so, he who seeks out those who
are thought to be pious, will often fall in with those who are not so.
Wherefore, I beseech you, let us do all things in simplicity. For let
us even suppose that he is an impostor that comes; you are not bidden
to be curious about this. For, "Give," saith he, "to every one that
asketh thee" (Luke vi. 30); and, "Forbear not to redeem him that is to
be slain." (Prov. xxiv. 11.) Yet most of those that are slain suffer
this for some evil they are convicted of; still he saith, "Forbear
not." For in this shall we be like God, thus shall we be admired, and
shall obtain those immortal blessings, which may we all be thought
worthy of, through the grace and lovingkindness of Jesus Christ our
Lord, with whom, to the Father, together with the Holy Spirit, be
glory, power, honor, now and forever, and world without end. Amen.
HOMILY II.
Philippians i. 8--11.
"For God is my witness, how I long after you all in the tender mercies
of Jesus Christ. And this I pray, that your love may abound yet more
and more in knowledge and all discernment; that ye may approve the
things that are excellent; that ye may be sincere and void of offense
unto the day of Christ; being filled with the fruits of righteousness,
which are through Jesus Christ, unto the glory and praise of God."
HE calls not God to witness as though he should be
doubted, but does this from his great affection, and his exceeding
persuasion and confidence; for after saying that they had fellowship
with him, he adds this also, "in the tender mercies of Christ," lest
they should think that his longing for them was for this cause, and not
simply for their own sake. And what mean these words, "in the tender
mercies of Christ "? They stand for "according to Christ." Because ye
are believers, because ye love Christ, because of the love that is
according to Christ. He does not say "love," but uses a
still warmer expression, "the tender mercies of Christ," as though he
had said, "having become as a father to you through the relationship
which is in Christ." For this imparts to us bowels[1] warm and glowing.
For He gives such bowels to His true servants. "In these bowels," saith
He, as though one should say, "I love you with no natural bowels, but
with warmer ones, namely, those of Christ." "How I long after you all."
I long after all, since ye are all of this nature; I am unable in words
to represent to you my longing; it is therefore impossible to tell. For
this cause I leave it to God, whose range is in the heart, to know
this. Now had he been flattering them, he would not have called God to
witness, for this cannot be done without peril.
Ver. 9. "And this," saith he, "I pray, that your
love may abound yet more and more." For this is a good of which there
is no satiety;
189
for see, being so loved he wished to be loved still more, for he who
loves the object of his love, is willing to stay at no point of love,
for it is impossible there should be a measure of so noble a thing.
Paul desires that the debt of love should always be owing; "Owe no man
any thing, save to love one another." (Rom. xiii. 8.) The measure of
love is, to stop nowhere; "that your love," says he, "may abound yet
more and more." Consider the character of the expression, "that it may
abound yet more and more," he says, "in knowledge and all discernment."
He does not extol friendship merely, nor love merely, but such as comes
of knowledge; that is, Ye should not apply the same love to all: for
this comes not of love, but from want of feeling. What means he by "in
knowledge "? He means, with judgment, with reason, with discrimination.
There are who love without reason, simply and any how, whence it comes
that such friendships are weak. He says, "in knowledge and all
discernment, that ye may approve the things that are excellent," that
is, the things that are profitable. This I say not for my own sake,
says he, but for yours, for there is danger lest any one be spoiled by
the love of the heretics; for all this he hints at, and see how he
brings it in. Not for my own sake, says he, do I say this, but that ye
may be sincere, that is, that ye receive no spurious doctrine under the
pretence of love. How then, says he, "If it be possible, live peaceably
with all men "? "Live peaceably" (Rom. xii. 18), he says, not, Love so
as to be harmed by that friendship; for he says, "if thy right eye
causeth thee to stumble, pluck it out, and cast it from thee; that ye
may be sincere" (Matt. V. 29), that is, before God, "and without
offence," that is, before men, for many men's friendships are often a
hurt to them. Even though it hurts thee not, says he, still another may
stumble thereat. "Unto the day of Christ"; i.e. that ye may then be
found pure, having caused no one to stumble.
Ver. 11. "Being filled with the fruits of
righteousness which are through Jesus Christ unto the glory and praise
of God;" i.e. holding, together with true doctrine, an upright
life. And not merely upright, but "filled with the fruits of
righteousness." For there is indeed a righteousness not according to
Christ, as, for example, a moral life. "Which are through Jesus Christ
to the glory and praise of God." Seest thou[1] that I speak not of mine
own: glory, but the righteousness of God; and oftentimes he calls mercy
itself too righteousness; let not your love, he says, indirectly injure
you, by hindering your perception of things profitable, and take heed
lest you fall through your love to any one. For I would indeed that
your love should be increased, but not so that ye should be injured by
it. And I would not that it should be simply of prejudice, but upon
proof whether I speak well or no. He says not, that ye may take up my
opinion, but that ye may "prove" it. He does not say outright, join not
yourself to this or that man, but, I would that your love should have
respect to what is profitable, not that ye should be void of
understanding. For it is a foolish thing if ye work not righteousness
for Christ's sake and through Him. Mark the words, "through Him." Does
he then use God as a mere assistant? Away with the thought. Not that I
may receive praise, says he, but that God may be glorified.
Ver. 12, 13. "Now I would have you know, brethren,
that the things which happened unto me have fallen out rather unto the
progress of the Gospel, so that my bonds became manifest in Christ
throughout the whole prætorian guard, and to all the rest."
It was likely they would grieve when they heard he
was in bonds, and imagine that the preaching was at a stand. What then?
He straightway destroys this suspicion. And this also shows his
affection, that he declares the things which had happened to him,
because they were anxious. What say you? you are in bonds! you are
hindered! how then does the Gospel advance? He answers, "so that my
bonds in Christ became manifest in all the prætorium." This thing
not only did not silence the rest, nor affright them, but contrariwise
rather encouraged them. If then they who were near the dangers were not
only nothing hurt, but even received greater confidence, much more
should you. Had he when in bonds taken it hardly, and held his peace,
it were probable that they would be affected in like sort. But as he
spoke more boldly when in bonds, he gave them more confidence than if
he had not been bound. And how have his bonds "turned to the progress
of the Gospel "? So God in His dispensation ordered, he means, that my
bonds were not hid, my bonds which were "in" Christ, which were "for"
Christ.
"In the whole prætorium." For up to that time
they so called the palace.[2] And in the whole city,[3] says he.
Ver. 14. "And that most of the brethren in the Lord,
being confident through my bonds,
190
are more abundantly bold to speak the word without fear."
This shows that they were of good courage even
before, and spoke with boldness, but much more now. If others then,
says he, are of good courage through my bonds, much more am I if I am
the cause of confidence to others, much more to myself. "And most of
the brethren in the Lord." As it was a great thing to say, My bonds
gave confidence to them, he therefore adds beforehand, "in the Lord."
Do you see how, even when he sees himself constrained to speak great
things, he departs not from moderation? "Are more abundantly bold," he
says, "to speak the word without fear"; the words" more abundantly"
show that they had already begun.
Ver. 15. "Some indeed preach Christ even of envy and
strife, and some also of good will."
And what this means is worth enquiry. Since Paul was
under restraint, many of the unbelievers, willing to stir up more
vehemently the persecution from the Emperor, themselves also preached
Christ, in order that the Emperor's wrath might be increased at the
spread of the Gospel, and all his anger might fall on the head of Paul.
From my bonds then two lines of action have sprung. One party took
great courage thereat; the other, from hope to work my destruction, set
themselves to preach Christ; "some of them through envy," that is,
envying my reputation and constancy, and from desire of my destruction,
and the spirit of strife, work with me; or that they themselves may be
esteemed, and from the expectation that they will draw to themselves
somewhat of my glory. "And some also of good will," that is, without
hypocrisy, with all earnestness.
Ver. 16. "The one proclaim Christ of faction not
sincerely."[1]
That is, not with pure motives, nor from re gard to
the matter itself; but why? "thinking to add affliction to my
bonds."[2] As they think that I shall thus fill into greater peril,
they add affliction to affliction. O cruelty! O devilish instigation!
They saw him in bonds, and cast into prison, and still they envied him.
They would increase his calamities, and render him subject to greater
anger: well said he, "thinking," for it did not so turn out. They
thought indeed to grieve me by this; but I rejoiced that the Gospel was
furthered.
Ver. 17. "But the other of love, knowing that I am
set for the defense of the Gospel."
What means, "that I am set for the defense of the
Gospel"?[3] It is, They are preparing for[4] the account which I must
give to God, and assisting me.
What is meant by "for the defense"? I have been
appointed to preach, I must give account, and answer for the work to
which I have been appointed ; they assist me, that my defense may be
easy; for if there be found many who have been instructed and have
believed, my defense will be easy. So it is possible to do a good work,
from a motive which is not good. And not only is there no reward in
store for such an action, but punishment. For as they preached Christ
from a desire to involve the preacher of Christ in greater perils, not
only shall they receive no reward, but shall be subject to vengeance
and punishment.[5] "And some of love." That is, they know that I must
give account for the Gospel.
Ver. 18. "What then? only that every way, whether in
pretense, or in truth, Christ is proclaimed."
But see the wisdom of the Man. He did not vehemently
accuse them, but mentioned the result; what difference does it make to
me, says he, whether it be done in this or that way? only that every
way, "whether in pretense or in truth, Christ is proclaimed." He did
not say, "Let him be proclaimed," as some suppose, stating that he
opens the way for the heresies, but, "He is proclaimed."[6] For in the
first place he did not lay down the law and say, as if laying down the
law, "Let Him be proclaimed," but he reported what was taking place;
secondly, if he even spoke as laying down the law, not even thus would
he be opening the way for the heresies.
For let us examine the matter. For even if he gave
permission to preach as they preached, not even thus was he opening the
way for the heresies. How so? In that they preached healthfully; though
the aim and purpose on which they acted was corrupted, still the
preaching itself was not changed, and they were forced so to preach.
And why? Because, had they preached otherwise than as Paul preached,
had they taught otherwise than as he taught, they would not have
increased the wrath of the Emperor. But now by furthering his
preaching, by teaching in the same way, and making disciples as he did,
they had power to exasperate the Emperor, when he saw the multitude of
the disciples
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numerous. But then some wicked and senseless man, taking hold of this
passage, says, Verily they would have done the contrary, they would
have driven off those who had already believed, instead of making
believers to abound, had they wished to annoy him. What shall we
answer? That they looked to this thing only, how they might involve him
in present danger, and leave him no escape; and thus they thought to
grieve him, and to quench the Gospel, rather than in the other way.
By that other course they would have extinguished
the wrath of the Emperor, they would have let him go at large and
preach again; but by this course they thought that because of him all
would be ruined, could they but destroy him. The many however could not
have this intention, but certain bitter men alone.
Then "and therein," says he, "I rejoice, yea, and
will rejoice." What means, "yea, I will rejoice "? Even if this be done
still more, he means. For they coöperate with me even against
their will; and will receive punishment for their toil, whilst I, who
contributed nothing thereto, shall receive reward. Is there anything
beyond this villainy of the Devil, to contrive the punishment of the
preaching, and vengeance for the toils? Seest thou with how many evils
he pierces through his own. How else would a hater and an enemy of
their salvation have arranged all this? Seest thou how he who wages war
against the truth has no power, but rather wounds himself, as one who
kicks against the goads?
Ver. 19. "For I know," says he, "that this shall
turn to my salvation through your supplication, and the supply of the
Spirit of Jesus Christ."
Nothing is more villainous than the Devil. So does
he everywhere involve his own in unprofitable toils, and rends them.
Not only does he not suffer them to obtain the prizes, but he even
subjects them to punishment.
For not only does he command them the preaching of
the Gospel, but likewise fasting and virginity, in such sort as will
not only deprive them of their reward, but will bring down heavy evil
on those who pursue that course. Concerning whom he says elsewhere,
also, "Branded in their own conscience as with a hot iron."
(1 Tim. iv. 2.)
Wherefore, I beseech you, let us give thanks to God
for all things, since he hath both lightened our toil, and increased
our reward. For such as among them live in virginity enjoy not the
rewards, which they do who among us live chastely in wedlock; but
they who live as virgins among the heretics are subject to the
condemnation of the fornicators. All this springs from their not acting
with a right aim, but as accusing God's creatures,[1] and His
unspeakable Wisdom.
Let us not then be sluggish. God hath placed before
us contests within measure, having no toil. Yet let us not despise them
for this. For if the heretics put themselves to the stretch in
unprofitable toils, what excuse shall we have if we will not endure
those which are less, and which have a greater reward? For which of
Christ's ordinances is burdensome? which is grievous? Art thou unable
to live a virgin life? Thou art permitted to marry. Art thou unable to
strip thyself of all thou hast? Thou art permitted to supply the needs
of others from what thou hast. Let "your abundance be a supply for
their want." (2 Cor. viii. 14.) These things indeed appear burdensome.
What things? I mean to despise money, and to overcome the desires of
the body. But His other commands require no cost, no violence. For tell
me, what violence is there in speaking no ill, in simply abstaining
from slander?[2] What violence is there in envying not another man's
goods? What violence in not being led away by vain-glory? To be
tortured, and endure it, is the part of strength. The exercise of
philosophy is the part of strength. To bear poverty through life is the
part of strength. It is the part of strength to wrestle with hunger and
thirst. Where none of these things are, but where you may enjoy your
own, as becomes a Christian, without envying others, what violence is
there?
From this source springs envy; nay, rather all evils
spring from no other source than this, that we cleave to things
present. For did you hold money and the glory of this world to be
nought, you would not cast an evil eye on its possessors. But since you
gape at these things, and idolize them, and are flattered by them, for
this reason envy troubles you, and vain-glory; it all springs from
idolizing the things of the present life. Art thou envious because
another man is rich? Nay, such an one is an object for pity and for
tears. But you laugh and answer straight, I am the object for tears,
not he l Thou also art an object for tears, not because thou art poor,
but because thou thinkest thyself wretched. For we weep for those who
have nothing the matter, and are discontented, not because they have
anything the matter, but because, without having, they think they have.
For example: if any one, cured of a fever, still is restless and rolls
about, lying in health on his bed, is he not more to be wept for than
those in fever, not that he has a fever, for he has none, but because
having no sickness he still thinks he has? And thou art an object for
tears just
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because thou thinkest thyself wretched, not for thy poverty. For thy
poverty thou art to be thought happy.
Why enviest thou the rich man? Is it because he has
subjected himself to many cares? to a harder slavery? because he is
bound like a dog, with ten thousand chains--namely, his riches? Evening
overtakes him, night overtakes him, but the season of rest is to him a
time of trouble of anguish, of pain, of anxiety. There is a noise he
straightway jumps up. Has his neighbor been plundered? He who has lost
nothing cares more for it than the loser. For that man has lost once,
but having endured the pain he lays aside his care; but the other has
it always with him. Night comes on, the haven of our ills, the solace
of our woes, the medicine of our wounds. For they who are weighed down
by excess of grief, often give no ear to their friends, to their
relations, to their intimates,--ofttimes not even to a father when he
would give comfort, but take their very words amiss; but when sleep
bids them rest, none has the power to look him in the face. For worse
than any burning does the bitterness of grief afflict our souls. And as
the body, when parched and worn down by struggling against the violence
of the sunbeams, is brought to a caravansary with many fountains, and
the soothing of a gentle breeze, so does night hand over our soul to
sleep. Yea, rather, I should say, not night nor sleep does this, but
God, who knoweth our toil-worn race, has wrought this, while we have no
compassion on ourselves, but, as though at enmity with ourselves, have
devised a tyranny more powerful than natural want of rest--the
sleeplessness which comes of wealth. For it is said, "The anxieties of
wealth drive away sleep." (Ecclus. xxxi. 1.) See how great is the care
of God. But He hath not committed rest to our will, nor our need of
sleep to choice, but hath bound it up in the necessities of nature,
that good may be done to us even against our wills. For to sleep is of
nature. But we, as mighty haters of ourselves, like enemies and
persecutors of others, have devised a tyranny greater than this
necessity of nature that, namely, which comes of money. Has day dawned?
Then such an one is in dread of the informers. Hath night overtaken
him? He trembles at robbers. Is death at hand? The thought that he must
leave his goods to others preys upon him worse than death. Hath he a
son? His desires are increased; and then he fancies himself poor. Has
he none? His pains are greater. Deemest thou him blessed who is unable
to receive pleasure from any quarter? Can you envy him thus
tempest-tossed, while you yourself are placed in the quiet haven of
poverty? Of a truth this is the imperfection of human nature; that it
bears not its good nobly, but casts insults on its very prosperity.
And all this on earth; but when we depart thither,
listen what the rich man, who was lord of innumerable goods, as you say
(since for my part I call not these things good, but indifferent),
listen to what this lord of innumerable goods says, and of what he
stands in need: "Father Abraham," he exclaims, "send Lazarus, that with
the tip of his finger he may drop water on my tongue, for I am scorched
in this flame." For even if that rich man had endured none of the
things I have mentioned, if he had passed his whole life without dread
and care--why say I his whole life? rather that one moment (for it is a
moment, our whole life is but one moment, compared with that eternity
which has no end)--if all things had turned out according to his
desire; must he not be pitied for these words, yea, rather, for this
state of things? Was not your table once deluged with wine? Now you are
not master even of a drop of water, and that, too, in your greatest
need. Did not you neglect that poor man full of sores? But now you ask
a sight of him, and no one gives leave. He lay at your gate; but now in
Abraham's bosom. You then lay under your lofty ceiling; but now in the
fire of hell.
These things let the rich men hear. Yea, rather not
the rich, but the pitiless. For not in that he was rich was he
punished, but because he showed no pity; for it is possible that a man
who is at the same time rich and pitiful, should meet with every good.
And for this cause the rich man's eyes were fixed on no one else, but
on him alone, who then begged his alms; that he might learn from memory
of his former actions, that his punishment was just. Were there not ten
thousand poor men who were righteous? But he, who then lay at his gate,
alone is seen by him, to instruct him and us, how great a good it is to
put no trust in riches. His poverty hindered not the one in obtaining
the kingdom; his riches helped not the other to avoid hell. Where is
the point at which a man is poor? where is the point at which he is
reduced to beggary?[1] He is not, he is not poor, who has nought, but
he who desires many things! He is not rich who has large possessions,
but he who stands in need of nothing. For what profit is there to
possess the whole world, and yet live in greater despondency than he
who has nothing? Their dispositions make men rich and poor, not the
abundance or the want of money. Would you, who are a poor man, become
rich? You may have your will, and no one can hinder you. Despise the
world's
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wealth, think it nought, as it is nought. Cast out the desire of
wealth, and you are straightway rich. He is rich who does not desire to
become rich i he who is unwilling to be poor, is the poor man. As he is
the diseased man,[1] who even in health bemoans his case, and not the
man who bears his disease more lightly than perfect health, so also he
is poor who cannot endure poverty, but in the midst of wealth thinks
himself poorer than the poor; not he who bears his poverty more lightly
than they their riches, for he is a richer man.
For tell me, wherefore learest thou poverty?
wherefore tremblest thou? is it not by reason of hunger? is it not for
thirst? is it not for cold? Is it not indeed for these things? There is
not, there is not any one who is ever destitute in these things! "For
look at the generations of old, and see, did ever any one trust in the
Lord, and was forsaken? or did any one hope in Him, and was made
ashamed?" (Ecclus. ii. 11.)
And again, "Behold the birds of the heaven, that
they sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; and your
heavenly Father feedeth them." (Matt. vi. 26.) No one can readily point
us out any one who has perished by hunger and cold. Wherefore then dost
thou tremble at poverty? Thou canst not say. For if thou hast
necessaries enough, wherefore dost thou tremble at it? Because thou
hast not a multitude of servants? This truly is to be quit of masters;
this is continual happiness, this is freedom from care. Is it because
your vessels, your couches, your furniture are not formed of silver?
And what greater enjoyment than thine has he who possesses these
things? None at all. The use is the same, whether they are of this or
that material. Is it because thou art not an object of fear to the
many? May you never become so! For what pleasure is it that any should
stand in dread and fear of thee? Is it because thou art afraid of
others? But thou canst not be alarmed. For "wouldest thou have no fear
of the power? do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise from
the same." (Rom. xiii. 3.) Does any say, It is because we are subject
to contempt, and apt to suffer ill? It is not poverty but wickedness
which causes this; for many poor men have quietly passed through life,
whilst rulers, and the rich, and powerful, have ended their days more
wretchedly than all evil doers, than bandits, than grave-robbers. For
what poverty brings in thy case, that doth wealth in theirs. For that
which they who would ill-treat thee do through thy contemptible estate,
they do to him from envy and the evil eye they cast upon him, and the
latter still more than the former, for this is the stronger craving to
ill-treat another. He who envies does everything with all his might and
main, while the despiser ofttimes has even pity on the despised; and
his very poverty, and utter want of power, has often been the
cause of his deliverance.
And sometimes by saying to him,[2] "A great deed it
will be if you make away with such an one! If you slay one poor man,
what vast advantage will you reap?" we may lulls soften down his anger.
But envy sets itself against the rich, and ceases not until it has
wrought its will, and has poured forth its venom. See you, neither
poverty nor wealth is good in itself, but our own disposition. Let us
bring it to a good tone, let us discipline it in true wisdom. If this
be well affected, riches cannot cast us out of the kingdom, poverty
will not make us come short. But we shall meekly bear our poverty, and
receive no loss in respect to the enjoyment of future goods, nor even
here on earth. But we shall both enjoy what is good on earth, and
obtain the good things in heaven, which may we all obtain, through the
grace and lovingkindness, &c.
HOMILY III.
PHILIPPIANS i. 18--20.
"And therein I rejoice, yea, and will rejoice. For I know that this
shall turn to my salvation through your supplication, and the supply of
the Spirit of Jesus Christ, according to my earnest expectation and
hope, that in nothing shall I be put to shame, but that with all
boldness, as always, so now also Christ shall be magnified in my body,
whether by life, or by death."
NONE of the grievous things which are in this
present life can fix their fangs upon that lofty soul, which is truly
philosophic, neither enmity, nor accusations, nor slanders, nor
dangers, nor plots. It flies for refuge as it were to a mighty
fortress, securely defended there against all that attack it from this
lower earth. Such was the soul of Paul; it had taken possession of a
place higher than any fortress, the seat of spiritual wisdom, that is,
true philosophy. For that of those without, i.e. the heathen, is mere
words,
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and childish toys. But it is not of these we now speak, but at present
concerning the things of Paul. That blessed one had both the Emperor
for his enemy, and in addition, many other foes many ways afflicting
him, even with bitter slander. And what says he? Not only do I not
grieve nor sink beneath these things, but "I even rejoice, yea, and
will rejoice," not for a season, but always will I rejoice for these
things. "For I know that this shall turn out to my salvation," that
which is to come, when even their enmity and jealousy towards me
further the Gospel. "Through your supplication," he adds, "and the
supply of the Spirit of Jesus Christ according to my earnest
expectation and hope.' Behold the humble-mindedness of this blessed
one; he was striving in the contest, he was now close to his crown, he
had done ten thousand exploits, for he was Paul, and what can one add
to this? still he writes to the Philippians, I may be saved "through
your supplication," I who have gained salvation through countless
achievements. "And the supply," saith he, "of the Spirit of Jesus
Christ." It is as though he said, if I am thought worthy of your
prayers, I shall also be thought worthy of more grace. For the meaning
of "supply" is this, if the Spirit be supplied to me, be given to me
more abundantly. Or he is speaking of deliverance, "unto salvation";
that is, I shall also escape the present as I did the former danger. Of
this same matter he says, "At my first defense no one took my part, but
all forsook me; may it not be laid to their account. But the Lord stood
by me, and strengthened me." (2 Tim. iv 16.) This then he now predicts:
"Through your supplication and the supply of the Spirit of Jesus
Christ, according to my earnest expectation and hope," for thus do I
hope. For that he may persuade us not to leave the whole matter to the
prayers made for us,[1] and contribute nothing ourselves, behold how he
lays down his own part, which is Hope, the source of all good, as the
Prophet says. "Let thy mercy, O Lord, be upon us, according as we have
hoped in Thee." (Ps. xxxiii. 22.) And as it is written in another
place, "Look to the generations of old and see, did any one hope in the
Lord, and was made ashamed?" (Ecclus. ii. 10.) And again,
this same blessed one says, "Hope putteth not to shame." (Rom. v. 5.)
This is Paul's hope, the hoping that I shall nowhere be put to shame.
"According to my earnest expectation and
hope," says he, "that in nothing shall I be put to shame."
Do you see how great a thing it is to hope in God? Whatever
happens, he says, I shall not be put to shame, i.e. they will not
obtain the master}, over me, "but with all boldness, as always, so now
also, Christ shall be magnified in my body." They forsooth expected to
catch Paul in this snare, and to quench the preaching of the Gospel, as
though their craftiness were of any power. This then, he says, shall
not be so, I shall not now die, but "as always, so now also, Christ
shall be magnified in my body." How so? Ofttimes have I fallen into
dangers, when all men gave us up, and what is more, when I myself did.
For "we had the answer of death within ourselves" (2 Cor. i. 9), but
from all the Lord delivered me, so now too he shall be magnified in my
body. What then? Lest any one should suppose and say, If you die, will
He not then be magnified? Yes, he answers, I know He will; for this
cause I did not say that my life alone shall magnify him, but my death
too. At present he means "by life "; they will not destroy me; even did
they so, Christ will even thus be magnified. How so? Through life,
because He delivered me, but through my death, because even death
itself could not persuade me to deny Him, since He gave me such
readiness, and made me stronger than death. On the one hand because He
freed me from peril; on the other, because He suffered me not to fear
the tyranny of death: thus shall he be magnified through life and
death. And this he says, not as though he were about to die, but lest
on his death they should be affected as men are apt to be.
But that you may know these his words did not
point to immediate death, the thought that pained them most, see how be
relieves it by almost saying, These things I say, not as one about to
die; wherefore he soon after adds, "And having this confidence I know
that I shall abide, yea and abide with you all." "In nothing,"
says he," shall I be put to shame; that is, death brings no shame to
me, but rather great gain. Why so? Because I am not immortal, but I
shall shine more brightly than if I were so, for it is not the same
thing for one immortal, and for one who is mortal, to despise death; so
that not even instant death is shame to me, yet shall I not die; "in
nothing shall I be put to shame," neither in life nor death. For I will
bear either nobly, whether life or death. Well says he! This is the
part of a Christian soul! but he adds, "with all boldness." Seest thou
how entirely I am freed from shame? For if the fear of death had cut
short my boldness, death would have been worthy of shame, but if death
at its approach cast no terror on me, no shame is here; but whether it
be through life I shall not be put to shame, for I still preach the
Preaching, or whether it be through death I shall not be put
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to shame; fear does not hold me back, since I still exhibit the same
boldness. Do not, when I mention my bonds, think shame of the matter;
so manifold good hath it caused to me, that it hath even given
confidence to others. For that we should be bound for Christ, is no
shame, but for fear of bonds to betray aught that is Christ's, this is
shame. When there is no such thing, bonds are even a cause of boldness.
But since I have ofttimes escaped dangers, and have this to boast of to
the unbelievers, do not straightway think I am put to shame, if now it
should turn out otherwise. The one event no less than the other gives
you boldness. Note how he brings this forward in his own person, which
he does in many places, as in the Epistle to the Romans; "For I am not
ashamed of the Gospel." (Rom. i. 16.) And again in that to the
Corinthians; "And these things I have in a figure transferred to myself
and Apollos." (1 Cor. iv. 6.)--"Whether by life or by death": this he
says not as in ignorance, (for he knew that he was not then to die, but
some time after); yet even now does he prepare their soul.
Ver. 21. "For to me," he says, "to live is Christ,
and to die is gain."
For even in dying, he means, I shall not have died,
for I have my life in myself: then would they truly have slain me, had
they had power through this fear to cast faith out of my soul. But as
long as Christ is with me, even though death overtake me, still I live,
and in this present life, not this, but Christ is my life. Since, then,
not even in the present life is it so, "but that life which I now live
in the flesh I live in faith;" so I say in that state also, "I live,
yet not I, but Christ liveth in me." (Gal. ii. 20. ) Such ought a
Christian to be! I live not, he says, the common life. How livest thou
then, O blessed Paul? Dost thou not see the sun, dost thou not breathe
the common air? art thou not nourished with the same food as others?
dost thou not tread the earth as we? needest thou not sleep, nor
clothing, nor shoes? what meanest thou by, "I live not"? how dost thou
not live? Why boastest thou thyself? No boasting is here. For if indeed
the fact did not witness to him, a man might with some show have called
it boasting; but if facts do witness, how is boasting here? Let us then
learn how he lives not, for he himself says in another place, "I have
been crucified to the world, and the world to me. " (Gal. vi.
14.) Hear then how he says, "I no longer live." And how he says,
"to me to live is Christ." The word "life" is much
significant, beloved, as also the word "death." There is this
life of the body, there is the life of sin, as he himself elsewhere
says, "But if we died to sin, how shall we any longer live therein?"
(Rom. vi. 2.) It is then possible to live the life of sin. Attend
diligently, I entreat you, lest my labor be vain. There is the life
everlasting and immortal; with eternal life the heavenly; "for our
citizenship" says he "is in heaven" (Phil. iii 20.) There is the life
of the body whereof he speaks, "through him we live and move and have
our being." (Acts xvii. 28.) He does not then deny that he lives the
natural life, but that of sin, which all men live. He who desires not
the present life, how does he live it? He who is hastening to another,
how does he live this life? He who despiseth death, how does he live
this life? He who desires nothing, how does he live it? For as one made
of adamant, though he were struck a thousand blows, would never attend
to it, no more would Paul. And "I live," says he, "but no longer I,"
that is, no longer the old man; as again elsewhere, "Wretched man that
I am, who shall deliver me out of the body of this death!" (Rom. vii.
24.) How too does he live who does hough( for the sake of food, nought
for the sake of clothing, nought for any of these present things? Such
an one does not even live the natural life: he who takes thought for
none of the things which sustain life, lives not. We live this life,
whose every action regards it. But he lived not; he busied himself
about nought of the things here. How then lived he? Just as we are
accustomed to say, in common matters, such an one is not with me, when
he does nothing that pertains to me. Again, in like sort, such a man
lives not for me. Elsewhere he shows that he rejects not the natural
life: "The life which I now live in the flesh, I live in the faith of
the Son of God, who loved me, and gave himself for me" (Gal. ii. 20);
i.e. a certain new life I live, an altered one. And truly all these
things he said to comfort the Philippians. Think not, says he, that I
shall be deprived of this life, for neither whilst alive did I live
this life, but that which Christ willed. For tell me? He who despises
money, luxury, hunger, thirst, dangers, health, safety, does he live
this life? He who has nothing here, and is ofttimes willing to cast
life away, if need be, and clings not to it, does he live this life? By
no means. This I must make dear to you by a kind of example. Let us
imagine some one in great wealth, with many servants, and much gold,
and who makes no use of all these things; is such an one rich for all
his wealth? By no means. Let him see his children dissipating his
property, strolling idly about; let him feel no concern for them; when
beaten let him not even be pained; shall we call him a man of wealth?
By no means; although his wealth is his own. "To me," he says, "to live
is Christ;" if you will enquire of my life, it is He. "And to die is
gain." Wherefore? Because I shall more
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clearly be present with Him; so that my death is rather a coming to
life; they who kill me will work on me no dreadful thing, they will
only send me onward to my proper life, and free me from that which is
not mine. What then, while thou wert here, wert thou not Christ's? Yes,
and in a high degree.
Ver. 22. "But if to live in the flesh,--if this is
the fruit of my work, then what I shall choose I wot not."
Lest any should say, If what you say is life,
wherefore hath Christ left you here? "It is," he says, "the fruit of my
work;" so that it is possible to use to good purpose the present life,
while not living it. Lest you should think that reproach is cast upon
life. For if we gain no advantage here, wherefore do we not make away
with ourselves, nor slay ourselves? By no means, he answers. It is open
to us to profit even here, if we live not this, but another life. But
perchance one will say, does this bear thee fruit? Yes! he answers.
Where are now the heretics? Behold now; "to live in the flesh," this is
"the fruit of his work." "That which I now live in the flesh, I live in
faith;" therefore it is "the fruit of my work."
"And what I shall choose I know not." Marvelous! How
great was his philosophy! How hath he both cast out the desire of the
present life, and yet thrown no reproach upon it! For in that he saith,
"to die is gain," by this he hath cast out the desire, but in that he
saith, "to live in the flesh is the fruit of my work," here he shows
that the present life also is needful, if we use it as need is, if we
bear fruit; since if it be unfruitful, it is no longer life. For we
despise those trees which bear no fruit, as though they were dry, and
give them up to the fire. Life itself belongs to that middle class of
indifferent things, whilst to live well or ill is in ourselves. We do
not then hate life, for we may live well too. So even if we use it ill,
we do not even then cast the blame on it. And wherefore? Because not
itself, but the free choice of those who use it ill is to blame. For
God hath made thee live, that thou mayest live to Him. But thou, by
living through corruption unto sin, makest thyself accountable for all
blame. What sayest thou, tell me. Thou knowest not what to choose? Here
hath he revealed a great mystery, in that his departure was in his own
power; for where choice is, there have we power. "What I shall choose,"
says he, "I know not." Is it in thine own power? Yes, he answers, if I
would ask this grace of God.
Ver. 23. "I am in a strait betwixt the two, having
the desire."
See the affection of this blessed one; in
this way too he comforts them, when they see that he
is master of his own choice, and that this is done not by man's sin,
but by the dispensation of God. Why mourn ye, says he, at my death? It
had been far better to have passed away long since. "For to depart," he
says, "and to be with Christ, is very far better."
Ver. 24. "Yet to abide in the flesh is more needful
for your sake."
These words were to prepare them for his death when
it came, that they might bear it nobly: this was to teach true wisdom.
"It is good for me to depart and be with Christ," for even death is a
thing indifferent; since death itself is no ill, but to be punished
after death is an ill. Nor is death a good, but it is good after our
departure "to be with Christ." What follows death is either good or ill.
Let us then not simply grieve for the dead, nor joy
for the living simply. But how? Let us grieve for sinners, not only
when dying, but also while living. Let u,s joy for the just, not only
while living, but also when dead. For those though living are dead,
while these although dead, yet live: those even while here are to be
pitied of all, because they are at enmity with God; the other even when
they have departed Thither, are blessed, because they are gone to
Christ. Sinners, wherever they are, are far from the King. Therefore
they are subjects for tears; while the just, be they here, or be they
there, are with the King; and there, in a higher and nearer degree, not
through an entrance,[1] or by faith, but "face to face." (1 Cor. xiii.
12.)
Let us then not make wailings for the dead simply,
but for those who have died in sins. They deserve wailing; they deserve
beating of the breast and tears. For tell me what hope is there, when
our sins accompany us Thither, where there is no putting off sins? As
long as they were here, perchance there was great expectation that they
would change, that they would become better; but when they are gone to
Hades, where nought can be gained from repentance (for it is written,
"In Sheol who shall give thee thanks?") (Ps. vi. 5), are they not
worthy of our lamentation? Let us wail for those who depart hence in
such sort; let us wail, I hinder you not; yet in no unseemly way, not
in tearing our hair, or baring our arms, or lacerating our face, or
wearing black apparel, but only in soul, shedding in quiet the bitter
tear. For we may weep bitterly without all that display. And not as in
sport only. For the laments which many make differ not from sport.
Those public mournings do not proceed from sympathy, but from display,
from emulation and vainglory. Many women do this as of their craft.
Weep bitterly; moan at home, when no one sees you; this is the part of
true sym-
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pathy; by this you profit yourself too. For he who laments another in
such sort, will be much the more earnest never to fall into the same
sins. Sin henceforth will be an object of dread to thee. Weep for the
unbelievers; weep for those who differ in nowise from them, those who
depart hence without the illumination,[1] without the seal! they indeed
deserve our wailing, they deserve our groans; they are outside the
Palace, with the culprits, with the condemned: for, "Verily I say unto
you, Except a man be born of water and the Spirit, he shall not enter
into the kingdom of Heaven." Mourn for those who have died in wealth,
and did not from their wealth think of any solace for their soul, who
had power to wash away their sins and would not. Let us all weep for
these in private and in public, but with propriety, with gravity, not
so as to make exhibitions of ourselves; let us weep for these, not one
day, or two, but all our life. Such tears spring not from senseless
passion, but from true affection. The other sort are of senseless
passion. For this cause they are quickly quenched, whereas if they
spring from the fear of God, they always abide with us. Let us weep for
these; let us assist them according to our power; let us think of some
assistance for them, small though it be, yet still let us assist them.
How and in what way? By praying and entreating others to make prayers
for them, by continually giving to the poor on their behalf. This deed
hath some consolation; for hear the words of God Himself, when He says,
"I will defend this city for Mine own sake, and for My servant David's
sake." (2 Kings xx. 6.) If the remembrance only of a just man had so
great power when deeds are done for one, how great power will it not
have? Not in vain did the Apostles order[2] that remembrance should be
made of the dead in the dreadful Mysteries. They know that great gain
resulteth to them, great benefit; for when the whole people stands with
uplifted hands, a priestly assembly, and that awful Sacrifice lies
displayed, how shall we not prevail with God by our entreaties for
them? And this we do for those who have departed in faith,[3] whilst
the catechumens are not thought worthy even of this consolation, but
are deprived of all means of help save one. And what is this? We may
give to the poor on their behalf. This deed in a certain way refreshes
them. For God wills that we should be mutually assisted; else why hath
He ordered us to pray for peace and the good estate of the world? why
on behalf of all men? since in this number are included robbers,
violaters of tombs, thieves, men laden with untold crimes; and yet we
pray on behalf of all; perchance they may turn. As then we pray for
those living, who differ not from the dead, so too we may pray for
them. Job offered sacrifice for his children, and freed them from their
sins. "It may be," said he, "that they have renounced God in their
hearts." (Job i. 5 .) Thus does one provide for one's children! He said
not, as many do nowadays, I will leave them property; he said not, I
will procure them honor; he said not, I will purchase an office; he
said not, I will buy them land; but, "it may be that they have
renounced God in their hearts." For what profit is there in those
things? None at all, in those that remain here. I will make the King of
all things favorable to them, and then they will no more want any
thing. "The Lord," saith one, "is my Shepherd, I shall not want." (Ps.
xxiii. 4.) This is great wealth, this is treasure. If we have the fear
of God, we want nothing; if we have not this, though we have royalty
itself, we are the poorest of all men. Nothing is like the man that
feareth the Lord. For "the fear of the Lord," it is said, "surpasseth
all things." (Ecclus. xxv. 11.) This let us procure; let us do all
things for its sake. If need be that we lay down our lives, if our body
must be mangled, let us not spare them; let us do all, to obtain this
fear. For thus shall we abound above all men; and shall obtain those
good things to come in Christ Jesus our Lord, to whom, &c.
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HOMILY IV.
PHILIPPIANS i. 22--26.
"Then what I shall choose I wot not. But I am in a strait betwixt the
two, having the desire to depart and be with Christ; which is very far
better: yet to abide in the flesh is more needful for your sake. And
having this confidence, I know that I shall abide, yea and abide with
you all, for your progress and joy in the faith; that your glorying may
abound in Jesus Christ in me, through my presence with you again."
NOTHING can be more blessed than the spirit of Paul,
for the reason that nothing is more noble. We all shudder at death, I
am wont to say, some by reason of our many sins, of whom I too am one,
others from love of life, and cowardice, of whom may I never be one;
for they who are subject to this fear are mere animals. This then,
which we all shudder at, he prayed for, and hasted toward Him; saying,
"To depart is very far better." What sayest thou? when thou art about
to change from earth to heaven, and to be with Christ, dost thou not
know what to choose? Nay, far is this from the spirit of Paul; for if
such an offer were made to any one on sure grounds, would he not
straightway seize it? Yes, for as it is not ours "to depart and be with
Christ," neither, if we were able to attain to this, were it ours to
remain here. Both are of Paul, and of his spirit. He was confidently
persuaded. What? Art thou about to be with Christ? and dost thou say,
"What I shall choose I wot not "? and not this only, but dost thou
choose that which is here, "to abide in the flesh "? What in the world?
didst thou not live an exceeding bitter life, in "watchings," in
shipwrecks, in "hunger and thirst," and "nakedness," in cares and
anxiety? "with the weak" thou wert "weak," and for those who "were made
to stumble" thou dost "burn." (2 Cor. xi. 23, 29.) "In much patience,
in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses, in stripes, in
imprisonments, in tumults, in fastings, in pureness." (2 Cor. vi.
5, 6.) "Five times" didst thou "receive forty stripes save one,"
"thrice" wast thou "beaten with rods, once" wast thou "stoned" "a night
and a day" thou hast "been in the deep, in perils of waters, in perils
of robbers, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness,
in perils among false brethren." (2 Cor. xi. 24-26.) Didst thou not,
when the whole nation of the Galatians returned to the observance of
the law, didst thou not cry aloud, and say, "Whosoever of you would be
justified by the law, ye are fallen away from grace"? (Gal. v. 4.) How
great was then thy grief, and still dost thou desire this perishing
life? Had none of these things befallen thee, but had thy success,
wherever success attended thee, been without fear, and full of delight,
yet shouldest not thou hasten to some harbor, from fear of the
uncertain future? For tell me, what trader, whose vessel is full of
untold wealth, when he may run into port, and be at rest, would prefer
to be still at sea? what wrestler, when he might be crowned, would
prefer to contend? what boxer, when he might put on his crown, would
choose to enter afresh into the contest, and offer his head to wounds?
what general is there, who when he might be quit of war with good
report, and trophies, and might with the king refresh himself in the
palace, would choose still to toil, and to stand in battle array? How
then dost thou, who livest a life so exceeding bitter, wish to remain
still here? Didst thou not say, I am in dread, "lest by any means,
after that I have preached to others, I myself should be rejected?" (1
Cor. ix. 27.) If for no other cause, yet surely for this, thou oughtest
to desire thy release; were the present full of innumerable goods, yet
for the sake of Christ thy Desire.[1]
Oh that spirit of Paul! nothing was ever like it,
nor ever will be! Thou fearest the future, thou art compassed by
innumerable dreadful things, and wilt thou not be with Christ? No, he
answers, and this for Christ's sake, that I may render more loving unto
Him those whom I have made his servants, that I may make the plot[2]
which I have planted bear much fruit. (1 Cor. iii. 9). Didst thou not
hear me, when I declared that I sought not "that which profited myself"
(1 Cor. x. 33), but my neighbor? Heardest thou not these words, "I
could wish that I myself were anathema from Christ" (Rom. ix. 3), that
many might come unto Him? I, who chose that part, shall I not much
rather choose this, shall I not with pleasure harm myself by this delay
and postponement, that they may be saved?
"Who shall utter Thy mighty acts, O Lord" (Psa. cvi.
2), because Thou sufferedst not Paul to be hidden, because Thou madest
manifest to the world such a man? All the Angels of God
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praised Thee with one accord, when Thou madest the stars (Job xxxviii.
7), and so too surely when Thou madest the sun, but not so much as when
Thou didst manifest Paul to the whole world. By this, the earth was
made more brilliant than the heaven, for he is brighter than the solar
light, he hath shot forth more brilliant rays, he hath shed abroad more
joyous beams. What fruit hath this man borne for us! not by making fat
our corn, not by nurturing our pomegranates, but by producing and
perfecting the fruit of holiness, and when falling to pieces,
continually recovering them. For the sun itself can nothing profit
fruits that are once decayed, but Paul has called out of their sins
those who had manifold decays. And it gives place to the night, but he
had mastery over the Devil. Nothing ever subdued him, nothing
mastered him. The sun, when it mounts the heavens, darts down its rays,
but he, as he rose from beneath, filled not the mid space of heaven and
earth with light, but as soon as he opened his mouth, filled the Angels
with exceeding joy. For if "there is joy in heaven over one
sinner that repenteth" (Luke xv. 7), while he at his first
address caught multitudes, does he not fill with, joy the Powers above?
What say I? It sufficeth that Paul should only be named, and the
heavens leap for joy. For if when the Israelites "went forth out of
Egypt, the mountains skipped like rams" (Psa. cxiv. 4), how great,
thinkest thou, was the joy, when men ascended from earth to heaven!
Ver. 24. For this cause "to abide in the flesh is
more needful for your sake."
And what excuse is left to us? ofttimes it happens
that a man who possesses a little and poor city, chooses not to depart
to another place, preferring his own rest. Paul might depart to Christ,
and would not, (Christ whom he so desired, as for his sake to choose
even hell,[1]) but still remained in the contest on behalf of man. What
excuse shall we have? May we then even make mention of Paul? Look to
his deeds. He showed that to depart was better, persuading himself not
to grieve: he showed them, that if he remained, he remained for their
sake, that it proceeded not from wickedness of those who plotted
against him. He subjoined also the reason, that he might secure their
belief. For if this is necessary, that is, I shall by all means remain,
and I will not "remain" simply, but "will remain with you." For this is
the meaning of the word, "and I shall abide with," i.e. I shall see
you. For what cause? "For your progress and joy in the faith." Here too
he rouses them, to take heed unto themselves. If, says he, for your
sakes I abide, see that ye shame not my abiding. "For your progress," I
have chosen to remain, when I was about to see Christ. I have chosen to
remain, because my presence advances both your faith and your joy. What
then? Did he remain for the sake of the Philippians only? He stayed not
for their sake only; but this he says, that he may show regard to them.
And how were they to "progress" in "the faith "? That you may be more
strengthened, like young fowl, who need their mother until their
feathers are set. This is a proof of his great love. In like sort, we
also rouse some of you, when we say, for your sake have I remained,
that I may make you good.
Ver. 26. "That your glorying may abound in Christ
Jesus in me, through my presence with you again."
You see that this explains the word "abide with
you." Behold his humility. Having said, "for your progress," he shows
that it was for his own profit too. This also he does, when he writes
to the Romans, and says, "That is, that we may be comforted together in
you." (Rom. i. 11, 12.) Having previously said, "That I may impart unto
you some spiritual gift." And what means, "That your glorying may
abound"? This glorying was, their establishment in the faith. For an
upright life is glorying in Christ. And sayest thou, "Your glorying in
me, through my presence with you again"? Yes, he answers; "For what is
our hope, or crown of glorying? Are not even ye?" (1 Thess. ii. 19.)
Because "you are our glorying, even as we also are yours" (2 Cor. i.
14), i.e. that I may be able to rejoice in you greatly. How sayest
thou, "That your glorying may abound "? I may glory the more when you
make progress.[2]
"Through my presence with you again." What then! Did
he come to them? Search ye whether he came.
Ver. 27. "Only let your manner of life be worthy of
the Gospel of Christ."
Do you see, how all that he has said, tends to turn
them to this one thing, advancement in virtue? "Only let your manner of
life be worthy of the Gospel of Christ." What means this word" only,"
but that this, and nought else, is the only thing we should seek? If we
have this, nothing grievous will befall us. "That whether I come and
see you, or be absent, I may hear of your state." This he says not as
if he had changed his purpose, and no longer meant to visit them. But
if this come to pass, he says, even though absent, I am able to
rejoice. "If," that is, "I hear that ye stand fast in one spirit, with
one soul." This is what above all things unites believers, and
maintains love unbroken,
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"that they may be one." (John xvii. 11.) For a "kingdom divided against
itself shall not stand." (Mark iii. 24. ) For this cause he everywhere
counsels his disciples much to be of one mind. And Christ says, "By
this shall all men know that ye are My disciples, if ye love one
another." (John xiii. 35.) That is, do not look with expectation toward
me, and therefore slumber, as waiting for my coming, and then, when ye
see me not coming faint. For even from report I can receive pleasure
likewise.
What means, "In one spirit "? By the same gift of
grace, viz. that of concord, and zeal; for the Spirit[1] is one, and he
shows it; for then are we able to stand in "one soul," also, when we
all have "one Spirit." See how the word "one" is used for concord. See
how their souls being many are called one. Thus was it of old. "For
they were all," it is written, "of one heart and of one soul. Striving
together for the faith of the Gospel." (Acts iv. 32.) Does he say,
striving together for each other,[2] as though the faith did strive?
For did they wrestle against each other? But help each other, he says,
in your striving for the faith of the Gospel.
Ver. 28. "And in nothing affrighted by the
adversaries; which is for them an evident token of perdition, but to
you of salvation."
Well said he, "affrighted," this is what befalls us
from our enemies, they only frighten. "In nothing" therefore, he says,
whatever happens, whether dangers--whether plots. For this is the part
of those who stand upright; the enemy can do nought but frighten only.
Since it was likely that they should be greatly troubled, when
Paul suffered such numberless ills, he says, I exhort you not only not
to be shaken, but not to be affrighted, yea rather to despise them
heartily; for if ye are thus affected, ye will straightway, by
this means, make evident at once their destruction, and
your salvation. For when they see, that with their innumerable plots
they are unable to frighten you, they will take it as a proof of their
own destruction. For when the persecutors prevail not over the
persecuted, the plotters over the objects of their plots, the powerful
over those subject to their power, will it not be self-evident, that
their perdition is at hand, that their power is nought, that their part
is false, that their[3] part is weak? "And this," he says, "comes from
God."
Ver. 29. "For unto you it is given in the behalf of
Christ, not only to believe on Him, but also to suffer in his behalf."
Again does he teach them moderation of spirit by
referring all to God, and saying that sufferings in behalf of Christ
are of grace, the gift of grace, a free gift. Be not then ashamed of
the gift of grace, for it is more wonderful than the power of raising
the dead, or working miracles; for there I am a debtor, but here I have
Christ for my debtor. Wherefore ought we not only not to be ashamed,
but even to rejoice, in that we have this girl. Virtues he calls gifts,
yet not in like sort as other things, for those are entirely of God,
but in these we have a share. But since even here the greatest part is
of God, he ascribes it entirely to Him, not to overturn our free will,
but to make us humble and rightly disposed.
Ver. 30. "Having the same conflict which ye saw in
me"; i.e. ye have also an example. Here again he raises them up, by
showing them that everywhere their conflicts were the same with his,
their struggles were the same with his, both severally, and in that
they united with him in bearing trials. He said not, ye have heard, but
"ye saw," for he strove too at Philippi. Truly this is an exceeding
virtue. Wherefore writing to the Galatians, also he said, "Did ye
suffer so many things in vain, if it be indeed in vain." (Gal. iii. 4.)
And again, writing to the Hebrews, he said, "But call to remembrance
the former days, in which, after ye were enlightened, ye endured a
great conflict of suffering; partly, being made a gazing-stock both by
reproaches and afflictions." (Heb. x. 32, 33.) And writing again to
Macedonians, that is, to the Thessalonians, he said, "For they
themselves report concerning us, what manner of entering in we had unto
you." ( 1 Thess. i. 9.) And again, "For yourselves, brethren, know our
entering in unto you, that it hath not been found vain." (1 Thess. ii.
1.) And in like sort does he witness the same things of them all,
labors and strivings. But such things ye will not now find among us;
now it is much if one suffer a little in goods alone. And in respect of
their goods also he witnesses great things of them. For to some he
says, "For ye took joyfully the spoiling of your possessions" (Heb. x.
34); and to others, "For it hath been the good pleasure of Macedonia
and Achaia to make a certain contribution for the poor" (Rom. xv. 26);
and "your zeal hath stirred up very many of them." (3 Cor. ix. 2.)
Seest thou the praises of the men of that time? But
we endure not so much as buffetings or blows, neither insult nor loss
of our possessions: they were straightway zealous, and all of them
strove as martyrs, whilst we hive grown cold in love toward Christ.
Again I am constrained to accuse things present; and what shall I do?
It is against my will, yet am I constrained. Were
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I able by my silence of things which are done, by holding my peace, and
not mentioning aught, to remove them, it would behoove me to be silent.
But if the contrary comes to pass; if not only are these things not
removed by our silence but even become worse, we are forced to speak.
For he who rebukes sinners, if he does nought else, suffers them not to
go farther. For there is no such shameless and rash soul, as not to
turn, and remit the extravagance of its evil deeds, on hearing any one
continually rebuking it. There is, there is indeed, even in the
shameless, a small portion of shame. For God hath sown in our nature
the seeds of shame; for since fear was insufficient to bring us to a
right tone, He hath also prepared many other ways for avoiding sin. For
example, that a man should be accused, fear of the enacted laws,[1]
love of reputation, the desire of forming friendships; for all these
are paths to avoid sin. Ofttimes that which was not done for God's
sake, was done through shame; that which was not done for God's sake,
was done for fear of men. That which we seek for is, in the first place
not to sin, and we shall afterwards succeed in doing this for God's
sake. Else why did Paul exhort those, who were about to overcome[2]
their enemies, not by the fear of God, but on the score of waiting for
the vengeance?[3] "For by so doing," he says, "thou shalt heap coals of
fire upon his head." (Rom. xii. 20.) For this is his first wish, that
our virtue should be established. As I said then, there is in us a
sense of shame. We have many good natural affections, which lead to
virtue; as, for example, all of us men are naturally moved to pity, and
no other good thing so inheres in our nature, but this alone. Whence
any one might reasonably enquire, wherefore these seeds have above all
others been sown in our nature, by which we melt[4] at tears, by which
we are turned to compassion, and are ready to pity. No one is naturally
idle,[5] no one is naturally regardless of his reputation, no one is
naturally above emulation, but pity lies deep in every one's nature,
however fierce and ungentle he be. And what wonder? we pity beasts,
such a superabundance of pity lies deep in us. If we see a lion's
whelp, we are somewhat affected; much more in the case of one of our
race. See, how many maimed are there! and this is sufficient to lead us
to pity. Nothing so much pleases God as mercy.[6] Wherefore with this
the priests were anointed, and the kings, and the prophets, for they
had, in oil, a type of God's love to man; and they further learnt, that
rulers should have a greater share of mercy.[7] It showed that the
Spirit is to come to men through mercy, since Grid pities and is kind
to man. For, "Thou hast mercy upon all," it is written, "for Thou canst
do all things." (Wisd. xi. 23.) For this cause they were anointed with
oil: and indeed it was from mercy He appointed the priesthood. And
kings were anointed with oil; and would one praise a ruler, he can make
mention of nothing so becoming him as mercy. For pity is peculiar to
power. Consider that the world was established by pity,[8] and then
imitate thy Lord. "The mercy of man is toward his neighbor, but the
mercy of the Lord is upon all flesh." (Ecclus. xviii. 13.) How "upon
all flesh"? Whether you mean sinners, or just men, we all need the
mercy of God; we all enjoy it, be it Paul, be it Peter, or be it John.
And listen to their own words; there is no need of mine. For what says
this blessed one? "But I obtained mercy, because I did it ignorantly."
(1 Tim. i. 13.) What then, was there afterwards no need of mercy? Hear
what he says; "But I labored more abundantly than they all; yet not I,
but the grace of God which was with me." (1 Cor. xv. 10.) And of
Epaphroditus he says, "For indeed he was sick, nigh unto death; but God
had mercy on him; and not on him only, but on me also, that I might not
have sorrow upon sorrow." (Phil. ii. 27.) And again he says, "We were
weighed down exceedingly, beyond our power, insomuch that we despaired
even of life. Yea, we ourselves have had the answer of death within
ourselves, that we should not trust in ourselves, but in God, who
delivered us out of so great a death, and will deliver." (2 Cor. i. 8,
9, 10.) And again, "And I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion;
and the Lord will deliver me." (2 Tim. iv. 17, 18.) And everywhere we
shall find him glorying in this, that by mercy he was saved. Peter,
too, became so great, because mercy was shown him. For hear Christ
saying to him, "Satan hath desired to sift you as wheat; and I made
supplication for thee, that thy faith fail not." (Luke xxii. 31, 32.)
John, too, became so great through mercy, and in short all of them. For
listen to Christ when He says, "Ye did not choose Me, but I chose you."
(John xv. 16.) For we all have need of the mercy of God, as it is
written, "The mercy of God is upon all flesh."[9] But if these men
needed the mercy of God, what should one say of the rest? For why, tell
me, doth He "make the sun to rise on the evil and the good"? Did He
withhold the rain for one year, would He not destroy all? And what if
He caused
202
overwhelming rain? what if He rained down fire? what if He sent flies?
But what do I say? if He were so to do[1] as He once did, would not all
perish? If He were to shake the earth, would not all perish? It is now
seasonable to say, "What is man, that Thou art mindful of him?" (Ps.
viii. 4.) Were He only to threaten the earth, all men would become one
tomb. "As a drop of water from the bucket," it is written, "so are the
nations in His sight, they shall be counted as very small dust, as the
turning of the balance." (Isa. xl. 15.) It were as easy for Him to
destroy all things, and to make them again, as for us to turn the
balance. He then who has such power over us, and sees us sinning every
day, and yet punishes us not, how is it but by mercy He bears with us?
Since beasts too exist by mercy: "Thou, Lord, wilt preserve both men
and beasts." (Ps. xxxvi. 7.) He looked upon the earth, and filled it
with living things. And wherefore? For thy sake! And wherefore did He
make thee? Through His goodness.
There is nothing better than oil. It is the cause of
light, and there also it is the cause of light[2] "Then shall thy light
break forth as the morning" (Isa. lviii. 8), saith the Prophet, if thou
showest pity upon thy neighbour. And as natural oil contains light, so
then doth mercy [alms] grant Us a great, a marvelous light. Much
mention doth Paul, too, make of this mercy. In one place, hear him say,
"Only that we should remember the poor." (Gal. ii. 10.) And in another,
"If it be meet for me to go also." (1 Cor. xvi. 4.) And in every place,
turn where you will, ye see him anxious about this very thing. And
again, "And let our people also learn to maintain good works."
(Tit. iii. 14.) And again, "These things are good and profitable unto
men." (Tit. iii. 8.) Listen to a certain other one who saith, "Alms[3]
do deliver from death" (Tob. xii. 9); If Thou takest away pity, "Lord,
Lord, who shall stand" (Ps. cxxx. 3); and it is said, If Thou enterest
"into judgment with thy servant" (Ps. cxliii. 2); "A great thing is
man"; why? "and an honorable thing is a merciful man." (Prov. xx. 6,
LXX.) For this is the true character of man, to be merciful, yea rather
the character of God, to show mercy. Dost thou see, how strong is the
mercy of God? This made all things, this formed the world, this made
the angels, it was through mere goodness. For this cause, too, He
threatened hell, that we may attain unto the kingdom, and through mercy
we do attain unto the kingdom. For wherefore did God, being alone,
create so many beings? was it not through goodness? was it not through
love to men? If you ask why such and such things are, you will always
find your answer in Goodness. Let us show mercy to our neighbors, that
mercy may be shown to us. These acts of mercy[4] we show not so much to
them, as lay up for ourselves against That Day. When the flame of the
fire is great, this oil (mercy) is that which quenches the fire, and
this brings light to us. Thus by this means shall we be freed from the
fire of hell. For whence will He be compassionate and show mercy? Mercy
comes of love! Nothing incenses God so much as to be pitiless. "A man
was brought to him who owed him ten thousand talents, and he was moved
with compassion, and forgave him. And there were owing to that man from
his fellow-servant a hundred pence, and he caught him by the throat.
Therefore the Lord delivered him to the tormentors, till he should pay
what was due." Let us on hearing this be merciful to those who are our
debtors in money or in sins. Let no one remember evils, if at least he
does not wish to injure himself; for he does not so much aggrieve the
other (as he injures himself). For he[5] either will follow him with
vengeance, or he has not done so; but dost thou thyself, while not
forgiving thy neighbor his sins, seek for a kingdom? Lest this should
happen to us, let us forgive all, (for it is ourselves that we pardon,)
that God may forgive us our sins, and so we may obtain the good things
which are in store, through the grace and lovingkindness, &c.
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HOMILY V.
Philippians ii. 1-4.
"If there is therefore any comfort in Christ, if any consolation of
love, if any fellowship of the Spirit, if any tender mercies and
compassions, fulfil ye my joy, that ye be of the same mind, having the
same love, being of one accord, of one mind; doing nothing through
faction or through vainglory; but in lowliness of mind, each counting
other better than himself; not looking each of you to his own things,
but each of you also to the things of others."
THERE is nothing better, there is nothing more
affectionate, than a spiritual teacher; such an one surpasses the
kindness of any natural father. Do but consider, how this blessed one
entreats the Philippians concerning the things which were to their own
advantage. What says he, in exhorting them concerning concord, that
cause of all good things? See how earnestly, how vehemently, with how
much sympathy he speaks, "If there be therefore any comfort in Christ,"
that is, if ye have any comfort in Christ, as if he had said, If thou
makest any account of me, if thou hast any care of me, if thou hast
ever received good at my hands, do this. This mode of earnestness we
use when we claim a matter which we prefer to everything else. For if
we did not prefer it to everything, we should not wish to receive in it
our recompense for all things, nor say that through it all is
represented. We indeed remind men of our carnal claims; for example, if
a father were to say, If thou hast any reverence for thy father, if any
remembrance of my care in nourishing thee, if any affection towards me,
if any memory of the honor thou hast received of me, if any of my
kindness, be not at enmity with thy brother; that is, for all those
things, this is what I ask in return.
But Paul does not so; he calls to our remembrance no
carnal, but all of them spiritual benefits. That is, if ye wish to give
me any comfort in my temptations, and encouragement in Christ, if
any consolation of love, if ye wish to show any communion in the
Spirit, if ye have any tender mercies and compassions, fulfil ye
my joy. "If any tender mercies and compassions." Paul speaks of the
concord of his disciples as compassion towards himself, thus showing
that the danger was extreme, if they were not of one mind. If I
can obtain comfort from you, if I can obtain any consolation from
our love if I can communicate with you in the Spirit, if I can have
fellowship with you in the Lord, if I can find mercy and compassion at
your hands, show by your love the return of alI this. All this have I
gained, if ye love one another.
Ver. 2. "Fulfil ye my joy."
That the exhortation might not seem to be made to
people who were still deficient, see how he says not, "do me joy," but
"fulfil my joy"; that is, Ye have begun to plant it in me, ye have
already given me some portion of peacefulness, but I desire to arrive
at its fulness? Say, what wouldest thou? that we deliver thee from
dangers? that we supply somewhat to thy need? Not so, but "that ye be
of the same mind, having the same love," in which ye have begun, "being
of one accord, of one mind." Just see, how often he repeats the same
thing by reason of his great affection! "That ye be of the same mind,"
or rather, "that ye be of one mind." For this is more than "the same."
"Having the same love." That is, let it not be
simply about faith alone, but also in all other things; for there is
such a thing as to be of the same mind, and yet not to have love.
"Having the same love," that is, love and be loved alike; do not thou
enjoy much love, and show less love, so as to be covetous even in this
matter; but do not suffer it in thyself. "Of one accord," he adds, that
is, appropriating with one soul, the bodies of all, not in substance,
for that is impossible, but in purpose and intention. Let all things
proceed as from one soul. What means "of one accord "? He shows when he
says "of one mind." Let your mind be one, as if from one soul.
Ver. 3. "Doing nothing through faction."
He finally demands this of them, and tells[1] them
the way how this may be. "Doing nothing through faction or vainglory."
This, as I always say, is the cause of all evil. Hence come fightings
and contentions. Hence come envyings and strifes. Hence it is that love
waxes cold, when we love the praise of men, when we are slaves to the
honor which is paid by the many, for it is not possible for a man to be
the slave of praise, and also a true servant of God. How then shall we
flee vainglory? for thou hast not yet told us the way. Listen then to
what follows.
"But in lowliness ofmind, each counting other better than
himself." Oh how full of true wisdom, how universal a gathering-word[2]
of our
204
salvation is the lesson he has put forth! If thou deemest, he means,
that another is greater than thyself, and persuadest thyself so, yea
more, if thou not only sayest it, but art fully assured of it, then
thou assignest him the honor, and if thou assignest him the honor, thou
wilt not be displeased at seeing him honored by another. Do not then
think him simply greater than thyself, but "better," which is a very
great superiority, and thou dost not think it strange nor be pained
thereby, if thou seest him honored. Yea, though he treat thee with
scorn, thou dost bear it nobly, for thou hast esteemed him greater than
thyself. Though he revile thee, thou dost submit; Though he treat thee
ill, thou bearest it in silence. For when once the soul is fully
assured that he is greater, it falls not into anger when it is
ill-treated by him, nor yet into envy, for no one would envy those who
are very far above himself, for all things belong to his superiority.
Here then he instructs the one party to be thus
minded. But when he too, who enjoys such honor from thee, is thus
affected toward thee, consider what a double wall there is erected of
gentle forbearance [comp. Phil. iv. 5 ]; for when thou esteemest him
thus worthy of honor, and he thee likewise, no painful thing can
possibly arise; for if this conduct when shown by one is sufficient to
destroy all strife, who shall break down the safeguard, when it is
shown by both? Not even the Devil himself. The defense is threefold,
and fourfold, yea manifold, for humanity is the cause of all good; and
that you may learn this, listen to the prophet, saying, "Hadst thou
desired sacrifice, I would have given it: Thou wilt not delight in
burnt offerings. The sacrifice for God is a broken spirit, a broken and
a contrite heart God will not despise."[1] (Ps. li. 16, 17.) Not simply
humility, but intense humility. As in the case of bodily substances,
that which is "broken" will not rise against that which is "solid,"
but, how many ills soever it may suffer, will perish itself rather than
attack the other, so too the soul, even if constantly suffering ill,
will choose rather to die, than to avenge itself by attack.
How long shall we be puffed up thus ridiculously?
For as we laugh, when we see children drawing themselves up, and
looking haughty, or when we see them picking up stones and throwing
them, thus too the haughtiness[2] of men belongs to a puerile
intellect, and an unformed mind. "Why are earth and ashes proud?"
(Ecclus. x. 9.) Art thou highminded, O man? and why? tell me what is
the gain? Whence art thou highminded against those of thine own kind?
Dost not thou share the same nature? the same life? Hast not thou
received like honor from God? But thou art wise? Thou oughtest to be
thankful, not to be puffed up. Haughtiness is the first act of
ingratitude, for it denies[3] the gift of grace. He that is puffed up,
is puffed up as if he had excelled by his own strength, and he who
thinks he has thus excelled is ungrateful toward Him who bestowed that
honor. Hast thou any good? Be thankful to Him who gave it. Listen to
what Joseph said, and what Daniel. For when the king of Egypt sent for
him, and in the presence of all his host asked him concerning that
matter in which the Egyptians, who were most learned in these things,
had forsaken the field, when he was on the point of carrying off
everything from them, and of appearing wiser than the astrologers, the
enchanters, the magicians, and all the wise men of those times, and
that from captivity and servitude, and he but a youth (and his glory
was thus greater, for it is not the same thing to shine when known, and
contrary to expectation, so that its being unlooked for rendered him
the more admirable); what then, when he came before Pharaoh? Was it
"Yea, I know"? But what? When no one urged it on him, he said from his
own excellent spirit, "Do not interpretations belong to God?"[4] Behold
he straightway glorified his Master, therefore he was glorified. And
this also is no small thing. For that God had revealed it to him was a
far greater thing than if he had himself excelled. For he showed that
his words were worthy of credit, and it was a very great proof of his
intimacy with God. There is no one thing so good as to be the intimate
friend of God. "For if," says the Scripture, "he [Abraham] was
justified by works, he hath whereof to glory, but not toward God."
(Rom. iv. 2.) For if he who has been vouchsafed grace maketh his boast
in God, that he is loved of Him, because his sins are forgiven, he too
that worketh hath whereof to boast, but not before God, as the other
(for it [5] is a proof of our excessive weakness); he who has received
wisdom of God, how much more admirable is he? He glorifies God and is
glorified of Him, for He says, "Them that honor Me, I will honor." (1
Sam. ii. 30.)
Again, listen to him who descended from Joseph, than
whom no one was wiser. "Art thou wiser,"[6] says he, "than Daniel?"
(Ezek. xxviii. 3.) This Daniel then, when all the wise men that were in
Babylon, and the astrologers moreover, the prophets, the magicians, the
en-
205
chanters, yea when the whole of their wisdom was not only coming to be
convicted, but to be wholly destroyed (for their being destroyed was a
clear proof that they had deceived before), this Daniel coming forward,
and preparing to solve the king's question, does not take the honor to
himself, but first ascribes the whole to God, and says, "But as for me,
O king, it is not revealed to me for any wisdom that I have beyond all
men." (Dan. ii. 30) And "the king worshiped him, and commanded that
they should offer an oblation." (Dan. ii. 46.) Seest thou his humility?
seest thou his excellent spirit? seest thou this habit of lowliness?
Listen also to the Apostles, saying at one time, "Why fasten ye your
eyes on us, as though by our own power or godliness we had made this
man to walk? (Acts iii. 12.) And again, "We are men of like passions
with you." (Acts xiv. 15.) Now if they thus refused the honors paid
them, men who by reason of the humility and power of Christ wrought
greater deeds than Christ (for He says, "He that believeth in Me shall
do greater works than those that I do" (John xiv. 12, abr.)), shall not
we wretched and miserable men do so, who cannot even beat away
gnats,[1] much less devils? who have not power to benefit a single man,
much less the whole world, and yet think so much of ourselves that the
Devil himself is not like us?
There is nothing so foreign to a Christian soul as
haughtiness. Haughtiness, I say, not boldness nor courage, for these
are congenial. But these are one thing, and that another; so too
humility is one thing, and meanness, flattery, and adulation another.
I will now, if you wish, give you examples of all
these qualities. For these things which are contraries, seem in some
way to be placed near together, as the tares to the wheat, and the
thorns to the rose. But while babes might easily be deceived,
they who are men in truth, and are skilled in spiritual husbandry, know
how to separate what is really good from the bad. Let me then lay
before you examples of these qualities from the Scriptures. What is
flattery, and meanness, and adulation? Ziba flattered [2] David out of
season, and falsely slandered his master. (2 Sam. xvi. 1-3.) Much more
did Ahitophel flatter Absalom. (2 Sam. xvii. 1-4.) But David was not
so, but he was humble. For the deceitful are flatterers, as when they
say, "O king, live for ever." (Dan. ii. 4.) Again, what flatterers the
magicians are.
We shall find much to exemplify this in the case of
Paul in the Acts. When he disputed with the Jews he did not flatter
them, but was humble-minded (for he knew how to speak boldly), as when
he says, "I, brethren, though I had done nothing against the people, or
the customs of our fathers, yet was delivered prisoner from Jerusalem."
(Acts xxviii. 17.)
That these were the words of humility, listen how he
rebukes them in what follows, "Well spake the Holy Ghost, By hearing ye
shall hear, and shall in nowise understand, and seeing ye shall
see, and in nowise perceive." (Acts xxviii. 25; ib. 26.)
Seest thou his courage? Behold also the courage of
John the Baptist, which he used before Herod; when he said, "It is not
lawful for thee to have thy brother Philip's wife." (Mark vi. 18.) This
was boldness, this was courage. Not so the words of Shimei, when he
said, "Begone, thou man of blood" (2 Sam. xvi. 7), and yet he too spake
with boldness; but this is not courage, but audacity, and insolence,
and an unbridled tongue. Jezebel too reproached Jehu, when she said,
"The slayer of his master" (2 Kings ix. 31), but this was audacity, not
boldness. Elias too reproached, but this was boldness and courage; "I
do not trouble Israel, but thou and thy father's house." (1 Kings
xviii. 18.) Again, Elias spake with boldness to the whole people,
saying, "How long will ye go lame on both your thighs?" (1 Kings xviii.
21, LXX.) Thus to rebuke was boldness and courage. This too the
prophets did, but that other was audacity.
Would you see words both of humility and not of
flattery,[3] listen to Paul, saying," But with me it is a very small
thing that I should be judged of you, or of man's judgment; yea, I
judge not mine own self. For I know nothing against myself, yet am I
not hereby justified." (1 Cor. iv. 3, 4.) This is of a spirit that
becomes a Christian; and again, "Dare any of you, having a matter
against his neighbor, go to law before the unrighteous, and not before
the saints"? (1 Cor. vi. 1.)
Would you see the flattery of the foolish Jews?
listen to them, saying, "We have no king but Caesar." (John xix. 15.)
Would you see humility? listen to Paul again, when he says," For we
preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus as Lord, and ourselves as your
servants for Jesus' sake." (2 Cor. iv. 5.) Would you see both flattery
and audacity? "Audacity" ( 1 Sam. xxv. 10) in the case of Nabal, and
"flattery" (1 Sam. xxiii. 20) in that of the Ziphites? For in their
purpose they betrayed David. Would you see "wisdom" (1 Sam. xxvi. 5-12)
and not flattery,
206
that of David, how he gat Saul into his power, and yet spared him?
Would you see the flattery of those who murdered Mephibosheth,[1] whom
also David slew? In fine, and as it were in outline, to sum up all,
audacity is shown when one is enraged, and insults another for no just
cause, either to avenge himself, or in some unjust way is audacious;
but boldness and courage are when we dare to face perils and deaths,
and despise friendships and enmities for the sake of what is pleasing
to God. Again, flattery and meanness are when one courts another not
for any right end, but hunting after some of the things of this
life; but humility, when one does this for the sake of things pleasing
to God, and descends from his own proper station that he may perform
something great and admirable. If we know these things, happy are we if
we do them. For to know them is not enough. For Scripture says, "Not
the hearers of a law, but the doers of a law shall be justified." (Rom.
ii. 13.) Yea, knowledge itself condemneth, when it is without action
and deeds of virtue. Wherefore that we may escape the condemnation, let
us follow after the practice, that we may obtain those good things that
are promised to us, by the grace and love of our Lord Jesus Christ.
HOMILY VI.
PHILIPPIANS ii. 5-8.
"Have this mind in you, which was also in Christ Jesus; who, being in
the form of God, counted it not a prize to be on an equality with God,
but emptied Himself, taking the form of a servant, being made in the
likeness of men; and being found in fashion as a man, He humbled
Himself, becoming obedient even unto death, yea, the death of the
cross."
OUR Lord Jesus Christ, when exhorting His disciples to great
actions, places before them Himself, and the Father, and the Prophets,
as examples; as when He says, "For thus they did unto the Prophets
which were before you" (Matt. v. 12; Luke vi. 23); and again, "If they
persecuted Me, they will also persecute you" (John xv. 20); and, "Learn
of me, for I am meek" (Matt. xi. 29); and again, "Be ye merciful, as
your Father which is in heaven is merciful." (Luke vi. 36.) This too
the blessed Paul did; in exhorting them to humility, he brought forward
Christ. And he does so not here only, but also when he discourses of
love towards the poor, he speaks in this wise. "For ye know the grace
of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though He was rich, yet for your sakes
He became poor." (2 Cor. viii. 9.) Nothing rouses a great and
philosophic soul to the performance of good works, so much as learning
that in this it is likened to God. What encouragement is equal to this?
None. This Paul well knowing, when he would exhort them to humility,
first beseeches and supplicates them, then to awe[2] them he says,
"That ye stand fast in one Spirit"; he says also, that it "is for them
an evident token of perdition, but of your salvation." (Phil. i. 27,
28.) And last of all he says this, "Have this mind in you, which was
also in Christ Jesus, who, being in the form of God, counted it not a
prize to be on an equality with God, but emptied Himself, taking upon
Him the form of a servant." (Phil. ii. 5-7.) Attend, I entreat you, and
rouse yourselves. For as a sharp two-edged sword, wheresoever it falls,
though it be among ten thousand phalanxes, easily cuts through and
destroys, because it is sharp on every side, and nought can bear its
edge; so are the words of the Spirit. (Heb. iv. 12; Rev. i. 16.) For by
these words he has laid low the followers of Arius of Alexandria, of
Paul of Samosata, of Marcellus the Galatian, of Sabellius the Libyan,
of Marcion that was of Pontus, of Valentinus, of Manes, of Apollinarius
of Laodicea, of Photinus, of Sophronius, and, in one word, all the
heresies. Rouse yourselves then to behold so great a spectacle, so many
armies falling by one stroke, lest the pleasure of such a sight should
escape you. For if when chariots contend in the horse race there is
nothing so pleasing as when one of them dashes against and overthrows
whole chariots with their drivers, and after throwing down many with
the charioteers that stood thereon, drives by alone towards the goal,
and the end of the course, and amid the applause and clamor which rises
on all sides to heaven, with coursers winged as it were by that joy and
that applause, sweeps over the whole ground; how much greater will the
pleasure be here, when by the grace of God we overthrow at once and in
a body the combinations and devilish machinations of all these heresies
together with their charioteers?
And if it seem good to you, we will first
207
arrange the heresies themselves in order. Would you have them in the
order of their impiety, or of their dates? In the order of time, for it
is difficult to judge of the order of their impiety. First then let
Sabellius[1] the Libyan come forward. What does he assert? that the
Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, are mere names given to one Person.
Marcion[2] of Pontus says, that God the Creator of all things is not
good, nor the Father of the good Christ, but another righteous one,[3]
and that he did not take flesh for us. Marcellus,[4] and Photinus,[5]
and Sophronius assert, that the Word is an energy, and that it was this
energy that dwelt in Him who was of the seed of David, and not a
personal substance.
Arius confesses indeed the Son, but only in word; he
says that He is a creature, and much inferior to the Father. And others
say that He has not a soul. Seest thou the chariots standing? See then
their fall, how he overthrows them all together, and with a single
stroke. How? "Have the same mind in you," he says, "which was in Christ
Jesus, who being in the form of God, counted it not a prize to be on an
equality with God." And Paul[6] of Samosata has fallen, and Marcellus,
and Sabellius. For he says, "Being in the form of God." If "in the
form" how sayest thou, O wicked one, that He took His origin from Mary,
and was not before? and how dost thou say that He was an energy? For it
is written, "The form of God took the form of a servant." "The form of
a servant," is it the energy of a servant, or the nature of a servant?
By all means, I fancy, the nature of a servant. Thus too the form of
God, is the nature of God, and therefore not an energy. Behold also
Marcellus of Galatia, Sophronius and Photinus have fallen.
Behold Sabellius too. It is written, "He counted it
not a prize to be on an equality with God." Now equality is not
predicated, where there is but one person, for that which is equal hath
somewhat to which it is equal. Seest thou not the substance of two
Persons, and not empty names without things? Hearest thou not the
eternal pre-existence of the Only-begotten?
Lastly, What shall we say against Arius,[7] who
asserts the Son is of a different substance? Tell me now, what means,
"He took the form of a servant"? It means, He became man. Wherefore
"being in the form of God," He was God. For one "form" and another
"form" is named; if the one be true, the other is also. "The form of a
servant" means, Man by nature, wherefore "the form of God" means, God
by nature. And he not only bears record of this, but of His equality
too, as John also doth, that he is no way inferior to the Father, for
he saith, "He thought it not a thing to seize,[8] to be equal with
God." Now what is their wise reasoning? Nay, say they, he proves the
very contrary; for he says, that," being in the form of God, He seized
not equality with God." How if He were God, how was He able "to seize
upon it"? and is not this without meaning? Who would say that one,
being a man, seized not on being a man? for how would any one seize on
that which he is? No, say they, but he means that being a little God,
He seized not upon being equal to the great God, Who was greater than
He. Is there a great and a little God? And do ye bring in the doctrines
of the Greeks upon those of the Church? With them there is a great and
a little God. If it be so with you, I know not. For you will find it
nowhere in the Scriptures: there you will find a great God throughout,
a little one nowhere. If He were little, how would he also be God? If
man is not little and great, but one nature, and if that which is not
of this one nature is not man, how can there be a little God and a
great one?
He who is not of that nature is not God. For He is
everywhere called great in Scripture; "Great is the Lord, and highly to
be praised." (Ps. xlviii. 1.) This is said of the Son also, for it
always calls Him Lord. "Thou art great, and doest wondrous things. Thou
art God alone." (Ps. lxxxvi. 10.) And again, "Great is our Lord, and
great is His power, and of His greatness there is no end." (Ps. cxlv.
3.)
But the Son, he says, is little. But it is thou that
sayest this, for the Scripture says the contrary: as of the Father, so
it speaks of the Son; for listen to Paul, saying, "Looking for the
blessed hope, and appearing of the glory of our great God." (Tit. ii.
13.) But can he have said "appearing" of the Father? Nay, that he may
the more convince you, he has added with reference to the appearing "of
the great God." Is it then not said of the Father? By no means. For the
sequel suffers it not which says, "The appearing of our great God and
Saviour Jesus Christ."[9] See, the Son is great also. How then speakest
thou of small and great?
Listen to the Prophet too, calling him "The
Messenger[10] of great counsel." (Isa. ix. 6.) "The Messenger of great
counsel," is He not great
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Himself? "The mighty God," is He small and not great? What mean then
these shameless and reckless men when they say, that being little He is
a God? I repeat ofttimes what they say, that ye may the more avoid
them. He being a lesser God seized not for Himself to be like the
greater God ! Tell me now (but think not that these words are mine), if
he were little, as they say, and far inferior to the Father in power,
how could He possibly have seized to Himself equality with God? For an
inferior nature could not seize for himself admission into that which
is great; for example, a man could not seize on becoming equal to an
angel in nature; a horse could not, though he wished it, seize on being
equal to a man in nature. But besides all that, I will say this too.
What does Paul wish to establish by this example? Surely, to lead the
Philippians to humility. To what purpose then did he bring forward this
example? For no one who would exhort to humility speaks thus; "Be thou
humble, and think less of thyself than of thine equals in honor, for
such an one who is a slave has not risen against his master; do thou
imitate him." This, any one would say, is not humility, but
arrogance.[1] Learn ye what humility is, ye who have a devilish pride!
What then is humility? To be lowly minded. And he is lowly minded who
humbles himself, not he who is lowly by necessity. To explain what I
say; and do ye attend; he who is lowly minded, when he has it in his
power to be high minded, is humble, but he who is so because he is not
able to be high minded, is no longer humble. For instance, If a King
subjects himself to his own officer, he is humble, for he descends from
his high estate; but if an officer does so, he will not be lowly
minded; for how? he has not humbled himself from any high estate. It is
not possible to show humble-mindedness except it be in our power to do
otherwise. For if it is necessary for us to be humble even against our
will, that excellency comes not from the spirit or the will, but from
necessity. This virtue is called humble-mindedness, because it is the
humbling of the mind.
If he who has it not in his power to snatch at
another's goods, continues in the possession of his own; should we
praise him, think you, for his justice? I trow not, and why? The praise
of free choice is taken away by the necessity. If he, who has it not in
his power to usurp and be a king, remains a private citizen, should we
praise him for his quietness? I trow not. The same rule applies here.
For praise, O ye most senseless ones, is not given for abstaining from
these things, but for the performance of good deeds; for the former is
free indeed from blame, but partakes not yet of praise, while eulogy of
the other is meet. Observe accordingly that Christ gives praise on this
principle, when He says, "Come, ye blessed of My Father, inherit the
kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world. For I was an
hungered, and ye gave Me meat; I was thirsty, and ye gave Me drink."
(Matt. xxv. 34, 35.) He did not say, Because ye have not been covetous,
because ye have not robbed; these are slight things; but because "ye
saw Me an hungered, and fed Me." Who ever praised either his friends or
his enemies in this sort? No one ever praised even Paul. Why say Paul?
no one ever praised even a common man, as thou dost praise Christ,
because he did not take that rule which was not his due. To admire for
such things as this, is to give evidence of much evil. And why? because
with evil men this is a matter of praise, as of one that stealeth, if
he steal no more; but it is otherwise among good men. (Eph. iv. 28.)
Because a man has not seized on a rule and an honor which was not his
due, is he praiseworthy? What folly is this?
Attend, I entreat you, for the reasoning is long.
Again, who would ever exhort to humility from such grounds as this?
Examples ought to be much greater than the subject, to which we are
exhorting, for no one will be moved by what is foreign to the subject,
For instance, when Christ would lead us to do good to our enemies, He
brought a great example, even that of His Father, "For He maketh His
sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sendeth rain on the just and
the unjust." (Matt. v. 45.) When He would lead to endurance of wrong He
brought an example, "Learn of Me, for I am meek and lowly in heart."
(Matt. xi. 29.) And again, "If I your Lord and Master do these things,
how much more should ye"? (John xiii. 14.) Seest thou how these
examples are not distant,[2] for there is no need they should be so
distant, for indeed we also do these things, especially as in this case
the example is not even near. And how? If He be a servant, He is
inferior, and subject to Him that is greater; but this is not lowliness
of mind. It was requisite to show the contrary, namely, that the
greater person subjected himself to the lesser. But since he found not
this distinction in the case of God, between greater and lesser, he
made at least an equality. Now if the Son were inferior, this were not
a sufficient example to lead us to humility. And why? because it is not
humility, for the lesser not to rise against the greater, not to snatch
at rule, and to be "obedient unto death."
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Again, consider what he says after the example, "In
lowliness of mind, each counting other better than themselves." (Phil.
ii. 3.) He says, "counting," for as ye are one in substance, and in the
honor which cometh of God, it follows that the matter is one of
estimation. Now in the case of those who are greater and lesser, he
would not have said "counting," but honor them that are better than
yourselves, as he says in another place, "Obey them that have the rule
over you, and submit to them." (Heb. xiii. 17.) In that instance
subjection is the result of the nature of the case, in this of our own
judgment. "In lowliness of mind," he says, "each counting other better
than themselves," as Christ also did.
Thus are their explanations overthrown. It remains
that I speak of our own after I have first spoken of theirs summarily.
When exhorting to lowliness of mind, Paul would never have brought
forward a lesser one, as obedient to a greater. If he were exhorting
servants to obey their masters, he might have done so with propriety,
but when exhorting the free to obey the free, to what purpose could he
bring forward the subjection of a servant to a master? of a lesser to a
greater? He says not, "Let the lesser be subject to the greater," but
ye who are of equal honor with each other be ye subject, "each counting
other better than themselves." Why then did he not bring forward even
the obedience of the wife, and say, As the wife obeys her husband, so
do ye also obey. Now if he did not bring forward that state in which
there is equality and liberty, since in that the subjection is but
slight, how much less would he have brought forward the subjection of a
slave? I said above, that no one so praises a man for abstaining from
evil, nor even mentions him at all; no one who desires to praise a man
for continence would say, he has not committed adultery, but, he has
abstained from his own wife; for we do not consider abstinence from
evil as a matter of praise at all, it would be ridiculous.
I said that the "form of a servant" was a true form,
and nothing less. Therefore "the form of God" also is perfect, and no
less. Why says he not, "being made in the form of God," but "being in
the form of God"? This is the same as the saying, "I am that I am."
(Ex. iii. 14.) Form" implies unchangeableness, so far as it is form. It
is not possible that things of one substance should have the form of
another, as no man has the form of an angel, neither has a beast
the form of a man. How then should the Son?
Now in our own case, since we men are of a
compound nature, form pertains to the body, but in the case of a
simple and altogether uncompounded nature it is of the substance. But
if thou contendest that he speaks not of the Father, because the word
is used without the article, in many places this is meant, though the
word be used without the article. Why say I, in many places? for
in this very place he says, "He counted it not a prize to be on an
equality with God," using the word without the article, though speaking
of God the Father.
I would add our own explanation, but I fear that I
shall overwhelm your minds. Meanwhile remember what has been said for
their refutation; meanwhile let us root out the thorns, and then we
will scatter the good seed after that the thorns have been rooted out,
and a little rest has been given to the land; that when rid of all the
evil thence contracted, it may receive the divine seed with full virtue.
Let us give thanks to God for what has been spoken;
let us entreat Him to grant us the guarding and safe keeping thereof,
that both we and ye may rejoice, and the heretics may be put to shame.
Let us beseech Him to open our mouth for what follows, that we may with
the same earnestness lay down our own views. Let us supplicate Him to
vouchsafe us a life worthy of the faith, that we may live to His glory,
and that His name may not be blasphemed through us. For, "woe unto
you," it is written, "through whom the name of God is blasphemed."
(Isa. lii. 5, LXX. nearly.) For if, when we have a son, (and what is
there more our own than a son,) if therefore when we have a son, and
are blasphemed through him, we publicly renounce him, turn away from
him, and will not receive him; how much more will God, when He has
ungrateful servants who blaspheme and insult Him, turn away from them
and hate them? And who will take up him whom God hates and turns away
from, but the Devil and the demons? And whomsoever the demons take,
what hope of salvation is left for him? what consolation in life?
As long as we are in the hand of God, "no one is
able to pluck us out" (John x. 28), for that hand is strong; but when
we fall away from that hand and that help, then are we lost, then are
we exposed, ready to be snatched away, as a "bowing wall, and a
tottering fence" (Ps. lxii. 3); when the wall is weak, it will be easy
for all to surmount. Think not this which I am about to say refers to
Jerusalem alone, but to all men. And what was spoken of Jerusalem? "Now
will I sing to my well-beloved a song of my beloved touching His
vineyard. My well-beloved hath a vineyard in a very fruitful hill, and
I made a fence about it, and surrounded it with a dike, and planted it
with the vine of Sorech, and built a tower in the midst of it, and also
dug a wine press in it, and I looked that it should bring forth grapes,
and it brought forth
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thorns. And now, O men of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem, judge
between Me and My vineyard. What should have been done to My vineyard,
that I have not done to it? Wherefore, when I looked that it should
bring forth grapes, brought it forth thorns? Now therefore I will tell
you what I will do to My vineyard: I will take away the hedge thereof,
and it shall be for a prey, and I will break down the wall thereof, and
it shall be trodden down. And I will leave My vineyard, and it shall
not be pruned or digged, but thorns shall come up upon it, as upon a
desert land. I will also command the clouds, that they rain no rain
upon it. For the vineyard of the Lord of Sabaoth is the house of
Israel, and the men of Judah His pleasant plant. I looked that it
should do judgment, but it did iniquity, and a cry instead of
righteousness." (Isa. v. 1-7, LXX.) This is spoken also of every soul.
For when God who loveth man hath done all that is needful and man then
bringeth forth thorns instead of grapes, He will take away the fence,
and break down the wall, and we shall be for a prey. For hear what
another prophet speaks in his lamentations: "Why hast thou broken down
her fences, so that all they which pass by the way do pluck her? The
boar out of the wood doth ravage it, and the wild beasts of the field
feed on it." (Ps. lxxx. 12, 13.) In the former place He speaks of the
Mede and the Babylonian, here nought is said of them, but "the boar,"
and "the solitary beast" is the Devil and all his host, because of the
ferocity and impurity of his disposition. For when it would show us his
rapacity, it saith, "As a roaring lion he walketh about, seeking whom
he may devour" (1 Pet. v. 8): when his poisonous, his deadly, his
destructive nature, it calleth him a snake, and a scorpion; "For
tread," saith He, "upon serpents and scorpions, and upon all the power
of the enemy" (Luke x. 19): when it would represent his strength as
well as his venom, it calleth him a dragon; as when it says, This
dragon "whom thou hast formed to take his pastime therein." (Ps. civ.
26.) Scripture everywhere calleth him a dragon, and a crooked serpent,
and an adder (Ps. lxxiv. 13, 14); he is a beast of many folds, and
varied in his devices, and his strength is great, he moves all things,
he disturbs all things, he turns all things up and down. (Isa. xxvii.
1; li. 9; Ezek. xxix. 3; xxxii. 2.) But fear not, neither be afraid;
watch only, and he will be as a sparrow; "for," saith He, "tread upon
serpents and scorpions." If we will, He causes him to be trodden down
under our feet.
See now what scorn is it, yea, what misery, to see
him standing over our heads, who has been given to us to tread down.
And whence is this? it is of ourselves. If we choose, he becomes great;
and if we choose, he becomes of small power. If we take heed to
ourselves, and take up our stand with Him who is our King, he draws
himself in, and will be no better than a little child in his warfare
against us. Whensoever we stand apart from Him, he puffeth himself up
greatly, he uttereth terrible sounds, he grindeth his teeth, because he
finds us without our greatest help. For he will not approach to us,
except God permit him; for if he dared not to enter into the herd of
swine, except by God's permission, how much less into men's souls. But
God does permit him, either chastening or punishing us, or making us
more approved, as in the case of Job. Seest thou that he came not to
him, neither dared to be near him, but trembled and quaked? Why speak I
of Job? When he leaped upon Judas, he dared not to seize on him wholly,
and to enter into him, until Christ had severed him from the sacred
band. He attacked him indeed from without, but he dared not enter in,
but when he saw him cut off from that holy flock, he leaped upon him
with more than wolfish vehemence, and left him not till he had slain
him with a double death.
These things are written for our admonition. What
gain have we from knowing that one of the twelve was a traitor? what
profit? what advantage? Much. For, when we know whence it was that he
arrived at this deadly counsel, we are on our guard that we too suffer
not the like. Whence came he to this? From the love of money. He was a
thief. For thirty pieces of silver he betrayed his Lord. So drunken was
he with the passion, he betrayed the Lord of the world for thirty
pieces of silver. What can be worse than this madness? Him to whom
nothing is equivalent, nothing is equal, "before whom the nations are
as nothing" (Isa. xl. 15), Him did he betray for thirty pieces of
silver. A grievous tyrant indeed is the love of gold, and terrible in
putting the soul beside itself. A man is not so beside himself through
drunkenness[1] as through love of money, not so much from madness and
insanity as from love of money.
For tell me, why didst thou betray Him? He called
thee, when a man unmarked and unknown. He made thee one of the twelve,
He gave thee a share in His teaching, He promised thee ten thousand
good things, He caused thee to work wonders, thou wert sharer of the
same table, the same journeys, the same company, the same intercourse,
as the rest. And were not these things sufficient to restrain thee? For
what reason didst thou betray Him? What hadst thou to charge Him with,
O wicked one? Rather, what good didst thou not receive at His hands? He
knew thy mind, and ceased
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not to do His part. He often said, "One of you shall betray Me." (Matt.
xxvi. 21.) He often marked thee, and yet spared thee, and though He
knew thee to be such an one, yet cast thee not out of the band. He
still bore with thee, He still honored thee, and loved thee, as a true
disciple, and as one of the twelve, and last of all (oh, for thy
vileness!), He took a towel, and with His own unsullied hands He washed
thy polluted feet, and even this did not keep thee back. Thou didst
steal the things of the poor, and that thou mightest not go on to
greater sin, He bore this too. Nothing persuaded thee. Hadst thou been
a beast, or a stone, wouldest thou not have been changed by these
kindnesses towards thee, by these wonders, by these teachings? Though
thou wast thus brutalized, yet still He called thee, and by wondrous
works He drew thee, thou wast more senseless than a stone, to Himself.
Yet for none of these things didst thou become better.
Ye wonder perhaps at such folly of the traitor;
dread therefore that which wounded him. He became such from avarice,
from the love of money. Cut out this passion, for to these diseases
does it give birth; it makes us impious, and causes[1] us to be
ignorant of God, though we have received ten thousand benefits at His
hands. Cut it out, I entreat you, it is no common disease, it knoweth
how to give birth to a thousand destructive deaths. We have seen his
tragedy. Let us fear lest we too fall into the same snares. For this is
it written, that we too should not suffer the same things. Hence did
all the Evangelists relate it, that they might restrain us. Flee then
far from it. Covetousness consisteth not alone in the love of much
money, but in loving money at all. It is grievous avarice to desire
more than we need. Was it talents of gold that persuaded the traitor?
For thirty pieces of silver he betrayed his Lord. Do ye not remember
what I said before, that covetousness is not shown in receiving much,
but rather in receiving little things? See how great a crime he
committed for a little gold, rather not for gold, but for pieces of
silver.
It cannot, it cannot be that an avaricious man
should ever see the face of Christ! This is one of the things which are
impossible. It is a root of evils, and if he that possesses one evil
thing, falls from that glory, where shall he stand who bears with him
the root? He who is the servant of money cannot be a true servant of
Christ. Christ Himself hath declared that the thing is impossible. "Ye
cannot," He says, "serve God and Mammon," and, "No man can serve two
masters" (Matt. vi. 24), for they lay upon us contrary orders. Christ
says, "Spare the poor"; Mammon says, "Even from the naked[2] strip off
the things they have." Christ says, "Empty thyself of what thou hast";
Mammon says, "Take also what thou hast not." Seest thou the opposition,
seest thou the strife? How is it that a man cannot easily obey both,
but must despise one? Nay, does it need proof? How so? Do we not see in
very deed, that Christ is despised, and Mammon honored? Perceive ye not
how that the very words are painful? How much more then the thing
itself? But it does not appear so painful in reality, because we are
possessed with the disease. Now if the soul be but a little cleansed of
the disease, as long as it remains here, it can judge right; but when
it departs elsewhere, and is seized by the fever, and is engaged in the
pleasure of the thing, it hath not its perception clear, it hath not
its tribunal uncorrupt. Christ says, "Whosoever he be of you that
renounceth not all that he hath, he cannot be My disciple" (Luke xiv.
33); Mammon says, "Take the bread from the hungry." Christ says, "Cover
the naked" (Isa. lviii. 7); the other says, "Strip the naked." Christ
says, "Thou shalt not hide thyself from thine own flesh," (Isa. lviii.
7) and those of thine own house;[3] Mammon says,[4] "Thou shall not
pity those of thine own seed; though thou seest thy mother or thy
father in want, despise them." Why say I father or mother? "Even thine
own soul," he says, "destroy it also." And he is obeyed! Alas! he who
commands us cruel, and mad, and brutal things, is listened to rather
than He who bids us gentle and healthful things! For this is hell
appointed; for this, fire; for this, a river of fire; for this, a worm
that dieth not.
I know that many hear me say these things with pain,
and indeed it is not without pain I say them. But why need I say these
things? I could wish the things concerning the kingdom to be ever my
discourse, of the rest, of the waters of rest, of the green pastures,
as the Scripture says, "He maketh me to lie down in green pastures, He
leadeth me beside the still waters" (Ps. xxiii. 2), there He maketh me
to dwell. I could wish to speak of the place, whence "sorrow and
sighing shall flee away." (Isa. li. 11.)
I could wish to discourse of the pleasures of being
with Christ, though they pass all expression and all understanding. Yet
would I speak of these things according to my power. But what shall I
do? it is not possible to speak concerning a kingdom[5] to one that is
diseased and in fever; then we must needs speak of health.
212
It is not possible to speak of honor to one that is brought to trial,
for at that time his desire is that he be freed from judgment, and
penalty, and punishment. If this be not effected, how shall the other
be? It is for this cause that I am continually speaking of these
things, that we may the sooner pass over to those other. For this cause
does God threaten hell, that none may fall into hell, that we all may
obtain the kingdom; for this cause we too make mention continually of
hell, that we may thrust you onward towards the kingdom, that when we
have softened your minds by fear, we may bring you to act worthily of
the kingdom. Be not then displeased at the heaviness of our words, for
the heaviness of these words lightens our souls from sin.[1] Iron is
heavy, and the hammer is heavy, but it forms vessels fit for use, both
of gold and silver, and straightens things which are crooked i and if
it were not heavy, it would have no power to straighten the distorted
substance. Thus too our heavy speech has power to bring the soul into
its proper tone. Let us not then flee from heaviness of speech, nor the
strokes it gives; the stroke is nor given that it may break in pieces
or tear the soul, but to straighten it. We know how we strike,
how by the grace of God we inflict the stroke, so as not to crush the
vessel, but to polish it, to render it straight, and meet for the
Master's use, to offer it glittering in soundness, skillfully wrought
against that Day of the river of fire, to offer it having no need of
that burning pile. For if we expose not ourselves to fire here, we must
needs be burned there, it cannot be otherwise; "For the day of
the Lord is revealed by fire." (1 Cor. iii. 13.) Better is it
that ye be burned for a little space by our words, than for ever in
that flame. That this will indeed be so, is plain, and I have ofttimes
given you reasons[3] which cannot be gain-said. We ought truly to be
persuaded from the Scriptures, but forasmuch as some are contentious,
we have also brought forward many arguments from reason. Nothing
binders that I now mention them, and what were they? God is just. We
all acknowledge this, both Greeks and Jews, and Heretics, and
Christians. But many sinners have had their departure without
punishment, many righteous men have had their departure after suffering
ten thousand grievous things. If then God be just, where will He reward
their good to the one, and their punishment to the other, if there be
no hell, if there be no resurrection? This reason then do ye constantly
repeat[4] to them and to yourselves, and it will not suffer you to
disbelieve the resurrection, and whoso disbelieves not the resurrection
will take care to live with all heed so as to obtain eternal happiness,
of which may we all be counted worthy, by the grace and lovingkindness
of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.
HOMILY VII.
PHILIPPIANS ii. 5-11.
"Have this mind in you which was also in Christ Jesus: who, being in
the form of God, counted it not a prize to be on an equality with God;
but emptied Himself, taking upon Him the form of a servant, being made
in the likeness of men: and being found in fashion as a man, He humbled
Himself, becoming obedient unto death, yea, the death of the cross.
Wherefore also God highly exalted Him, and gave Him the Name which is
above every name: that in the Name of Jesus every knee should bow, of
things in heaven, and things on earth, and things under the earth; and
that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the
glory of God the Father."
I HAVE stated the views of[2] the heretics. It is
befitting that I now speak of what is our own. They say that the words,
"He counted it not a prize," are of wrongfully seizing.[5] We have
proved, that this is altogether vapid and impertinent, for no man would
exhort another to humility on such grounds, nor in this sort does he
praise God, or even man. What is it then, beloved? Give heed to what I
now say. Since many men think, that, when they are lowly, they are
deprived of their proper right, and debased, Paul, to take away this
fear, and to show that we must not be affected thus, says that God, the
only begotten, who was in the form of God, who was no whit inferior to
the Father, who was equal to Him, "counted it not a prize to be on an
equality with God."
Now learn what this meaneth. Whatsoever a man robs,
and takes contrary to his right, he
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dares not lay aside, from fear lest it perish, and fall from his
possession, but he keeps hold of it continually. He who possesses some
dignity which is natural to him, fears not to descend from that
dignity, being assured that nothing of this sort will happen to him. As
for example, Absalom usurped the government, and dared not afterwards
to lay it aside. We will go to another example, but if example cannot
present the whole matter to you, take it not amiss, for this is the
nature of examples, they leave the greater part for the imagination to
reason out. A man rebels against his sovereign, and usurps the kingdom:
he dares not lay aside and hide the matter, for if he once hide it,
straightway it is gone. Let us also take another example; if a man
takes anything violently, he keeps firm hold of it continually, for if
he lay it down, he straightway loses it. And generally speaking, they
who have aught by rapine are afraid to lay it by, or hide it, or not to
keep constantly in that state which they have assumed. Not so they, who
have possessions not procured by rapine, as Man, who possesses the
dignity of being a reasonable being. But here examples fail me, for
there is no natural preèminence amongst us, for no good thing is
naturally our own; but they are inherent in the nature of God. What
does one say then? That the Son of God feared not to descend from His
right, for He thought not Deity a prize seized. He was not afraid that
any would strip Him of that nature or that right, Wherefore He laid
it[1] aside, being confident that He should take it up again. He hid
it, knowing that He was not made inferior by so doing. For this cause,
Paul says not, "He seized not," but," He counted it not a prize" ; He
possessed not that estate by seizure, but it was natural, not
conferred,[2] it was enduring and safe. Wherefore he refused not to
take the form of an inferior.[3] The tyrant fears to lay aside the
purple robe in war, while the king does it with much safety. Why so?
because he holds his power not as a matter of seizure. He did not
refuse to lay it aside, as one who had usurped it, but since He had it
as His own by nature, since it could never be parted from Him, He hid
it.
This equality with God He had not by seizure, but as
his own by nature. Wherefore "He emptied Himself." Where be they who
affirm, that He underwent constraint, that He was
subjected? Scripture says, "He emptied Himself, He humbled Himself, and
became obedient unto death." How did He empty Himself? By taking "the
form of a servant, being made in the likeness of men, and being found
in fashion as a man." It is written, "He emptied Himself" in reference
to the text, "each counting other better than himself." Since had He
been subjected, had He not chosen it of His own accord, and of His own
free will, it would not have been an act of humility. For if He knew
not that so it must be, He would have been imperfect. If, not knowing
it, He had waited for the time of action, then would He not have known
the season. But if He both knew that so it must be, and when it must
be, wherefore should He submit to be subjected? To show, they say, the
superiority of the Father. But this shows not the superiority of the
Father, but His own inferiority. For is not the name of the Father
sufficient to show the priority of the Father? For apart from Him, the
son has all the same things. For this honor is not capable of passing
from the Father to the Son.
What then say the heretics? See, say they, He did
not become man. The Marcionites, I mean.[4] But why? He was "made in
the likeness of man." But how can one be "made in the likeness of men"?
by putting on a shadow? But this is a phantom, and no longer the
likeness of a man, for the likeness of a man is another man. And what
wilt thou answer to John, when he says, "The Word became flesh"? (John
i. 14.) But this same blessed one himself also says in another place,
"in the likeness of sinful flesh." (Rom. viii. 3.)
"And being found in fashion as a man." See, they
say, both" in fashion," and "as a man." To be as a man, and to be a man
in fashion, is not to be a man indeed. To be a man in fashion is not to
be a man by nature. See with what ingenuousness I lay down what our
enemies say, for that is a brilliant victory, and amply gained, when we
do not conceal what seem to be their strong points. For this is deceit
rather than victory. What then do they say? let me repeat their
argument. To be a man in fashion is not to be a man by nature; and to
be as a man, and in the fashion of a man, this is not to be a man. So
then to take the form of a servant, is not to take the form[5] of a
servant. Here then is an inconsistency; and wherefore do you not first
of all solve this difficulty? For as you think that this contradicts
us, so do we say that the other contradicts you. He says not, "as the
form of a servant," nor "in the likeness of the form of a servant," nor
"in the fashion of the form of a servant," but "He took the form of a
servant." What then is this? for there is a contradiction. There is no
contradiction. God forbid! it is a cold and ridiculous argument of
theirs. He
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took, say they, the form of a servant, when He girded Himself with a
towel, and washed the feet of His disciples. Is this the form of a
servant? Nay, this is not the form, but the work of a servant. It is
one thing that there should be the work of a servant, and another to
take the form of a servant. Why did he not say, He did the work of a
servant, which were clearer? But nowhere in Scripture is "form" put for
"work," for the difference is great: the one is the result of nature,
the other of action. In common speaking, too, we never use "form" for
"work." Besides, according to them, He did not even take the work of a
servant, nor even gird Himself. For if all was a mere shadow,[1] there
was no reality. If He had not real hands, how did He wash their feet?
If He had not real loins, how did He gird Himself with a towel? and
what kind of garments did he take? for Scripture says, "He took His
garments." (John xiii. 12.) So then not even the work is found to have
really taken place, but it was all a deception, nor did He even wash
the disciples. For if that incorporeal nature did not appear, it[2] was
not in a body. Who then washed the disciples' feet?
Again, what in opposition to Paul of Samosata? for
what did he affirm? The very same. But it is no emptying of Himself,
that one who is of human nature, and a mere man, should wash his
fellow-servants. For what we said against the Arians, we must repeat
against these too, for they differ not from one another, save by a
little space of time; both the one and the other affirm the Son of God
to be a creature. What then shall we say to them? If He being a man
washed man, He emptied not, He humbled not Himself. If He being a man
seized not on being equal with God, He is not deserving of praise. That
God should become man, is great, unspeakable, inexpressible humility;
but what humility is there in that one, who was a man should do the
works of men? And where is the work of God ever called "the form of
God"? for if he were a mere man, and was called the form of God by
reason of His works, why do we not do the same of Peter, for he wrought
greater deeds than Christ Himself? Why say you not of Paul, that he had
the form of God? Why did not Paul give an example of himself, for he
wrought a thousand servile works, and did not even refuse to say, "For
we preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus as Lord, and ourselves as
your servants for Jesus' sake." (2 Cor. iv. 5.) These are absurdities
and trifles! Scripture says, He "emptied Himself." How did He empty
Himself? tell me. What was His emptying? what His humiliation? was it
because He wrought wonders? This both Paul and Peter did, so that this
was not peculiar to the Son. What then means, "Being made in the
likeness of men"? He had many things belonging to us, and many He had
not; for instance, He was not born of wedlock. He did no sin. These
things had He which no man has. He was not what he seemed only, but He
was God also; He seemed to be a man, but He was not like the mass of
men. For He was like them in flesh. He means then, that He was not a
mere man. Wherefore he says, "in the likeness of men." For we indeed
are soul and body, but He was God, and soul and body, wherefore he
says, "in the likeness." For lest when you hear hat He emptied Himself,
you should think that some change, and degeneracy, and loss is here; he
says, whilst He remained what He was, He took that which He was not,
and being made flesh He remained God, in that He was the Word. (John i.
14.)
In this then He was like man, and for this cause
Paul says, "and in fashion." Not that His nature degenerated, nor that
any confusion arose, but He became man in fashion. For when He had said
that "He took the form of a servant," he made bold[3] to say this also,
seeing that the first would silence all objectors; since when he says,
"In the likeness of sinful flesh," he says not that He had not flesh,
but that that flesh sinned not, but was like to sinful flesh. Like in
what? in nature, not in sin, therefore was His like a sinful soul. As
then in the former case the term similarity was used, because He was
not equal in everything, so here also there is similarity, because He
is not equal in everything, as His not being born of wedlock, His being
without sin, His being not a mere man. And he well said "as a man," for
He was not one of the many, but "as" one of the many. The Word who was
God did not degenerate into man, nor was His substance changed, but he
appeared as a man; not to delude us with a phantom, but to instruct us
in humility. When therefore he says, "as a man," this is what He means;
since he calls Him a man elsewhere also, when he says, "there is one
God, one Mediator also between God and men, Himself man, Christ Jesus."
(1 Tim. ii. 5.)
Thus much against these heretics. I must now speak
against such as deny that He took a soul.[4] If "the form of God" is
"perfect God," then the "form of a servant" is "a perfect servant."
Again, against the Arians. Here concerning His
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divinity, we no longer find "He became," "He took," but "He emptied
Himself, taking the form of a servant, being made in the likeness of
men"; here concerning his humanity we find "He took, He became." He
became the latter, He took the latter; He was the former. Let us not
then confound nor divide the natures. There is one God, there is one
Christ, the Son of God; when I say" One," I mean a union, not a
confusion ; the one Nature did not degenerate into the other, but was
united with it.
"He humbled Himself, becoming obedient unto death,
yea, the death of the cross." See, says one, He voluntarily became
obedient; he was not equal to Him whom He obeyed. O ye obstinate ones
and unwise! This cloth not at all lower Him. For we too become obedient
to our friends, yet this has no effect. He became obedient as a Son to
His Father; He fell not thus into a servile state, but by this very act
above all others guarded his wondrous Sonship, by thus greatly honoring
the Father. He honored the Father, not that thou shouldest dishonor
Him, but that thou shouldest the rather admire Him, and learn from this
act, that He is a true Son, in honoring His Father more than all
besides. No one hath thus honored God. As was His height, such was the
correspondent humiliation which He underwent. As He is greater than
all, and no one is equal to Him, so in honoring His Father, He
surpassed all, not by necessity, nor unwillingly, but this too is part
of His excellence; yea, words fail me. Truly it is a great and
unspeakable thing, that He became a servant; that He underwent death,
is far greater; but there is something still greater, and more strange;
why? All deaths are not alike; His death scented to be the most
ignominious of all, to be full of shame, to be accursed; for it is
written, "Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree." (Deut. xxi. 23;
Gal. iii. 13.) For this cause the Jews also eagerly desired to slay Him
in this manner, to make Him a reproach, that if no one fell away from
Him by reason of His death, yet they might from the manner of His
death. For this cause two robbers were crucified with Him, and He in
the midst, that He might share their ill repute, and that the Scripture
might be fulfilled, "And he was numbered with the transgressors." (Isa.
liii. 12.) Yet so much the more doth truth shine forth, so much the
more doth it become bright; for when His enemies plot such things
against His glory, and it yet shines forth, so much the greater does
the matter seem. Not by slaying Him, but by slaying Him in such sort
did they think to make Him abominable, to prove Him more abominable
than all men, but they availed nothing. And both the robbers also were
such impious ones, (for it was afterward that the one repented,) that,
even when on the cross, they reviled Him; neither the consciousness of
their own sins, nor their present punishment, nor their suffering the
same things themselves, restrained their madness. Wherefore the one
spake to the other, and silenced him by saying, "Dost thou not even
fear God, seeing thou art in the same condemnation?" (Luke xxiii. 40.)
So great was their wickedness. Wherefore it is written, "God also
highly exalted Him, and gave Him the Name which is above every name."
When the blessed Paul hath made mention of the flesh, he fearlessly
speaks of all His humiliation. For until he had mentioned that He took
the form of a servant, and while he was speaking of His Divinity,
behold how loftily he doth it, (loftily, I say, according to his power;
for he speaks not according to His own worthiness, seeing that he is
not able). "Being in the form of God, He counted it not a prize to be
equal with God." But when he had said, that He became Man, henceforth
he fearlessly discourseth of His low estate, being confident that the
mention of His low estate would not harm His Divinity, since His flesh
admitted this.
Ver. 9-11. "Wherefore also God highly exalted Him,
and gave Him the Name which is above every name: that in the Name of
Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth,
and things under the earth; and that every tongue should confess that
Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father." Let us say
against the heretics, If this is spoken of one who was not incarnate,
if of God the Word, how did He highly exalt Him? Was it as if He gave
Him something more than He had before? He would then have been
imperfect in this point, and would have been made perfect for our
sakes. For if He had not done good deeds to us, He would not have
obtained that honor! "And gave Him the Name." See, He had not even a
name, as you say! But how, if He received it as His due, is He found
here to have received it by grace, and as a gift? And that "the Name
which is above every name": and of what kind, let us see, is the Name?
"That at the Name of Jesus," saith He, "every knee should bow." They
(the heretics) explain name by glory. This glory then is above all
glory, and this glory is in short that all worship Him! But ye hold
yourselves far off from the greatness of God, who think that ye know
God, as He knoweth Himself, and from this it is plain, how far off ye
are from right thoughts of God. And this is plain from hence. Is this,
tell me, glory? Therefore before men were created before the
angels or the archangels, He was not in glory. If this be the glory
which is above every glory, for this is the name that is "above every
name,") though He were in glory before, yet
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was He in glory inferior to this. It was for this then that He made the
things that are, that He might be raised to glory, not from His own
goodness, but because He required glory from us! See ye not their
folly? see ye not their impiety?
Now if they had said this of Him that was incarnate,
there had been reason, for God the Word allows that this be said of His
flesh. It touches not His divine nature, but has to do altogether with
the dispensation. What means "of things in heaven, and things in the
earth, and things under the earth "? It means the whole world, and
angels, and men, and demons; or that both the just and the living and
sinners,
"And every tongue," should "confess that Jesus
Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father." That is, that all
should say so; and this is glory to the Father. Seest thou how wherever
the Son is glorified, the Father is also glorified? Thus too when the
Son is dishonored, the Father is dishonored also. If this be so with
us, where the difference is great between fathers and sons, much more
in respect of God, where there is no difference, doth honor and insult
pass on to Him. If the world be subjected to the Son, this is glory to
the Father. And so when we say that He is perfect, wanting nothing, and
not inferior to the Father, this is glory to the Father, that he begat
such a one. This is a great proof of His power also, and goodness, and
wisdom, that He begat one no whit inferior, neither in wisdom nor in
goodness. When I say that He is wise as the Father, and no whit
inferior, this is a proof of the great wisdom of the Father; when I say
that He is powerful as the Father, this is a proof of the Father's
power. When I say that He is good as the Father, this is the greatest
evidence of His goodness, that He begat such (a Son), in no whir less
or inferior to Himself. When I say that He begat Him not inferior in
substance but equal, and not of another substance, in this I again
wonder at God, His power, and goodness, and wisdom, that He hath
manifested to us another, of Himself, such as Himself, except in His
not being the Father. Thus whatsoever great things I say of the Son,
pass on to the Father. Now if this small and light matter (for it is
but a light thing to God's glory that the world should worship Him) is
to the glory of God, how much more so are all those other things?
Let us then believe to His glory, let us live to His
glory, for one is no use without the other; when we glorify Him
rightly, but live not rightly, then do we especially insult Him,
because we are enrolled under Him as a Master and Teacher, and yet
despise Him, and stand in no dread of that fearful judgment seat. It is
no wonder that the heathen live impurely; this merits not such
condemnation. But that Christians, who partake in such great mysteries,
who enjoy so great glory, that they should live thus impurely, this is
worst of all, and unbearable. For tell me; He was obedient to the
uttermost, wherefore He received the honor which is on high. He became
a servant, wherefore He is Lord of all, both of Angels, and of all
other. Let us too not suppose then that we descend from what is our
due, when we humble ourselves. For thus may we be more highly exalted;
and with reason; then do we especially become admirable. For that the
lofty man is really low, and that the lowly man is exalted, the
sentence of Christ sufficiently declares. Let us however examine the
matter itself. What is it to be humbled? Is it not to be blamed, to be
accused, and calumniated? What is it to be exalted? It is to be
honored, to be praised, to be glorified. Well. Let us see how the
matter is. Satan was an angel, he exalted himself. What then? was he
not humbled beyond all other? has he not the earth as his place? is he
not condemned and accused by all? Paul was a man, and humbled himself.
What then? is he not admired? is he not praised? is he not lauded? is
he not the friend of Christ? Wrought he not greater things than Christ?
did he not ofttimes command the devil as a captive slave? did he not
carry him about as an executioner?[1] did he not hold him up to scorn?
held he not his head bruised under his feet? did he not with much
boldness beg of God that others too might do the same? Why am I saying?
Absalom exalted himself, David humbled himself; which of the twain was
raised up, which became glorious? For what could be a more evident
proof of humility than these words which that blessed Prophet spoke of
Shimei, "Let him curse, for the Lord hath bidden him." (2 Sam. xvi.
11.) And if you please, we will examine the very cases themselves.[2]
The Publican humbled himself, although the case can hardly be called
humility; but how? He answered in a right-minded manner. The Pharisee
exalted himself. What then? let us also examine the matters. Let there
be two men, both rich, and highly honored, and elevated by wisdom and
power, and other worldly advantages; then let one of them seek honor
from all, let him be angry if he receive it not, let him require more
than is due and exalt himself; let the other despise the whole matter,
bear himself unkindly towards no one on this account, and evade honor
when offered to him. For it is not possible to obtain
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glory any other way than by fleeing from glory, for as long as we
pursue it, it flies from us, but when we flee from it, then it pursues
us. If thou wouldest be glorious, do not desire glory. If thou wouldest
be lofty, do not make thyself lofty. And further, all honor him who
does not grasp at honor, but spurn him who seeks it. For the human race
somehow or other is fond of contention, and leans to contrary feeling.
Let us therefore despise glory, for thus we shall be enabled to become
lowly, or rather to become exalted. Exalt not thyself, that thou mayest
be exalted by another; he that is exalted by himself is not exalted by
others, he who is humbled by himself is not humbled by others.
Haughtiness is a great evil, it is better to be a fool than haughty;
for in the one case, the folly is only a perversion of intellect, but
in the other case it is still worse, and is folly joined with madness:
the fool is an evil to himself; but the haughty man is a plague to
others too. This misery comes of senselessness. One cannot be
haughty-minded without being a fool; and he that is brimfull of folly
is haughty.
Listen to the Wise Man, who says, "I saw a man wise
in his own conceit; there is more hope of a fool than of him." (Prov.
xxvi. 12.) Seest thou how it was not without reason I said that the
evil of which I am speaking is worse than that of folly, for it is
written, "There is more hope of a fool than of him"? Wherefore, Paul
too said, "Be not wise in your own conceits." (Rom. xii. 16.) Tell me
what description of bodies do we say are in good health, those which
are much inflated, and are inwardly full of much air and water, or
those which are kept low, and have their surface such as marks
restraint? It is manifest that we should choose the latter. So, too
with the soul, that which is puffed up has a worse disease than dropsy,
whilst that which is under restraint is freed from all evil. How great
then are the good things which lowliness of mind bringeth to us! What
wouldest thou have? Forbearance? freedom from anger? love to our
fellow-men? soberness? attentiveness? All these good things spring from
lowly-mindedness, and their contraries from haughtiness: the haughty
man must needs be also insolent, a brawler, wrathful, bitter, sullen, a
beast rather than a man. Art thou strong, and proud thereat? Thou
shouldest rather be humble on this account. Why art thou proud for a
thing of nought? For even a lion is bolder than thou, a wild boar is
stronger, and thou art not even as a fly in comparison with them.
Robbers too, and violaters of tombs, and gladiators, and even thine own
slaves, and those perchance who are more stupid still, are stronger
than thou. Is this then a fit subject for praise? Art thou proud of
such a matter? Bury thyself for shame!
But art thou handsome and beautiful? This is the
boast of crows! Thou art not fairer than the peacock, as regards either
its color or its plumage; the bird beats thee in plumage, it far
surpasseth thee in its feathers and in its color. The swan too is
passing fair, and many other birds, with whom if thou art compared thou
wilt see that thou art nought. Often too worthless boys, and unmarried
girls, and harlots, and effeminate men have had this boast; is this
then a cause for haughtiness? But art thou rich? Whence so? what hast
thou? Gold, silver, precious stones! This is the boast of robbers also,
of man-slayers, of those who work in the mines. That which is the labor
of criminals becomes to thee a boast! But dost thou adorn and deck
thyself out? Well, we may see horses also decked out, and among the
Persians camels too, and as for men, all those who are about the stage.
Art thou not ashamed to boast thyself of these things, if unreasoning
animals, and slaves, and man-slayers, and effeminate, and robbers, and
violaters of tombs, share with thee? Dost thou build splendid palaces?
and what of this? Many jackdaws dwell in more splendid houses, and have
more noble retreats. Dost thou not see how many, who were mad after
money, have built houses in fields and desert places, that are retreats
for jackdaws? But art thou proud on account of thy voice. Thou canst by
no means sing with clearer and sweeter tones than the swan or the
nightingale. Is it for thy varied knowledge of arts? But what is wiser
than the bee in this; what embroiderer, what painter, what
geometrician, can imitate her works? Is it for the fineness of thy
apparel? But here the spiders beat thee. Is it for the swiftness of thy
feet? Again the first prize is with unreasoning animals, the hare, and
the gazelle, and all the beasts[1] which are not wanting in swiftness
of foot. Hast thou traveled much? Not more than the birds; their
transit is more easily made, they have no need of provisions for the
way, nor beasts of burden, for their wings are all-sufficient for them;
this is their vessel, this their beast of burden, this their car, this
is even their wind, in short, all that a man can name. But art thou
clear sighted? Not as the gazelle; not as the eagle. Art thou quick of
hearing? the ass is more so. Of scent? the hound suffers thee not to
surpass him. Art thou a good provider? yet thou art inferior to the
ant. Dost thou gather gold? Yet not as the Indian ants. Art thou proud
because of thy health? Unreasoning creatures are far better than we
both in habit of body, and in independence; they fear no poverty.
"Behold the
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birds of the heaven, that they sow not, neither do they reap, nor
gather into barns." (Matt. vi. 26.) "And surely," He means, "God has
not created the irrational animals superior to ourselves." Dost thou
mark what want of consideration is here? Dost thou observe the lack of
all investigation? Dost thou observe the great advantage which we
derive from an investigation of the points? He, whose mind is lifted up
above all men, is found to be even lower than the irrational creatures.
But we will have pity upon him, and not follow his
example; nor because the limits of our mortal nature are too narrow for
his conceit of himself, will we proceed to lower him to the level of
the beasts that are without reason, but will lift him up from thence,
not for his own sake, for he deserves no better fate, but that we may
set forth the lovingkindness of God, and the honor which. He has
vouchsafed us. For there are things, yes, there are things wherein the
irrational animals have no participation with us. And of what sort are
these? Piety, and a life based on virtue. Here thou canst never speak
of fornicators, nor of effeminate persons, nor of murderers, for from
them we have been severed. And what then is this which is found here?
We know God, His Providence we acknowledge, and are embued with true
philosophy concerning immortality. Here let the irrational animals give
place. They cannot contend with us in these points. We live in
self-command.[1] Here the irrational animals have nothing in common
with us. For, while coming behind all of them, we exercise dominion
over them; for herein lies the superiority of our dominion, that, while
coming behind them, we yet reign over them: that thou mightest be
instructed that the cause of these things is, not thyself, but God who
made thee, and gave thee reason. We set nets and toils for them, we
drive them in, and they are at our mercy.
Self-command, a compliant temper, mildness, contempt
of money, are prerogatives of our race; but since thou who art one o
those blinded by presumption hast none of these, thou doest well in
entertaining notions either above the level of mankind, or beneath the
very irrational creatures. For this is the nature of folly and of
audacity; it is either unduly elevated, or on the other hand it is
equally depressed, never observing a proper proportion. We are equal to
angels in this respect, that we have a Kingdom pledged to us, the
choir,[2] unto which Christ is joined. He that is a man may be
scourged, yet does he not succumb. A man laughs at death, is a stranger
to fear and trembling, he does not covet more than he has. So that they
all who are not like this are beneath the irrational animals. For when
in the things of the body thou wouldest have the advantage, but hast no
advantage in the things that concern the soul, how art thou aught else
than inferior to the irrational animals? For bring forward one of the
vicious and unthinking, of those that are living in excess and to self.
The horse surpasses him in warlike spirit, the boar in strength, the
hare in swiftness, the peacock in grace, the swan in fineness of voice,
the elephant in size, the eagle in keenness of sight, all birds in
wealth. Whence then dost thou derive thy title to rule the irrational
creatures? from reason? But thou hast it not? For whosoever ceases to
make a due use of it, is again inferior to them; for when though
possessing reason he is more irrational than they, it had been better
if he had never from the first become capable of exercising reason. For
it is not the same thing after having received dominion to betray the
trust, as to let pass the season to receive it. That sovereign, who is
below the level of his guards, had better never have had on the purple.
And it is the very self-same thing in this case. Knowing then that
without virtue we are inferior to the very irrational animals, let us
exercise ourselves therein, that we may become men, yea rather angels,
and that we may enjoy the promised blessings, through the grace and
lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.
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HOMILY VIII.
PHILIPPIANS ii. 12-16.
"So then, my beloved, even as ye have always obeyed, not as in my
presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your own
salvation with fear and trembling; for it is God which worketh in you
both to will and to work for His good pleasure. Do all things without
murmurings and disputings: that ye may be blameless and harmless,
children of God without blemish in the midst of a crooked and perverse
generation, among whom ye are seen as lights in the world, holding
forth the word of life; that I may have whereof to glory in the day of
Christ."
THE admonitions which we give ought to be
accompanied with commendations; for thus they become even welcome, when
we refer those whom we admonish to that measure of zeal which they have
themselves exhibited; as Paul, for instance, did here; and observe with
what singular discretion; "So then, my beloved," he says; he did not
say simply "be obedient," not until he had first commended them in
these words, "even as ye have always obeyed "; i.e. "it is not other
men, but your own selves, whom I bid you take example by." "Not as in
my presence only, but much more in my absence." And why, "much more in
my absence"? "Ye seemed perhaps at that time to be doing everything out
of respect to me, and from a principle of shame, but that is no longer
so; if then ye make it evident that ye now strive more earnestly, it is
also made evident that neither then was it done out of consideration to
me, but for God's sake." Tell me, what wouldest thou? "not that ye give
heed to me, but that ye ' work out your own salvation with fear and
trembling'"; for it is impossible for one, who lives devoid of fear, to
set forth any high or commanding example; and he said not merely "with
fear," but "and with trembling," which is an excessive degree of fear.
Such fear had Paul: and therefore he said, I fear "lest having preached
to others, I myself should be rejected." (1 Cor. ix. 27.) For if
without the aid of fear temporal things can never be achieved, how much
less spiritual matters; for I desire to know, who ever learnt his
letters without fear? who has become a proficient in any art, without
fear? But if, when the devil does not lie in the way, where indolence
is the only obstacle, so much of fear is necessary merely in order that
we may master that indolence which is natural to us; where there is so
fierce a war, so great hindrances, how can we by any possibility be
saved without fear? And how may this fear be produced? If we but
consider that God is everywhere present, heareth all things, seeth all
things, not only whatsoever is done and said, but also all that is in
the heart, and in the depth of the soul, for He is "quick to discern
the thoughts and intents of the heart" (Heb. iv. 12), if we so dispose
ourselves, we shall not do or say or imagine aught that is evil. Tell
me, if thou hadst to stand constantly near the person of a ruler,
wouldest not thou stand there with fear? and how standing in God's
presence, dost thou laugh and throw thyself back, and not conceive fear
and dread? Let it never be that thou despisest His patient endurance,
for it is to bring thee to repentance that He is longsuffering.
Whenever thou eatest, consider that God is present, for He is present;
whenever thou art preparing to sleep, or giving way to passion, if thou
art robbing another, or indulging in luxury, or whatever thou art
about, thou wilt never fall into laughter, never be inflamed with rage.
If this be thy thought continually, thou wilt continually be in "fear
and trembling," forasmuch as thou art standing beside the King. The
architect, though he be experienced, though he be perfectly master of
his art, yet stands with "fear and trembling," lest he fall down from
the building. Thou too hast believed, thou hast performed many good
deeds, thou hast mounted high: secure thyself, be in fear as thou
standest, and keep a wary eye, lest thou fall thence. For manifold are
the spiritual sorts of wickedness which aim to cast thee down. (Eph.
vi. 12.) "Sense the Lord with fear," he says, "and rejoice unto Him
with trembling." (Ps. ii. 11.) And how is rejoicing compatible with
"trembling"? Yet this, be assured, is the only rejoicing; for when we
perform some good work, and such as beseemeth those who do anything
"with trembling," then only do we rejoice. "Work out your own salvation
with fear and trembling": he says not "work," but "work out," i.e. with
much earnestness, with much diligence; but as he had said, "with fear
and trembling," see how he relieves their anxiety: for what does he
say? "It is God that worketh in you." Fear not because said, "with fear
and trembling." I said it not with this view, that thou shouldest give
up in despair, that thou shouldest suppose virtue to be somewhat
difficult to be attained, but that thou mightest be led to follow after
it, and not spend thyself in vain pursuits; if this be the case, God
will work all things. Do thou be
220
bold; "for it is God that worketh in you." If then He worketh, it is
our part to bring a mind ever resolute, clenched and unrelaxed. "For it
is God that worketh in you both to will and to work." "If He does
Himself work in us to will, how dost thou exhort us? for if He works
Himself even the will, the words, which you speak to us, have no
meaning, 'that ye have obeyed'; for we have not 'obeyed'; it is without
meaning that thou sayest, 'with fear and trembling'; for the whole is
of God." It was not for this that I said to you, "for it is He that
worketh in you both to will and to work," but my object was to relieve
your anxiety. If thou wilt, in that case He will "work in thee to
will." Be not affrighted, thou art not-worsted; both the hearty desire
and the accomplishment are a gift from Him: for where we have the will,
thenceforward He will increase our will. For instance, I desire to do
some good work: He has wrought the good work itself, and by means of it
He has wrought also the will. Or he says this in the excess of his
piety, as when he declares that our well-doings are gifts of grace.
As then, when he calls these gifts, he does not put
us out of the pale of free will, but accords to us free will, so when
he says, "to work in us to will," he does not deprive us of free will,
but he shows that by actually doing right we greatly increase our
heartiness in willing. For as doing comes of doing, so of not doing
comes not doing. Hast thou given an alms? thou art the more incited to
give. Hast thou refused to give? thou art become so much the more
disinclined. Hast thou practiced temperance for one day? Thou hast an
incitement for the next likewise. Hast thou indulged to excess? Thou
hast increased the inclination to self-indulgence. "When a wicked man
cometh into the depth of vice, then he despises." (Prov. xviii. 3.) As,
then, when a man cometh into the depth of iniquity, he turns a
despiser; so when he cometh into the depth of goodness, he
quickens his exertions. For as the one runs riot in despair, so the
second, under a sense of the multitude of good things, exerts himself
the more, fearing lest he should lose the whole. "For His good
pleasure," he says, that is, "for love's sake," for the sake of
pleasing Him; to the end that what is acceptable to Him may take place;
that things may take place according to His will. Here he shows, and
makes it a ground of confidence, that He is sure to work in us, for it
is His will that we live as He desires we should, and if He desires it,
He Himself both worketh in us to this end,[1] and will certainly
accomplish it; for it is His will that we live aright. Seest thou, how
he does not deprive us of free will?
"Do all things without murmurings and disputings."
The devil, when he finds that he has no power to withdraw us from doing
right, wishes to spoil our reward by other means. For he has taken
occasion to insinuate pride or vainglory, or if none of these things,
then murmuring, or, if not this, misgivings. Now then see how Paul
sweeps away all these. He said on the subject of humility all that he
did say, to overthrow pride; he spoke of vainglory, that is, "not as in
my presence only"; he here speaks of "murmuring and disputing." But
why, I want to know, when in the case of the Corinthians he was engaged
in uprooting this evil tendency, did he remind them of the Israelites,
but here has said nothing of the sort, but simply charged them? Because
in that case the mischief was already done, for which reason there was
need of a more severe stroke and a sharper rebuke; but here he is
giving admonitions to prevent its being done. Severe measures then were
not called for in order to secure those that had not yet been guilty;
as in leading them to humility he did not subjoin the instance in the
Gospel, wherein the proud were punished, but laid the charge as from
God's lips (Luke xvi. 237 xviii. 14?); and he addresses them as free,
as children of pure birth, not as servants; for in the practice of
virtue a rightminded and generous person is influenced by those who do
well, but one of bad principles by those who do not do well; the one by
the consideration of honor, the other of punishment. Wherefore also
writing to the Hebrews, he said, bringing forward the example of Esau,
"Who for one mess of meat sold his own birthright" (Heb. xii. 16); and
again, "if he shrink back, my soul hath no pleasure in him." (Heb. x.
38.) And among the Corinthians were many who had been guilty of
fornication. Therefore he said, "Lest when I come again my God should
humble me before you, and I should mourn for many that have sinned
heretofore, and repented not of the uncleanness, and fornication, and
lasciviousness which they committed. (2 Cor. xii. 21.) That ye may be
blameless," says he, "and harmless"; i.e. irreproachable, unsullied;
for murmuring occasions no slight stain. And what means "without
disputing"? Is it good, or not good? Do not dispute, he says, though it
be trouble, or labor, or any thing else whatever. He did not say, "that
ye be not punished," for punishment is reserved for the thing; and this
he made evident in the Epistle to the Corinthians; but here he said
nothing of the sort; but he says, "That ye may be blameless and
harmless, children of God without blemish, in the midst of a crooked
and perverse generation,
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among whom ye are seen as lights in the world, holding forth the word
of life, that I may have whereof to glory in the day of Christ."
Observest thou that he is instructing these not to murmur? So that
murmuring is left for unprincipled and graceless slaves. For tell me,
what manner of son is that, who murmurs at the very time that he is
employed in the affairs of his father and is working for his own
benefit? Consider he says, that you are laboring for yourself, that it
is for yourself that you are laying up; it is for those to murmur, when
others profit by their labors, others reap the fruit, while they bear
the burden; but he that is gathering for himself, why should he murmur?
Because his wealth does not increase? But it is not so. Why does he
murmur who acts of free-will, and not by constraint? It is better to do
nothing than to do it with murmuring, for even the very thing itself is
spoilt. And do you not remark that in our own families we are
continually saying this; "it were better for these things never to be
done, than to have them done with murmuring"? and we had often rather
be deprived of the services some one owes us, than submit to the
inconvenience of his murmuring. For murmuring is intolerable, most
intolerable; it borders upon blasphemy. Otherwise why had those men to
pay a penalty so severe? It is a proof of ingratitude; the murmurer is
ungrateful to God, but whoso is ungrateful to God does thereby become a
blasphemer. Now there were at that time, if ever, uninterrupted
troubles, and dangers without cessation: there was no pause, no
remission: innumerable were the horrors, which pressed upon them from
all quarters; but now we have profound peace, a perfect calm.
Wherefore then murmur? Because thou art poor? Yet
think of Job. Or because sickness is thy lot? What then if, with the
consciousness of as many excellencies and as high attainments as that
holy man, thou hadst been so afflicted? Again reflect on him, how that
for a long time he never ceased to breed worms, sitting upon a dunghill
and scraping his sores; for the account says that "(after a long time
had passed,) then said his wife unto him, How long wilt thou persist,
saying, Yet a little while I bide in expectation? Speak some word
against the Lord, and die."[1] (Job ii. 9, LXX.) But your child is
dead? What then if thou hadst lost all thy children, and that by an
evil fate, as he did? For ye know, ye know well, that it is no slight
alleviation to take our place beside the sick man, to close the mouth,
to shut the eyes, to stroke the beard, to hear the last accents; but
that just man Was vouchsafed none of these consolations, they all being
overwhelmed at once. And what do I say? Hadst thou, thine own self,
been bidden to slay and offer up thine own son, and to see the body
consumed, like that blessed Patriarch, what then wouldst thou have felt
whilst erecting the altar, laying on the wood, binding the child? But
there are some who revile thee? What then would be thy feelings did thy
friends, come to administer consolation to thee, speak like Job's? For,
as it is, innumerable are our sins, and we deserve to be reproached;
but in that case he who was true, just, godly, who kept himself from
every evil deed, heard the contrary of those laid to his charge by his
friends. What then, tell me, if thou hadst heard thy wife exclaiming in
accents of reproach; "I am a vagabond and a servant, wandering from
place to place, and from house to house, waiting until the sun goes
down, that I may rest from the woes that encompass me." (Job ii. 9,
LXX.) Why dost thou speak so, O foolish woman? for is thine husband to
blame for these things? Nay, but the devil. "Speak a word against God,"
she says, "and die";--and if thereupon the stricken man had cursed and
died, how wouldest thou be the better?--No disease you can name is
worse than that of his, though you name ten thousand. It was so
grievous, that he could no longer be in the house and under cover;
such, that all men gave him up. For if he had not been irrecoverably
gone, he would never have taken his seat without the city, a more
pitiable object than those afflicted with leprosy; for these are both
admitted into houses, and they do herd together; but he passing the
night in the open air, was naked upon a dunghill, and could not even
bear a garment upon his body. How so? Perhaps there would only have
been an addition to his pangs. For "I melt the clods of the earth," he
says, "while I scrape off my sore."[2] (Job vii. 5, LXX.) His flesh
bred sores and worms in him, and that continually. Seest thou how each
one of us sickens at the hearing of these things? but if they are
intolerable to hear, is the sight of them more tolerable? and if the
sight of them is intolerable, how much more intolerable to undergo
them? And yet that righteous man did undergo them, not for two or three
days, but for a long while, and he did not sin, not even with his lips.
What disease can you describe to me like this, so exquisitely painful?
for was not this worse than blindness? "I look on my food," he says,
"as a fetid mass." (Job vi. 7.) And not only this, but that which
affords cessation to others, night and sleep, brought no alleviation to
him, nay, were worse than any torture. Hear his words: "Why dost thou
scare me with dreams, and terrify me through
222
visions? If it be morning, I say, When will it be evening?" (Job vii.
14, 4), and he murmured not. And there was not only this; but
reputation in the eyes of the world was added; for they forthwith
concluded him to be guilty of endless crimes, judging from all that he
suffered. And accordingly this is the consideration, which his friends
urged upon him; "Know therefore that God exacteth less of thee than
thine iniquities deserve." (Job xi. 6.) Wherefore he himself said, "But
now they that are younger than I have me in derision, whose fathers I
disdained to set with the dogs of my flock." (Job xxx. 1.) And was not
this worse than many deaths? Yet though assaulted on all sides by a
flood like this, when there raged around him a fearful storm, clouds,
rain, lightnings, whirling winds, and waterspouts, he remained himself
unmoved, seated as it were in the midst of this surge, thus awful and
overwhelming, as in a perfect calm, and no murmur escaped him; and this
before the gift of grace, before that aught was declared concerning a
resurrection, before aught concerning hell and punishment and
vengeance. Yet we, who hear both Prophets and Apostles and Evangelists
speaking to us, and have innumerable examples set before us, and have
been taught the tidings of a Resurrection, yet harbor discontent,
though no man can say that such a fate as this has been his own. For if
one has lost money, yet not all that great number of sons and
daughters, or if he has, perchance it was that he had sinned; but for
him, he lost them suddenly, in the midst of his sacrifices, in the
midst of the service which he was rendering to God. And if any man has
at one blow lost property to the same amount, which can never be, yet
he has not had the further affliction of a sore all over his body, he
has not scraped the humors that covered him; or if this likewise has
been his fate, yet he has not had men to upbraid and reproach him,
which is above all things calculated to wound the feelings, more than
the calamities we suffer. For if when we have persons to cheer
and console us in our misfortunes, and to hold out to us fair
prospects, we yet despond, consider what it was to have men upbraiding
him. If the words, "I looked for some to have pity, but there was no
man, and for comforters, but I found none" (Ps. lxix. 20), describe
intolerable misery, how great an aggravation to find revilers instead
of comforters! "Miserable comforters are ye all" (Job xvi. 2), he
says. If we did but revolve these subjects continually in our
minds, if we well weighed them, no ills of this present time
could ever have force to disturb our peace, when we turned our eyes to
that athlete, that soul of adamant, that spirit impenetrable
as brass. For as though he had borne about him a body of brass or
stone, he met all events with a noble and constant spirit.
Taking these things to heart, let us do everything
"without murmuring and disputing." Is it some good work that thou hast
before thee, and dost thou murmur? wherefore? art thou then forced? for
that there are many about you who force you to murmur, I know well,
says he. This he intimated by saying, "in the midst of a crooked and
perverse generation"; but it is this that deserves admiration, that we
admit no such feeling when under galling provocation. For the stars too
give light in the night, they shine in the dark, and receive no blemish
to their own beauty, yea they even shine the brighter; but when light
returns, they no longer shine so. Thus thou too dost appear with the
greater lustre, whilst thou holdest straight in the midst of the
crooked. This it is which deserves our admiration, the being "blameless
"; for that they might not urge this plea,[1] he himself set it down by
anticipation. What means "holding fast the word of life"? i.e. "being
destined to live, being of those that are gaining salvation."[2]
Observe how immediately he subjoins the rewards, which are in reserve.
Lights[i.e. luminaries], he says, retain the principle of light; so do
ye the principle[3] of life. What means "the word of life"? Having the
seed of life, i.e. having pledges of life, holding life itself, i.e.
"having in yourselves the seed of life," this is what he calls "the
word of life." Consequently the rest are all dead, for by these words
he signified as much; for otherwise those others likewise would have
held "the word of life." "That I may have whereof to glory," he says;
what is this? I too participate in your good deeds, he says. So great
is your virtue, as not only to save yourselves, but to render me
illustrious. Strange kind of "boasting," thou blessed Paul! Thou art
scourged, driven about, reviled for our sakes: therefore he adds," in
the day of Christ, that I did not run," he says, "in vain, nor labored
in vain," but I always have a right to glory, he means, that I did not
run in vain.
"Yea, and if I am offered." He said not, "and if I
die even," nor did he when writing to Timothy, for there, too, he has
made use of the same expression, "For I am already being offered." (2
Tim. iv. 6.) He is both consoling them about his own death, and
instructing them to bear gladly the death that is for Christ's sake. I
am become, he says, as it were a libation and a sacrifice. O blessed
soul! His bringing them to God he calls a sacrifice. It is much better
to present a soul than to present oxen. "If, then,
223
over and above this offering," he says, "I add myself, my death as a
libation, I rejoice." For this he implies, when he says, "Yea, and if I
am offered upon the sacrifice and service, I joy and rejoice with you
all; and in the same manner do ye also joy and rejoice with me." Why
dost thou rejoice with them? Seest thou that he shows that it is their
duty to rejoice? On the one hand then, I rejoice in being made a
libation; on the other, I rejoice with you, in having presented a
sacrifice; "and in the same manner do ye also joy and rejoice with me,"
that I am offered up; "rejoice with me, "who rejoice in myself." So
that the death of the just is no subject for tears, but for joy. If
they rejoice, we should rejoice with them. For it is misplaced for us
to weep, while they rejoice. "But," it is urged, "we long for our
wonted intercourse." This is a mere pretext and excuse; and that it is
so, mark what he enjoins: "Rejoice with me, and joy." Dost thou miss
thy wonted intercourse? If thou wert thyself destined to remain here,
there would be reason in what thou sayest; but if after a brief space
thou wilt overtake him who has departed, what is that intercourse which
thou dost seek? for it is only when he is forever severed from him that
a man misses the society of another, but if he will go the same way
that thou wilt go, what is the intercourse which thou longest for? Why
do we not bewail all that are upon foreign travel? Do we not just a
little, and cease after the first or the second day? If thou longest
for thy wonted intercourse with him, weep so far only. "It is no evil
that I suffer," says he, "but I even rejoice in going to Christ, and do
ye not rejoice." "Rejoice with me." Let us too rejoice when we see a
righteous man dying, and yet more even when any of the desperately
wicked; for the first is going to receive the reward of his labors, but
the other has abated somewhat from the score of his sins.[1] But it is
said, perhaps he might have altered, had he lived. Yet God would never
have taken him away, if there had been really a prospect of an
alteration. For why should not He who orders all events for our
salvation, allow him the opportunity, who gave promise of pleasing Him?
If He leaves those, who never alter, much more those that do. Let then
the sharpness of our sorrow be everywhere cut away, let the voice of
lamentation cease. Let us thank God under all events: let us do all
things without murmuring; let us be cheerful, and let us become
pleasing to Him in all things, that we may also attain the good things
to come, by the grace and loving-kindness of our Lord Jesus Christ,
with whom, &c.
HOMILY IX.
PHILIPPIANS ii. 19--21.
"But I hope in the Lord Jesus to send Timothy shortly unto you, that I
also may be of good comfort, when I know your state. For I have no man
likeminded, who will care truly for your state. For they all seek their
own, not the things of Jesus Christ."
HE had said, "have fallen out unto the progress of
the Gospel; so that my bonds became manifest in Christ throughout the
whole praetorian guard." (Phil. i. 12, 13.) Again, "Yea, and if I am
offered upon the sacrifice and service of your faith." (Phil. ii. 17.)
By these words he strengthened them. Perchance they might suspect that
his former words were spoken just to comfort them. What then? "I send
Timothy unto you," says he; for they desired to hear all things that
concerned him. And wherefore said he not, "that ye may know my state,"
but, "that I may know yours"? Because Epaphroditus would have reported
his state before the arrival of Timothy. Wherefore further on he says,
"But I counted it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus, my brother
(Phil. ii. 25); but I wish to learn of your affairs. For it is likely
that he had remained long time with Paul through his bodily weakness.
So that he says, I wish to "know your state." See then how he refers
everything to Christ, even the mission of Timothy, saying, "I hope in
the Lord Jesus," that is, I am confident that God will facilitate this
for me, that I too may be of good courage, when I know your state. As I
refreshed you when ye heard the very things of me which ye had prayed
for, that the Gospel had advanced, that its enemies were put to shame,
that the means by which they thought to injure, rather made me rejoice;
thus too do I wish to learn of your affairs, that I too may be of good
courage
224
when I know your state. Here he shows that they ought to rejoice (or
his bonds, and to be conformed to them, for they begat in him great
pleasure; for the words, "that I too may be of good comfort," imply,
just as you are.
Oh, what longing had he toward Macedonia He
testifies the same to the Thessalonians, as when he says, "But we,
brethren, being bereaved of[1] you for a short season," &c. (1
Thess. ii. 17.) And here he says, "I hope to send Timothy" that I may
"know your state," which is a proof of excessive care: for when he
could not himself be with them, he sent his disciples, as he could not
endure to remain, even for a little time, in ignorance of their state.
For he did not learn all things by revelation of the Spirit, and for
this we can see some reason; for if the disciples had believed that it
were so, they would have lost all sense of shame,[2] but now from
expectation of concealment, they were more easily corrected. In a high
degree did he call their attention by saying, "that I too may be of
good comfort," and rendered them more zealous, so that, when Timothy
came he might not find any other state of things, and report it to him.
He seems to have acted in like sort in his own person, when he delayed
his coming to the Corinthians, that they might repent; wherefore he
wrote, "to spare you I forbare to come to Corinth." (2 Cor. i. 23.) For
his love was manifested not simply in reporting his own state, but in
his desire to learn of theirs; for this is the part of a soul which has
a care of others, which takes thought for them, which is always
wrestling for them.
At the same time too, he honors them by sending
Timothy. "What sayest thou? dost thou send Timothy? and wherefore?"
Because "I have no one likeminded"; that is, none of those whose care
is like mine, none who "will care truly for you." (Phil. ii. 20.) Had
he then no one of those who were with him? No one likeminded, that is,
who has yearnings and takes thought for you as I do. No one would
lightly choose, he means, to make so long a journey for this purpose.
Timothy is the one with me who loves you? For I might have sent others,
but there was none like him. This then is that likemindedness, to love
the disciples as the master loves them. "Who," says he, "will truly
care for you," that is, as a father. "For they all seek their own, not
the things of Jesus Christ" (Phil. ii. 21), their own comfort, their
own safety. This too he writes to Timothy. But why doth he lament such
things as these? To teach us his hearers not to fall in like sort, to
teach his hearers not to seek for remission from toil; for he who seeks
remission from toil, seeks not the things that are Christ's, but his
own. We ought to be prepared against every toil, against every distress.
Ver. 22. "Ye know the proof of him, that as a child
serveth a father, so he served with me in furtherance of the Gospel."
And that I speak not at random, "ye yourselves," he
says, "know, that as a child serveth a father, so he served with me in
furtherance of the Gospel." He presents then Timothy to them, and with
reason, that he might enjoy much honor from them. This too he does when
he writes to the Corinthians, and he says, "Let no man therefore
despise him, for he worketh the work of the Lord as I also do." (1 Cor.
xvi. 10.) This he said not as caring for him, but for those who receive
him, that they might receive a great reward.
Ver. 23. "Him therefore," he says, "I hope to send
forthwith, so soon as I shall see how it will go with me," that is,
when I see where I stand, and what end my affairs will have.
Ver. 24. "But I trust in the Lord that I also myself
shall come to you shortly."
I am not therefore sending him, as though I myself
would not come, but that I may be of good courage when I know your
state, that even in the mean time I may not be ignorant of it. "But I
trust in the Lord," says he. See how he makes all things depend on God,
and speaks nothing of his own mind. That is, God willing.[4]
Ver. 25. "But I counted it necessary to send to you
Epaphroditus, my brother, and fellow-worker, and fellow-soldier."
And him too he sends with the same praises as
Timothy, for he commended him on these two points; first, in that he
loved them, when he says, "who will care truly for you "; and secondly,
in that he had approved himself in the Gospel. And for the same reason,
and in the same terms, he praises this man also: and how? By calling
him a brother, and a fellow-worker, and not stopping at this point, but
also "fellow-soldier," he showed how he shared in his dangers, and
testifies of him the same things which he testifies of himself. For
"fellow-soldier" is more than "fellow-worker "; for perchance he gave
aid in quiet matters, yet not so in wars and dangers; but in saying
"fellow-soldier," he showed this too.
Ver. 25. "To send to you your messenger, and
minister to my needs"; that is, I give you your own, since I send to
you him that is your
225
own, or, perhaps, that is your Teacher.[1] Again he adds many things
concerning his love, in saying,
Ver. 26, 27. "Since he longed after you all, and was
sore troubled, because ye had heard that he was sick. For indeed he was
sick nigh unto death: but God had mercy on him; and not on him only,
but on me also, that I might not have sorrow upon sorrow."
Here he aims at a farther point, making it manifest,
that Epaphroditus too was well aware, how he was beloved of them. And
this is no light thing toward loving. You know how he was sick, he
says; and he grieved that on his recovery he did not see you, and free
you from the grief ye had by reason of his sickness. Here too he gives
another reason for sending so late to them, not from any remissness,
but he kept Timothy because he had no one else, (for, as he had
written, he had "no one likeminded,") and Epaphroditus because of his
sickness. He then shows that this was a long sickness, and had consumed
much time, by adding, "for he was sick nigh unto death." You see how
anxious Paul is to cut off from his disciples all occasion of slighting
or contempt, and every suspicion that his not coming was because he
despised them. For nothing will have such power to draw a disciple
toward one, as the persuasion that his superior cares for him, and that
he is full of heaviness on his account, for this is the part of
exceeding love. Because "ye have heard," he says, "that he was sick;
for he was sick nigh unto death." And that I am not making an excuse,
hear what follows. "But God had mercy on him." What sayest thou, O
heretic? Here it is written, that God's mercy retained and brought back
again him who was on the point of departure. And yet if the world is
evil, it is no mercy to leave a man in the evil. Our answer to the
heretic is easy, but what shall we say to the Christian? for he
perchance will question, and say, "if to depart and to be with Christ
is far better," how saith he that he hath obtained mercy? I would ask
why the same Apostle says, that "it is more needful to abide with
you"?[2] For as it was needful for him, so too for this man, who would
hereafter depart to God with more exceeding riches, and greater
boldness. Hereafter that would take place, even if it did not now, but
the winning souls is at an end for those who have once departed
thither. In many places too, Paul speaks according to the common habits
of his hearers, and not every where in accordance with his own heavenly
wisdom: for he had to speak to men of the world who still feared death.
Then he shows how he esteemed Epaphroditus, and thence he gets for him
respect, by saying, that his preservation was so useful to himself,
that the mercy which had been shown to Epaphroditus reached him also.
Moreover, without this the present life is a good; were it not so, why
does Paul rank with punishment untimely deaths? as when he says, "For
this cause many are weak and sickly among you, and not a few sleep" (1
Cor. xi. 30); for the future life is not (merely) better than an evil
state, since (then) it were not good, but better than a good state.
"Lest I should have," he says, "sorrow upon sorrow";
sorrow from his death in addition to that which sprung from his
sickness. By this he shows how much he prized Epaphroditus.
Ver. 28. "I have sent him therefore the more
diligently." What means "more diligently"? It is, without
procrastination, without delay, with much speed, having bidden him lay
all aside, and to go to you, that he might be freed from heaviness; for
we rejoice not on hearing of the health of those we love, so much as
when we see them, and chiefly so when this happens contrary to hope, as
it was in the case of Epaphroditus.
"I have sent him therefore the more diligently, that
when ye see him again, ye may rejoice, and that I may be the less
sorrowful." How "less sorrowful"? Because if ye rejoice, I too rejoice,
and he too joys at a pleasure of such sort, and I shall be "less
sorrowful." He said not sorrowless, but "less sorrowful," to show that
his soul never was free from sorrow: for he who said, "Who is weak, and
I am not weak? who is made to stumble, and I burn not?" (2 Cor. xi.
29), when could such an one be free from sorrow? That is, this
despondency I now cast off.
Ver. 29. "Receive him therefore in the Lord with all
joy."
"In the Lord" either means spiritually and with much
zeal, or rather "in the Lord" means God willing. Receive him in a
manner worthy of saints, as saints should be received with all joy.
All this he does for their sakes, not for that of
his messengers, for greater gain has the doer than the receiver of a
good deed. "And such hold in honor," that is, receive him in a manner
worthy of saints.
Ver. 30. "Because for the work of Christ he came
nigh unto death, hazarding his life, to supply that which was lacking
in your service towards me."
This man had been publicly sent by the city of the
Philippians, who had come as minister to Paul, and perchance bringing
him some contri-
226
bution, for toward the end of the Epistle he shows that he also brought
him money, when he says, "Having received of Epaphroditus the things
that came from you." (Phil. iv. 18.)
It is probable then, that on his arrival at the city
of Rome, he found Paul in great and urgent peril, so that those who
were accustomed to resort to him were unable safely to do so, but were
themselves in peril by their very attendance; which is wont to happen
chiefly in very great dangers, and the exceeding wrath of kings, (for
when any one has offended the king, and is cast into prison, and is
strictly guarded, then even his servants are debarred from access,
which probably then befell Paul,) and that Epaphroditus, being of a
noble nature, despised all danger, that he might go in unto him, and
minister unto him, and do everything which need required. He therefore
sets forth two facts, by which he gains for him their respect; the one,
that he was in jeopardy well nigh unto death, he says, for my sake; the
other, that in so suffering he was representing their city, so that the
recompense for that his peril would be accounted to those who sent him,
as if the city had sent him as their ambassador, so that a kind
reception of him and approval of what he had done may rather be called
a participation in the things that he had dared. And he said not, "for
my sake," but obtains the more credit for his words, by saying,
"because for the work of God," since he acted not for my sake, but for
God's sake "he was nigh unto death." What then? though by the
providence of God he died not, yet he himself regarded not his life,
and gave himself up to any suffering that might befall him, so as not
to remit his attendance on me. And if he gave himself up to death to
attend on Paul, much more would he have endured this for the Gospel's
sake. Or rather, this also had been for the Gospel's sake, even to have
died for Paul. For we may bind about our brows the crown of martyrdom,
not only by refusing to sacrifice, but such causes as these also make
death martyrdom, and if I may say something startling, these latter do
so far more than the former. For he who dares to face death for the
lesser cause, will much rather for the greater. Let us therefore, when
we see the Saints in danger, regard not our life, for it is impossible
without daring ever to perform any noble act, but need is that he who
takes thought beforehand for his safety here, should fall from that
which is to come.
"To supply," he says, "your lack of service toward
me." What is this? the city was not present, but by sending him, it
fulfilled through him all service toward me. He therefore supplied your
lack of service, so that for this reason too he deserves to enjoy much
honor, since, what ye all should have done, this hath he performed on
your behalf. Here he shows that there is also a foregoing service
rendered by those in safety to those in danger, for so he speaks of the
lack,[1] and the lack of service. Seest thou the spirit of the Apostle?
These words spring not from arrogance, but from his great care towards
them; for he calls the matter a "service" and a "lack," that they may
not be puffed up, but be moderate, nor think that they have rendered
some great thing, but rather be humble-minded.
For we owe the saints a debt, and are not doing them
a favor. For as supplies are due by those who are in peace and not
engaged in war to such as stand in the army and fight (for these stand
on their behoof), thus too is it here. For if Paul had not taught, who
would have cast him into prison? Wherefore we ought to minister to the
Saints. For is it not absurd to contribute to an earthly king, when
engaged in war, all that he wants, as clothing and food, not according
to his need alone, but abundantly, whilst to the King of Heaven, when
engaged in war, and contending against far more bitter foes (for it is
written. "our wrestling is not against flesh and blood") (Eph. vi. 12),
we will not supply urgent necessity? What folly is this! What
ingratitude! What base love of gain! But, as it seems, the fear of man
has greater force with us than hell, and the future torments. For this
cause, in truth, all things are turned upside down; for political
affairs are daily accomplished with much earnestness, and one must not
be left behind, whilst of spiritual things there is no account taken at
all; but the things which are demanded of us of necessity, and with
compulsion, as though we were slaves, and against our wills, are laid
down by us with much readiness, while such as are asked from willing
minds, and as if from free men, are again deficient. I speak not
against all, but against those who are behindhand with these
supplies· For might not God have made these contributions
compulsory? Yet He would not, for He has more care of you than of those
whom you support. Wherefore He would not that you should contribute of
necessity, since there is no recompense. And yet many of those who
stand here are lower minded[2] than the Jews. Consider how great things
the Jews gave, tithes,[3] first-fruits, tithes again, and again other
tithes, and besides this thirteenths, and the shekel, and no one said,
how much they devour; for the more they receive, the greater is the
reward.
227
They say not, They receive much, they are gluttons; which words I hear
now from some. They for their part, while they are building houses, and
buying estates, still think they have nothing; but if any priest is
clothed in dress more bright than usual, and enjoys more than what is
necessary for his sustenance, or has an attendant, that he may not be
forced himself to act unbecomingly, they set the matter down for
riches. And in truth we are rich even at this rate, and they admit it
against their will; for we, though we have but little, are rich, whilst
they, though they get everything about them, are poor.
How far shall our folly extend? does it not suffice
to our punishment that we do no good deed, but must we add to it the
punishment of evil speaking? For if what he has were your gifts, you
lose your reward by upbraiding him for what you gave. In a word, if
thou didst give it, why dost thou upbraid him? You have already borne
witness to his poverty, by saying that what he has are your gifts. Why
then dost thou upbraid? Thou shouldest not have given, didst thou
intend so to do. But dost thou speak thus, when another gives? It is
then more grievous, in that when thou thyself hast not given, thou
upbraidest for another man's good deeds. How great reward thinkest thou
those who are thus spoken of will receive? It is for God's sake they
thus suffer. How and wherefore? Had they so willed, they might have
taken up a trader's life, even though they received it not from their
ancestors. For I hear many speaking thus at random, when we say that a
certain man is poor. Had he willed, they say, he might have been rich,
and then tauntingly add, His father, his grandfather, and I know not
who was so; but now see what a robe he wears! But what? tell me, ought
he to go about naked? You then start nice questionings on these points,
but see lest thou thus speakest against thyself. Listen to that
exhortation of Christ, which says, "Judge not that ye be not judged."
(Matt. vii. 1.) He might, it is true, if he had willed, have led a
trader's or a merchant's life, and would surely not have lacked. But he
would not. What then, says one, is he here profited? Tell me,
what is he profited? Does he wear silken robes? Does he proudly clear
his way through the forum with a troop of followers? Is he borne along
on horseback? Does he build houses, having where to dwell? If he act
so, I too accuse him, and spare him not, but declare that he is
unworthy of the priesthood. For how can he exhort others not to spend
their time on these superfluities, who cannot advise himself? But if he
has sufficient for support, is he therefore doing wrong? Would you have
him lead a vagabond life, and beg? Wouldest not thou too, his disciple,
be put to shame? But if thy father in the flesh did this, thou wouldest
think shame of the thing. If thy spiritual father be compelled so to
do, wilt thou not veil thy head, and even think thou art sinking into
the earth? It is written, "A father's dishonor is a reproach to the
children." (Ecclus. iii. 11.) But what? Should he perish with
famine? This were not like a pious man; for God willeth it not. But
what do they straightway philosophize? It is written, say they, "Get
you no gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses, neither two coats,
nor yet staves" (Matt. x. 9, 10), whilst these men have three or four
garments, and beds well spread. I am forced now to heave a bitter sigh,
and, but that it had been indecorous, I had wept too! How so? Because
we are such curious searchers into the motes of others, while we feel
not the beams in our own eyes. Tell me, why sayest thou not this to
thyself? The answer is, Because the command is laid only on our
Teachers. When then Paul says, "having food and covering we shall be
therewith content" (1 Tim. vi. 8), says he this only to Teachers? By no
means, but to all men; and this is clear, if we will begin farther
back. For what does he say? "Godliness with contentment is great gain (
1 Tim. vi. 6); for we brought nothing into this world, it is certain
that neither can we carry anything out" (1 Tim. vi. 7); he then
straightway adds, "And having food and covering, we shall be therewith
content; but they that desire to be rich, fall into a temptation and a
snare, and many foolish and hurtful lusts." (1 Tim. vi. 8, 9.) You see
that this is spoken to all; and how is it when he says again, "Make not
provision for the flesh to fulfill the lusts thereof" (Rom. xiii. 14),
is not this said absolutely to all? and what when he says, "Meats for
the belly, and the belly for meats, but God shall bring to nought both
it and them" ( 1 Cor. vi. 13); or what when he says, "But she that
giveth herself to pleasure, is dead while she liveth" (1 Tim. v. 6),
speaking of a widow. Is then the widow a Teacher? Has not he said
himself, "But I permit not a woman to teach, nor to have dominion over
a man"? (1 Tim. ii. 12.) But if a widow, in old age, (and age has need
of great attendance,) and a woman's nature too, (for the woman's sex,
being weak, has need of more refreshment,) if then,where there is both
the age and the nature, he suffers her not to live in luxury, but even
says that she is dead, (for he did not simply forbid a life of luxury,
but said, "she who giveth herself to luxury is dead while she liveth,")
and thus hath cut her off, (for she that is dead is cut off,) what
indulgence then will any man have, who does those things, for which a
woman and an aged one too is punished?
Yet no one gives a thought to these things,
228
no one searches them out. And this I have been compelled to say, not
from any wish to free the priests from these charges, but to spare you.
They indeed suffer no harm at your hands, even if it is with cause and
justice that they are thus charged of being greedy of gain; for,
whether ye speak, or whether ye forbear, they must there give an
account to the Judge, so that your words hurt them not at all; but if
your words are false besides, they for their part gain by these false
accusations, whilst ye hurt yourselves by these means. But it is not so
with you; for be the things true, which ye bring against them, or be
they false, ye speak ill of them to your hurt. And how so? If they be
true, in that ye judge your Teachers, and subvert order, ye do it to
your hurt. For if we must not judge a brother, much less a Teacher. But
if they be false, the punishment and retribution is intolerable; for of
"every idle word ye shall give account." (Matt. xii. 36.) For your sake
then I thus act and labor.
But as I said, no one searches out these things, no
one busies himself about these things, no one communes with himself on
any of these things. Would ye that I should add still more? "Whosoever
forsaketh not all that he hath, saith the Christ, is not worthy of Me."
(Luke xiv. 33; Matt. x. 37.) What when he says, "It is hard for a rich
man to enter into the kingdom of heaven"? (Matt. xix. 23; Mark x. 24.)
What when he says again, "Woe unto you that are rich, for ye have
received your consolation"? (Luke vi. 24.) No one searches this out, no
one bears it in mind, no one reasons with himself, but all sit as
severe inquisitors on other men's cases. Yet this is to make themselves
sharers in the charges. But listen, that for your own sake I may free
the priests from the charges, which ye say lie against them, for the
persuasion that they transgress the law of God, inclines you not a
little towards evil. Come then, let us examine this matter. Christ
said, "Provide neither gold nor silver, neither two coats, neither
shoes, nor girdle, nor yet staves." (Matt. x. 9, 10.) What then? tell
me, did Peter transgress this command? Surely he did so, in having a
girdle and a garment, and shoes, for listen to the words of the Angel,
"Gird thyself, and bind on thy sandals." (Acts xii. 8.) And yet he had
no such great need of sandals, for at that season a man may go even
unshod; their great use is in the winter, and yet he had them. What
shall we say of Paul, when he writes thus to Timothy, "Do thy diligence
to come before winter"? (2 Tim. iv. 21.) He gives him orders too and
says, "The cloak that I left at Troas with Carpus bring when thou
comest, and the books, especially the parchments." (2 Tim. iv. 13.) See
he speaks of a cloak, and no one can say that he had not another which
he wore; for if he did not wear one at all, it were superfluous to
order this one to be brought, and if he could not be without one to
wear, it is clear he had a second.
What shall we say of his remaining "two whole
years in his own hired dwelling"? (Acts xxviii. 30.) Did then this
chosen vessel disobey Christ? this man who said, "Yet I live; and yet
no longer I, but Christ liveth in me" (Gal. ii. 20), concerning whom
Christ testified, saying, "He is a chosen vessel unto Me"? (Acts ix.
15.) I ought to leave this difficulty with you, without supplying any
solution to the question. I ought to exact of you this penalty for your
negligence in the Scriptures, for this is the origin of all such
difficulties. For we know not the Scriptures, we are not trained in the
law of God, and so we become sharp inquirers into the faults of others,
whilst we take no account of our own. I ought then to have exacted from
you this penalty. But what shall I do? Fathers freely give to their
sons many things beyond what is fitting: when their fatherly compassion
is kindled, on seeing their child with downcast look, and wasted with
grief, they themselves also feel sharper pangs than he, and rest not
until they have removed the ground of his dejection.
So be it at least here, be ye at least dejected at
not receiving, that ye may receive well. What then is it? They opposed
not, far be it; but diligently followed the commands of Christ, for
those commands were but for a season, and not enduring; and this I say
not from conjecture, but from the divine Scriptures. And how? Luke
relates that Christ said to His disciples, "When I sent you forth
without purse, and wallet, and girdle, and shoes, lacked ye anything?
And they said nothing. (Luke xxii. 35.) But for the future provide
them." But tell me, what could he do? could he have but one coat? How
then? If need was that this be washed, should he, because without it,
stay at home? should he without it go abroad in an unbecoming manner,
when need called? Consider what a thing it would have been that Paul,
who made the circuit of the world with such great success, should
remain at home for want of raiment, and thus hinder his noble work. And
what if violent cold had set in, or rain had drenched it, or perhaps
frozen in, how could he dry his raiment? must he again remain without
it? And what if cold had deprived his body of strength? must he waste
away with disease, and be unable to speak? For hear what be says to
Timothy, to prove that they were not furnished with adamantine bodies,
"Use a little wine for thy stomach's sake, and thine often
infirmities." (1 Tim. v. 23.) And again, when he speaks of another, "I
counted it necessary to send to you your messenger, and minister to my
needs." (Phil. ii. 25.) "For indeed
229
he was sick, nigh unto death; but God had mercy on him, and not on him
only, but on me also." (Phil. ii. 27.) So that they were subject to
every sort of sickness. What then? must they die? By no means. For what
cause then did Christ at that time give them that command? To show His
own power, and to prove that in after times He was able to do it,
though He did it not. But wherefore did He not do it? They were much
more admirable than the Israelites, whose shoes did not wax old,
neither their garments, and that too whilst they were journeying
through that desert where the glowing rays of the sun strike so hot,
that they are capable of consuming even stones. (Ref. to Deut. xxix.
5.) Why then did he do this? For thy sake. For since thou wouldest not
remain in health, but be full of wounds, He gave you that which might
serve for medicine. And this is hence manifest; could He not Himself
have fed them? He that gave to thee, who wast an enemy with Him, would
He not much more have given to Paul? He who gave to the Israelites,
those murmurers, those fornicators, those idolaters, would He not much
more have given to Peter, who spent all for His sake? He who suffered
wicked men to possess aught, would He not much more have freely given
to John, who for Him forsook even his father? Yet he would not: through
your hands he feeds them, that you may be sanctified. And see the
excess of His lovingkindness. He chose that His disciples should be in
want, that thou mightest be a little refreshed.
For if He had freed them from all want, they would
have been much more admirable, far more glorious. But then that which
is to thee salvation would have been cut off. God willed not then that
they should be admirable, that thou mightest be saved, but that they
should rather be lowered. He hath suffered them to be less accounted
of, that thou mightest be able to be saved. The Teacher who receiveth
is not equally reverenced, but he who receives not is chiefly honored.
But then in the latter case the disciple is not benefited, he is
hindered of his fruit. Seest thou the wisdom of God who thus loveth
man? For as He Himself sought not His own glory, nor had respect to
Himself, but when He was in glory, chose to be dishonored for thy sake,
thus too is it in the case of your Teachers. When they might have been
highly reverenced, He preferred that they should be subject to contempt
for thy sake, that thou mightest be able to profit, that thou mightest
be able to be rich. For he is in want of the things of this life, that
you may abound in things spiritual. If then He might have made them
above all want, He showed that for thy sake He suffers them to be in
want. Knowing then these things, let us turn ourselves to well doing,
not to accusations. Let us not be overcurious about the failings of
others, but take account of our own; let us reckon up the excellences
of other men, while we bear in mind our faults ; and thus shall we be
well pleasing to God. For he who looks at the faults of others, and at
his own excellences, is injured in two ways; by the latter he is
carried up to arrogance, through the former he falls into listlessness.
For when he perceives that such an one hath sinned, very easily will he
sin himself; when he perceives that he hath in aught excelled, very
easily becometh he arrogant. He who consigns to oblivion his own
excellences, and looks at his failings only, whilst he is a curious
enquirer of the excellences, not the sins, of others, is profited in
many ways. And how? When he sees that such an one hath done
excellently, he is raised to emulate the same; when he sees that he
himself hath sinned, he is rendered humble and modest. If we act thus,
if we thus regulate ourselves, we shall be able to obtain the good
things which are promised, through the grace and lovingkindness of our
Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.
HOMILY X.
PHILIPPIANS iii. 1-3.
"Finally, my brethren, rejoice in the Lord. To write the same things to
you, to me indeed is not irksome, but for you it is safe. Beware of the
dogs, beware of the evil workers, beware of the concision. For we are
the circumcision, who worship God in the spirit, and glory in Christ
Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh."
DEJECTION and care, whenever they strain the soul
beyond due measure, bereave it of its native force. And therefore Paul
relieves the Philippians, who were in great despondency, and they were
in despondency because they did not know how matters were with Paul;
they were in despondency because they thought that it was already over
with him, because of the preaching, because of Epaphroditus. It is in
giving them assurance on all these points that he introduces the words,
"Finally, my brethren,
230
rejoice." "You no longer have," he says, "cause for despondency. You
have Epaphroditus, for whose sake you were grieved ; you have Timothy;
I am myself coming to you; the Gospel is gaining ground. What is
henceforth wanting to you? Rejoice!"
Now he calls the Galatians indeed "children" (Gal.
iv. 19), but these "brethren." For when he aims either to correct
anything or to show his fondness, he calls them "children"; but when he
addresses them with greater honor, "brethren" is the title. "Finally,
my brethren," he says, "rejoice in the Lord." He said rightly "in the
Lord," not "after the world." for this is no rejoicing. These
tribulations, he says, which are according to Christ bring joy. "To
write the same things to you, to me indeed is not irksome, but for you
it is safe. Beware of the dogs." Dost thou mark how he forbears to
bring in the exhortation at the beginning? But after he had given them
much commendation, after he had shown his admiration of them, then he
does this, and again repeats his commendation. For this mode of speech
seems to bear somewhat hard upon them. Wherefore he overshadows it on
every side. But whom does he style "dogs"? There were at this place
some of those, whom he hints at in all his Epistles, base and
contemptible Jews, greedy of vile lucre and fond of power, who,
desiring to draw aside many of the faithful, preached both Christianity
and Judaism at the same time, corrupting the Gospel. As then they were
not easily discernible, therefore he says, "beware of the dogs": the
Jews are no longer children; once the Gentiles were called dogs, but
now the Jews. Wherefore? because as the Gentiles were strangers both to
God and to Christ, even so are these become this now. And he shows
forth their shamelessness and violence, and their infinite distance
from the relation of children, for that the Gentiles were once called
"dogs," hear what the Canaanitish woman says, "Yea, Lord: for even the
dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their masters' table." (Matt.
xv. 27.) But that they might not have this advantage, since even dogs
are at the table, he adds that, whereby he makes them aliens also,
saying, "Beware of the evil workers"; he admirably expressed himself,
"beware of the evil workers"; they work, he means, but for a bad end,
and a work that is much worse than idleness, plucking up what is laid
in goodly order.
"Beware," he says, "of the concision." The rite of
circumcision was venerable in the Jews' account, forasmuch as the Law
itself gave way thereto, and the Sabbath was less esteemed than
circumcision. For that circumcision might be performed the Sabbath was
broken; but that the Sabbath might be kept, circumcision was never
broken; and mark, I pray, the dispensation of God. This is found to be
even more solemn than the Sabbath, as not being omitted at certain
times.[1] When then it is done away, much more is the Sabbath.
Wherefore Paul makes a concision of the name, and says, "Beware of the
concision"; and he did not say "that circumcision is evil, that it is
superfluous," lest he should strike the men with dismay, but he manages
it more wisely, withdrawing them from the thing, but gratifying them
with the word, nay, rather with the thing too, in a more serious way.
But not so in the case of the Galatians, for since in that case the
disease was great, he forthwith adopts the remedy of amputation with
open front and with all boldness; but in this case, as they had done
nothing of the sort, he vouchsafes them the gratification of the title,
he casts out the others, and says, "Beware of the concision; for we are
the circumcision"--how?--"who worship God in spirit,[2] and have no
confidence in the flesh." He said not that" we test the one
circumcision and the other, which is the better of the two"; but he
would not even allow it a share in the name; but what does he say? That
that circumcision is "concision." Why? Because they do nothing but cut
the flesh up. For when what is done is not of the law, it is nothing
else than a concision and cutting up of the flesh; it was then either
for this reason that he called it so, or because they were trying to
cut the Church in twain; and we call the thing "cutting up" in those
who do this at random, without aim and without skill. Now if you must
seek circumcision, he says, you will find it among us, "who worship God
in spirit," i.e. who worship spiritually.
For answer me, which is superior, the soul or the
body? Evidently the former. Therefore that circumcision is also
superior, or rather, no longer superior, but this is the only
circumcision; for while the type stood, He rightly brought it forward
in conjunction, writing, "For ye shall circumcise the foreskins of your
hearts." (Jerem. iv. 4.) In the same way in the Epistle to the Romans
he does away with it, saying, "for he is not a Jew which is one
outwardly, neither is that circumcision which is outward in the flesh;
but he is a Jew which is one inwardly, and circumcision is that of the
heart, in the spirit, not in the letter." (Rom. ii. 28, 29.) And
lastly, he takes from it the very name,
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"neither is it circumcision," he maintains; for the type while the
reality is yet to come, is called this, but when the reality has come,
it no longer retains the title. As in delineation, a man has drawn a
king in outline; so long as the colors are not put on we say, Lo, there
is the king, but when they are added, the type is lost in the reality,
and ceases to show. And he said not, "for the circumcision is in us,"
but "we are the circumcision," and justly; for this is the Man, the
circumcision in virtue, this is really the Man. And he did not say,
"For among them is the concision"; for they themselves are
henceforth in a condition of ruin and of wickedness. But no longer,
says he, is circumcision performed in the body, but in the heart. "And
have no confidence," says he, "in the flesh; though I myself might have
confidence even in the flesh." (v. 4.) What does he call "confidence"
here, and "in the flesh"? Boasting, boldness, a high tone. And he did
well to add this; for if he had been of the Gentiles, and had condemned
circumcision, and not only circumcision, but all those that adopted it
out of place, it would have seemed that he was running it down, because
he lacked the high ancestry of Judaism, as being a stranger to its
solemn rites, and having no part therein. But as it is, he, who, though
a sharer, yet blames them, will not therefore blame them as having no
share in them, but as disowning them; not from ignorance, but most
especially from acquaintance with them. Accordingly observe what he
says in his Epistle to the Galatians also; having been brought into a
necessity of saying great things about himself, how even in these
circumstances does he manifest nought but humility. "For ye have heard,
of my manner of life in time past," he says, n the Jews religion" (Gal.
i. 13); and again here; "if any other man thinketh to have confidence
in the flesh, I more." (v. 4). And he immediately added, "a Hebrew of
Hebrews. But "if any other man," says he, showing the necessity,
showing that it was on their account that he spoke. "If ye have
confidence," he says, I also say so, since I am silent.[1] And observe
the absence of all ungraciousness in the reproofs; by forbearing to do
it by name, he gave even them the opportunity of retracing their steps.
"If any one thinketh to have confidence"; and it was well to say
"thinketh," either inasmuch as they really had no such confidence, or
as that confidence was no real confidence, for all was by
necessity, and not of choice. "Circumcised on the eighth day";
and he sets down the first that wherein they chiefly boasted,
viz. the ordinance of circumcision. "Of the stock of Israel." He
pointed out both these circumstances, that he was neither a proselyte,
nor born of proselytes; or from his being circumcised on the eighth
day, it follows that he was not a proselyte, and from his being of the
stock of Israel, that he was not of proselyte parents. But that
you may not imagine that he was of the stock of Israel as coming of the
ten tribes, he says, "of the tribe of Benjamin." So that he was of the
more approved portion, for the place of the priests was in the lot of
this tribe. "An Hebrew of Hebrews." Because he was not a
proselyte, but from of old, of distinguished Jews; for he might have
been of Israel, and yet not "an Hebrew of Hebrews," for many were
already corrupting the matter,[2] and were strangers to the language,
being encircled by other nations; it is either this then, or the great
superiority of his birth, that he shows. "According to the law a
Pharisee." He is coming now to the circumstances dependent on his own
will ; for all those things were apart from the will, for his being
circumcised was not of himself, nor that he was of the stock of Israel,
nor that he was of the tribe of Benjamin. So that, even among these he
has a larger share, even though there were really many who partook with
him. Where then are we to place the "rather"? Particularly herein that
he was not a proselyte; for to be of the most distinguished tribe and
sect, and this from his ancestors of old, was a thing which belonged
not to many. But he comes to the things which are matters of choice,
wherein we have the "rather." "As touching the law, a Pharisee; as
touching zeal, persecuting the Church." But this is not sufficient; for
it is possible to be a Pharisee even, and yet not very zealous. But
this also he adds; behold the "rather." "According to righteousness."
It is possible, however, to be adventurous, or to act thus[3] from
ambition, and not out of zeal for the law, as the chief priests did.
Yet neither was this the case, but, "according to the righteousness
which is in the law, found blameless." If then both for purity of
descent, and earnestness, and habits, and mode of life, I surpassed
all, why have I renounced all those dignities, he asks, but because I
found that the things of Christ are better, and better far? Wherefore
he added; "howbeit what things were gain to me, these have I counted
loss for Christ." (v. 7.)
Such a course of life, so strictly regulated, and
entered upon from earliest childhood, such unblemished extraction, such
dangers, plots, labors, forwardness, did Paul renounce, "counting them
but loss," which before were "gain," that he might "win Christ." But we
do not even contemn money, that we may "win Christ," but prefer to fail
of the life to come rather than of the good things of the present life.
And yet
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this is nothing else than loss; for tell me now, let us examine in
detail the conditions of riches, and see whether it be not loss
accompanied with trouble, and without any gain. For tell me, what is
the advantage of those stores of costly garments, what good do we gain
when we are arrayed in them? None, nay, we are only losers. How so?
Because even the poor man, in his cheap and threadbare clothing, does
not bear the scorching in time of heat any wise worse than yourself;
nay, rather he bears it better, for clothes that are threadbare and
worn single allow more ease to the body, but not so with those which
are new made, though they be finer than the spider's web. Besides, you,
from your excessive self-importance, wear even two and often three
inner garments, and a cloak and girdle, and breeches too, but no one
blames him if he wears but a single inner garment; so that he is the
man that endures most easily. It is owing to this that we see rich men
sweating, but the poor subject to nothing of the sort. Since then his
cheap clothing, which is sold for a trifle, answers the same or even a
better purpose to him, and those clothes, which oblige a man to pay
down much gold, do only the same thing, is not this great
superabundance so much loss? For it has added nothing in respect of its
use and service, but your purse is emptied of so much the more
gold, and the same use and service. You who have riches have purchased
for a hundred pieces of gold, or even more, but the poor man for a
trifling sum of silver. Do you perceive the loss? No, for your pride
will not let you see it. Would you have us make out this account in the
case of the gold ornaments too, which men put alike about their horses
and their wives? For besides the other evils, the possession of money
makes fools of men; they account their wives and horses to be worthy of
the same honor, and the ornamentation of both is the same; and they
would make themselves finer by the same means as the very beasts that
carry them, or as the very skins of the awnings, wherein they are
borne. What now is the use of decking out a mule or a horse with gold?
or the lady, that has such a weight of gold and jewels about her
person, what does she gain? "But the golden ornaments are never worn
out," he answers. Assuredly this also is said that in the baths and
many places both precious stones and gold ornaments lose much of their
value. But be it so, and grant that they are not injured, tell me, what
is the gain? And how is it when they drop out, and are lost? is
there no loss sustained? And how when they draw down upon you envy and
intrigues? is there no loss then? For when they do the wearer no good,
but rather inflame the eyes of the envious, and act as an incitement to
the robber, do they not become loss? And again, say, when a man may use
them for a serviceable purpose, but is unable on account of the
extravagance of his wife, and is obliged to starve and to stint
himself, that he may see her arrayed in gold, is it not a matter of
loss? For it was on this account that goods have their name from
use,[1] not that we should use them thus like goldsmiths' samples, but
that we should do some good therewith; so then when love of gold does
not allow this, is not the whole thing loss? for he that dares not use
them forbears the use as if they were another's property, and there is
no use of them in any way.
Again, how is it when we erect splendid and spacious
mansions, decorated with columns, marbles, porticos, arcades, and in
every possible way, setting images and statues everywhere? Many indeed
even call demons out of these, i.e. the images, but let us omit the
examination of those points. What too is the meaning of the gilded
ceiling? Does it not supply the same need as to him, whose house is on
a moderate scale? "But there is great delight in it," he says. Yes, for
the first or second day, and afterwards, none at all, but it stands
merely for nothing. For if the sun does not strike us with wonder, from
its being customary, much more do works of art fail, and we only look
at them like things of clay. For tell me, what does a range of pillars
contribute to make your dwelling superior to others, or the finest
statues, or the gilding spread over the wall? Nothing; rather, these
come of luxury and insolence, and overweening pride and folly; for
everything there ought to be necessary and useful, not superfluous
things. Do you see that the thing is loss? Do you see that it is
superfluous and unprofitable? for if it supplies no further use or
delight, (and it "does," in the course of time, bring satiety,) it is
nothing else than loss, and vainglory is the hindrance, which will not
let us see this.
Did Paul then forsake those things which he "counted
gain," and shall not we even quit our loss, for Christ's sake? How long
shall we be riveted to the earth? How long till we shall look up to
heaven? Do ye not mark the aged, what little perception they have of
the past? Do ye not mark those that are finishing their course, both
men in age, and men in youth? Do ye not see persons in the midst of
life bereft of them? Why are we so wedded to unstable objects? Why are
we linked to things that are shifting? How long before we lay hold of
the things that last? What would not the old give, were it granted them
to divest themselves of their old age? How irrational then to wish to
return to our former youth, and gladly to give everything for the sake
of this, that we might become younger, and yet when it is ours to re-
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ceive a youth that knows no old age, a youth too, which, joined with
great riches, hath far more of spirit, to be unwilling to give up a
little trifle, but to hold fast things that contribute not a whir to
the present life. They can never rescue you from death, they have no
power to drive away disease, to stay old age, or any one of those
events, which happen by necessity and according to the law of nature.
And do you still hold to them? Tell me, what do you gain? Drunkenness,
gluttony, pleasures contrary to nature and various in kind, which are
far worse torturers than the hardest masters.
These are the advantages which we gain from riches,
nor is there one besides, since we are not so minded, for if we had had
the mind, we might have won heaven itself for our inheritance by our
riches. "So then riches are good," he says. It is not riches, but the
will of the possessor that effects this, for because it is the will
that does this, it is in the power even of a poor man to win heaven.
For, as I have often said, God does not regard the amount of the gifts,
but the will of the givers; it is possible even for one in poverty, who
has given but little, to bear off all, for God requires a measure
proportioned to our ability, neither will riches secure heaven to us,
nor poverty, hell; but a good or a bad will, either one or the other.
This then let us correct, this let us repossess, this let us regulate,
and all will then be easy to us.
For as the artificer works the wood the same,
whether his axe be of iron or of gold, or rather he does it the better
with an implement of iron, so here too, the straight path of virtue is
more easily kept in a state of poverty. For touching riches we read,
"It is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a rich
man to enter into the kingdom of Heaven." (Matt. xix. 24.) But He has
made no such declarations about poverty; nay, the very reverse. "Sell
thy goods, and give to the poor, and come follow Me" (v. 21 ); as if
the act of following were to spring from the selling.
Never then let us flee from poverty as an evil, for
it is the procurer of heaven. Again, let us never follow riches as a
good; for they are the ruin of such as walk unwarily, but in everything
directing our eyes to God, let us, as occasion requires, use those
gifts which He has vouchsafed us, both strength of body, and abundance
of money, and every other gift; for it is unnatural that we, who have
our being for Him, should make these things serviceable to
others, yet not to Him who has made us He formed thine eye: make it
serviceable to Him, not to the devil. But how serviceable to Him? By
contemplating His creatures and praising and glorifying Him, and by
withdrawing it from all gaze at women. Did He make thy hands? Preserve
them for His use, not for the devil, not putting them out for robbery
and rapine, but for His commandments and for good deeds, for earnest
prayers, for holding out help to the fallen. Hath He made thine ears?
Give these to Him, and not to effeminate[1] strains nor to disgraceful
tales; but "let all thy communication be in the law of the Most High."
(Ecclus. ix. 15.) For "stand," he says, "in the multitude of the
elders, and whoever is wise, cleave unto him." (Ecclus. vi. 34.) Did he
make thy mouth? Let it do nought that is displeasing to Him, but sing
psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs. "Let no corrupt speech proceed out
of your mouth," says the Apostle, "but such as is good for edifying as
the need may be, that it may give grace to them that hear" (Eph. iv.
29); for edification and not for subversion, for fair words and not for
evil speaking and plotting against other, but the very opposite. He
hath made thy feet, not that thou shouldest run to do evil, but to do
good. He made thy belly, not that thou shouldest cram it to bursting,
but to practice lessons of wisdom. For the production of children, He
implanted desire in thy mind, not for fornication, nor for adultery. He
gave thee understanding, not to make of thee a blasphemer or a reviler,
but that thou mightest be without falsehood. He gave us both money to
be used on fitting occasion, and strength likewise to be used on
fitting occasion. He instituted arts, that our present state of
existence might be held together by them, not that we should separate
ourselves from spiritual things, not that we should devote ourselves to
the base arts but to the necessary ones, that we might minister to one
another's good, and not that we should plot one against another. He
gave us a roof, that it might afford shelter from the rain, and no
more, not that it should be decked out with gold, while the poor man
perishes with hunger. He gave clothing to cover us, not to make a
display withal, not that things like these should have much gold
lavished upon them, and that Christ should perish naked. He gave you a
place of shelter, not that you should keep it to yourself, but to offer
it to others also. He gave thee land, not that, cutting off the chief
portion of it, you should spend the good gifts of God upon harlots, and
dancers, and actors, and flute players, and harp players, but upon
those that hunger and are in want. He gave you the sea to sail on, that
you might not be wearied with journeying, not that you should pry into
its depths, and bring up thence precious stones and all the other
things of the same kind, nor that you should make this your business.
"Why then are there precious stones?" he
234
says. Nay, do you tell me why these stones are such, and why one
class are regarded as of great value, while the others are more
useful? For these may be conducive to building, but those to no
purpose; and these are stronger than those "But they," he says,
"produce a beautiful effect." How so? it is a matter of fancy.
Are they whiter? No, they are not whiter than pure white marble, nor
nearly equal to it. But are they stronger? Not even this can be said
for them.[1] Well then, are they more useful? are they larger? Not even
this. Whence then are they so admired, save from fancy? For if they are
neither more beautiful, (for we shall find others more shining and more
white,) nor useful, nor stronger, whence came they to be so admired?
Was it not from mere fancy? Why then did God give them? They were not
His gift, but it is your own imagination that they are anything great.
"How is it, then," he answers, "that even the Scripture shows
admiration of them?" So far it addresses itself to your fancy. As a
master too in talking to a child often admires the same object as it
does, when he desires to attract and engage it.
Why do you aim at finery in your clothing? He
clothed thee with a garment and with sandals. But where is there any
reason for these things? "The judgments of God," he says, "are
more to be desired than gold; yea than much fine gold." (Ps. xix. 10.)
These, beloved, are of no use. Had they been of use, he would not have
bidden us despise them. And for Holy Scripture, it speaks with
reference to our notion, and this too is an instance of God's
lovingkindness. "Why then," he asks, "did He give purple and the like?"
These things are products of God's gift. For He has willed by other
things also to show forth His own riches. And He gave you corn too by
itself; but from this you make many things, cakes and sweetmeats, of
every sort and variety, having much enjoyment. Pleasure and vainglory
give rise to all these inventions. It pleased you to set them before
everything. For if a foreigner or a rustic, who was ignorant of the
land, should put the question, and, seeing your admiration, were to
say, "Why do you admire these?" What have you to say? that they are
fair to look at? But not so. Let us then give up such notions; let us
lay hold of the things that are truly real. These are not, but simply
pass away, only flowing past like a river. Wherefore I charge you, let
us take our stand upon the rock, that we both escape being easily
turned about, and that we may obtain the good things to come, by
the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom,
&c.
HOMILY XI.
PHILIPPIANS iii. 7-10.
"Howbeit what things were gain to me, these have I counted loss
for Christ. Yea verily, and I counted all things to be loss for the
excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord: for whom I
suffered the loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that I may
gain Christ and be found in Him, not having a righteousness of mine
own, even that which is of the law, but that which is through faith in
Christ, the righteousness which is of God."
IN our contests with heretics, we must make the
attack with minds in vigor, that they may be able to give exact
attention. I will therefore begin nay present discourse where the last
ended. And what was that? Having enumerated every Jewish boast, both
those from his birth, and those that were from choice, he added,
"Howbeit, what things were gain to me, these have I counted to be loss
for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord; for whom I
suffered the loss of all things, and do count them but dung, that I may
gain Christ." Here the heretics spring to their attack: for even this
comes of the wisdom of the Spirit, to suggest to them hopes of victory,
that they may undertake the fight.
For if it had been spoken plainly, they would have
acted here as they have done in other places, they would have blotted
out the words, they would have denied the Scripture, when they were
unable at all to look it in the face. But as in the case of fishes,
that which can take them is concealed so that they may swim up, and
does not lie open to view; this in truth hath come to pass here too.
The Law, they say, is called "dung" by Paul, it is called "loss." He
says, it was not possible to gain Christ except I "suffered" this
"loss." All these things induced the heretics to accept this passage,
thinking it to be favorable to them: but when they had taken it, then
did he enclose them on all sides with his nets. For what do they
themselves say? Lo! the Law is "loss," is "dung"; how then do ye say
that it is of God?
235
But these very words are favorable to the Law, and
how they are so, shall be hence manifest. Let us attend accurately to
his very words. He said not, The Law is loss: but "I counted it loss."
But when he spake of gain, he said not, I counted them, but "they were
gain." But when he spake of loss he said," I counted": and this
rightly; for the former was naturally so, but the latter became so,
from my opinion. "What then? Is it not so?" says he. It is loss for
Christ.
And how has the law become gain? And it was not
counted gain, but was so. For consider how great a thing it was, to
bring men, brutalized in their nature, to the shape of men. If the law
had not been, grace would not have been given. Wherefore? Because it
became a sort of bridge; for when it was impossible to mount on high
from a state of great abasement, a ladder was formed. But he who has
ascended has no longer need of the ladder; yet he does not despise it,
but is even grateful to it. For it has placed him in such a position,
as no longer to require it. And yet for this very reason, that he doth
not require it, it is just that he should acknowledge his obligation,
for he could not fly up. And thus is it with the Law, it hath led us up
on high; wherefore it was gain, but for the future we esteem it loss.
How? Not because it is loss, but because grace is far greater. For as a
poor man, that was in hunger, as long as he has silver, escapes hunger,
but when he finds gold, and it is not allowable to keep both, considers
it loss to retain the former, and having thrown it away, takes the gold
coin; so also here; not because the silver is loss, for it is not; but
because it is impossible to take both at once, but it is necessary to
leave one. Not the Law then is loss, but for a man to cleave to the
Law, and desert Christ. Wherefore it is then loss when it leads us away
from Christ. But if it sends us on to Him, it is no longer so. For this
cause he saith "loss for Christ"; if for Christ, it is not so
naturally. But why doth not the Law suffer us to come to Christ? For
this very cause, he tells us, was it given. And Christ is the
fulfilling of the Law, and Christ is the end of the Law. It doth suffer
us if we will. "For Christ is the end of the Law." He who obeyeth the
Law, leaves the Law itself. It suffers, if we take heed to it, but if
we do not take heed, it suffers not. "Yea verily, and I have counted
all things but loss." Why, he means, do I say this of the Law? Is not
the world good? Is not the present life good? but if they draw me away
from Christ, I count these things loss. Why? "for the excellency of the
knowledge of Jesus Christ my Lord." For when the sun hath appeared, it
is loss to sit by a candle: so that the loss comes by comparison, by
the superiority of the other. You see that Paul makes a comparison from
superiority, not from diversity of kind; for that which is superior, is
superior to somewhat of like nature to itself. So that he shows the
connection of that knowledge by the same means, by which he draws the
superiority from the comparison. "For whom I suffered the loss of all
things, and do count them dung, that I may gain Christ." It is not yet
manifest, whether he speaks of the Law, for it is likely that he
applies it to the things of this world. For when he says, "the things
which were gain to me, those I have counted loss for Christ; yea
verily," he adds, "I count all things loss." Although he said all
things, yet it is things present; and if you wish it to be the Law too,
not even so is it insulted. For dung comes from wheat, and the strength
of the wheat is the dung, I mean, the chaff. But as the dung was useful
in its former state, so that we gather it together with the wheat, and
had there been no dung, there would have been no wheat, thus too is it
with the Law.
Seest thou, how everywhere he calls it "loss," not
in itself, but for Christ. "Yea verily, and I count all things but
loss." Wherefore again? "For the excellency of the knowledge (of Him),
for whom I suffered the loss of all things." Again, " wherefore too I
count all things to be loss, that I may gain Christ."
See how, from every point, he lays hold of Christ as
his foundation, and suffers not the Law to be anywhere exposed, or
receive a blow, but guards it on every side. "And that I may be found
in Him, not having a righteousness of mine own, even that which is of
the Law." If he who had righteousness, ran to this other righteousness
because his own was nothing, how much rather ought they, who have it
not, to run to Him? And he well said, "a righteousness of mine own,"
not that which I gained by labor and toil, but that which I found from
grace. If then he who was so excellent is saved by grace, ranch more
are you. For since it was likely they would say that the righteousness
which comes from toil is the greater, he shows that it is dung in
comparison with the other. For otherwise I, who was so excellent in it,
would not have cast it away, and run to the other. But what is that
other? That which is from the faith of God, i.e. it too is given by
God. This is the righteousness of God; this is altogether a gift. And
the gifts of God far exceed those worthless good deeds, which are due
to our own diligence.
But what is "By faith that I may know Him"?(1) So
then knowledge is through faith,
236
and without faith it is impossible to know Him. Why how? Through it we
must "know the power of His resurrection." For what reason can
demonstrate to us the Resurrection? None, but faith only. For if the
resurrection of Christ, who was according to the flesh, is known by
faith, how can the generation of the Word of God be comprehended by
reasoning? For the resurrection is less than the generation. Why?
Because of that there have been many examples, but of this none ever;
for many dead arose before Christ, though after their resurrection they
died, but no one was ever born of a virgin. If then we must comprehend
by faith that which is inferior to the generation according to the
flesh, how can that which is far greater, immeasurably and incomparably
greater, be comprehended by reason? These things make the
righteousness; this must we believe that He was able to do, but how He
was able we cannot prove. For from faith is the fellowship of His
sufferings. But how? Had we not believed, neither should we have
suffered: had we not believed, that "if we endure with Him, we shall
also reign with Him" (2 Tim. ii. 12), we should not have endured the
sufferings. Both the generation and the resurrection is comprehended by
faith. Seest thou, that faith must not be absolutely, but through good
works; for he especially believes that Christ hath risen, who in like
sort gives himself up to dangers, who hath fellowship with Him in His
sufferings. For he hath fellowship with Him who rose again, with Him
who liveth; wherefore he saith, "And may be found in Him, not having a
righteousness of mine own, even that which is of the law, but that
which is through faith in Christ, the righteousness which is of God by
faith: that I may know Him, and the power of His resurrection, and the
fellowship of His sufferings, becoming conformed unto His death; if by
any means I may attain unto the resurrection from the dead." He saith,
being made conformable unto His death, i.e. having fellowship; whereas
He suffered from men, thus I too; wherefore he said, "becoming
conformed" and again in another place, "and fill up on my part that
which is lacking of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh." (Col. i.
24.) That is, these persecutions and sufferings work the image of His
death, for He sought not His own, but the good of many.
Therefore persecutions, and afflictions, and
straits, ought not to disturb you, but ought even to make you glad,
because through them we are "conformed to His death." As if he had
said, We are molded to His likeness; as he says in another place, where
he writeth, "bearing about in the body the dying of the Lord Jesus." (2
Cor. iv. 10.) And this too comes from great faith. For we not only
believe that He arose, but that after His resurrection also He hath
great power: wherefore we travel the same road which He travelled, i.e.
we become brethren to Him in this respect also. As if he had said, We
become Christs in this respect. O how great is the dignity of
sufferings! We believe that we become "conformed to His death" through
sufferings! For as in baptism, we were "buried with the likeness of His
death," so here, with His death. There did he rightly say, "The
likeness of His death" (Rom. vi. 4, 5), for there we died not entirely,
we died not in the flesh, to the body, but to sin. Since then a death
is spoken of, and a death; but He indeed died in the body, whilst we
died to sin, and there the Man died which He assumed, who was in our
flesh, but here the man of sin; for this cause he saith, "the likeness
of His death," but here, no longer the likeness of His death, but His
death itself. For Paul, in his persecutions, no longer died to sin, but
in(1) his very body. Wherefore, he endured the same death. "If by any
means," saith he, "I may attain unto the resurrection from the dead."
What sayest thou? All men will have a share in that. "For we shall not
all sleep, but we shall all be changed" (1 Cor. xv. 51), and shall all
share not only in the Resurrection, but in incorruption. Some indeed to
honor, but others as a means of punishment. If therefore all have a
share in the Resurrection, and not in the Resurrection only, but
also in incorruption, how said he," If by any means I may attain," as
if about to share in some especial thing? "For this cause," saith he,
"I endure these things, if by any means I may attain unto the
resurrection from the dead." For if thou hadst not died, thou wouldest
not arise. What is it then? Some great thing seems here to be hinted
at. So great was it, that he dared not openly assert it, but saith, "If
by any means." I have believed in Him and His resurrection, nay,
moreover, I suffer for Him, yet I am unable to be confident concerning
the Resurrection. What resurrection doth he here mention? That which
leads to Christ Himself. I said, that I believed in "Him, and in the
power of His resurrection," and that I "have fellowship with His
sufferings," and that I "become conformed to His death." Yet after all
these things I am by no means confident; as he said elsewhere, "Let him
that thinketh he standeth, take heed lest he fall." (1 Cor. x. 12.) And
again, "I fear test by any means, after that I have preached to others,
I myself should be rejected." (1 Cor. ix. 27.)
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Ver. 12. "Not that I have already obtained, or am
already made perfect: but I press on, if so be that I may apprehend
that for which also I was apprehended by Christ Jesus."
"Not that I have already obtained." What means
"already obtained"? He speaks of the prize, but if he who had endured
such sufferings, he who was persecuted, he "who had in him the dying of
the Lord Jesus," was not yet confident about that resurrection, what
can we say? What meaneth, "if I may apprehend"? What he before said,
"If I may attain to the resurrection of the dead." (2 Cor. iv. 10.) If
I may apprehend, he saith, His resurrection; i.e. if I may be able to
endure so great things, if I may be able to imitate Him, if I may be
able to become conformed to Him. For example, Christ suffered many
things, He was spit upon, He was stricken, was scourged, at last He
suffered what things he suffered.(1) This is the entire course. Through
all these things it is needful that men should endure the whole
contest, and so come to His resurrection. Or he means this, if I am
thought worthy to attain the glorious resurrection, which is a matter
of confidence, in order to His resurrection. For if I am able to endure
all the contests, I shall be able also to have His resurrection, and to
rise with glory. For not as yet, saith he, am I worthy, but "I press
on, if so be that I may apprehend." My life is still one of contest, I
am still far from the end, I am still distant from the prize, still I
run, still I pursue. And He said not, I run, but "I pursue." For you
know with what eagerness a man pursues. He sees no one, he thrusts
aside with great violence all who would interrupt his pursuit. He
collects together his mind, and sight, and strength, and soul, and
body, looking to nothing else than the prize. But if Paul, who so
pursued, who had suffered so many things, yet saith, "if I may attain,"
what should we say, who have relaxed our efforts? Then to show that
the thing is of debt, he saith, "For which also I was apprehended
by Christ Jesus." I was, he saith, of the number of the lost, I gasped
for breath, I was nigh dead, God apprehended me. For He pursued us,
when we fled from Him, with all speed. So that he points out all those
things; for the words, "I was apprehended," show the earnestness of Him
who wishes to apprehend us, and our great aversion to Him, our
wandering, our flight from Him.
So that we are liable for a vast debt, and no one
grieves, no one weeps, no one groans, all having returned to their
former state. For as before the appearance of Christ we fled from God,
so now also. For we can flee from God, not in place, for He is
everywhere; and hear the Prophet, when he says, "Whither shall I go
from Thy Spirit, or whither shall I flee from Thy presence"? (Ps.
cxxxix. 7.) How then can we flee from God? Even as we can become
distant from God, even as we can be removed afar off. "They that are
far from Thee," it says, "shall perish." (Ps. lxxiii. 27.) And again,
"Have not your iniquities separated between Me and you?" (Isa.
lix. 2.) How then comes this removal, how comes this separation? In
purpose and soul: for it cannot be in place. For how could one fly from
Him who is everywhere present? The sinner then flies. This is what the
Scripture saith, "The wicked fleeth when no man pursueth him." (Prov.
xxviii. 1.) We eagerly fly from God, although He always pursueth us.
The Apostle hasted, that he might be near Him. We haste, that we may be
far off.
Are not these things then worthy of lamentation? Are
they not worthy of tears? Whither fliest thou, wretched and miserable
man? Whither fliest thou from thy Life and thy Salvation? If thou fly
from God, with whom wilt thou take refuge? If thou fly from the Light,
whither wilt thou cast thine eyes? If thou fly from thy Life, whence
wilt thou henceforth live? Let us fly from the enemy of our Salvation!
Whensoever we sin we fly from God, we are as runaways, we depart to a
foreign land, as he who consumed his paternal goods and departed into a
foreign land, who wasted all his father's substance, and lived in want.
We too have substance from our Father; and what is this? He hath freed
us from our sins; He hath freely given to us power, strength for works
of virtue; He hath freely given to us readiness, patience; He hath
freely given to us the Holy Ghost in our baptism; if we waste these
things we shall henceforth be in want. For as the sick, as long as they
are troubled with fevers, and badness of their juices, are unable to
arise or work, or do anything, but if any one sets them free, and
brings them to health, if they then work not, this comes from their own
sloth; thus too is it with us. For the disease was heavy and the fever
excessive. And we lay not upon a bed, but upon wickedness itself, cast
away in crime, as on a dunghill, full of sores, and evil odors,
squalid, wasting away, more like ghosts than men. Evil spirits
encompassed us about, the Prince of this world deriding and assaulting
us; the Only-Begotten Son of God came, sent forth the rays of His
Presence, and straightway dispelled the darkness. The King, who is on
His Father's throne, came to us, having left His Father's throne. And
when I say having left, think not of any removal, for He filleth the
heavens and the earth, but I speak of the economy; He came to an enemy,
who hated Him, who turned himself away, who could not endure
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to behold Him, who blasphemed Him every day. He saw him lying on a
dunghill, eaten with worms, afflicted with fever and hunger, having
every sort of disease; for both fever vexed him, which is evil desire;
and inflammation lay heavy on him, this is pride; and gnawing hunger
had hold of him, which is covetousness; and putrefying sores on every
side, for this is fornication; and blindness of eyes, which is
idolatry; and dumbness, and madness, which is to worship stocks and
stones, and address them; and great deformity, for wickedness is this,
foul to behold, and a most heavy disease. And he saw us speaking
more foolishly than the mad, and calling stocks our God, and stones
likewise; He saw us in such great guilt, he did not reject us; was not
wroth, turned not away, hated us not, for He was a Master, and could
not hate His own creation. But what does he do? As a most excellent
physician, He prepareth medicines of great price, and Himself tastes
them first. For He Himself first followed after virtue, and thus gave
it to us. And He first gave us the washing,(1) like some antidote, and
thus we vomited up all our guilt, and all things took their flight at
once, and our inflammation ceased, and our fever was quenched, and our
sores were dried up. For all the evils which are from covetousness, and
anger, and all the rest, were dissipated by the Spirit. Our eyes were
opened, our ears were opened, our tongue spake holy words: our soul
received strength, our body received such beauty and bloom, as it is
like that he who is born a son of God should have from the grace of the
Spirit; such glory as it is like that the new-born son of a king should
have, nurtured in purple. Alas! How great nobility did He confer on us!
We were born, we were nurtured, why do we again fly
from our Benefactor? He then, who hath done all these things, giveth us
strength too, for it was not possible, for a soul bowed down by the
disease to endure it, did not He Himself give us the strength. He gave
us remission of our sins. We devoured all things. He gave us strength,
we wasted it. He gave us grace, we quenched it; and how? we consumed it
upon nought that was fitting, we used it for no useful end. These
things have destroyed us, and what is more dreadful than all, when we
are in a foreign country, and feeding on husks, we say not, Let us
return to our Father, and say, "We have sinned against Heaven, and
against Thee." (Luke xv. 18.) And that too, when we have so loving a
Father, who eagerly desires our return. If we will only return to Him,
He does not even bear to call in question our former deeds, only let us
quit them. It is sufficient apology with Him, that we have returned.
Not only He Himself calls not in question, but if another does so, He
stops his mouth, though the accuser be one of good repute. Let us
return! How long do we stand afar off? Let us perceive our dishonor,
let us be sensible of our vileness. Sin makes us swine, sin brings
famine to the soul; let us regain ourselves, and be sober again, and
return to our former high birth, that we may obtain the good things
which are to come, in Christ Jesus our Lord, with whom to the Father
together with the Holy Spirit be glory, might, honor, now and ever and
world without end.
HOMILY XII.
PHILIPPIANS iii. 13, 14.
"Brethren, I count not myself yet to have apprehended: but
one thing I do forgetting the things which are behind, and
stretching forward to the things which are before, I press on
toward the goal unto the prize
of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus."
NOTHING so renders our real excellences vain and
puffs them away, as to be remembering the good deeds we have done; for
this produces two evils, it both renders us remiss, and raises us to
haughtiness. Wherefore see how Paul, since he knew our nature to be
easily inclined to remissness, though he had given great praise to the
Philippians, now subdues their mind by many other things above, but
chiefly by his resent words And what are they? "Brethren, I count not
myself(2) to have apprehended." But if Paul had not as yet apprehended,
and is not confident about the Resurrection and things to come, hardly
should they be so, who have not attained the smallest proportion of his
excellence. That is, I consider that I have not as
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yet apprehended all virtue, as if one were speaking of a runner.
Not as yet, saith he, have I completed all. And if in another
place he saith, "I have fought the good fight" (2 Tim. iv. 7), but
here, "I count myself not as yet to have apprehended "; any one who
reads carefully will well know the reason both of those, and of the
present words; (for it is not necessary to dwell continually on the
same point;) and that he spoke these words at a much earlier date, but
the others near his death. But I am solely engaged on "one thing," says
he, "in stretching forward to the things which are before." But "one
thing," says he, "forgetting the things which are behind, and
stretching forward to the things which are before, I press on toward
the goal unto the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus."
For what made him reach forward unto the things which are before, was
his forgetting the things that are behind. He then, who thinks that all
is accomplished, and that nothing is wanting to him for the perfecting
of virtue, may cease running, as having apprehended all. But he who
thinks that he is still distant from the goal, will never cease
running. This then we should always consider, even though we have
wrought ten thousand good deeds; for if Paul, after ten thousand
deaths, after so many dangers, considered this, how much more should
we? For I fainted not, saith he, although I availed not, after running
so much; nor did I despair, but I still run, I still strive. This thing
only I consider, that I may in truth advance. Thus too we should act,
we should forget our successes, and throw them behind us. For the
runner reckons not up how many circuits he hath finished, but how many
are left. We too should reckon up, not how far we are advanced in
virtue, but how much remains for us. For what doth that which is
finished profit us, when that which is deficient is not added? Moreover
he did not say, I do not reckon up, but I do not even remember. For we
thus become eager, when we apply all diligence to what is left, when we
give to oblivion everything else. "Stretching forward," saith he;
before we arrive, we strive to obtain. For he that stretches forward is
one who, though his feet are running, endeavors to outstrip them with
the rest of his body, stretching himself towards the front, and
reaching out his hands, that he may accomplish somewhat more of the
course. And this comes from great eagerness, from much warmth; thus the
runner should run with great earnestness, with so great eagerness,
without relaxation. As far as one who so runs differs from him who lies
supine, so far doth Paul differ from us. He died daily, he was approved
daily, there was no season, there was no time in which his course
advanced not. He wished not to take, but to snatch the prize; for in
this way we may take it. He who giveth the prize standeth on high, the
prize is laid up on high.
See how great a distance this is that must be run
over! See how great an ascent! Thither we must fly up with the
wings of the Spirit, otherwise it is impossible to surmount this
height. Thither must we go with the body, for it is allowed. "For our
citizenship is in heaven" (Phil. iii. 20), there is the prize; seest
thou the runners, how they live by rule, how they touch nothing that
relaxes their strength, how they exercise themselves every day in the
palaestra, under a master, and by rule? Imitate them, or rather exhibit
even greater eagerness, for the prizes are not equal: many are those
who would hinder you; live by rule: many are the things which relax
your strength; make its feet(1) agile: for it is possible so to do, it
comes not naturally, but by our will. Let us bring it to lightness,
lest our swiftness of foot be hindered by the weight of other things.
Teach thy feet to be sure. for there are many slippery places, and if
thou fallest, straightway thou losest much. But yet if thou fall, rise
up again. Even thus mayst thou obtain the victory. Never attempt
slippery things, and thou wilt not fall; walk upon firm ground, up with
thy head, up with thine eyes; these commands the trainers give to those
who run. Thus thy strength is supported; but if thou stoopest downward,
thou fallest, thou art relaxed. Look upward, where the prize is; the
sight of the prize increaseth the determination of our will. The hope
of taking it suffereth not to perceive the toils, it maketh the
distance appear short. And what is this prize? No palm branch; but
what? The kingdom of heaven, everlasting rest, glory together with
Christ, the inheritance, brotherhood, ten thousand good things, which
it is impossible to name. It is impossible to describe the beauty of
that prize; he who hath it alone knoweth it, and he who is about to
receive it. It is not of gold, it is not set with jewels, it is far
more precious. Gold is mire, in comparison with that prize, precious
stones are mere bricks in comparison with its beauty. If thou hast
this, and takest thy departure to heaven, thou wilt be able to walk
there with great honor; the angels will reverence thee, when thou
bearest this prize, with much confidence wilt thou approach them all.
"In Christ Jesus." See the humility of his mind; this I do, saith he,
"in Christ Jesus," for it is impossible without an impulse from Him to
pass over so vast an interval: we have need of much aid, of a mighty
alliance; He hath willed that thou shouldest struggle below, on high He
crowns thee. Not as in this world; the crown is not
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here, where the contest is; but the crown is in that bright place. See
ye not, even here, that the most honored of the wrestlers and
charioteers are not crowned in the course below, but the king calls
them up, and crowns them there? Thus too is it here, in heaven thou
receivest the prize.
Ver. 15. "Let us, therefore, as many as be perfect,
be thus minded," saith he. "And if in anything ye are otherwise minded,
even this shall God reveal unto you." What sort of thing? That we
should "forget the things which are behind." Wherefore it belongs to
him who is perfect not to consider himself perfect. How therefore
sayest thou, "as many as are perfect"? For tell me, are we minded as
thou art? For if thou hast not attained nor art perfected, how dost
thou command those that are perfect to be so minded as thou art, who
art not yet perfect? Yea, for this, saith he, is perfection. And "if ye
are in anything otherwise minded, even this shall God reveal unto you."
That is, if any one considers that he has attained all excellence. He
puts them on their guard, not by speaking directly, but what saith he?
"If in anything ye are otherwise minded, even this shall God reveal
unto you." See how humbly he saith this! God shall teach you, i.e. God
shall persuade you,(1) not teach you; for Paul was teaching, but God
shall lead them on. And he said not, shall lead you on, but "shall
reveal," that this may rather seem to spring from ignorance. These
words were spoken not concerning doctrines, but concerning perfection
of life, and our not considering ourselves to be perfect, for he who
considers that he hath apprehended all, hath nothing.
Ver. 16. "Only, whereunto we have already attained,
by that same rule let us walk, let us mind the same thing."
"Only, whereunto we have attained." What means this?
Let us hold fast, he saith, that in which we have succeeded; love,
concord, and peace: for in this we have succeeded.(2) "Whereto we have
attained: to walk by the same rule, to mind the same thing." "Whereunto
we have attained," i.e. in this we have already succeeded. Seest thou,
that he wills that his precepts should be a rule to us? And a rule
admits neither addition, nor subtraction, since that destroys its being
a rule. "By the same rule," i.e. by the same faith, within the same
limits.
Ver. 17. "Brethren, be ye imitators of me, and mark
them which so walk even as ye have us for an ensample."
He had said above, "beware of dogs," from such he
had led them away; he brings them near to these whom they ought to
imitate. If any one, saith he, wishes to imitate me, if any one wishes
to walk the same road, let him take heed to them; though I am not
present, ye know the manner of my walk, that is, my conduct in life.
For not by words only did he teach, but by deeds too; as in the chorus,
and the army, the rest must imitate the leader of the chorus or the
army, and thus advance in good order. For it is possible that the order
may be dissolved by sedition.
The Apostles therefore were a type, and kept
throughout a certain archetypal model. Consider how entirely accurate
their life was, so that they are proposed as an archetype and example,
and as living laws. For what was said in their writings, they
manifested to all in their actions. This is the best teaching; thus he
will be able to carry on his disciple. But if he indeed speaks as a
philosopher, yet in his actions doth the contrary, he is no longer a
teacher. For mere verbal philosophy is easy even for the disciple: but
there is need of that teaching and leading which comes of deeds. For
this both makes the teacher to be reverenced, and prepares the disciple
to yield obedience. How so? When one sees him delivering philosophy in
words, he will say he commands impossibilities; that they are
impossibilities, he himself is the first to show, who does not
practice them. But if he sees his virtue fully carried out in action,
he will no longer be able to speak thus. Yet although the life of our
teacher be careless, let us take heed to ourselves, and let us listen
to the words of the prophet; "They shall be all taught of God." (Isa.
liv. 13.) "And they shall teach no more every man his brother, saying,
Know the Lord, for they shall all know me from the least of them to the
greatest of them." (Jer. xxxi. 34.) Hast thou a teacher who is not
virtuous? Still thou hast Him who is truly a Teacher, whom alone thou
shouldest call a Teacher. Learn from Him: He hath said, "Learn of Me,
for I am meek." (Matt. xi. 29.) Take not heed, then, to thy teacher,
but to Him and to His lessons. Take thence thy examples, thou hast a
most excellent model, to it conform thyself. There are innumerable
models laid before thee in the Scriptures of virtuous lives;
whichsoever thou wilt, come, and after the Master find it in the
disciples. One hath shown forth through poverty, another through
riches; for example, Elijah through poverty, Abraham through riches. Go
to that example, which thou esteemest most easy, most befitting thyself
to practice. Again, one by marriage, the other by virginity; Abraham by
marriage, the other by virginity. Follow whichever thou wilt: for both
lead to heaven. One shone forth by fasting, as John, another without
fasting, as Job. Again, this latter had a
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care for his wife, his children, his daughters, his family, and
possessed great wealth; the other possessed nothing but the garment of
hair. And why do I make mention of family, or wealth, or money, when it
is possible that even one in a kingdom should lay hold on virtue, for
the house of a king would be found more full of trouble than any
private family. David then shone forth in his kingdom; the purple and
the diadem rendered him not at all remiss. To another it was entrusted
to preside over a whole people, I mean Moses, which was a more
difficult task, for there the power was greater, whence the difficulty
too became greater. Thou hast seen men approved in wealth, thou hast
seen them in poverty also, thou hast seen them in marriage, thou hast
seen them in virginity too; on the contrary, behold some lost in
marriage and in virginity, in wealth and in poverty. For example, many
men have perished in marriage, as Samson,[1] yet not from marriage, but
from their own deliberate choice. Likewise in virginity, as the five
virgins. In wealth, as the rich man, who disregarded Lazarus: in
poverty, innumerable poor men even now are lost. In a kingdom, I can
point to many who have perished, and in ruling the people. Wouldest
thou see men saved in the rank of a soldier? there is Cornelius; and in
the government of a household? there is the eunuch of the Ethiopian
Queen. Thus is it universally. If we use our wealth as is fit, nothing
will destroy us; but if not, all things will destroy us, whether a
kingdom, or poverty, or wealth. But nothing will have power to hurt the
man, who keeps well awake.
For tell me, was captivity any harm? None at all.
For consider, I pray thee, Joseph, who became a slave, and preserved
his virtue. Consider Daniel, and the Three Children, who became
captives, and how much the more they shone forth, for virtue shineth
everywhere, is invincible, and nothing can put hindrances in its way.
But why make I mention of poverty, and captivity, and slavery; and
hunger, and sores, and grievous disease? For disease is, more hard to
endure than slavery. Such was Lazarus, such was Job, such was also
Timothy, straitened by" often infirmities." (1 Tim. v. 23.) Thou seest
that nothing can obtain the mastery over virtue; neither wealth, nor
poverty, nor dominion, nor subjection, nor the preëminence in
affairs, nor disease, nor contempt, nor abandonment. But having left
all these things below, and upon the earth, it hastens towards Heaven.
Only let the soul be noble, and nought can hinder it from being
virtuous. For when he who works is in vigor, nothing external can
hinder him; for as in the arts, when the artificer is experienced and
persevering, and thoroughly acquainted with his art, if disease
overtakes him, he still hath it; if he became poor, he still hath it;
whether he hath his tools in his hand or hath them not, whether he
works or worketh not, he loseth not at all his art: for the science of
it is contained within him. Thus too the virtuous man, who is devoted
to God, manifests his art, if you cast him into wealth, or if into
poverty, if into disease, if into health, if into dishonor, if into
great honor. Did not the Apostles work in every state, "By glory and
dishonor, by good report and evil report"? (2 Cor. vi. 8.) This is an
athlete, to be prepared for everything; for such is also the nature of
virtue.
If thou sayest, I am not able to preside over many,
I ought to lead a solitary life; thou offerest an insult to virtue, for
it can make use of every state, and shine through all: only let it be
in the soul. Is there a famine? or is there abundance? It shows forth
its own strength, as Paul saith, "I know how to abound, and how to be
in want." (Phil. iv. 12; Acts xxviii. 30.) Was he required to work? He
was not ashamed, but wrought two years. Was hunger to be undergone? He
sank not under it, nor wavered. Was death to be borne? He became not
dejected, through all he exhibited his noble mind and art. Him
therefore let us imitate, and we shall have no cause of grief: for tell
me, what will have power to grieve such an one? Nothing. As long as no
one deprives us of this art, this will be the most blessed of all men,
even in this life as well as in that to come. For suppose the good man
hath a wife and children, and riches, and great honor, with all these
things he remaineth alike virtuous. Take them away, and again in like
sort he will be virtuous, neither overwhelmed by his misfortunes, nor
puffed up by prosperity, but as a rock standeth equally unmoved in the
raging sea and in calm, neither broken by the waves nor influenced at
all by the calm, thus too the solid mind stands firm both in calm and
in storm. And as little children, when sailing in a ship, are tossed
about, whilst the pilot sits by, laughing and undisturbed, and
delighted to see their confusion; thus too the soul which is truly
wise, when all others are in confusion, or else are inopportunely
smiling at any change of circumstance, sits unmoved, as it were, at the
tiller and helm of piety. For tell me, what can disturb the pious soul?
Can death? This is the beginning of a better life. Can poverty? This
helps her on toward virtue. Can disease? She regards not its presence.
She regards neither ease, nor affliction; for being beforehand with it,
she hath afflicted herself. Can dishonor? The world hath been
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crucified to her. Can the loss of children? She fears it not, when she
is fully persuaded of the Resurrection. What then can surprise her?
None of all these things. Doth wealth elevate her? By no means, she
knoweth that money is nothing. Doth glory? She hath been taught that
"all the glory of man is as the flower of grass." (Isa. xl. 6.) Doth
luxury? She hath heard Paul say, "She that giveth herself to pleasure
is dead while she liveth." (1 Tim. v. 6.) Since then she is neither
inflamed nor cramped, what can equal such health as this?
Other souls, meanwhile, are not such, but change
more frequently than the sea, or the cameleon, so that thou hast great
cause to smile, when thou seest the same man at one time laughing, at
another weeping, at one time full of care, at another beyond measure
relaxed and languid. For this cause Paul saith, "Be not fashioned
according to this world." (Rom. xii. 2.) For we are citizens of heaven,
where there is no turning. Prizes which change not are held out to us.
Let us make manifest this our citizenship, let us thence already
receive our good things. But why do we cast ourselves into the Euripus,
into tempest, into storm, into foam? Let us be in calm. It all depends
not on wealth, nor on poverty, nor honor, nor dishonor, nor on
sickness, nor on health, nor on weakness, but on our own soul. If it is
solid, and well-instructed in the science of virtue, all things will be
easy to it. Even hence it will already behold its rest, and that quiet
harbor, and, on its departure, will there attain innumerable good
things, the which may we all attain, by the grace and love of our Lord
Jesus Christ, with whom, to the Father, together with the Holy Spirit,
be glory, dominion, honor, now and ever, and world without end. Amen.
HOMILY XIII.
PHILIPPIANS iii. 18--21.
"For many walk, of whom I told you often, and now tell you even
weeping, that they are the enemies of the cross of Christ: whose end is
perdition, whose god is the belly, and whose glory is in their shame,
who mind earthly things. For our citizenship is in heaven; from whence
also we wait for a Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ: who shall fashion
anew the body of our humiliation, that it may be conformed to the body
of his glory, according to the working whereby He is able even to
subject all things unto Himself."
Nothing is so incongruous in a Christian, and
foreign to his character, as to seek ease and rest; and to be engrossed
with the present life is foreign to our profession and enlistment. Thy
Master was crucified, and dost thou seek ease? Thy Master was pierced
with nails, and dost thou live delicately? Do these things become a
noble soldier? Wherefore Paul saith, "Many walk, of whom I told you
often, and now tell you even weeping, that they are the enemies
of the cross of Christ." Since there were some who made a pretense of
Christianity, yet lived in ease and luxury, and this is contrary to the
Cross: therefore he thus spoke. For the cross belongs to a soul at its
post for the fight, longing to die, seeking nothing like ease, whilst
their conduct is of the contrary sort. So that even if they say, they
are Christ's, still they are as it were enemies of the Cross. For did
they love the Cross, they would strive to live the crucified life. Was
not thy Master hung upon the tree? Do thou otherwise imitate Him.
Crucify thyself, though no one crucify thee. Crucify thyself, not that
thou mayest slay thyself, God forbid, for that is a wicked thing, but
as Paul said, "The world hath been crucified unto me and I unto the
world." (Gal. vi. 14.) If thou lovest thy Master, die His death. Learn
how great is the power of the Cross; how many good things it hath
achieved, and doth still: how it is the safety of our life. Through it
all things are done. Baptism is through the Cross, for we must receive
that seal. The laying on of hands is through the Cross. If we are on
journeys, if we are at home, wherever we are, the Cross is a great
good, the armor of salvation, a shield which cannot be beaten down, a
weapon to oppose the devil; thou bearest the Cross when thou art at
enmity with him, not simply when thou sealest thyself by it, but when
thou sufferest the things belonging to the Cross. Christ thought fit to
call our sufferings by the name of the Cross. As when he saith, "Except
a man take up his cross and follow Me" (Matt. xvi. 24), i.e. except he
be prepared to die.
But these being base, and lovers of life, and lovers
of their bodies, are enemies of the Cross. And every one, who is a
friend of luxury, and of present safety, is an enemy of that Cross in
which Paul makes his boast: which he embraces, with which he desires to
be incorporated. As when he saith, "I am crucified unto the world,
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and the world unto me." But here he saith, "I now tell you weeping."
Wherefore? Because the evil was urgent, because such deserve tears. Of
a truth the luxurious are worthy of tears, who make fat that which is
thrown about them, I mean the body, and take no thought of that soul
which must give account. Behold thou livest delicately, behold thou art
drunken, to-day and to-morrow, ten years, twenty, thirty, fifty, a
hundred, which is impossible; but if thou wilt, let us suppose it. What
is the end? What is the gain? Nought at all. Doth it not then deserve
tears, and lamentations, to lead such a life; God hath brought us into
this course, that He may crown us, and we take our departure without
doing any noble action. Wherefore Paul weepeth, where others laugh, and
live in pleasure. So sympathetic is he: such thought taketh he for all
men. "Whose god," saith he, "is the belly." For this have they a
God![1] That is, "let us eat and drink!" Dost thou see, how great an
evil luxury is? to some their wealth, and to others their belly is a
god. Are not these too idolaters, and worse than the common? And their
"glory is in their shame." (1 Cor. xv. 32.) Some say it is
circumcision. I think not so, but this is its meaning, they make a
boast of those things, of which they ought to be ashamed. It is a
fearful thing to do shameful actions; yet to do them, and be ashamed,
is only half so dreadful. But where a man even boasts himself of them,
it is excessive senselessness.
Do these words apply to them alone? And do those who
are here present escape the charge? And will no one have account to
render of these things? Does no one make a god of his belly, or glory
in his shame? I wish, earnestly I wish, that none of these charges lay
against us, and that I did not know any one involved in what I have
said. But I fear lest the words have more reference to us than to the
men of those times. For when one consumes his whole life in drinking
and reveling, and expends some small trifle on the poor, whilst he
consumes the larger portion on his belly, will not these words with
justice apply to him? No words are more apt to call attention, or more
cutting in reproof, than these: "Whose god is the belly, whose glory is
in their shame." And who are these? They, he says, who mind earthly
things. "Let us build houses." Where, I ask? On the earth, they answer.
Let us purchase farms; on the earth again: let us obtain power; again
on the earth: let us gain glory; again on the earth: let us enrich
ourselves; all these things are on the earth. These are they, whose god
is their belly; for if they have no spiritual thoughts, but have all
their possessions here, and mind these things, with reason have they
their belly for their god, in saying, "Let us eat and drink, for
to-morrow we die." And about thy body, thou grievest, tell me, that it
is of earth, though thus thou art not at all injured. But thy soul thou
draggest down to the earth, when thou oughtest to render even thy body
spiritual; for thou mayest, if thou wilt. Thou hast received a belly,
that thou mayest feed, not distend it, that thou mayest have the
mastery over it, not have it as mistress over thee: that it may
minister to thee for the nourishment of the other parts, not that thou
mayest minister to it, not that thou mayest exceed limits. The sea,
when it passes its bounds, doth not work so many evils, as the belly
doth to our body, together with our soul. The former overfloweth all
the earth, the latter all the body. Put moderation for a boundary to
it, as God hath put the sand for the sea. Then if its waves arise, and
rage furiously, rebuke it, with the power which is in thee. See how God
hath honored thee, that thou mightest imitate Him, and thou wilt not;
but thou seest the belly overflowing, destroying and overwhelming thy
whole nature, and darest not to restrain or moderate it.
"Whose God," he saith, "is their belly." Let us see
how Paul served God: let us see how gluttons serve their belly. Do not
they undergo ten thousand such deaths? do not they fear to disobey
whatever it orders? do not they minister impossibilities to it? Are not
they worse than slaves? "But our citizenship," says he, "is in Heaven."
Let us not then seek for ease here; there do we shine, where also our
citizenship is. "From whence also," saith he, "we wait for a Saviour,"
the Lord Jesus Christ: "who shall fashion anew the body of our
humiliation, that it may be conformed to the body of his glory." By
little and little he hath carried us up. He saith, "From Heaven" and
"Our Saviour," showing, from the place and from the Person, the dignity
of the subject. "Who shall fashion anew the body of our humiliation,"
saith he. The body now suffereth many things: it is bound with chains,
it is scourged, it suffereth innumerable evils; but the body of Christ
suffered the same. This, then, he hinted at when he said, "That it may
be conformed to the body of his glory." Wherefore the body is the same,
but putteth on incorruption. "Shall fashion anew." Wherefore the
fashion is different; or perchance he has spoken figuratively of the
change.
He saith, "the body of our humiliation," because it
is now humbled, subject to destruction, to pain, because it seemeth to
be worthless, and to have nothing beyond that of other animals. "That
it may be conformed to the body of his glory." What? shall this our
body be fashioned like unto Him, who sitteth at the right
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hand of the Father, to Him who is worshiped by the Angels, before whom
do stand the incorporeal Powers, to Him who is above all rule and
power, and might? If then the whole world were to take up weeping and
lament for those who have fallen from this hope, could it worthily
lament? because, when a promise is given us of our body being made like
to Him, it still departs with the demons. I care not for hell
henceforth; whatever can be said, having fallen from so great glory,
now and henceforth consider hell to be nothing to this falling away.
What sayest thou, O Paul? To be made like unto Him? Yes, he answereth;
then, lest you should disbelieve, he addeth a reason; "According to the
working whereby He is able even to subject all things unto Himself." He
hath power, saith he, to subject all things unto Himself, wherefore
also destruction and death. Or rather, He doth this also with the same
power. For tell me, which requireth the greater power, to subject
demons, and Angels, and Archangels, and Cherubim, and Seraphim, or to
make the body incorruptible and immortal? The latter certainly much
more than the former; he showed forth the greater works of His power,
that you might believe these too. Wherefore, though ye see these men
rejoicing, and honored, yet stand firm, be not offended at them, be not
moved. These our hopes are sufficient to raise up even the most
sluggish and indolent.
Chap. iv. ver. I. "Wherefore," saith he, "my
brethren, beloved and longed for, my joy and crown, so stand fast in
the Lord, my beloved."
"So." How? Unmoved. See how he addeth praise after
exhortation, "my joy and my crown," not simply joy but glory too, not
simply glory but my crown too. Which glory nought can equal, since it
is the crown of Paul. "So stand fast in the Lord, my beloved," i.e. in
the hope of God.[1]
Ver. 2, 3. "I exhort Euodia, and exhort Syntyche, to
be of the same mind in the Lord. Yea, I beseech thee also, true
yokefellow, help these women."
Some say Paul here exhorts his own wife; but it is
not so, but some other woman, or the husband of one of them. "Help
these women, for they labored with me in the Gospel, with Clement also,
and the rest of my fellow-workers whose names are in the book of life."
Seest thou how great a testimony he beareth to their virtue? For as
Christ saith to his Apostles, "Rejoice not that the spirits are subject
to you, but rejoice that your names are written in the book of life"
(Luke x. 20); so Paul testifieth to them, saying, "whose names
are in the book of life." These women seem to me to be the chief of the
Church which was there, and he commendeth them to some notable man whom
he calls his "yokefellow," to whom perchance he was wont to
commend them, as to a fellow-worker, and fellow-soldier, and brother,
and companion, as he doth in the Epistle to the Romans, when he saith,
"I commend unto you Phebe our sister, who is a servant of the Church
that is at Cenchrea." (Rom. xvi. 1.) "Yokefellow;" either some brother
of theirs, or a husband of hers; as if he had said, Now thou art a true
brother, now a true husband, because thou hast become a Member. "For
they labored with me in the Gospel." This protection[2] came from home,
not from friendship, but for good deeds. "Labored with me." What sayest
thou? Did women labor with thee? Yes, he answereth, they too
contributed no small portion. Although many were they who wrought
together with him, yet these women also acted with him amongst the
many. The Churches then were no little edified, for many good ends are
gained where they who are approved, be they men, or be they women,
enjoy from the rest such honor. For in the first place the rest were
led on to a like zeal; in the second place, they also gained a by the
respect shown; and thirdly, they made those very persons more zealous
and earnest. Wherefore thou seest that Paul hath everywhere a care for
this, and commendeth such men for consideration. As he saith in the
Epistle to the Corinthians: "Who are the first-fruits of Achaia," (1
Cor. xvi. 15.) Some say that the word "yokefellow," (Syzygus,) is a
proper name. Well, what? Whether it be so, or no, we need not
accurately enquire,[4] but observe that he gives his orders, that these
women should enjoy much protection.
All we have, saith he, is in the heavens, our
Saviour, our city, whatever a man can name: "whence," saith he, "we
wait for a Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ." And this is an act of His
kindness and love toward man. He Himself again cometh to us, he doth
not drag us thither, but takes us, and so departs with us. And this is
a mark of great honor; for if He came to us when we were enemies, much
rather doth He now when we are become friends. He doth not commit this
to the Angels, nor to servants, but Himself cometh to call us to His
royal man-
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sion. See, we also "shall be caught up in the clouds" (1 Thess. iv.
17), doing him honor.
Who then is to be found "the faithful and wise
servant"? Who are they that are deemed worthy of such good things? How
miserable are those who fail! For if we were forever to weep, should we
do aught worthy of the occasion? For were you to make mention of hells
innumerable, you would name nothing equal to that pain which the soul
sustaineth, when all the world is in confusion, when the trumpets are
sounding, when the Angels are rushing forward, the first, then the
second, then the third, then ten thousand ranks, are pouring forth upon
the earth; then the Cherubim, (and many are these and infinite;) the
Seraphim; when He Himself is coming, with His ineffable glory; when
those meet Him, who had gone to gather the elect into the midst; when
Paul and his companions, and all who in his time had been approved, are
crowned, are proclaimed aloud, are honored by the King, before all His
heavenly host. For if hell did not exist, how fearful a thing it is,
that the one part should be honored, and the other dishonored! Hell, I
confess, is intolerable, yea, very intolerable, but more intolerable
than it is the loss of the Kingdom. Consider; if any king, or the son
of a king, having taken his departure, and been successful in
innumerable wars, and become the object of admiration, should with his
army entire, return to any city, in his chariot, with his trophies,
with his innumerable ranks of golden shields, with his spearmen, his
body-guard all about him, whilst the whole city was adorned with
crowns, whilst all the rulers of the world accompanied him, and all the
soldiery of foreign nations followed him as captives, then praefects,
satraps, and in the presence of all the rulers, and all that splendor,
he should receive the citizens who meet him, and kiss them, and stretch
forth his hand, and give them freedom of access, and converse with
them, all standing around, as with friends, and tell them that all that
journey was undertaken for their sake, and should lead them into his
palace, and give them a share of it, even if the rest should not be
punished, to how great punishment would not this be equal? But if in
the case of men it were a bitter thing to fall away from this glory,
much more is it so with God, when all the heavenly Powers are present
with the King, when the demons, bound, and bowing down their heads, and
the devil himself is led along in chains, and all military force that
opposeth itself, when the Powers of the heavens, when He Himself,
cometh upon the clouds.
Believe me, I am not even able to finish my words,
from the grief which lays hold of my soul at this relation. Consider of
how great glory we shall be deprived, when it is in our power not to be
deprived of it. For this is the misery, that we suffer these things,
when it is in our power not to suffer them. When he receiveth the one
part and leadeth them to His Father in heaven, and rejecteth the other,
whom Angels take and drag against their will, weeping, and hanging down
their heads, to the fire of hell, when they have first been made a
spectacle to the whole world, what grief, think you, is there? Let us
then make haste, while there is time, and take great thought of our own
salvation. How many things have we to say like the rich man? If any one
would now suffer us, we would take counsel of the things that are
profitable! But no one doth suffer us. And that we shall so say, is
clear, not from him alone, but from many others. And that you may learn
this, how many men have been in fevers, and said, if we recover, we
shall never again fall into the same state. Many such words we shall
then say, but we shall be answered as the rich man was, that there is a
gulf, that we have received our good things here. (Luke xvi. 25, 26.)
Let us groan then, I entreat you, bitterly, rather let us not only
groan, but pursue virtue too; let us lament now, for salvation, that we
may not then lament in vain. Let us weep now, and not weep then, at our
evil lot. This weeping is of virtue, that of unprofitable repentance;
let us afflict ourselves now, that we may not then; for it is not the
same thing to be afflicted here and there. Here, thou art afflicted for
a little time, or rather thou dost not perceive thy affliction, knowing
that thou art afflicted for thy good. But there, the affliction is more
bitter, because it is not in hope,[1] nor for any escape, but without
limit, and throughout.
But may we all be freed from this, and obtain
remission. But let us pray and be diligent, that we may obtain the
remission. Let us be diligent, I entreat; for if we are diligent, we
prevail even through our prayer: if we pray earnestly, God grants our
request; but if we neither ask Him, nor do earnestly aught of this
sort, nor work, how is it possible that we should ever succeed? By
sleeping? Not at all. For it is much if even by running, and stretching
forth, and being conformed to His death, as Paul said, we shall be able
to succeed, not to say sleeping. "If by any means I may attain," saith
he. But if Paul said, "If by any means I may attain," what shall we
say? For it is not possible by sleeping to accomplish even worldly
business, not to say spiritual. By sleeping, not even from friends can
anything be received, far less from God. Not even fathers honor them
who sleep, far less doth God. Let us labor
246
for a little time, that we may have rest for ever. We must at all
events be afflicted. If we are not afflicted here, it awaits us there.
Why choose we not to be afflicted here, that there we may have rest,
and obtain the unspeakable blessings, in Christ Jesus, with whom, to
the Father together with the Holy Spirit, be glory, power, and honor,
now and ever, world without end. Amen.
HOMILY XIV.
PHILIPPIANS iv. 4-7.
"Rejoice in the Lord alway: again I will say, Rejoice. Let your
forbearance be known unto all men. The Lord is at hand. In nothing be
anxious; but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving
let your requests be made known unto God. And the peace of God, which
passeth all understanding, shall guard your hearts and your thoughts
through Christ Jesus."
"Blessed[1] they that mourn," and "woe unto them
that laugh" (Matt. v. 4; Luke vi. 25), saith Christ. How then saith
Paul, "Rejoice in the Lord alway"? "Woe to them that laugh," said
Christ, the laughter of this world which ariseth from the things which
are present He blessed also those that mourn, not simply for the loss
of relatives, but those who are pricked at heart, who mourn their own
faults, and take count of their own sins, or even those of others. This
joy is not contrary to that grief, but from that grief it too is born.
For he who grieveth for his own faults, and confesseth them, rejoiceth.
Moreover, it is possible to grieve for our own sins, and yet to rejoice
in Christ. Since then they were afflicted by their sufferings, "for to
you it is given not only to believe in him, but also to stiffer for
him" (Phil. i. 29), therefore he saith, "Rejoice in the Lord." For this
can but mean, If you exhibit such a life that you may rejoice. Or when
your communion with God is not hindered, rejoice. Or else the word "in"
may stand for "with":[2] as if he had said, with the Lord. "Alway;
again I will say, Rejoice." These are the words of one who brings
comfort; as, for example, he who is in God rejoiceth alway. Yea though
he be afflicted, yea whatever he may suffer, such a man alway
rejoiceth. Hear what Luke saith, that "they returned from the presence
of the Council, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to be scourged
for His name." (Acts v. 41.) If scourging and bonds, which seem to be
the most grievous of all things, bring forth joy, what else will be
able to produce grief in us?
"Again I will say, Rejoice." Well hath he repeated.
For since the nature of the things brought forth grief, he shows by
repeating, that they should by all means rejoice.
"Let your forbearance be known unto all men." He
said above, "Whose god is the belly, and whose glory is in their
shame," and that they "mind earthly things." (Phil. iii. 19.) It was
probable that they would be at enmity with the wicked; he therefore
exhorted them to have nothing in common with them, but to use them with
all forbearance, and that not only their brethren, but also their
enemies and opposers. "The Lord is at hand,[3] in nothing be anxious."
For why, tell me? do they ever rise in opposition? And if ye see them
living in luxury, why are ye in affliction? Already the judgment is
nigh; shortly will they give account of their actions. Are ye in
affliction, and they in luxury? But these things shall shortly receive
their end. Do they plot against you, and threaten you? "In nothing be
anxious." The judgment is already at hand, when these things shall be
reversed. "In nothing be anxious." If ye are kindly affected toward
those who prepare evil against you, yet it shall not at last turn out
to their profit. Already the recompense is at hand, if poverty, if
death, if aught else that is terrible be upon you. "But in everything,
by prayer and supplication, with thanksgiving, let your requests be
made known unto God." There is this for one consolation, "the Lord is
at hand." And again, "I will be with you alway, even unto the end of
the world." (Matt. xxviii. 20.) Behold another consolation, a medicine
which healeth grief, and distress, and all that is painful. And what is
this? Prayer, thanksgiving in all things. And so He wills that our
prayers should not simply
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be requests, but thanksgivings too for what we have. For how should he
ask for future things, who is not thankful for the past? "But in
everything by prayer and supplication." Wherefore we ought to give
thanks for all things, even for those which seem to be grievous, for
this is the part of the truly thankful man. In the other case the
nature of the things demands it; but this springs from a grateful soul,
and one earnestly affected toward God. God acknowledgeth these prayers,
but others He knoweth not. Offer up such prayers as may be
acknowledged; for He disposeth all things for our profit, though we
know it not. And this is a proof that it greatly profiteth, namely,
that we know it not. "And the peace of God which pusseth all
understanding shall guard your hearts and your thoughts in Christ
Jesus." What meaneth this? "The peace of God" which He hath wrought
toward men, surpasseth all understanding. For who could have expected,
who could have hoped, that such good things would have come? They
exceed all man's understanding, not his speech alone. For His enemies,
for those who hated Him, for those who determined to turn themselves
away, for these, he refused not to deliver up His Only Begotten Son,
that He might make peace with us. This peace then, i.e. the
reconciliation, the love of God, shall guard your hearts and your
thoughts.
For this is the part of a teacher, not only to
exhort, but also to pray, and to assist by supplication, that they may
neither be overwhelmed by temptations, nor carried about by deceit. As
if he had said, May He who hath delivered you in such sort as mind
cannot comprehend, may He Himself guard yon, and secure you, so that
you suffer no ill. Either he means this, or that that peace of which
Christ saith, "Peace I leave with you, My peace I give unto you" (John
xiv. 27): this shall guard you, for this peace exceedeth all man's
understanding. How? When he tells us to be at peace with our enemies,
with those who treat us unjustly, with those who are at war and enmity
toward us; is it not beyond man's understanding? But rather let us look
to the former. If the peace surpasseth all understanding, much more
doth God Himself, who giveth peace, pass all understanding, not ours
only, but also that of Angels, and the Powers above. What meaneth "in
Christ Jesus"? Shall guard us in Him, so that ye may remain firm, and
not fall from His faith.
Ver. 8. "Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are
honorable, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are just."
What is "Finally "? It stands for, "I have said all." It is the word of
one that is in haste, and has nothing to do with present things.
"Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are honorable, whatsoever things
are true, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure,
whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report, if
there be any virtue, and if there be any praise, think on these things."
Ver. 9. "The things which ye both learned and
received, and heard and saw in me."
What meaneth, "whatsoever things are lovely "?
Lovely to the faithful, lovely to God. "Whatsoever things are true."
Virtue is really true, vice is falsehood. For the pleasure of it is a
falsehood, and its glory is falsehood, and all things of the world are
falsehood. "Whatsoever things are pure." This is opposed to the words
"who mind earthly things." "Whatsoever things are honorable." This is
opposed to the words "whose god is their belly." "Whatsoever things are
just," i.e. saith he,[1] "whatsoever things are of good report." "If
there be any virtue, if there be any praise." Here he willeth them to
take thought of those things too which regard men. "Think on these
things," saith he. Seest thou, that he desires to banish every evil
thought from our souls; for evil actions spring from thoughts. "The
things which ye both learned and received." This is teaching, in all
his exhortations to propose himself for a model: as he saith in another
place, "even as ye have us for an ensample." (Phil. iii. 17.) And again
here, "What things ye learned and received," i.e. have been taught by
word of mouth, "and heard and saw in me": both in respect of my words
and actions and conduct. Seest thou, how about everything he lays these
commands on us? For since it was not possible to make an accurate
enumeration of all things, of our coming in, and going out, and speech,
and carriage, and intercourse (for of all these things it is needful
that a Christian should have thought), he said shortly, and as it were
in a summary, "ye heard and saw in me." I have led yon forward both by
deeds and by words.[2] "These things do," not only in words, but do
them also. "And the God of peace shall be with you," i.e. ye shall be
in a calm, in great safety, ye shall suffer nothing painful, nor
contrary to your will. For when we are at peace with Him, and we are so
through virtue, much more will He be at peace with us. For He who so
loved us, as to show favor to us even against our will, will He not, if
He sees us
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hastening toward Him, Himself yet much more exhibit His love toward us?
Nothing is such an enemy of our nature as vice. And
from many things it is evident, how vice is at enmity with us, and
virtue friendly toward us. What will ye? That I should speak of
fornication? It makes men subject to reproach, poor, objects of
ridicule, despicable to all, just as enemies treat them. Ofttimes it
hath involved men in disease and danger; many men have perished or been
wounded in behalf of their mistresses. And if fornication produces
these things, much rather doth adultery. But doth almsgiving so? By no
means. But as a loving mother setteth her son in great propriety, in
good order, in good report, and gives him leisure to engage in
necessary work, thus alms-giving doth not release us nor lead us away
from our necessary work, but even renders the soul more wise. For
nothing is more foolish than a mistress.
But what willest thou? To look upon covetousness? It
too treats us like an enemy. And how? It makes us hated by all. It
prepareth all men to vaunt themselves against us; both those who have
been treated unjustly by us, and those who have not, who share the
grief of the former, and are in fear for themselves. All men look upon
us as their common foes, as wild beasts, as demons. Everywhere are
there innumerable accusations, plots against us, envyings, all which
are the acts of enemies. But justice, on the contrary, makes all men
friends, all men sociable, all men well disposed towards us, by all men
prayers are made in our behalf; our affairs are in perfect safety,
there is no danger, there is no suspicion. But sleep also fearlessly
comes over us with perfect safety, no care is there, no lamenting.
How much better this sort of life is! And what? Is
it best to envy, or to rejoice with one another? Let us search out all
these things, and we shall find that virtue, like a truly kind mother,
places us in safety, while vice is a treacherous thing, and full of
danger. For hear the prophet, who saith, "The Lord is a stronghold of
them that fear Him, and His covenant is to show them." (Ps. xxv. 14,
Sept.) He feareth no one, who is not conscious to himself of any
wickedness; on the contrary, he who liveth in crime is never confident,
but trembles at his domestics, and looks at them with suspicion. Why
say, his domestics? He cannot bear the tribunal of his own conscience.
Not only those who are without, but his inward thoughts affect him
likewise, and suffer him not to be in quiet. What then, saith Paul?
Ought we to live dependent on praise? He said not, look to praise, but
do praiseworthy actions, yet not for the sake of praise.
"Whatsoever things are true," for the things we have
been speaking of are false. "Whatsoever things are honorable." That
which is "honorable" belongs to external virtue, that which is "pure"
to the soul. Give no cause of stumbling, saith he, nor handle of
accusation. Because he had said, "Whatsoever things are of good
report," lest you should think that he means only those things which
are so in the sight of men, he proceeds, "if there be any virtue, and
if there be any praise, think on these things"--do these things. He
wills us ever to be in these things, to care for these things, to think
on these things. For if we will be at peace with each other, God too
will be with us, but if we raise up war, the God of peace will not be
with us. For nothing is so hostile to the soul as vice. That is, peace
and virtue place it in safety. Wherefore we must make a beginning on
our part, and then we shall draw God toward us.
God is not a God of war and fighting. Make war and
fighting to cease, both that which is against Him, and that which is
against thy neighbor. Be at peace with all men, consider with what
character God saveth thee. "Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall
be called sons of God." (Matt. v. 9.) Such always imitate the Son of
God: do thou imitate Him too. Be at peace. The more thy brother warreth
against thee, by so much the greater will be thy reward. For hear the
prophet who saith, "With the haters of peace I was peaceful." (Ps. cxx.
7, Sept.) This is virtue, this is above man's understanding, this
maketh us near God; nothing so much delighteth God as to remember no
evil. This sets thee free from thy sins, this looseth the charges
against thee: but if we are fighting and buffeting, we become far off
from God: for enmities are produced by conflict, and from enmity
springs remembrance of evil.
Cut out the root, and there will be no fruit. Thus
shall we learn to despise the things of this life, for there is no
conflict, none, in spiritual things, but whatever thou seest, either
conflicts or envy, or whatever a man can mention, all these spring from
the things of this life. Every conflict hath its beginning either in
covetousness, or envy, or vainglory. If therefore we are at peace, we
shall learn to despise the things of the earth. Hath a man stolen our
money? He hath not injured us, only let him not steal our treasure
which is above. Hath he hindered thy glory? Yet not that which is from
God, but that which is of no account. For this is no glory, but a mere
name of glory, or rather a shame. Hath he stolen thy honor? Rather not
thine but his own. For as he who committeth injustice doth not so much
inflict as receive injustice, thus too he who plots against his
neighbor, first destroyeth himself.
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For "he who diggeth a pit for his neighbor, falleth
into it." (Prov. xxvi. 27.) Let us then not plot against others, lest
we injure ourselves. When we supplant the reputation of others,
let us consider that we injure ourselves, it is against ourselves we
plot. For perchance with men we do him harm, if we have power, but we
injure ourselves in the sight of God, by provoking Him against us. Let
us not then harm ourselves. For as we injure ourselves when we injure
our neighbors, so by benefiting them we benefit ourselves. If then thy
enemy harm thee, he hath benefited thee if thou art wise, and so
requite him not with the same things, but even do him good. But the
blow, you say, remains severe. Consider then that thou dost not
benefit, but punishest him, and benefitest thyself, and quickly you
will come to do him good. What then? Shall we act from this motive? We
ought not to act on this motive, but if thy heart will not hear other
reason, induce it, saith he,[1] even by this, and thou wilt quickly
persuade it to dismiss its enmity, and wilt for the future do good to
thine enemy as to a friend, and wilt obtain the good things which are
to come, to which God grant that we may all attain in Christ Jesus.
Amen.
HOMILY XV.
Philippians iv. 10--14.
"But I rejoice in the Lord greatly, that now at length ye have revived
your thought for me; wherein ye did indeed take thought, but ye lacked
opportunity. Not that I speak in respect of want: for I have learned,
in whatsoever state I am, therein to be content. I know how to be
abused, and I know also how to abound: in everything and in all things
have I learned the secret both to be filled and to be hungry, both to
abound and to be in want. I can do all things in him that strengtheneth
me. Howbeit, ye did well, that ye had fellowship with my affliction."
I HAVE ofttimes said, that almsgiving hath been
introduced not for the sake of the receivers, but of the givers, for
the latter are they which make the greatest gain. And this Paul shows
here also. In what way? The Philippians had sent him somewhat, after a
long time, and had committed the same to Epaphroditus. See then, how
when he is about to send Epaphroditus as the bearer of this Epistle, he
praises them, and shows that this action was for the need, not of the
receiver, but of the givers. This he doth, both that they who benefited
him may not be lifted up with arrogance, and that they may become more
zealous in well-doing, since they rather benefit themselves; and that
they who receive may not fearlessly rush forward to receive, lest they
meet with condemnation. For "it is more blessed," He saith, "to give
than to receive." (Acts xx. 35.) Why then does he say, "I rejoice in
the Lord greatly "? Not with worldly rejoicing, saith he, nor with the
joy of this life, but in .the Lord. Not because I had refreshment, but
because ye advanced; for this is my refreshment. Wherefore he also
saith "greatly" ; since this joy was not corporeal, nor on account of
his own refreshment, but because of their advancement.
And see how, when he had gently rebuked them on
account of the times that were passed, he quickly throweth a shadow
over this, and teacheth them constantly and always to remain in well
doing. "Because at length," saith he. The words, "at length," show long
time to have elapsed. "Ye have revived," as fruits which have shot
forth, dried up, and afterwards shot forth. Here he showeth, that being
at first blooming, then having faded, they again budded forth. So that
the word "flourished again," has both rebuke and praise. For it is no
small thing, that he who hath withered should flourish again. He
showeth also, that it was from indolence all this had happened to them.
But here he signifies, that even in former time they were wont to be
zealous in these things. Wherefore he addeth, "your thought for me,
wherein ye did indeed take thought." And lest you should think, that in
other things too they had been more zealous, and had then withered, but
in this thing alone, behold how he has added, "your thought for me." I
apply the words, "now at length," only to this; for in other things it
is not so.
Here some one may enquire, how when he had said, "It
is more blessed to give than to receive" (Acts xx. 25, 34); and, "These
hands ministered to my necessities, and to them that were with me"; and
again when writing to the Corinthians, "For it were good for me rather
to
250
die, than that any man should make my glorying void" (1 Cor. ix. 15);
he suffereth his glorying to be made void? And how? By receiving. For
if his glorying was, that he received not, how doth he now endure so to
do? What is it then? Probably, he then did not receive on account of
the false Apostles, "that wherein they glory" (2 Cor. xi. 12), saith
he, "they may be found even as we." And he said not "are," but "glory";
for they received but secretly. Wherefore he said, "wherein they
glory." Wherefore he also said, "No man shall stop me of this
glorying." (2 Cor. xi. 10,) And he said not simply, shall not stop me,
but what? "in the regions of Achaia." And again, "I robbed other
Churches, taking wages of them that I might minister unto you." (2 Cor.
xi. 8.) Here he showed that he did receive. But Paul indeed received
rightly, having so great a work; if in truth he did receive. But they
who work not, how can they receive? "Yet I pray," saith one. But there
is no work. For this may be done together with work. "But I fast."
Neither is this work. For see this blessed one, preaching in many
places, and working too. "But ye lacked opportunity." What meaneth
lacked opportunity? It came not; saith he, of indolence, but of
necessity.[1] Ye had it not in your hands, nor were in abundance. This
is the meaning of, "Ye lacked opportunity." Thus most men speak, when
the things of this life do not flow in to them abundantly, and are in
short supply.
"Not that I speak in respect of want." said, saith
he, "now at length," and I rebuked you, not seeking mine own, nor
censuring you on this account, as if I were in want: for I sought it
not on this account. Whence is this, O Paul, that thou makest no vain
boasting? To the Corinthians he saith, "For we write none other things
unto you, than what ye read or even acknowledge." (2 Cor. i. 13.) And
in this case he would not have spoken to them so as to be convicted, he
would not, had he been making boasts, have spoken thus. He was speaking
to those who knew the facts, with whom detection, would have been a
greater disgrace. "For I have learnt," saith he, "in whatsoever state I
am, therein to be content." Wherefore, this is an object of discipline,
and exercise, and care, for it is not easy of attainment, but very
difficult, and a new thing. "In whatsoever state I am," saith he,
"therein to be content. I know how to be abased, and I know also how to
abound. In everything and in all things have I learned the secret."
That is, I know how to use little, to bear hunger and want. "Both to
abound, and to suffer need." "But, says one, there is no need of wisdom
or of virtue in order to abound." There is great need of virtue, not
less than in the other case. For as want inclines us to do many evil
things, so too doth plenty. For many ofttimes, coming into plenty, have
become indolent, and have not known how to bear their good fortune.
Many men have taken it as an occasion of no longer working. But Paul
did not so, for what he received he consumed on others, and emptied
himself for them. This is to know. He was in nowise relaxed, nor did he
exult at his abundance; but was the same in want and in plenty, he was
neither oppressed on the one hand, nor rendered a boaster on the other.
"Both to be filled," saith he "and to be hungry, both to abound, and to
be in want." Many know not how to be full, as for example, the
Israelites, "ate, and kicked" (Deut. xxxii. 15), but I am equally well
ordered in all. He showeth that he neither is now elated, nor was
before grieved: or if he grieved, it was on their account, not on his
own, for he himself was similarly affected.
"In everything," saith he, "and in all things I have
learned the secret," i.e. I have had experience of all things in this
long time, and these things have all succeeded with me. But since
boasting might seem to have a place here, see how quickly he checks up,
and says, "I can do all things in Christ[2] that strengtheneth me." The
success is not mine own, but His who has given me strength. But since
they who confer benefits, when they see the receiver not well affected
toward them, but despising the gifts, are themselves rendered more
remiss, (for they considered themselves as conferring a benefit and
refreshment,) if therefore Paul despises the refreshment, they must
necessarily become remiss, in order then that this may not happen, see
how he healeth it again. By what he hath said above, he hath brought
down their proud thoughts, by what followeth he maketh their readiness
revive, by saying, "Howbeit ye did well, that ye had fellowship with my
affliction." Seest thou, how he removed himself, and again united
himself to them. This is the part of true and spiritual friendship.
Think not, saith he, because I was not in want, that I had no need of
this act of yours. I have need of it for your sake. How then, did they
share his afflictions? By this means. As he said when in bonds, "Ye all
are partakers with me of grace." (Phil. i. 7.) For it is grace to
suffer for Christ, as he himself saith in another place, "For to you it
is given from God not only to believe on Him, but also to suffer for
Him." (Phil. i. 29.) For since those former words by themselves might
have made them regardless,
251
for this cause he consoleth them, and receiveth them, and praiseth them
again. And this in measured words. For he said not, "gave," but "had
fellowship," to show that they too were profiled by becoming partakers
of his labors. He said not, ye did lighten, but ye did communicate with
my affliction, which was something more elevated. Seest thou the
humility of Paul? seest thou his noble nature? When he has shown that
he had no need of their gifts on his own account, he afterward uses
freely such lowly words as they do who make a request; "since thou art
wont to give." For he refuseth neither to do, nor say anything. That
is, "Think not that my words show want of shame, wherein I accuse you,
and say, ' Now at length ye have revived,' or are those of one in
necessity; I speak not thus because I am in need, but why? From my
exceeding confidence in you, and of this also ye yourselves are the
authors."
Seest thou how he sootbeth them? How are ye the
authors? In that ye hasted to the work before all the others; and have
given me confidence to remind you of these things. And observe his
elevation; he accuseth them not while they did not send, lest he should
seem to regard his own benefit, but when they had sent, then he
rebuked them for the time past, and they received it, for he could not
seem after that to regard his own benefit.
Ver. 15. "Ye yourselves also know, ye Philippians,
that in the beginning of the Gospel, when I departed from Macedonia, no
Church had fellowship with me, in the matter of giving and receiving,
but ye only."
Lo, how great is his commendation! For the
Corinthians and Romans are stirred up by hearing these things from him,
whilst the Philippians did it without any other Church having made a
beginning. For "in the beginning of the Gospel," saith he, they
manifested such zeal towards the holy Apostle, as themselves first to
begin, without having any example, to bear this fruit. And no one can
say that they did these things because he abode with them, or for their
own benefit ; for he saith, "When I departed from Macedonia, no Church
had fellowship with me, in the matter of giving and receiving, but ye
only." What meaneth "receiving," and what "had fellowship "? Wherefore
said he not, "no Church gave to me," but "had fellowship with me, in
the matter of giving and receiving"? Because it is a case of
communication. He saith, "If we sowed unto you spiritual things, is it
a great matter if we shall reap your carnal things." (I Cor. ix. 11.)
And again, "That your abundance may be a supply to their want." ( 2
Cor. viii. 14.) How did they communicate? In the matter of giving
carnal things, and receiving spiritual. For as they who sell and buy
communicate with each other, by mutually giving what they have, (and
this is communication,) so too is it here. For there is not anything
more profitable than this trade and traffic. It is performed on the
earth, but is completed in heaven. They who buy are on the earth, but
they buy and agree about heavenly things, whilst they lay down an
earthly price.
But despond not; heavenly things are not to be
bought with money, riches cannot purchase these things, but the purpose
of him who giveth the money, his true wisdom, his superiority to
earthly things, his love toward man, his mercifulness. For if money
could purchase it, she who threw in the two mites would have gained
nothing great. But since it was not the money, but the purpose that
availed, she received everything, who exhibited a full purpose of mind.
Let us not then say, that the Kingdom can be bought with money; it is
not by money, but by purpose of mind which is exhibited by the money.
Therefore, will one answer, there is no need of money? There is no need
of money, but of the disposition; if thou hast this, thou wilt be able
even by two mites to purchase Heaven; where this is not, not even ten
thousand talents of gold will be able to do that, which the two mites
could. Wherefore? Because if thou who hast much throwest in but a small
portion, thou gavest an alms indeed, but not so great as the Widow did;
for thou didst not throw it in with the same readiness as she. For she
deprived herself of all she had, or rather she deprived not, but gave
it all as a free gift to herself Not for a cup of cold water hath God
promised the kingdom, but for readiness of heart; not for death, but
for purpose of mind. For indeed it is no great thing. For what is it to
give one life? that is giving one man; but one man is not of worth
enough.
Ver. 16. "For even in Thessalonica, ye sent once and
again unto my need."
Here again is great praise, that he, when dwelling
in the metropolis,[1] should be nourished by a little city. And lest,
by always withdrawing himself from the supposition of want, he should,
as I said at first, render them amiss, having previously shown by so
many proofs that he is not in want, he here does it by one word only,
by saying "needs." And he said not "my,"[2] but absolutely,--having a
care of dignity. And not this only, but what followeth too, for since
he was conscious that it was a very lowly thing, he again secures it,
by adding as a correction,
Ver. 17. "Not that I seek for the gift."
As he said above, "Not that I speak in re-
252
spect of want"; that is stronger than this. For it is one thing, that
he who is in want, should not seek, and another that he who is in want
should not even consider himself to be in want. "Not that I seek for
the gift," he says, "but I seek for the fruit, that increaseth to your
account." Not mine own. Seest thou, that the fruit is produced for
them? This say I for your sake, says he, not for my own, for your
salvation. For I gain nothing when I receive, but the grace belongeth
to the givers, for the recompense is yonder in store for givers, but
the gifts are here consumed by them who receive. Again even his desire
is combined with praise and sympathy.
When he had said, I do not seek, lest he should
again render them remiss, he adds,
Ver. 18. "But I have all things and abound," i.e.
through this gift ye have filled up what was wanting, which would make
them more eager. For benefactors, the wiser they are, the more do they
seek gratitude from the benefited. That is, ye have not only filled up
what was deficient in former time, but ye have gone beyond. For lest by
these words he should seem to accuse them, see how he seals up all.
After he had said, "Not that I seek for the gift," and "Now at length";
and had shown that their deed was a debt, for this is meant by, "I have
all," then again he showeth, that they had acted above what was due,
and saith, "I have all things and abound, I am filled." I say not this
at hazard, or only from the feeling of my mind, but why? "Having
received of Epaphroditus the things that came from you, an odor of a
sweet smell; a sacrifice acceptable, well pleasing to God." Lo, whither
he hath raised their gift; not I, he saith, received, but God through
me. Wherefore though I be not in need, regard it not, for God had no
need, and He received at their hands in such sort, that the Holy
Scriptures shrunk not from saying, "God smelled a sweet savor" (Gen.
viii. 21), which denotes one who was pleased. For ye know, indeed ye
know, how our soul is affected by sweet savors, how it is pleased, how
it is delighted. The Scriptures therefore shrunk not from applying to
God a word so human, and so lowly, that it might show to men that their
gifts are become acceptable. For not the fat, not the smoke, made them
acceptable, but the purpose of mind which offered them. Had it been
otherwise, Cain's offering too had been received. It saith then, that
He is even pleased, and how He is pleased. For men could not without
this have learned. He then, who hath no need, saith that He is thus
pleased, that they may not become remiss by the absence of need. And
afterward, when they had no care for other virtues, and trusted to
their offerings alone, behold, how again he setteth them right by
saying, "Will I eat the flesh of bulls, or drink the blood of goats?"
(Ps. 1. 13.) This Paul also saith. "Not that I seek," saith he, "for
the gift."
Ver. 19. "And may[1] my God fulfill every. need of
yours, according to His riches in glory, in Christ Jesus."
Behold how he invokes blessings upon them, as poor
men do. But if even Paul blesseth those who give, much more let us not
be ashamed to do this when we receive. Let us not receive as though we
ourselves had need, let us not rejoice on our own account, but on that
of the givers. Thus we too who receive shall have a reward, if we
rejoice for their sake. Thus we shall not take it hardly, when men do
not give, but rather shall grieve for their sake. So shall we render
them more zealous, if we teach them, that not for our own sake do we so
act; "but may my God" fulfill every need of yours, or every grace, or
every joy.[2] If the second be true, "every grace," he meaneth not only
the alms, which are of earth, but every excellency. If the first, "your
every need," which I think too should rather be read, this is what he
means to show. As he had said, "ye lacked opportunity," he here maketh
an addition, as he doth in the Epistle to the Corinthians, saying, "And
He that supplieth seed to the sower, may He supply bread for food, and
multiply your seed for sowing, and increase the fruits of your
righteousness." (2 Cor. ix. 10.) He invokes blessings upon them, that
they may abound, and have wherewith to sow. He blesseth them too, not
simply that they might abound, but "according to His riches," so that
this too is done in measured terms. For had they been as he was, so
truly wise, so crucified, he would not have done this; but since they
were men that were handicraftsmen, poor, having wives, bringing up
children, ruling their families, and who had given these very gifts out
of small possessions, and had certain desires of the things of this
world, he blesseth them appropriately. For it is not unseemly to invoke
sufficiency and plenty upon those who thus use them. See too what he
said. He said not, May He make you rich, and to abound greatly; but
what said he? "May He fulfill every need of yours," so that ye may not
be in want, but have things for your necessities. Since Christ too,
when He gave us a form of prayer, inserted also this in the prayer,
when He taught us to say, "Give us this day our
daily bread." (Matt. vi. 11.)
"According to His riches." That is, accord-
253
ing to His free gift, i.e. it is easy to Him, and possible, and
quickly. And since I have spoken of need, do not think that he will
drive you into straits. Wherefore he added, "according to his riches in
glory in Christ Jesus." So shall all things abound to you, that you may
have them to His glory. Or, ye are wanting in nothing; (for it is
written, "great grace was upon them all, neither was there any that
lacked.") (Acts iv. 33.) Or, so as to do all things for His glory, as
if he had said, that ye may use your abundance to His glory.
Ver. 20. "Now unto our God and Father be the glory
for ever and ever. Amen." For the glory of which he speaks belongs not
only to the Son, but to the Father too, for when the Son is glorified,
then is the Father also. For when he said, This is done to the glory of
Christ, lest any one should suppose that it is to His glory alone, he
continued, "Unto our God and Father be the glory," that glory which is
paid to the Son.
Ver. 21. "Salute every saint in Christ Jesus." This
also is no small thing. For it is a proof of great good will, to salute
them through letters. "The brethren which are with me salute you." And
yet thou saidst that thou hast "no one like-minded, who will care truly
for your state." How then sayest thou now, "The brethren which are with
me"? He either saith, "The brethren which are with me," because he hath
no one like-minded of those who are with him, (where he doth not speak
of those in the city, for how were they constrained to undertake the
affairs of the Apostles?) or that he did not refuse to call even those
brethren.
Ver. 22, 23. "All the saints salute you, especially
they that are of Cæsar's household. The grace of the Lord Jesus
Christ be with your spirit."
He elevated them and strengthened them, by showing
that his preaching had reached even to the king's(1) household. For if
those who were in the king's palace despised all things for the sake of
the King of Heaven, far more ought they to do this. And this too was a
proof of the love of Paul, and that he had told many things of them,
and said great things of them, whence he had even led those who were in
the palace to a longing for them, so that those who had never seen them
saluted them. Especially because the faithful were then in affliction,
his love was great. And those who were absent from each other were
closely conjoined together as if real limbs. And the poor man was
similarly disposed toward the rich, and the rich toward the poor, and
there was no preëminence, in that they were all equally hated and
cast out, and that for the same cause. For as, if captives taken from
divers cities should arise and come to the same towns, they eagerly
embrace each other, their common calamity binding them together; thus
too at that time they had great love one toward another, the communion
of their afflictions and persecutions uniting them.
MORAL. For affliction is an unbroken bond, the
increase of love, the occasion of compunction and piety. Hear the words
of David, "It is good for me that I have been afflicted, that I might
learn Thy statutes." (Ps. cxix. 71.) And again another prophet, who
saith, "It is good for a man that he bear the yoke in his youth." (Lam.
iii. 27.) And again, "Blessed is the man whom Thou chastenest, O Lord."
(Ps. xciv. 12.) And another who saith, "Despise not the chastening of
the Lord." (Prov. iii. 11.) And "if thou come near to serve the Lord,
prepare thy soul for temptation." (Ecclus. xi. 1.) And Christ also said
to His disciples, "In the world ye shall have tribulation, but be of
good cheer." (John xvi. 33.) And again, "Ye shall weep and lament, but
the world shall rejoice." (John. xvi. 20.) And again, "Narrow and
straitened is the way." (Matt. vii. 14.) Dost thou see how tribulation
is everywhere lauded, everywhere assumed as needful for us? For if in
the contests of the world, no one without this receiveth the crown,
unless he fortify himself by toil, by abstinence from delicacies, by
living according to rule, by watchings, and innumerable other things,
much more so here. For whom wilt thou name as an instance? The king?
Not even he liveth a life free from care, but one burdened with much
tribulation and anxiety. For look not to his diadem, but to his sea of
cares, by which the crown is produced for him. Nor look to his purple
robe, but to his soul, which is darker than that purple. His crown doth
not so closely bind his brow, as care doth his soul. Nor look to the
multitude of his spearmen, but to the multitude of his disquietudes.
For it is not possible to find a private house laden with so many cares
as a king's palace. Violent deaths are each day expected, and a vision
of blood is seen as they sit down to eat and drink. Nor can we say how
oft he is disturbed in the night season, and leaps up, haunted with
visions. And all this in peace; but if war should overtake him, what
could be more piteous than such a life as this! What evils has he from
those that are his own, I mean, those who are under his dominion. Nay,
and of a truth the pavement of a king's house is always full of blood,
the blood of his own relations. And if ye will, I will also relate some
instances, and ye will presently know; chiefly old occurrences--but
also some things that have happened in our own times--yet still
preserved
254
in memory. One,(1) it is said, having suspected his wife of adultery,
bound her naked upon mules, and exposed her to wild beasts, though she
had already been the mother to him of many princes. What sort of life,
think ye, could that man have lived? For he would not have broken out
into such vengeance, had he not been deeply affected with that
distress. Moreover, this same man slew his own son,(2) or rather his
brother did so. Of his sons, the one indeed slew himself when seized by
a tyrant,(3) and another put to death his cousin, his colleague in the
kingdom, to which he had appointed him; and(4) saw his wife destroyed
by pessaries, for when she bore not, a certain wretched and miserable
woman (for such indeed she was who thought to supply the gift of God by
her own wisdom) gave her pessaries, and destroyed the queen, and
herself perished with her. And this man is said to have also killed his
own brother.(5) Another again, his successor, was destroyed by noxious
drugs, and his cup was to him no longer drink, but death. And his son
had an eye put out, from fear of what was to follow, though he had done
no wrong. It is not befitting to mention how another ended his life
miserably. And after them, one was burnt, like some miserable wretch,
amongst horses, and beams, and all sorts of things, and left his wife
in widowhood. For it is not possible to relate the woes which he was
compelled to undergo in his lifetime. when he rose up in revolt. And
hath not he who now rules, from the time he received the crown, been in
toil, in danger, in grief, in dejection, in misfortune, exposed to
conspiracies? Such is not the kingdom of heaven, but after it is
received, there is peace, life, joy delight. But as I said, life cannot
be without pain. For if in the affairs of this world even he who is
accounted most happy, if the king is burdened with so many misfortunes,
what thinkest thou must be true of private life? I cannot say how many
other evils there are! How many stories have ofttimes been woven on
these subjects! For nearly all the tragedies of the stage, as well as
the mythical stories, have kings for their subjects. For most of these
stories are formed from true incidents, for it is thus they please. As
for example, Thyestes' banquet, and the destruction to all that family
by their misfortunes.
These things we know from the writers(6) that are
without: but if ye will, I will adduce instances from the Scripture
too. Saul was the first king, and ye knew how he perished, after
experiencing numberless ills. After him, David, Solomon, Abia,
Hezekiah, Josiah, in like sort. For it is not possible, without
affliction and toil, and without dejection of mind, to pass through the
present life. But let us be cast down in mind, not for such things as
these, for which kings grieve, but for those things, whence we (thus)
have great gain. "For godly sorrow worketh repentance unto salvation, a
repentance which bringeth no regret." (2 Cor. vii. 10.) On account of
these things we should be grieved, for these things we should be
pained, for these things we should be pricked at heart; thus was Paul
grieved for sinners, thus did he weep. "For out of much affliction and
anguish of heart I wrote unto you in many tears." (2 Cor. ii. 4.) For
when he had no cause of grief on his own account, he did so on account
of others, or rather he accounted those things too to be his own, at
least as far as grief went. Others were offended, and he burned; others
were weak, and he was weak: such grief as this is good, is superior to
all worldly joy. Him who so grieves I prefer to all men, or rather the
Lord Himself pronounces them blessed, who so grieve, who are
sympathizing. I do not so much admire him in dangers, or rather I do
not admire him less for the dangers by which he died daily, yet this
still more captivates me. For it came of a soul
255
devoted to God, and full of affection: from the love which Christ
Himself seeketh: from a brotherly and a fatherly sympathy, or rather,
of one greater than both these. Thus we should be affected, thus weep;
such tears as these are full of great delight; such grief as this is
the ground of joy.
And say not to me: What do they for whom I grieve
gain by my so doing? Though we no way profit them for whom we grieve,
at all events we shall profit ourselves. For he who grieveth thus on
account of others, much more will so do for himself; he who thus
weepeth for the sins of others will not pass by his own transgressions
unwept, or rather, he will not quickly sin. But this is dreadful, that
when we are ordered so to grieve for them that sin, we do not even
exhibit any repentance for our own sins, but when sinning remain
without feeling, and have care for and take account of anything, rather
than our own sins. For this cause we rejoice with a worthless joy,
which is the joy of the world, and straightway quenched, and which
brings forth griefs innumerable. Let us then grieve with grief which is
the mother of joy, and let us not rejoice with joy which brings forth
grief. Let us shed tears which are the seeds of great joy, and not
laugh with that laughter, which brings forth the gnashing of teeth for
us. Let us be afflicted with affliction, from which springs up ease,
and let us not seek luxury, whence great affliction and pain is born.
Let us labor a little time upon the earth, that we may have continual
enjoyment in heaven. Let us afflict ourselves in this transitory life,
that we may attain rest in that which is endless. Let us not be remiss
in this short life, lest we groan in that which is endless.
See ye not how many are here in affliction for the
sake of worldly things? Consider that thou also art one of them, and
bear thy affliction and thy pain, feeding on the hope of things to
come. Thou art not better than Paul or Peter, who never obtained rest,
who passed all their life in hunger and thirst and nakedness. If thou
wouldest attain the same things with them, why journeyest thou along a
contrary road? If thou wouldest arrive at that City, of which they have
been deemed worthy, walk along the path which leadeth thither. The way
of ease leadeth not thither, but that of affliction. The former is
broad, the latter is narrow; along this let us walk, that we may attain
eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord, with whom, to the Father,
together with the Holy Ghost, be honor, might, power, now and ever, and
world without end. Amen.
HOMILIES OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM,
ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
ON THE
EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE
TO THE
COLOSSIANS.
HOMILY I
COLOSSIANS i. 1, 2.
"Paul, an Apostle of Christ Jesus through the will of God, and Timothy
our brother, to the saints and faithful brethren in Christ which are at
Colossæ: Grace to you, and peace, from God our Father."
HOLY indeed are all the Epistles of Paul: but some
advantage have those which he sent after he was in bonds: those, for
instance, to the Ephesians and Philemon: that to Timothy, that to the
Philippians, and the one before us: for this also was sent when he was
a prisoner, since he writes in it thus: "for which I am also in bonds:
that I may make it manifest as I ought to speak." (Col. iv. 3, 4.) But
this Epistle appears to have been written after that to the Romans. For
the one to the Romans he wrote before he had seen them, but this
Epistle, after; and near upon the close of his preaching.(1) And it is
evident from hence; that in the Epistle to Philemon he says, "Being
such an one as Paul the aged" (ver. 9), and makes request for Onesimus;
but in this he sends Onesimus himself, as he says, "With Onesimus the
faithful and beloved brother" (Col. iv. 9): calling him faithful, and
beloved, and brother. Wherefore also he boldly says in this Epistle,
"from the hope of the Gospel which ye heard, which was preached in all
creation under heaven." (Col. i. 23.) For it had now been preached for
a long time. I think then that the Epistle to Timothy was written after
this; and when he was now come to the very end of his life, for there
he says, "for I am already being offered" (2 Tim. iv. 6); this is
later(2) however than that to the Philippians, for in that Epistle he
was just entering upon his imprisonment at Rome.
But why do I say that these Epistles have some
advantage over the rest in this respect, because he writes while in
bonds? As if a champion were to write in the midst of carnage and
victory;(3) so also in truth did he. For himself too was aware that
this was a great thing, for writing to Philemon he saith, "Whom I have
begotten in my bonds." (Ver. 10.) And this he said, that we should not
be dispirited when in adversity, but even rejoice. At this place was
Philemon with these (Colossians). For in the Epistle to him he saith,
"And to Archippus our fellow-soldier" (ver. 2); and in this, "Say to
Archippus." (Col. iv. 17.) This man seems to me to have been charged
with some office in the Church.
But he had not seen either these people, or the
Romans, or the Hebrews, when he wrote to them. That this is true of the
others, he shows in many places; with regard to the Colossians, hear
him saying, "And as many as have
258
not seen my face in the flesh" (Col. ii. 1. 5): and again, "Though I am
absent in the flesh, yet am I with you in the spirit." So great a thing
did he know his presence everywhere to be. And always, even though he
be absent, he makes himself present. So, when he punishes the
fornicator, look how he places himself on the tribunal; "for," he
saith," I verily being absent in body, but present in spirit, have
judged already as though I were present" (1 Cor. v. 3): and again, "I
will come to you, and will know not the word of them which are puffed
up, but the power" (1 Cor. iv. 19): and again, "Not only when I am
present with you, but much more when I am absent." (Phil. ii. 12; Gal.
iv. 18.)
"Paul an Apostle of Jesus Christ through the will of
God."
It were well also to say, what from considering this
Epistle we have found to be its occasion and subject. What then is it?
They used to approach(1) God through angels; they held many Jewish and
Grecian observances. These things then he is correcting. Wherefore in
the very outset he says, "Through the will of God." So here again he
hath used the expression "through."(2) "And Timothy the brother," he
saith; of course then he too was an Apostle,(3) and probably also known
to them. "To the saints which are at Colossæ." This was a city of
Phrygia, as is plain from Laodicea's being near to it. "And faithful
brethren in Christ." (Col. iv. 16.) Whence, saith he art thou made a
saint? Tell me. Whence art thou called faithful? Is it not because thou
wert sanctified through death? Is it not because thou hast faith in
Christ? Whence art thou made a brother? for neither in deed, nor in
word, nor in achievement didst thou show thyself faithful. Tell me,
whence is it that thou hast been entrusted with so great mysteries? Is
it not because of Christ?
"Grace to you and peace from God our Father." Whence
cometh grace to you? Whence peace? "From God," saith he, "our Father."
Although he useth not in this place the name of Christ.
I will ask those who speak disparagingly of the
Spirit, Whence is God the Father of servants? Who wrought these mighty
achievements? Who made thee a saint? Who faithful? Who a son of God? He
who made thee worthy to be trusted, the same is also the cause of thy
being entrusted with all.
For we are called faithful, not only because we have
faith, but also because we are entrusted of God with mysteries which
not even angels knew before us. However, to Paul it was indifferent
whether or not to put it thus.
Ver. 3. "We give thanks to God,(4) the Father
of our Lord Jesus Christ."
He seems to me to refer everything to the Father,
that what he has to say may not at once offend them.(5)
"Praying always for you."
He shows his love, not by giving thanks only, but
also by continual prayer, in that those whom he did not see, he had
continually within himself.
Ver. 4. ["Having heard of your faith in
Christ Jesus."
A little above he said, "our Lord."
"He," saith he, "is Lord, not the servants." "Of Jesus Christ." These
names also are symbols of His benefit to us, for "He," it means, "shall
save His people from their sins."(6) (Matt. i. 21.)]
Ver. 4. "Having heard of your faith in Christ Jesus,
and of the love which ye have toward all the saints."
Already he conciliates them. It was Epaphroditus(7)
who brought him this account. But he sends the Epistle by Tychicus,
retaining Epaphroditus with himself. "And of the love," he saith,
"which ye have toward all the saints," not toward this one and that: of
course then toward us also.
Ver. 5. "Because of the hope which is laid up for
you in the heavens."
He speaks of the good things to come. This is with a
view to their temptations, that they should not seek their rest here.
For lest any should say, "And where is the good of their love toward
the saints, if they themselves are in affliction?" he says, "We rejoice
that ye are securing for yourselves a noble reception in heaven."
"Because of the hope," he saith, "which is laid up." He shows its
secureness. "Whereof ye heard before in the word of the truth." Here
the expression is as if he would chide them, as having changed from it
when they had long held it.
"Whereof," saith he, "ye heard before in the word of
the truth of the Gospel." And he bears witness to its truth. With good
reason, for in it there is nothing false.
"Of the Gospel." He doth not say, "of the
preaching," but he calleth it the "Gospel," con-
259
tinually reminding them of God's benefits.(1) And having first praised
them, he next reminds them of these.
Ver. 6. "Which is come unto you, even as it is also
in all the world."
He now gives them credit. "Is come," he said
metaphorically. He means, it did not come and go away, but that it
remained, and was there. Then because to the many the strongest
confirmation of doctrines is that they hold them in common with many,
he therefore added, "As also it is in all the world."
It is present everywhere, everywhere victorious,
everywhere established.
"And is bearing fruit, and increasing,(2) as it doth
in you also."
"Bearing fruit." In works. "Increasing." By the
accession of many, by becoming firmer; for plants then begin to thicken
when they have become firm.
"As also among you," says he.
He first gains the hearer by his praises, so that
even though disinclined, he may not refuse to hear him.
"Since the day ye heard it."
Marvelous! that ye quickly came unto it and
believed; and straightway, from the very first, showed forth its fruits.
"Since the day ye heard, and knew the grace of God
in truth."
Not in word, saith he, nor in deceit, but in very
deeds. Either then this is what he means by "bearing fruit," or else,
the signs and wonders. Because as soon as ye received it, so soon ye
knew the grace of God. What then forthwith gave proofs of its inherent
virtue, is it not a hard thing that that should now be disbelieved?
Ver. 7. "Even as ye learned of Epaphras our beloved
fellow-servant."
He, it is probable, had preached there. "Ye learned"
the Gospel. Then to show the trust-worthiness of the man, he says, "our
fellow servant."
"Who is a faithful minister of Christ on your(3)
behalf; who also declared unto us your love in the Spirit."
Doubt not, he saith, of the hope which is to come:
ye see that the world is being converted. And what need to allege the
cases of others? what happened in your own is even independently a
sufficient ground for belief, for, "ye knew the grace of God in truth:"
that is, in works. So that these two things, viz. the belief of all,
and your own too, confirm the things that are to come. Nor was the fact
one thing, and what Epaphras said, another. "Who is," saith he,
"faithful," that is, true. How, "a minister on your behalf"? In that he
had gone to him. "Who also declared to us," saith he, "your love in the
Spirit," that is, the spiritual love ye bear us. If this man be the
minister of Christ; how say ye, that you approach God by angels? "Who
also declared unto us," saith he, "your love in the Spirit." For this
love is wonderful and steadfast; all other has but the name. And there
are some persons who are not of this kind, but such is not friendship,
wherefore also it is easily dissolved.
There are many causes which produce friendship; and
we will pass over those which are infamous, (for none will take an
objection against us in their favor, seeing they are evil.) But let us,
if you will, review those which are natural, and those which arise out
of the relations of life. Now of the social sort are these, for
instance; one receives a kindness, or inherits a friend from
forefathers, or has been a companion at table or in travel: or is
neighbor to another (and these are virtuous); or is of the same trade,
which last however is not sincere; for it is attended by a certain
emulation and envy. But the natural are such as that of father to son,
son to father, brother to brother, grandfather to descendant, mother to
children, and if you like let us add also that of wife to husband; for
all matrimonial attachments are also of this life, and earthly. Now
these latter appear stronger than the former: appear, I said, because
often they are surpassed by them. For friends have at times shown a
more genuinely kind disposition than brothers, or than sons toward
fathers; and when he whom a man hath begotten would not succor him, one
who knew him not has stood by him, and succored him. But the spiritual
love is higher than all, as it were some queen ruling her subjects; and
in her form is bright: for not as the other, hath she aught of earth
for her parent; neither habitual intercourse, nor benefits, nor nature,
nor time; but she descendeth from above, out of heaven. And why
wonderest thou that she needeth no benefits in order that she should
subsist, seeing that neither by injuries is she overthrown?
Now that this love is greater than the other, hear
Paul saying; "For I could wish that I myself were anathema from Christ
for my brethren." (Rom. ix. 3.) What father would have thus wished
himself in misery? And again, "To depart, and to be with Christ" is
"very far better; yet to abide in the flesh" is "more needful for your
sake." (Phil. i. 23, 24.) What mother would have chosen so to speak,
regardless of herself? And again hear him saying, "For being bereaved
of you for a short season, in pres-
260
ence, not in heart." (1 Thess. ii. 17.) And here indeed [in the world],
when a father hath been insulted, he withdraws his love; not so however
there, but he went to those who stoned him, seeking to do them good.
For nothing, nothing is so strong as the bond of the Spirit. For he who
became a friend from receiving benefits, will, should these be
discontinued, become an enemy; he whom habitual intercourse made
inseparable, will, when the habit is broken through, let his friendship
become extinct. A wife again, should a broil have taken place, will
leave her husband, and withdraw affection; the son, when he sees his
father living to a great age, is dissatisfied. But in case of spiritual
love there is nothing of this. For by none of these things can it be
dissolved; seeing it is not composed out of them. Neither time, nor
length of journey, nor ill usage, nor being evil spoken of, nor anger,
nor insult, nor any other thing, make inroads upon it, nor have the
power of dissolving it. And that thou mayest know this Moses was
stoned, and yet he made entreaty for them. (Ex. xvii. 4.) What father
would have done this for one that stoned him, and would not rather have
stoned him too to death?
Let us then follow after these friendships which are
of the Spirit, for they are strong, and hard to be dissolved, and not
those which arise from the table, for these we are forbidden to carry
in Thither. For hear Christ saying in the Gospel, Call not thy friends
nor thy neighbors, if thou makest a feast, but the lame, the maimed.
(Luke xiv. 12.) With reason: for great is the recompense for these. But
thou canst not, nor endurest to feast with lame and blind, but thinkest
it grievous and offensive, and refusest. Now it were indeed best that
thou shouldest not refuse, however it is not necessary to do it. If
thou seatest them not with thee, send to them of the dishes on thy own
table. And he that inviteth his friends, hath done no great thing: for
he hath received his recompense here. But he that called the maimed,
and poor, hath God for his Debtor. Let us then not repine when we
receive not a reward here, but when we do receive; for we shall have
nothing more to receive There. In like manner, if man recompense, God
recompenseth not; if man recompense not, then God will recompense. Let
us then not seek those out for our benefits, who have it in their power
to requite us again, nor bestow our favors on them with such an
expectation: this were a cold thought. If thou invite a friend, the
gratitude lasts till evening; and therefore the friendship for the
nonce is spent more quickly than the expenses are paid. But if thou
call the poor and the maimed, never shall the gratitude perish, for
God, who remembereth ever, and never forgetteth, thou hast even Him for
thy Debtor. What squeamishness is this, pray, that thou canst not sit
down in company with the poor? What sayest thou? He is unclean and
filthy? Then wash him, and lead him up to thy table. But he hath filthy
garments? Then change them, and give him clean apparel. Seest thou not
how great the gain is? Christ cometh unto thee through him, and dost
thou make petty calculations of such things? When thou art inviting the
King to thy table, dost thou fear because of such things as these?
Let us suppose two tables, and let one be filled
with those, and have the blind, the halt, the maimed in hand or leg,
the barefoot, those clad with but one scanty garment, and that worn
out: but let the other have grandees, generals, governors, great
officers, arrayed in costly robes, and fine lawn, belted with golden
girdles. Again, here at the table of the poor let there be neither
silver, nor store of wine, but just enough to refresh and gladden, and
let the drinking cups and the rest of the vessels be made from glass
only; but there, at the table of the rich, let all the vessels be of
silver and gold, and the semicircular table,(1) not such as one person
can lift, but as two young men can with difficulty move, and the
wine-jars lie in order, glittering far beyond the silver with gold, and
let the semicircle(2) be smoothly laid all over with soft drapery.
Here, again, let there be many servants, in garments not less
ornamented than those of the guests, and bravely appareled, and wearing
loose trowsers, men beauteous to look upon, in the very flower of life,
plump, and well conditioned; but there let there be only two servants
disdaining all that proud vanity. And let those have costly meats, but
these only enough to appease hunger and inspire cheerfulness. Have I
said enough? and are both tables laid out with sufficient minuteness?
Is anything wanting? I think not. For I have gone over the guests, and
the costliness both of the vessels, and of the linen,(3) and the
meats.(4) However, if we should have omitted aught, we shall discover
it as we proceed with the discourse.
261
Come then, now that we have correctly drawn each
table in its proper outline, let us see at which ye will seat
yourselves. For I for my part am going to that of the blind, and the
lame, but probably the more part of you will choose the other, that of
the generals, that is so gay and splendid. Let us then see which of
them doth more abound in pleasure; for as yet let us not examine into
the things of hereafter, seeing that in those at least this of mine
hath the superiority. Wherefore? Because this one hath sitting down at
it, the other men, this hath the Master, that the servants. But say we
nothing of these things as yet; but let us see which hath the more of
present pleasure. And even in this respect, then, this pleasure is
greater, for it is more pleasure to sit down with a King than with his
servants. But let us withdraw this consideration also; let us examine
the matter simply by itself. I, then, and those who choose the table I
do, shall with much freedom and ease of mind both say and hear
everything: but you trembling and fearing, and ashamed before those you
sit down with, will not even have the heart to reach out your hands,
just as though you had got to a school, and not a dinner, just as
though you were trembling before dreadful masters. But not so they.
But, saith one, the honor is great. Nay, I further am in more honor;
for your mean estate appears grander, when even whilst sharing the same
table, the words ye utter are those of slaves.
For the servant then most of all shows as such, when
he sits down with his master; for he is in a place where he ought not
to be; nor hath he from such familiarity so much dignity as he hath
abasement, for he is then abased exceedingly. And one may see a servant
by himself make a brave appearance, and the poor man seem splendid by
himself, rather than when he is walking with a rich one; for the low
when near the lofty, then appears low, and the juxtaposition makes the
low seem lower, not loftier. So too your sitting down with them makes
you seem as of yet meaner condition. But not so, us. In these two
things, then, we have the advantage, in freedom, and in honor; which
have nothing equal to them in regard of pleasure. For I at least would
prefer a crust with freedom, to thousands of dainties with slavery.
For, saith one, "Better is an entertainment of herbs with love and
kindness, than an ox from the stall with hatred." (Prov. xv. 17.) For
whatsoever those may say, they who are present must needs praise it, or
give offense; assuming thus the rank of parasites, or rather, being
worse than they. For parasites indeed, even though it be with shame and
insult, have yet liberty of speech: but ye have not even this. But your
meanness is indeed as great, (for ye fear and crouch,) but not so your
honor. Surely then that table is deprived of every pleasure, but this
is replete with all delight of soul.
But let us examine the nature even of the meats
themselves. For there indeed it is necessary to burst one's self with
the large quantity of wine, even against one's will, but here none who
is disinclined need eat or drink. So that there indeed the pleasure
arising from the quality of the food is cancelled by the dishonor which
precedes, and the discomfort which follows the surfeit, For not less
than hunger doth surfeiting destroy and rack our bodies; but even far
more grievously; and whomsoever you like to give me, I shall more
easily destroy by bursting him with surfeit than by hunger. For thus
the latter is easier to be borne than the other, for one might indeed
endure hunger for twenty days, but surfeiting not for as many as two
only. And the country people who are perpetually struggling with the
one, are healthy, and need no physicians; but the other, surfeiting I
mean, none can endure without perpetually calling in physicians; yea,
rather, its tyranny hath often baffled even their attempt to rescue.
So far then as pleasure is concerned, this [table of
mine] hath the advantage. For if honor hath more pleasure than
dishonor, if authority than subjection, and if manly confidence than
trembling and fear, and if enjoyment of what is enough, than to be
plunged out of depth in the tide of luxury; on the score of pleasure
this table is better than the other. It is besides better in regard of
expense; for the other is expensive, but this, not so.
But what? is it then to the guests alone that this
table is the more pleasurable, or bringeth it more pleasure than the
other to him who inviteth them, as well? for this is what we are
enquiring after rather. Now he who invites those makes preparation many
days before, and is forced to have trouble and anxious thoughts and
cares, neither sleeping by night, nor resting by day; but forming with
himself many plans, conversing with cooks, confectioners, deckers of
tables. Then when the very day is come, one may see him in greater fear
than those who are going to fight a boxing match, lest aught should
turn out other than was expected, lest he be shot with the glance of
envy, test he thereby procure himself a multitude of accusers. But the
other escapeth all this anxious thought and trouble by extemporizing
his table, and not being careful about it for many days before. And
then, truly, after this, the former indeed hath straightway lost the
grateful return; but the other hath God for his Debtor; and is
nourished with good hopes, being every day feasted from off that table.
For the meats indeed are spent, but the grateful thought is never
spent, but every day he rejoices
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and exults more than they that are gorged with their excess of wine.
For nothing doth so nourish the soul as a virtuous hope, and the
expectation of good things.
But now let us consider what follows. There indeed
are flutes, and harps, and pipes; but here is no music of sounds
unsuitable; but what? hymns, singing of psalms. There indeed the Demons
are hymned; but here, the Lord of all, God. Seest thou with what
gratitude this one aboundeth, with what ingratitude and insensibility
that? For, tell me, when God hath nourished thee with His good things,
and when thou oughtest to give Him thanks after being fed, dost thou
even introduce the Demons? For these songs to the lyre, are none other
than songs to Demons. When thou oughtest to say, "Blessed art Thou, O
Lord, that Thou hast nourished me with Thy good things," dost thou like
a worthless dog not even so much as remember Him, but, over and above,
introducest the Demons? Nay rather, dogs, whether they receive anything
or not, fawn upon those they know, but thou dost not even this. The
dog, although he receives nothing, fawns upon his master; but thou,
even when thou hast received, barkest at Him. Again, the dog, even
though he be well treated by a stranger, not even so will be reconciled
of his hatred of him, nor be enticed on to be friends with him: but
thou, even though suffering mischief incalculable from the Demons,
introducest them at thy feasts. So that, in two ways, thou art worse
than the dog. And the mention I have now made of dogs is happy, in
regard of those who give thanks then only when they receive a benefit.
Take shame, I pray you, at the dogs, which when furnishing still fawn
upon their masters. But thou, if thou hast haply heard that the Demon
has cured anyone, straightway forsakest thy Master; O more unreasoning
than the dogs!
But, saith one, the harlots are a pleasure to look
upon. What sort of pleasure are they? yea rather what infamy are they
not? Thy house has become a brothel, madness, and fury; and art thou
not ashamed to call this pleasure? If then it be allowed to use
them,(1) greater than all pleasure is the shame, and the discomfort
which arises from the shame, to make one's house a brothel, like hogs
in wallowing in the mire? But if so far only be allowed as to see them,
lo! again the pain is greater. For to see is no pleasure, where to use
is not allowed, but the lust becomes only the greater, and the flame
the fiercer.
But wouldest thou learn the end? Those, indeed, when
they rise up from the table, are like the madmen and those that have
lost their wits; foolhardy, quarrelsome, laughing-stocks for the very
slaves; and the servants indeed retire sober, but these, drunk. O the
shame! But with the other is nothing of this sort; but closing the
table with thanksgiving, they so retire to their homes, with pleasure
sleeping, with pleasure waking, free from all shame and accusation.
If thou wilt consider also the guests themselves,
thou wilt see that the one are within just what the others are without;
blind, maimed, lame; and as are the bodies of these, such are the souls
of those, laboring under dropsy and inflammation. For of such sort is
pride; for after the luxurious gratification a maiming takes place; of
such sort is surfeiting and drunkenness, making men lame and maimed.
And thou wilt see too that these have souls like the bodies of the
others, brilliant, ornamented. For they who live in giving of thanks,
who seek nothing beyond a sufficiency, they whose philosophy is of this
sort are in all brightness.
But let us see the end both here and there. There,
indeed, is unchaste pleasure, loose laughter, drunkenness, buffoonery,
filthy language; (for since they in their own persons are ashamed to
talk filthily, this is brought about by means of the harlots;) but here
is love of mankind, gentleness. Near to him who invites those stands
vainglory arming him, but near the other, love of man, and gentleness.
For the one table, love of man prepareth, but the other, vainglory, and
cruelty, out of injustice and grasping. And that one ends in what I
have said, in loss of wits, in delirium, in madness; (for such are the
offshoots of vainglory;) but this one in thanksgiving and the glory of
God. And the praise too, which cometh of men, attendeth more abundantly
upon this; for that man is even regarded with an envious eye, but this
all men regard as their common father, even they who have received no
benefit at his hands. And as with the injured even they who have not
been injured sympathize, and all become in common enemies (to the
injurer): so too, when some receive kindness, they also who have not
received any, not less than they who have, praise and admire him that
conferred it. And there indeed is much envy, but here much tender
solicitude, many prayers from all.
And so much indeed here; but There, when Christ is
come, this one indeed shall stand with much boldness, and shall hear
before the whole world, "Thou sawest Me an hungered, and didst feed Me;
naked, and didst clothe Me; a stranger, and didst take Me in" (Matt.
xxv. 35); and all the like words: but the other shall hear the
contrary; "Wicked and slothful servant" (Matt. xxv. 26); and again,
"Woe unto them that luxuriate upon their couches, and sleep upon beds
of ivory, and drink the refined wine,
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and anoint themselves with the chief ointments; they counted upon these
things as staying, and not as fleeting." (Amos vi. 4, 5, 6, Sept.)
I have not said this without purpose, but with the
view of changing your minds; and that you should do nothing that is
fruitless. What then, saith one, of the fact that I do both the one and
the other? This argument is much resorted to by all. And what need,
tell me, when everything might be done usefully, to make a division,
and to expend part on what is not wanted, but even without any purpose
at all, and part usefully? Tell me, hadst thou, when sowing, cast some
upon a rock, and some upon very good ground; is it likely that thou
wouldest have been contented so, and have said, Where is the harm, if
we cast some to no purpose, and some upon very good ground? For why not
all into the very good ground? Why lessen the gain? And if thou have
occasion to be getting money together, thou wilt not talk in that way,
but wilt get it together from every quarter; but in the other case thou
dost not so. And if to lend on usury; thou wilt not say, "Wherefore
shall we give some to the poor, and some to the rich," but all is given
to the former:(1) yet in the case before us, where the gain is so
great, thou dost not thus calculate, and will not at length desist from
expending without purpose, and laying out without return?
"But," saith one, "this also hath a gain." Of what
kind, tell me? "It increaseth friendships." Nothing is colder than men
who are made friends by these things, by the table, and surfeiting. The
friendships of parasites are born only from that source.
Insult not a thing so marvelous as love,(2) nor say
that this is its root. As if one were to say, that a tree which bore
gold and precious stones had not its root of the same, but that it was
gendered of rottenness; so doest even thou: for even though friendship
should be born from that source, nothing could possibly be colder. But
those other tables produce friendship, not with man, but with God; and
that an intense(3) one, so thou be intent on preparing them. For he
that expendeth part in this way and part in that, even should he have
bestowed much, hath done no great thing: but he that expendeth all in
this way, even though he should have given little, hath done the whole.
For what is required is that we give, not much or little, but not less
than is in our power. Think we on him with the five talents, and on him
with the two. (Matt. xxv. 15.) Think we on her who cast in those two
mites. (Mark xii. 41.) Think we on the widow in Elijah's days. She who
threw in those two mites said not, What harm if I keep the one mite for
myself, and give the other? but gave her whole living. (1 Kings xvii.)
But thou, in the midst of so great plenty, art more penurious than she.
Let us then not be careless of our own salvation, but apply ourselves
to almsgiving. For nothing is better than this, as the time to come
shall show; meanwhile the present shows it also. Live we then to the
glory of God, and do those things that please Him, that we may be
counted worthy of the good things of promise; which may all we obtain,
through the grace and love toward man of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom
be the glory and the power and honor, now and ever, and world without
end. Amen.
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HOMILY II.
COLOSSIANS i. 9, 10.
"For this cause we also, since the day we heard it, do not cease to
pray and make request for you, that ye may be filled with the knowledge
of His will in all spiritual wisdom and understanding; to walk worthily
of the Lord unto all pleasing, bearing fruit in every good work, and
increasing in the knowledge of God."
"For this cause." What cause? Because we heard of
your faith and love, because we have good hopes, we are hopeful to ask
for future blessings also. For as in the games we cheer on those most
who are near upon gaining the victory, just so doth Paul also most
exhort those who have achieved the greater part.
"Since the day we heard it," saith he, "we do not
cease to pray for you." Not for one day do we pray for you, nor yet for
two, nor three. Herein he both shows his love, and gives them a gentle
hint that they had not yet arrived at the end. For the words, "that ye
may be filled," are of this significancy. And observe, I pray, the
prudence of this blessed one. He nowhere says that they are destitute
of everything, but that they are deficient; everywhere the words, "that
ye may be filled," show this. And again, "unto all pleasing, in every
good work" (ver. 11), and again, "strengthened with all power," and
again, "unto all patience and long-suffering"; for the constant
addition of "all" bears witness to their doing well in part, though, it
might be, not in all. And, "that ye may be filled," he saith; not,
"that ye may receive," for they had received; but "that ye may be
filled" with what as yet was lacking. Thus both the rebuke was given
without offense, and the praise did not suffer them to sink down, and
become supine, as if it had been complete. But what is, "that ye may be
filled with the knowledge of His will"? That through the Son we should
be brought unto Him, and no more through Angels. Now that ye must be
brought unto Him, ye have learnt, but it remains for you to learn this,
and why He sent the Son. For had it been that we were to have been
saved by Angels,(1) He would not have sent Him, would not have given
Him up. "In all spiritual wisdom," he saith, "and understanding." For
since the philosophers deceived them; I wish you, he saith, to be in
spiritual wisdom, not after the wisdom of men. But if in order to know
the will of God, there needs spiritual wisdom; to know His Essence what
it is, there is need of continual prayers.
And Paul shows here, that since that time he has
been praying, and has not yet prevailed, and yet has not desisted; for
the words, "from the day we heard it," show this. But it implies
condemnation to them, if, from that time, even assisted by prayers,
they had not amended themselves. "And making request," he says, with
much earnestness, for this the expression "ye knew"(2) shows. But it is
necessary still to know somewhat besides. "To walk worthily," he says,
"of the Lord." Here he speaks of life and its works, for so he doth
also everywhere: with faith he always couples conduct. "Unto all
pleasing." And how, "all pleasing"? "Bearing fruit in every good work,
and increasing in the knowledge of God." Seeing, saith he, He hath
fully revealed Himself unto you, and seeing ye have received knowledge
so great; do ye then show forth a conduct worthy of the faith; for this
needeth elevated conduct, greater far than the old dispensation. For,
he that hath known God, and been counted worthy to be God's servant,
yea, rather, even His Son, see how great virtue he needeth.
"Strengthened with all power." He is here speaking of trials and
persecutions. We pray that ye might be filled with strength, that ye
faint not for sorrow, nor despair. "According to the might of His
glory." But that ye may take up again such forwardness as it becometh
the power of His glory to give. "Unto all patience and long-suffering."
What he saith is of this sort. Summarily, he saith, we pray that ye may
lead a life of virtue, and worthy of your citizenship, and may stand
firmly, being strengthened as it is reasonable to be strengthened by
God. For this cause he doth not as yet touch upon doctrines, but dwells
upon life, wherein he had nothing to charge them with, and having
praised them where praise was due, he then comes down to accusation.
And this he does everywhere: when he is about writing to any with
somewhat to blame them for, and somewhat to praise, he first praises
them, and then comes down to his Charges. For he first conciliates the
hearer, and frees his accusation from all suspicion, and
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shows that for his own part he could have been glad to praise them
throughout; but by the necessity of the case is forced into saying what
he does. And so he doth in the first[1] Epistle to the Corinthians. For
after having exceedingly praised them as loving him, even from the case
of the fornicator, he comes down to accuse them. But in that to the
Galatians not so, but the reverse. Yea, rather, if one should look
close into it, even there the accusation follows upon praise. For
seeing he had no good deeds of theirs then to speak of, and the charge
was an exceeding grave one, and they were every one of them corrupted;
and were able to bear it because they were strong, he begins with
accusation, saying, "I marvel."[2] (Gal. i. 6.) So that this also
is praise. But afterwards he praises them, not for what they were, but
what they had been, saying, "If possible, ye would have plucked out
your eyes, and given them to me." (Gal. v. 15).
"Bearing fruit," he saith: this hath reference to
works. "Strengthened": this to trials. "Unto all patience and
longsuffering": long-suffering towards one another, patience towards
those without. For longsuffering is toward those whom we can requite,
but patience toward those whom we cannot. For this reason the term
patient is never applied to God, but longsuffering frequently; as this
same blessed one saith other where in his writings, "Or despisest thou
the riches of His goodness, and forbearance, and longsuffering?" "Unto
all pleasing." Not, one while, and afterwards not so. "In all spiritual
wisdom," he saith, "and understanding." For otherwise it is not
possible to know His will. Although indeed they thought they had His
will; but that wisdom was not spiritual. "To walk," saith he, "worthily
of the Lord." For this is the way of the best life. For he that hath
understood God's love to man, (and he doth understand it if he have
seen the Son delivered up,) will have greater forwardness. And besides,
we pray not for this alone that ye may know, but that ye may show forth
your knowledge in works; for he that knows without doing, is even in
the way to punishment. "To walk," he saith, that is, always, not once,
but continually. As to walk is necessary for us, so also is to live
rightly. And when on this subject he constantly uses the term "walk,"
and with reason, showing that such is the life set before us. But not
of this sort is that of the world. And great too is the praise. "To
walk," he saith, "worthily of the Lord," and "in every good work," so
as to be always advancing, and nowhere standing still, and, with a
metaphor, "bearing fruit and increasing in the knowledge of God," that
ye might be in such measure "strengthened," according to the might of
God, as is possible for man to be. "Through His power," great is the
consolation.--He said not strength, but "power," which is greater:
"through the power," he saith, "of His glory," because that everywhere
His glory hath the power. He thus comforts him that is under reproach:
and again, "To walk worthily of the Lord." He saith of the Son, that He
hath the power everywhere both in heaven and in earth, because His
glory reigneth everywhere. He saith not "strengthened" simply, but so,
as they might be expected to be who are in the service of so strong a
Master. "In the knowledge of God." And at the same time he touches in
passing upon the methods of knowledge; for this is to be in error, not
to know God as one ought; or he means, so as to increase in the
knowledge of God. For if he that hath not known the Son, knoweth not
the Father either; justly is there need of increased[3] knowledge: for
there is no use in life without this. "Unto all patience and
longsuffering," he saith, "with joy, giving thanks" (ver. 12) unto God.
Then being about to exhort them, he makes no mention of what by and by
shall be laid up for them; he did hint at this however in the beginning
of the Epistle, saying, "Because of the hope which is laid up for you
in the heavens" (ver. 5): but in this place he mentions the things
which were already theirs, for these are the causes of the other. And
he doth the same in many places. For that which hath already come to
pass gains belief, and more carries the hearer along with it. "With
joy," he saith, "giving thanks" to God. The connection is this. We
cease not praying for you, and giving thanks for the benefits already
received.
Seest thou how he bears himself along into speaking
of the Son? For if "we give thanks with much joy," it is a great thing
that is spoken of. For it is possible to give thanks only from fear, it
is possible to give thanks even when in sorrow. For instance; Job gave
thanks indeed, but in anguish; and he said, "The Lord gave, the Lord
hath taken away." (Job i. 21.) For, let not any say that what had come
to pass pained him not, nor clothed him with dejection of soul; nor let
his great praise be taken away from that righteous one. But when it is
thus, it is not for fear, nor because of His being Lord alone, but for
the very nature of the things themselves, that we give thanks. "To Him
who made us meet to be partakers of the inheritance of the saints in
light." He hath said a great thing. What
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has been given, he saith, is of this nature; He hath not only given,
but also made us strong to receive. Now by saying, "Who made us meet,"
he showed that the thing was one of great weight. For example, were
some low person to have become a king, he hath it in his power to give
a governorship to whom he will; and this is the extent of his power, to
give the dignity he cannot also make the person fit for the office and
oftentimes the honor makes one so preferred even ridiculous. If however
he have both conferred on one the dignity, and also made him fit for
the honor, and equal to the administration, then indeed the thing is an
honor. This then is what he also saith here; that He hath not only
given us the honor, but hath also made us strong enough to receive it.
For the honor here is twofold, the giving, and the
making fit for the gift. He said not, gave, simply; but, "made us meet
to be partakers of the inheritance of the saints in light," that is,
who hath appointed us a place with the saints. But he did not say
simply placed us, but hath given us to enjoy even the very same things,
for "the portion"[1] is that which each one receives. For it is
possible to be in the same city, and yet not enjoy the same things; but
to have the same "portion," and yet not enjoy the same, is impossible.
It is possible to be in the same inheritance, and yet not to have the
same portion for instance, all we (clergy) are in the inheritance,[2]
but we have not all the same portion.[3] But here he cloth not say
this, but with the inheritance adds the portion also. But why cloth he
call it inheritance (or lot)? To show that by his own achievements no
one obtains the kingdom, but as a lot[4] is rather the result of good
luck,[5] so in truth is it here also. For a life so good as to be
counted worthy of the kingdom doth no one show forth, but the whole is
of His free gift. Therefore He saith, "When ye have done all, say, We
are unprofitable servants, for we have done that which was our duty to
do." (Luke xvii. 10.) "To be partakers of the inheritance of the saints
in light,"--he means, both the future and the present light,[6]--that
is, in knowledge. He seems to me to be speaking: at once of both
the present and the future. Then he shows of what things we have
been counted worthy. For this is not the only marvel, that we are
counted worthy of the kingdom; but it should also be added who we are
that are so counted; for it is not unimportant. And he doth this in the
Epistle to the Romans, saying, "For scarcely for a righteous[7] man
will one die, but peradventure for the good man some one would even
dare to die." (Rom. v. 7.)
Ver. 13. "Who delivered us," he saith, "from the
power of darkness."
The whole is of Him, the giving both of these things
and those; for nowhere is any achievement of ours. "From the power of
darkness," he saith, that is, of error, the dominion of the devil. He
said not "darkness," but "power"; for it had great power over us, and
held us fast. For it is grievous indeed even to be under the devil at
all, but to be so "with power," this is far more grievous. "And
translated us" he saith, "into the kingdom of the Son of His love." Not
then so as to deliver man from darkness only, did He show His love
toward him. A great thing indeed is it to have delivered from darkness
even; but to have brought into a kingdom too, is a far greater. See
then how manifold the gift, that he hath delivered us who lay in the
pit; in the second place, that He hath not only delivered us, but also
hath translated us into a kingdom. "Who delivered us." He said not,
hath sent us forth, but "delivered ": showing our great misery, and
their[8] capture of us. Then to show also the ease with which the power
of God works, he saith, "And translated us" just as if one were to lead
over a soldier from one position to another. And he said not, "hath led
over"; nor yet "hath transposed," for so the whole would be of him who
transposed, nothing of him who went over; but he said, "translated"[9];
so that it is both of us and of Him. "Into the kingdom of the Son of
His love." He said not simply, "the kingdom of heaven," but gave a
grandeur to his discourse by saying, "The kingdom of the Son," for no
praise can be greater than this, as he saith elsewhere also: "If we
endure, we shall also reign with Him." (2 Tim. ii. 12.) He hath counted
us worthy of the same things with the Son; and not only so, but what
gives it greater force, with His Beloved Son? Those that were enemies,
those that were in darkness, as it were on a sudden he had translated
to where the Son is, to the same honor with Him. Nor was he content
with only this, in order to show the greatness of the gift; he was not
content with saying, "kingdom," but he also added, "of the Son" nor yet
with this, but he added also "beloved";
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nor yet with this, but he added yet, the dignity of His nature. For
what saith he? "Who is the Image of the invisible God." But he
proceeded not to say this immediately, but meanwhile inserted the
benefit which He bestowed upon us. For lest, when thou hearest that the
whole is of the Father, thou shouldest suppose the Son excluded, he
ascribes the whole to the Son, and the whole to the Father. For He
indeed translated us, but the Son furnished the cause. For what saith
he? "Who delivered us out of the power of darkness." But the same is,
"In whom we have the full redemption, even the forgiveness of sins."
For had we not been forgiven our sins, we should not have been
"translated." So here again the words, "In whom." And he said not
"redemption," but "full redemption," so that we shall not fall any
more, nor become liable to death.
Ver. 15. "Who is the image of the invisible God, the
First-born of all creation."
We light here upon a question of heresy. So it were
well we should put it off to-day and proceed with it to-morrow,
addressing it to your ears when they are fresh.
But if one ought to say anything more: the work of
the Son is the greater. How? Because it were a thing impossible to give
the kingdom to men whilst continuing in their sins; but thus it is an
easier thing, so that He prepared the way for the gift. What sayest
thou? He Himself loosed thee from thy sins: surely then He Himself also
hath brought thee nigh; already he has laid by anticipation the
foundation of his doctrine.
But we must put a close to this discourse, when
first we have made one remark. And what is this? Seeing we have come to
enjoy so great a benefit, we ought to be ever mindful of it, and
continually to turn in our minds the free gift of God, and to reflect
upon what we have been delivered from, what we have obtained; and so we
shall be thankful; so we shall heighten our love toward Him. What
sayest thou, O man? Thou art called to a kingdom, to the kingdom of the
Son of God--and art thou full of yawning, and scratching, and dozing?
If need were that thou shouldest leap into ten thousand deaths every
day, oughtest thou not to endure all? For the sake of office thou doest
all manner of things; when then thou art going to share the kingdom of
the Only-Begotten, wilt thou not spring down upon ten thousand swords?
wouldest thou not leap into fire? And this is not all that is strange,
but that when about to depart even, thou bewailest, and wouldest gladly
dwell amongst the things which are here, being a lover of the body.
What fancy is this? Dost thou regard even death as a thing of terror?
The cause of this is luxury, ease: for he at least that should live an
embittered life would wish even for wings, and to be loosed from hence.
But now it is the same with us as with the spoiled nestlings, which
would willingly remain for ever in the nest. But the longer they
remain, the feebler they become. For the present life is a nest
cemented together with sticks and mire. Yea, shouldest thou show me
even the great mansions, yea the royal palace itself glittering with
all its gold and precious stones; I shall think them no better than the
nests of swallows, for when the winter is come they will all fall of
themselves. By winter I mean That Day, not that it will be a winter to
all. For God also calleth it both night and day; the first in regard of
sinners, the latter of the just. So do I also now call it winter. If in
the summer we have not been well brought up, so as to be able to fly
when winter is come, our mothers will not take us, but will leave us to
die of hunger, or to perish when the nest falls; for easily as it were
a nest, or rather more easily, will God in that day remove all things,
undoing and new molding all. But they which are unfledged, and not able
to meet Him in the air, but have been so grossly brought up that they
have no lightness of wing, will suffer those things which reason is
such characters should suffer. Now the brood of swallows, when they are
fallen, perish quickly; but we shall not perish, but be punished for
ever. That season will be winter; or rather, more severe than winter.
For, not winter torrents of water roll down, but rivers of fire; not
darkness that riseth from clouds is there, but darkness that cannot be
dispelled, and without a ray of light, so that they cannot see either
the heaven, or the air, but are more straitened than those who have
been buried in the earth.
Oftentimes do we say these things, but there are
whom we cannot bring to believe. But it is nothing wonderful if we, men
of small account, are thus treated, when we discourse of such things,
since the same happened to the Prophets also; when they spoke not of
such matters only, but also of war and captivity. (Jer. xxi. 11; xxvii.
12, &c.) And Zedekiah was rebuked by Jeremiah, and was not ashamed.
Therefore the Prophets said, "Woe unto them that say, Let God hasten
with speed His work, that we may see it, and let the counsel of the
Holy One of Israel come, that we may know it." (Isa. v. 18, 19.) Let us
not wonder at this. For neither did those believe who were in the days
of the ark; they believed, however, when their belief was of no gain to
them; neither did they of Sodore expect [their fate], howbeit they too
believed, when they gained nothing by believing. And why do I speak of
the future? Who would have expected these things which are now hap-
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pening in divers places; these earthquakes, these overthrows of cities?
And yet were these things easier to believe than those; those, I mean,
which happened in the days of the ark.
Whence is this evident? Because that the men of
those times had no other example to look at, neither had they heard the
Scriptures, but with us, on the other hand, are countless instances
that have happened both in our own, and in former years. But whence
arose the unbelief of these persons? From a softened soul; they drank
and ate, and therefore they believed not. For, what a man wishes, he
thinks, and expects; and they that gainsay him are a jest.
But let it not be so with us; for hereafter it will
not be a flood; nor the punishment till death only; but death will be
the beginning of punishment for persons who believe not that there is a
Judgment. And doth any ask, who. has come from thence, and said so? If
now thou speakest thus in jest, not even so is it well; for one ought
not to jest in such matters; and we jest, not where jesting is in
place, but with peril; but if what thou really feelest, and thou art of
opinion that there is nothing hereafter, how is it that thou callest
thyself a Christian? For I take not into account those who are without.
Why receivest thou the Layer? Why dost thou set foot within the Church?
Is it that we promise thee magistracies? All our hope is in the things
to come. Why then comest thou, if thou believest not the Scriptures? If
thou dost not believe Christ, I cannot call such an one a Christian;
God forbid but worse than even Greeks. In what respect? In this; that
when thou thinkest Christ is God, thou believest Him not as God. For in
that other impiety there is at least consistency; for he who thinks not
that Christ is God, necessarily will also not believe Him; but this
impiety has not even consistency; to confess Him to be God, and yet not
to think Him worthy of belief in what He has said; these are the words
of drunkenness, of luxury, of riot. "Let us eat and drink, for
to-morrow we die." (1 Cor. xv. 32.) Not to-morrow; but now ye are dead,
when ye thus speak. Shall we then be in nothing different from swine
and asses? tell me. For if there be neither a judgment, nor a
retribution, nor a tribunal, wherefore have we been honored with such a
gift as reason, and have all things put under us? Why do we rule, and
are they ruled? See how the devil is on every side urgent to persuade
us to be ignorant of the Gift of God. He mixes together the slaves with
their masters, like some man-stealer[1] and ungrateful servant; he
strives to degrade the free to the level of the criminal. And he seems
indeed to be overthrowing the Judgment, but he is overthrowing the
being of God.
For such is ever the devil's way; he puts forward
everything in a wily, and not in a straightforward manner, to put us on
our guard. If there is no Judgment, God is not just (I speak as a man):
if God is not just, then there is no God at all: if there is no God,
all things go on at haphazard, virtue is nought, vice nought. But he
says nothing of this openly. Seest thou the drift of this satanical
argument? how, instead of men, he wishes to make us brutes, or rather,
wild beasts, or rather, demons? Let us then not be persuaded by him.
For there is a Judgment, O wretched and miserable man! I know whence
thou comest to use such words. Thou hast committed many sins, thou hast
offended, thou hast no confidence, thou thinkest that the nature of
things will even follow thy arguments. Meanwhile, saith he, I will not
torment my soul with the expectation of hell, and, if there be a hell,
I will persuade it that there is none; meanwhile I will live here in
luxury! Why dost thou add sin to sin? If when thou hast sinned thou
be-lievest that there is a hell, thou wilt depart with the penalty of
thy sins only to pay; but if thou add this further impiety, thou wilt
also for thine impiety, and for this thy thought, suffer the uttermost
punishment; and what was a cold and short lived comfort to thee, will
be a ground for thy being punished for ever. Thou hast sinned: be it
so: why dost thou encourage others also to sin, by saying that there is
no hell? Why didst thou mislead the simpler sort? Why unnerve the hands
of the people? So far as thou art concerned, everything is turned
upside down; neither will the good become better, but listless; nor the
wicked desist from their wickedness. For, if we corrupt others, do we
get allowance for our sins? Seest thou not the devil, how he attempted
to bring down Adam? And has there then been allowance for him? Nay,
surely it will be the occasion of a greater punishment, that he may be
punished not for his own sins only, but also for those of others. Let
us not then suppose that to bring down others into the same destruction
with ourselves will make the Judgment-seat more lenient to us. Surely
this will make it more severe. Why thrust we ourselves on destruction?
The whole of this cometh of Satan.
O man, hast thou sinned? Thou hast for thy Master
One that loveth man. Entreat, implore, weep, groan; and terrify others,
and pray them that they fall not into the same. If in a house some
servant, of those that had offended their master, says to his son, "My
child, I have offended the master, do thou be careful to please him,
that thou be not as I": tell me, will he
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not have some forgiveness? will he not bend and soften his master? But
if, leaving so to speak, he shall say such words as these, that he[1]
will not requite every one according to his deserts; that all things
are jumbled together indiscriminately, both good and bad; that there is
no thanks in this house; what thinkest thou will be the master's mind
concerning him? will he not suffer a severer punishment for his own
misdoings? Justly so; for in the former case his feeling will plead for
him, though it be but weakly; but in this, nobody. If no other then,
yet imitate at least that rich man in hell,[2] who said, "Father
Abraham, send to my kinsmen, lest they come into this place," since he
could not go himself, so that they might not fall into the same
condemnation. Let us have done with such Satanical words.
What then, saith he, when the Greeks put questions
to us; wouldest thou not that we should try to cure[3] them? But by
casting the Christian into perplexity, under pretense of curing the
Greek, thou aimest at establishing thy Satanical doctrine. For since,
when communing with thy soul alone of these things, thou persuadest her
not; thou desirest to bring forward others as witnesses. But if one
must reason with a Greek, the discussion should not begin with this;
but whether Christ be God and the Son of God; whether those gods of
theirs be demons. If these points be established, all the others
follow; but, before making good the beginning, it is vain to dispute
about the end; before learning the first elements, it is superfluous
and unprofitable to come to the conclusion. The Greek disbelieves the
Judgment, and he is in the same case with thyself, seeing that he too
hath many who have treated these things in their philosophy; and albeit
when they so spoke they held the soul as separated from the body, still
they set up a seat of judgment. And the thing is so very clear, that no
one scarcely is ignorant of it, but both poets and all are agreed among
themselves that there is both a Tribunal and a Judgment. So that the
Greek also disbelieves[4] his own authorities and the Jew doth not
doubt about these things nor in a word doth any man.
Why then deceive we ourselves? See, thou sayest
these things to me. What wilt thou say to God, "that fashioned our
hearts one by one"[5] (Ps. xxxiii. 15); that knoweth everything that is
in the mind; "that is living and active, and sharper than any two-edged
sword"? (Heb. iv. 12.) For tell me with truth; Dost thou not condemn
thyself? And how should wisdom so great, as that one who sins should
condemn himself, come by chance, for this is a work of mighty wisdom.
Thou condemnest thyself. And will he who giveth thee such thoughts
leave everything to go on at hazard? The following rule then will hold
universally and strictly. Not one of those who live in virtue wholly
disbelieves the doctrine of the Judgment, even though he be Greek or
heretic. None, save a few, of those who live in great wickedness,
receives the doctrine of the Resurrection. And this is what the
Psalmist says, "Thy judgments are taken away from before his face."
(Ps. x. 5.) Wherefore? Because "his ways are always profane"; for he
saith, "Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die." Seest thou
that thus to speak is the mark of the grovelling? Of eating and
drinking come these sayings which are subversive of the Resurrection.
For the soul endures not, I say, it endures not the tribunal which the
conscience supplieth, and so it is with it, as with a murderer, who
firsts suggests to himself that he shall not be detected, and so goes
on to slay; for had his conscience been his judge, he would not hastily
have come to that daring wickedness. And still he knows, and pretends
not to know, lest he should be tortured by conscience and fear, for,
certainly, in that case, he would have been less resolute for the
daring deed. So too, assuredly, they who sin, and day by day wallow in
the same wickedness, are unwilling to know it, although their
consciences pluck at them.
But let us give no heed to such persons, for there
will be, there will assuredly be, a Judgment and a Resurrection, and
God will not leave so great works without direction. Wherefore, I
beseech you, let us leave off wickedness, and lay fast hold on virtue,
that we may receive the true doctrine in Christ Jesus our Lord. And
yet, which is easier to receive? the doctrine of the Resurrection, or
that of Fate? The latter is full of injustice, of absurdity, of
cruelty, of inhumanity; the other of righteousness, awarding according
to desert; and still men do not receive it. But the fault is,
indolence, for no one that hath understanding receives the other. For
amongst the Greeks even, they who did receive that doctrine, were those
who in their definition of pleasure affirmed it to be the "end," but
they who loved virtue, would not receive it, but they cast it out as
absurd. But if among the Greeks this were so, much more will it hold
good with the doctrine of the Resurrection. And observe, I pray you,
how the devil hath established two contrary things: for in order that
we may neglect virtue; and pay honor to demons,
270
he brought in this Necessity, and by means of each he procured the
belief of both. What reason then will he be able to give, who
obstinately disbelieves a thing so admirable, and is persuaded by
those who talk so idly? Do not then support thyself with the
consolation, that thou wilt meet with forgiveness; but let us,
collecting all our strength, stir ourselves up to virtue, and let us
live truly to God, in Christ Jesus our Lord, &c.
HOMILY III.
Colossians i. 15--18.
"Who is the Image of the invisible God, the Firstborn of all creation:
for in Him were all things created, in the heavens, and upon the earth,
things visible and things invisible, whether thrones or dominions or
principalities or powers: all things have been created through Him, and
unto Him; and He is before all things, and in Him all things consist.
And He is the head of the body, the Church."
TO-DAY if is necessary for me to pay the debt, which
yesterday[1] I deferred, in order that I might address it to your minds
when in full force. Paul, discoursing as we showed of the dignity of
the Son, says these words: "Who is the Image of the invisible God."
Whose image then wilt thou have Him be? God's? Then he is exactly like
the one to whom you assign Him. For if as a man's image, say so, and I
will have done with you as a madman. But if as God and God's Son, God's
image, he shows the exact likeness. Wherefore hath no Angel anywhere
been called either "image" or "son," but man both? Wherefore? Because
in the former case indeed the exaltedness of their nature might
presently have thrust the many into this impiety[2]; but in the other
case the mean and low nature is a pledge of security against this, and
will not allow any, even should they desire it, to suspect anything of
the kind, nor to bring down the Word so low. For this cause, where the
meanness is great, the Scripture boldly asserts the honor, but where
the nature is higher, it forbears. "The Image of the Invisible" is
itself also invisible, and invisible in like manner, for otherwise it
would not be an image. For an image, so far as it is an image, even
amongst us, ought to be exactly similar, as, for example, in respect of
the features and the likeness.[3] But here indeed amongst us, this is
by no means possible; for human art fails in many respects, or rather
fails in all, if you examine with accuracy. But where God is, there
is no error, no failure.
But if a creature: how is He the Image of the
Creator? For neither is a horse the image of a man. If "the Image" mean
not exact likeness to the Invisible, what hinders the Angels also from
being His Image? for they too are invisible; but not to one another:
but the soul is invisible: but because it is invisible, it is simply on
that account an image, and not in such sort as he and angels are
images.[4]
"The Firstborn of all creation." "What then" saith one "Lo
He is a creature" Whence? tell me. "Because he said
'first-born.'"However he said not "first created" but "firstborn." Then
it is reasonable that he should be called many things. For he must also
be called a brother "in all things." (Heb. ii. 17.) And we must take
from Him His being Creator; and insist that neither in dignity nor in
any other thing is He superior to us? And who that hath understanding
would say this? For the word "firstborn" is not expressive of dignity
and honor, nor of anything else, but of time only. What does "the
firstborn" signify? That he is created, is the answer. Well. If then
this be so, it has also kindred expressions. But otherwise the
firstborn is of the same essence with those of whom he is firstborn.
Therefore he will be the firstborn son of all things--for it said "of
every creature"; therefore of stones also, and of me, is God the Word
firstborn. But again, of what, tell me, are the words "firstborn from
the dead" (Col. i. 18; Rom. viii. 29) declaratory? Not that He first
rose; for he said not simply, "of the dead," but "firstborn from the
dead," nor yet, "that He died first," but that He rose the firstborn
from the dead. So that they declare nothing else
271
than this, that He is the Firstfruits of the Resurrection. Surely then
neither in the place before us.[1] Next he proceeds to the
doctrine itself. For that they may not think Him to be of more
recent existence, because that in former times the approach was through
Angels, but now through Him; he shows first, that they had no power
(for else it had not been "out of darkness" (ver. 13) that he brought),
next, that He is also before them. And he uses as a proof of His being
before them, this; that they were created by him. "For in Him," he
saith, "were all things created." What say here the followers of Paul
of Samosata?[2] "The things in the heavens." What was in question, he
has placed first;[3] "and the things upon the earth." Then he says,
"the visible and the invisible things"; invisible, such as soul, and
all that has come to exist in heaven; visible, such as men, sun, sky.
"Whether thrones." And what is granted, he lets alone, but what is
doubted he asserts. "Whether thrones, or dominions, or principalities,
or powers." The words "whether," "or," comprehend the whole of things;
but by means of the greater things show it of the less also. But the
Spirit is not amongst the "powers." "All things," he saith, "have been
created, through Him, and unto Him." Lo, "in Him," is[4] "through Him,"
for having said "in Him," he added, "through Him." But what "unto Him"?
It is this; the subsistence of all things depends on Him. Not only did
He Himself bring them out of nothing into being, but Himself sustains
them now, so that were they dissevered from His Providence, the), were
at once undone and destroyed. Bat He said not, "He continues them,"
which had been a grosser way of speaking, but what is more subtle, that
"on" Him they depend. To have only a bearing on Him is enough to
continue anything and bind it fast. So also the word "firstborn," in
the sense of a foundation. But this doth not show the creatures to be
consubstantial with Him; but that all things are through Him, and in
Him are upheld. Since Paul also when he says elsewhere "I have laid a
foundation" (1 Cor. iii. 10), is speaking not concerning substance, but
operation. For, that thou mayest not think Him to be a minister, he
says that He continues them, which is not less than making them.
Certainly, with us it is greater even: for to the former, art
conducts us; but to the latter, not so, it does not even stay a thing
in decay.
"And He is before all things," he saith. This is
befitting God. Where is Paul of Samosata? "And in Him all things
consist," that is, they are created into[5] Him. He repeats these
expressions in close sequence; with their close succession, as it were
with rapid strokes, tearing up the deadly doctrine by the roots. For,
if even when such great things had been declared, still after so long a
time Paul of Samosata sprung up, how much more [would such have been
the case], had not these things been said before? "And in Him," he
saith, "all things consist." How "consist" in one who was not? So that
the things also done through Angels are of Him.
"And He is the head of the body, the Church."
Then having spoken of His dignity, he afterwards
speaks of His love to man also. "He is," saith he, "the Head of the
body, the Church." And he said not "of the fullness,"[6] (although this
too is signified,) out of a wish to show His great friendliness to us,
in that He who is thus above, and above all, connected Himself with
those below. For everywhere He is first; above first; in the Church
first, for He is the Head; in the Resurrection first. That is,
Ver. 18. "That He might have the preëminence."
So that in generation also He is first. And this is what Paul is
chiefly endeavoring to show. For if this be made good, that He was
before all the Angels; then there is brought in along with it this also
as a consequence, that He did their works by commanding them. And what
is indeed wonderful, he makes a point to show that He is first in the
later generation. Although elsewhere he calls Adam first (1 Cor. xv.
45), as in truth he is; but here he takes the Church for the whole race
of mankind. For He is first of the Church; and first of men after the
flesh, like as of the Creation.[7] And therefore he here uses the word
"firstborn."
What is in this place the meaning of "the
Firstborn"? Who was created first, or rose before all; as in the former
place it means, Who was before all things. And here indeed he uses the
word "firstfruits," saying, "Who is the[8]
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Firstfruits, the Firstborn from the dead, that in all things He might
have the preëminence," showing that the rest also are such as He;
but in the former place it is not the "Firstfruits" of creation.[1] And
it is there, "The Image of the invisible God," and then, "Firstborn."
Ver. 19, 20. "For it was the good pleasure of the
Father, that in Him should all the fullness dwell. And having made
peace through the Blood of His Cross, through Him to reconcile all
things unto Himself, whether things upon the earth, or things in the
heavens."
Whatsoever things are of the Father, these he saith
are of the Son also, and that with more of intensity, because that He
both became "dead''[2] for, and united Himself to us. He said,
"Firstfruits," as of fruits. He said not "Resurrection," but
"Firstfruits," showing that He hath sanctified us all, and offered us,
as it were, a sacrifice. The term "fullness" some use of the Godhead,
like as John said, "Of His fullness have all we received." That is,
whatever was the Son, the whole Son dwelt there, not a sort of energy,
but a Substance.
He hath no cause to assign but the will of God: for
this is the import of, "it was the good pleasure ... in Him. And ...
through Him to reconcile all things unto Himself." Lest thou shouldest
think that He undertook the office of a minister only, he saith, "unto
Himself."[3] (2 Cor. v. 18.) And yet he elsewhere says, that He
reconciled us to God, as in the EpiStle he wrote to the Corinthians.
And he well said, "Through Him to make an end of reconciling";[4] for
they were already reconciled; but completely, he says, and in such
sort, as no more to be at enmity with Him. How? For not only the
reconciliation was set forth, but also the manner of the
reconciliation. "Having made peace through the Blood of His Cross." The
word "reconcile," shows the enmity; the words "having made peace," the
war. "Through the Blood of His Cross, through Himself, whether things
upon the earth, or things in the heavens." A great thing indeed it is
to reconcile; but that this should be through Himself too, is a greater
thing; and a greater still,--how through Himself? Through His Blood.
Through His Blood; and he said not simply His Blood, but what is yet
greater, through the Cross. So that the marvels are five: He reconciled
us; to God; through Himself; through Death; through the Cross.
Admirable again! How he l has mixed them up! For lest thou shouldest
think that it is one thing merely, or that the Cross is anything of
itself,[5] he saith "through Himself." How well he knows that this was
a great thing. BeCause not by speaking words, but by giving Himself up
for the reconciliation, He so wrought everything.
But what is "things in the heavens"? For with reason
indeed is it said, "the things upon the earth," for those were filled
with enmity, and manifoldly divided, and each one of us was utterly at
variance with himself, and with the many; but how made He peace amongst
"the things in the heavens"? Was war and battle there also? How then do
we pray, saying, "Thy will be done, as in heaven, so on earth"? (Matt.
vi. 10.) What is it then? The earth was divided from heaven, the Angels
were become enemies to men, through seeing the Lord insulted. "To sum
up," he saith, "all things in Christ, the things in the heavens, and
the things upon the earth." (Eph. i. 10.) How? The things in heaven
indeed in this way: He translated Man thither, He brought up to them
the enemy, the hated one. Not only made He the things on earth[6] to be
at peace, but He brought up to them him that was their enemy and foe.
Here was peace profound. Angels again appeared on the earth
thereafter, because that Man too had appeared in heaven. And it seems
to me that Paul was caught up on this account (2 Cor. xii. 2), and to
show that the Son also had been received up thither. For in the earth
indeed, the peace was twofold; with the things of heaven, and with
themselves; but in heaven it was simple. For if the Angels rejoice over
one sinner that repenteth, much more will they over so many.
All this God's power hath wrought. Why then place ye
confidence in Angels?[7] saith he. For so far are they from bringing
you near, that they were ever your enemies, except God Himself had
reconciled you with them. Why then run ye to them? Wouldest thou know
the hatred which the Angels had against us, how great it was; and how
averse to us they always were? They were sent to take vengeance in the
cases of the Israelites, of David, of the Sodomites, of the Valley of
weeping.[8] (Ex. xxiii. 20.) Not so however now, but, on the contrary,
they sang upon the earth[9] (2 Sam. xxiv. 16) with exceed-
273
ing joy. And He led these down to men[1] (Gen. xix. 13), and led men up
to them.
And observe, I pray you, the marvel in this:
He brought these first down hither, and then he took up man to them;
earth became heaven, because that heaven was about to receive the
things of earth. Therefore when we give thanks, we say, "Glory to God
in the highest, and on earth peace, good will to men." Behold, he
saith, even men appeared well-pleasing to Him thereafter. What is "good
will"? (Eph. ii. 14; Deut. xxxii. 8, Sept.) Reconciliation. No longer
is the heaven a wall of partition. At first the Angels were according
to the number of the nations; but now, not according to the number of
the nations, but that of the believers. Whence is this evident? Hear
Christ saying, "See that ye despise not one of these little ones, for
their Angels do always behold the face of My Father which is in
heaven." (Matt. xviii. 10.) For each believer hath an Angel; since even
from the beginning, every one of those that were approved had his
Angel, as Jacob says, "The Angel that feedeth me, and delivereth me
from my youth."[2] (Gen. xlviii. 15, 16, nearly.) If then we have
Angels, let us be sober, as though we were in the presence of tutors;
for there is a demon present also.[3] Therefore we pray, asking[4] for
the Angel of peace, and everywhere we ask for peace[5] (for there is
nothing equal to this); peace, in the Churches, in the prayers, in the
supplications, in the salutations; and once, and twice, and thrice, and
many times, does he that is over the Church give it, "Peace be unto
you." Wherefore? Because this is the Mother of all good things; this is
the foundation of joy. Therefore Christ also commanded the Apostles on
entering into the houses straightway to say this, as being a sort of
symbol of the good things; for He saith, "When ye come into the houses,
say, Peace be unto you.;"[6] for where this is wanting, everything is
useless. And to His disciples Christ said, "Peace I leave with you, My
peace I give unto you." (John xiv. 27.) This prepareth the way for
love. And he that is over the Church, says not, "Peace be unto you,"
simply, but "Peace be unto all." For what if with this man we have
peace, but with another, war and fighting? what is the gain? For
neither in the body, should some of its elements be at rest and others
in a state of variance, is it possible that health should ever be
upheld; but only when the whole of them are in good order, and harmony,
and peace, and except the whole are at rest, and continue within their
proper limits, all will be overturned. And, further, in our minds,
except all our thoughts are at rest, peace will not exist. So great a
good is peace, as that the makers and producers of it are called the
sons of God (Matt. v. 9, 45), with reason; because the Son of God for
this cause came upon the earth, to set at peace the things in the
earth, and those in the heavens. But if the peacemakers are the sons of
God, the makers of disturbance are sons of the devil.
What sayest thou? Dost thou excite contentions and
fightings? And doth any ask who is so unhappy? Many there are who
rejoice at evil, and who do rather rend in pieces the Body of Christ,
than did the soldiers pierce it with the spear, or the Jews who struck
it through with the nails. A less evil was that than this; those
Members, so cut through, again united, but these when torn off, if they
be not united here, will never be united, but remain apart from the
Fullness. When thou art minded to war against thy brother, bethink thee
that thou warrest against the members of Christ, and cease from thy
madness. For what if he be an outcast? What if he be vile? What if he
be open to contempt? So saith He, "It is not the will of My Father that
one of these little ones should perish." (Matt. xviii. 14.) And again,
"Their Angels do always behold the face of My Father which is in
heaven." (Ib. ver. 10.) God for his sake and thine even became a
servant, and was slain; and dost thou consider him to be nothing?
Surely in this respect also thou fightest against God, in that thou
deliverest a judgment contrary to His. When he that is over the Church
cometh in, he straightway says, "Peace unto all"; when he preacheth,
"Peace unto all"; when he blesseth, "Peace unto all"; when he biddeth
to salute, "Peace unto all"; when the Sacrifice is finished, "Peace
unto all": and again, in the middle, "Grace to you and peace." How then
is it not monstrous, if, while hearing so many times that we are to
have peace, we are in a state of feud with each other; and receiving
peace, and giving it back, are at war with him[7] that giveth it to us?
Thou sayest, "And to thy spirit." And dost thou traduce him abroad? Woe
is me! that the majestic usages[8] of the Church are become
274
forms of things merely, not a truth. Woe is me! that the watchwords of
this army proceed no farther than to be only words. Whence also ye are
ignorant wherefore is said, "Peace unto all." But hear what follows,
what Christ saith; "And into whatsoever city or village ye shall enter
... as ye enter into the house, salute it; and if the house be worthy,
let your peace come upon it, but if it be not worthy, let your peace
return to you." (Matt. x. 11, 13.) We are therefore ignorant; because
we look upon this merely as a figure of words; and we assent not to
them in our minds. For do I[1] give the Peace? It is Christ who
deigneth to speak by us. Even if at all other times we are void of
grace, yet are we not now, for your sakes. For if the Grace of God
wrought in an ass and a diviner, for the sake of an economy, and the
advantage of the Israelites (Num. 22), it is quite clear that it will
not refuse to operate even in us, but for your[2] sakes will endure
even this.
Let none say then that I am mean, and low, and
worthy of no consideration, and in such a frame of mind attend to
me.[3] For such I am; but God's way always is, to be present even with
such for the sake of the many. And, that ye may know this, with Cain He
vouchsafed to talk for Abel's sake (Gen. iv.), with the devil for Job's
(Job i.), with Pharaoh for Joseph's (Gen. xli.), with Nebuchadnezzar
for Daniel's (Dan. ii., iv.), with Belshazzar, for the same (Dan. v.).
And Magi moreover obtained a revelation (Matt. ii.); and Caiaphas
prophesied, though a slayer of Christ, and an unworthy man, because of
the worthiness of the priesthood. (John xi. 49.) And it is Said to have
been for this reason that Aaron was not smitten with leprosy. For why,
tell me, when both had spoken against Moses did she[4] alone suffer the
punishment? (Num. xii.) Marvel not: for if in worldly dignities, even
though ten thousand charges be laid against a man, yet is he not
brought to trial before he has laid down his office, in order that it
may not be dishonored along with him; much more in the case of
spiritual office, be he whosoever he may, the grace of God works in
him, for otherwise everything is lost: but when he hath laid it down,
either after he is departed or even here, then indeed, then he will
suffer a sorer punishment.
Do not, I pray you, think that these things are
spoken from us; it is the Grace of God which worketh in the unworthy,
not for our sakes, but for yours. Hear ye then what Christ saith. "If
the house be worthy, let your peace come upon it." (Matt. x. 13-15.)
And how becometh it worthy? If "they receive you" (Luke x. 8), He
saith. "But if they receive you not, nor hear your words, ... verily I
say unto you, it shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodore and
Gomorrah in the day of judgment, than for that city." What boots it
then, that ye receive us, and hear not the things we say? What gain is
it that ye wait upon[5] us, and give no heed to the things which are
spoken to you? This will be honor to us, this the admirable service,
which is profitable both to you and to us, if ye hear us. Hear also
Paul saying, "I wist not, brethren, that he was High Priest." (Acts
xxiii. 5.) Hear also Christ saying, "All whatsoever they bid you
observe" (Matt. xxiii. 3), that "observe and do." Thou despisest not
me, but the Priesthood; when thou seest me stripped of this, then
despise me; then no more will I endure to impose commands. But so long
as we sit upon this throne,[6] so long as we have the first place, we
have both the dignity and the power, even though we are unworthy. If
the throne of Moses was of such reverence, that for its sake they were
to be heard, much more the throne of Christ. It, we have received by
succession; from it we speak; since the time that Christ hath vested in
us the ministry of reconciliation.
Ambassadors, whatever be their sort, because of the
dignity of an embassy, enjoy much honor. For observe; they go alone
into the heart of the land of barbarians, through the midst of so many
enemies; and because the law of embassy is of mighty power, all honor
them; all look towards them with respect, all send them forth with
safety. And we now have received a word of embassy, and we are come
from God, for this is the dignity of the Episcopate. We are come to you
on an embassy, requesting you to put an end to the war, and we say on
what terms; not promising to give cities, nor so and so many measures
of corn, nor slaves, nor gold; but the kingdom of heaven, eternal life,
society with Christ, the other good things, which neither are we able
to tell you, so long as we are in this flesh, and the present life.
Ambassadors then we are, and we wish to enjoy honor, not for our own
sakes, far be it, for we know its worthlessness, but for yours; that ye
may hear with earnestness the things we say; that ye may be profited,
that not with listlessness or indifference ye may attend to what is
spoken. See ye not ambassadors, how all pay court to them? We are God's
ambassadors to men; but, if this of-
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fend you,[1] not we, but the Episcopate itself, not this man or that,
but the Bishop. Let no one hear me, but the dignity. Let us then do
everything according to the will of God, that we may live to the glory
of God, and be counted worthy of the good things promised to those that
love Him, through the grace and lovingkindness, &c. &c.
HOMILY IV.
COLOSSIANS i. 21, 22.
"And you, being in time past, enemies and alienated[2] in your mind, in
your evil works, yet now hath He reconciled in the body of His flesh
through death, to present you holy and without blemish and unreprovable
before Him."
Here he goes to show that He reconciled those even
who were unworthy of reconciliation. For by the saying that they were
under the power of darkness, he shows the calamity in which they were.
(v. 13.) But lest, on hearing of" the power of darkness," thou
shouldest consider it Necessity, he adds, "And you that were
alienated," so that though it appear to be the same thing that he says,
yet it is not so; for it is not the same thing to deliver out of the
evils him that through necessity came to suffer, and him that of his
own will endures. For the former indeed is worthy to be pitied, but the
latter hated. But nevertheless, he saith, you that are not against your
wills, nor from compulsion, but with your wills, and wishes, sprang
away from Him, and are unworthy of it, He hath reconciled.[3] And
seeing he had made mention of the "things in the heavens," he shows,
that all the enmity had its origin from hence, not thence. For they
indeed were long ago desirous, and God also, but ye were not willing.
And throughout he is showing that the Angels had no
power in the successive times,[4] forasmuch as men continued enemies;
they could neither persuade them, nor, if persuaded, could they deliver
them from the devil. For neither would persuading them be any gain,
except he that held them were bound; nor would binding him have been of
any service, except they whom he detained were willing to return. But
both of these were needed, and they could do neither of them, but
Christ did both. So that even more marvelous than loosing death, is the
persuading them. For the former was wholly of Himself, and the power
lay wholly in Himself, but of the latter, not in Himself alone, but in
us also; but we accomplish those things more easily of which the power
lies in ourselves. Therefore, as being the greater, he puts it last.
And he said not simply "were at enmity,"[5] but "were alienated," which
denotes great enmity, nor yet "alienated"[6] [only], but without any
expectation even of returning. "And enemies in your mind," he says;
then the alienation had not proceeded so far as purpose only--but what?
"in your wicked works" also. Ye were both enemies, he saith, and ye did
the works of enemies.
"Yet now hath He reconciled in the body of His flesh
through death to present you holy and without blemish and unreprovable
before Him." Again he lays down also the manner of the reconciliation,
that it was "in the Body," not by being merely beaten, nor scourged,
nor sold, but even by dying a death the most shameful. Again he makes
mention of the Cross, and again lays down another benefit. For He did
not only "deliver," but, as be says above, "Who made us meet" (ver.
12), to the same he alludes here also. "Through" His "death," he says,
"to present you holy and without blemish and unreprovable before Him."
For truly, He hath not only delivered from sins, but hath also placed
amongst the approved. For, not that He might deliver us from evils
only, did He suffer so great things, but that also we might obtain the
first rewards; as if one should not only free a condemned criminal from
his punishment, but also advance him to honor. And he hath ranked you
with those who have not sinned, yea rather not with those who have done
no sin only, but even with those who have wrought the greatest
righteousness; and, what is truly a great thing, hath given the
holiness which is before Him, and the being unreprovable. Now an
advance upon unblamable is unreprovable, when we have done nothing
either to be condemned for, or charged with. But, since he
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ascribed the whole to Him, because through His death He achieved these
things; "what then, says one, is it to us? we need nothing." Therefore
he added,
Ver. 23. "If so be that ye continue in the faith
grounded and steadfast, and not moved away from the hope of the Gospel."
Here he strikes a blow at their listlessness. And he
said not simply "continue," for it is possible to continue wavering,
and vacillating; it is possible to stand, and continue, though turned
this way and that. "If so be that ye continue," he saith, "grounded and
steadfast, and not moved away." Wonderful! What a forcible metaphor he
uses; he says not only not tossed to and fro, but not even moved. And
observe, he lays down so far nothing burdensome, nor toilsome, but
faith and hope; that is, if ye continue believing, that the hope of the
things to come is true. For this indeed is possible; but, as regards
virtuous living, it is not possible to avoid being shaken about, though
it be but a little; so (what he enjoins) is not grievous.
"From the hope," he saith, "of the Gospel, which ye
heard, which was preached in all creation under heaven." But what is
the hope of the Gospel, except Christ? For He Himself is our peace,
that hath wrought all these things: so that he who ascribes them to
others is "moved away": for he has lost all, unless he believe in
Christ. "Which ye heard," he saith. And again he brings themselves as
witnesses, then the whole world. He saith not, "which is being
preached," but hath already been believed and preached. As he did also
at the outset (ver. 6), being desirous by the witness of the many to
establish these also. "Whereof I Paul was made a minister." This also
contributes to make it credible; "I," saith he, "Paul a minister." For
great was his authority, as being now everywhere celebrated, and the
teacher of the world.
Ver. 24. "Now I rejoice in my sufferings for your
sake, and fill up on my part that which is lacking of the afflictions
of Christ in my flesh for His Body's sake, which is the Church."
And what is the connection of this? It seems indeed
not to be connected, but it is even closely so. And "minister," he
says, that is, bringing in nothing from myself, but announcing what is
from another. I so believe, that I suffer even for His sake, and not
suffer only, but even rejoice in suffering, looking unto the hope which
is to come, and I suffer not for myself, but for you. "And fill up," he
saith, "that which is lacking of the afflictions of Christ in my
flesh." It seems indeed to be a great thing he has said; but it is not
of arrogancy, far be it, but even of much tender love towards Christ;
for he will not have the sufferings to be his own, but His, through
desire of conciliating these persons to Him. And what things I suffer,
I suffer, he saith, on His account: not to me, therefore, express your
gratitude, but to him, for it is He Himself who suffers. Just as if
one, when sent to a person, should make request to another, saying, I
beseech thee, go for me to this person, then the other should say, "it
is on his account I am doing it." So that He is not ashamed to call
these sufferings also his own.[1] For He did not only die for us, but
even after His death He is ready to be afflicted for your sakes. He is
eagerly and vehemently set upon showing that He is even now exposed to
peril in His own Body for the Church's sake, and he aims at this point,
namely, ye are not brought unto God by us, but by Him, even though. we
do these things, for we have not undertaken a work of our own, but His.
And it is the same as if there were a band which had its allotted
leader to protect it, and it should stand in battle, and then when he
was gone, his lieutenant should succeed to his wounds until the battle
were brought to a close.
Next, that for His sake also he doeth these things,
hearken: "For His Body's sake," he saith, assuredly meaning to say
this: "I pleasure not you, but Christ: for what things He should have
suffered, I suffer instead of Him." See how many things he establishes.
Great, he shows, is the claim upon their love. As in his second Epistle
to the Corinthians, he wrote, saying, "he committed unto us the
ministry of reconciliation" (2 Cor. v. 20); and again, "We are
ambassadors on behalf of Christ; as though God were entreating by us."
So also here he saith, "For his sake I suffer," that he may the more
draw them to Him. That is, though He who is your debtor is gone away,
yet I repay. For, on this account he also said, "that which is
lacking," to show that not even yet does he consider Him to have
suffered all. "For your sake," he saith, and even after His death He
suffers; seeing that still there remains a deficiency. The same thing
he doeth in another way in the Epistle to the Romans, saying, "Who also
maketh intercession for us" (Rom. viii. 34), showing that He was not
satisfied with His death alone, but even afterwards He doeth countless
things.
He does not then say this to exalt himself, but
through a desire to show that Christ is even yet caring for them. And
he shows what he says to be credible, by adding, "for His Body's sake."
For that so it is, and that there is no unlikelihood in it, is plain
from these things being done for His body's sake. Look how He hath
knitted us unto Himself. Why then introduce Angels between? "Whereof I
was made," he saith, "a minister." Why introduce Angels
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besides? "I am a minister." Then he shows that he had himself done
nothing, albeit he is a minister. "Of which I was made," saith he, "a
minister, according to the dispensation of God which is given me to you
ward, to fulfill the word of God." "The dispensation." Either he means,
He so willed that after His own departure we should succeed to the
dispensation, in order that ye might not feel as deserted, (for it is
Himself that suffers, Himself that is ambassador;) or he means this,
namely, me who was more than all a persecutor, for this end He
permitted to persecute, that in my preaching I might gain belief; or by
"dispensation" he means, that He required not deeds, nor actions, nor
good works, but faith and baptism. For ye would not otherwise have
received the word. "For you," he saith, "to fulfill the word of God."
He speaks of the Gentiles, showing that they were yet wavering, by the
expression, "fulfill." For that the cast-away Gentiles should have been
able to receive such lofty doctrines was not of Paul, but of the
dispensation of God; "for I never could have had the power," he saith.
Having shown that which is greater, that his sufferings are Christ's,
he next subjoins what is more evident, that this also is of God, "to
fulfill His word in you." And he shows here covertly, that this too is
of dispensation, that it is spoken to you now, when ye are able to hear
it, and cometh not of neglect, but to the end ye may receive it. For
God doeth not all things on a sudden, but useth condescension because
of His plenteous love toward man. And this is the reason why Christ
came at this time, and not of old. And He shows in the Gospel, that for
this reason He sent the servants first, that they might not proceed to
kill the Son. For if they did not reverence the Son, even when He came
after the servants, much less would they had He come sooner; if they
gave no heed to the lesser commandments, how would they to the greater?
What then, doth one object? Are there not Jews even now, and Greeks who
are in a very imperfect condition? This, however, is an excess of
listlessness. For after so long a time, after such great instructions,
still to continue imperfect, is a proof of great stupidity.
When then the Greeks say, why did Christ come at
this time? let us not allow them so to speak, but let us ask them,
whether He did not succeed? For as, if He had come at the very first,
and had not succeeded, the time would not have been for us a sufficient
excusation, so, seeing He hath succeeded, we cannot with justice be
brought to account on the score of "the time." For neither does any one
demand of a physician, who has removed the disease, and restored one to
health, to give an account of his treatment, nor yet does any examine
closely a general who has gained a victory, why at this time, and why
in this place. For these things it were in place to ask, had he not
been successful; but when he has been successful, they must even be
taken for granted. For, tell me, whether is more worthy of credit, thy
reasoning and calumny, or the perfection of the thing? Conquered He, or
conquered He not? show this. Prevailed He, or prevailed He not?
Accomplished He what He said, or no? These are the articles of enquiry.
Tell me, I pray. Thou fully grantest that God is, even though not
Christ? I ask thee then; Is God without beginning? Thou wilt say,
Certainly. Tell me then, why made He not men myriads of years before?
For they would have lived through a longer time. They were now losers
by that time during which they were not. Nay, they were not losers; but
how, He who made them alone knows. Again, I ask thee, why did He not
make all men at once? But his soul, whoever was first made, hath so
many years of existence, of which that one is deprived which is not yet
created. Wherefore made He the one to be brought first into this world,
and the other afterwards?
Although these things are really fit subjects for
enquiry: yet not for a meddling curiosity: for this is not for enquiry
at all. For I will tell you the reason I spoke of. For suppose human
nature as being some one continued life, and that in the first times
our race was in the position of boyhood; in those that succeeded, of
manhood; and in these that are near extreme age, of an old man. Now
when the soul is at its perfection, when the limbs of the body are
unstrung, and our war is over, we are then brought to philosophy. On
the contrary, one may say, we teach boys whilst young. Yes, but not the
great doctrines, but rhetoric, and expertness with language; and the
other when they are come to ripeness of age. See God also doing the
same with the Jews. For just as though the Jews had been little
children, he placed Moses over them as a schoolmaster, and like little
children he managed these things for them through shadowy
representations, as we teach letters. "For the law had a shadow of the
good things to come, and not the very image of the things." (Heb. x.
1.) As we both buy cakes for children and give them pieces of money,
requiring of them one thing only, that for the present they would go to
school; so also God at that time gave them both wealth and luxury,
purchasing from them by this His great indulgence one only thing, that
they would listen to Moses. Therefore He delivered them over to a
schoolmaster, that they might not despise Himself as a tender, loving
Father. See then that they
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feared him only; for they said not, Where is God? but, Where is Moses?
and his very presence was fearful. So when they did amiss, observe how
he punished them. For God indeed was desirous of casting them off; but
he would not permit Him. Or rather the whole was of God; just as when a
Father threatens whilst a schoolmaster entreats Him, and says, "Forgive
them, I pray, on my account, and henceforward I undertake for them." In
this way was the wilderness a school. And as children who have been a
long while at school are desirous of quitting it, so also were they at
that time continually desiring Egypt, and weeping, saying, "We are
lost, we are wholly consumed, we are utterly undone." (Ex. xvi. 3.) And
Moses broke their tablet, having written for them, as it were, certain
words (Ex. xxxii. 19); just as a schoolmaster would do, who having
taken up the writing tablet, and found it badly written, throws away
the tablet itself, desiring to show great anger; and if he have broken
it, the father is not angry. For he indeed was busy writing, but they
not attending to him, but turning themselves other ways, were
committing disorder. And as in school, they strike each other, so also,
on that occasion, he bade them strike and slay each other. And again,
having given them as it were lessons to learn, then asking for them,
and finding they had not learnt them, he would punish them. For
instance. What writings were those that denoted the power of God? The
events in Egypt? Yes, saith one, but these writings represented the
plagues, that He punishes His enemies. And to them it was a school. For
what else was the punishment of your enemies but your benefit? And in
other respects too, He benefited you. And it was the same as if one
should say he knew his letters, but when asked up and down, should be
at fault, and be beaten. So they also said indeed that they knew the
power of God, but when asked their knowledge up and down, they could
not give it, and therefore were beaten. Hast thou seen water? Thou
oughtest to be reminded of the water in Egypt. For He that of water
made blood, will be also of power to do this.(1) As we also say often
to the children, "when in a book thou seest the letter A, remember that
thou hadst it in thy tablet." Hast thou seen famine? Remember that it
was He that destroyed the crops! Hast thou seen wars? Remember the
drowning! Hast thou seen that they are mighty who inhabit the land? But
not mightier than the Egyptians. He who took thee out of the midst of
them, will He not much more save thee when out? But they knew not how
to answer their letters out of order, and therefore they were beaten.
"They ate," and drank, "and kicked." (Deut. xxxii. 15.) When fed with
their manna they ought not to have asked for luxury, seeing they had
known the evils which proceed from it. And they acted precisely as if a
free child, when sent to school, should ask to be reckoned with the
slaves, and to wait on them,--so did these also in seeking Egypt--and
when receiving all needful sustenance, and such as becomes a free
person, and sitting at his father's table, should have a longing for
the ill-savored and noisy one of the servants. And they said to Moses,
"Yea, Lord, all that thou hast spoken will we do, and be obedient."
(Ex. xxiv. 7.) And as it happens in the case of desperately bad
children, that when the father would put them to death? the
schoolmaster perseveringly entreats for them, the same was the case at
that time also.
Why have we said these things? Because we differ in
nothing from children. Wilt thou hear their doctrines also, that they
are those of children? "Eye for eye," it is said, "and tooth for
tooth." (Lev. xxiv. 20.) For nothing is so eager to revenge as a
childish mind. For seeing it is a passion of irrationality, and there
is much irrationality, and great lack of consideration in that age, no
wonder the child is tyrannized over by anger; and so great is the
tyranny, that ofttimes after stumbling and getting up again, they will
smite their knee for passion, or overturn the footstool, and so will
allay their pain, and quench their rage. In some such way as this did
God also deal with them, when He allowed them to strike out "Eye for
eye, and tooth for tooth," and destroyed the Egyptians and the
Amalekites that had grieved them. And He promised such things; as if to
one who said, "Father, such and such an one has beaten me," the father
should then reply, "Such and such an one is a bad man, and let us hate
him." So also doth God say," I will be their enemy that are thine
enemies, and I will hate them that hate thee." (Ex. xxiii. 22.) And
again, when Balaam prayed, the condescension which was used towards
them was childish. For as with children, when having been frightened at
anything not frightful, such as either a lock of wool, or any other
thing of like sort, they are suddenly alarmed; that their fear may not
continue in them, we bring the thing up to their hands, and make their
nurses show it them: so also did God; seeing that the Prophet was a
terror to them, he turned the terror of him into confidence. And as
children who are under weaning have all manner of things in little
baskets, so also did He give them everything, and dainties in
abundance. Still the child longs for the breast; so did these also for
Egypt and the flesh that was there.
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So that one would not be wrong in calling Moses both
a teacher, and a nursing-father, and a conductor (Ex. xvi. 3; Num. xi.
4, 5); the man's wisdom was great. Howbeit it is not the same thing to
guide men who are already philosophers, and to rule unreasoning
children. And, if you are inclined to hear yet another particular; as
the nurse says to the child, When thou easest thyself, take up thy
garments, and for as long as thou sittest, so also did Moses. (Deut.
xxiii. 13.) For all the passions are tyrannous in children (for as yet
they have not that which is to bridle them), vainglory, desire,
irrationality, anger, envy; just as in children, so they prevailed;
they spat upon, they beat, Moses. And as a child takes up a stone, and
we all exclaim, O do not throw it; so did they also take up stones
against their father; and he fled from them. And as, if a father have
any ornament, the child, being fond of ornament, asks him for it, in
like manner, truly, did the party of Dathan and Abiram act, when they
rebelled for the priesthood. (Num. xvi.) And besides, they were of all
people the most envious, and little-minded, and in all respects
imperfect.
Ought then Christ, tell me, to have appeared at that
time, at that time to have given them these teachings of true wisdom,
when they were raging with lust, when they were as horses mad for the
mare, when they were the slaves of money, of the belly? Nay, He would
but have wasted his lessons of wisdom in discoursing with those of no
understanding; and they would have neither learnt one thing nor the
other. And as he who teaches to read before he has taught the alphabet,
will never teach even so much as the alphabet; so indeed would it then
have been also. But not so now, for by the grace of God much
forbearance, much virtue, hath been planted everywhere. Let us give
thanks then for all things, and not be over curious. For it is not we
that know the due time, but He, The Maker of the time, and The Creator
of the ages.
In everything then yield we to Him: for this is to
glorify God, not to demand of Him an account of what He doeth. In this
way too did Abraham give glory to God; "And being fully persuade," we
read, "that what He had promised, He was able to perform." (Rom. iv.
21.) He did not ask about the future even; but we scrutinize the
account even of the past. See how great folly, how great ingratitude,
is here. But let us for the future have done, for no gain comes of it,
but much harm even; and let our minds be gratefully disposed towards
our Master, and let us send up glory to God, that making for all things
an offering of thanksgiving, we may be counted worthy of His
lovingkindness, through the grace and love toward man of His
Only-begotten, with whom, &c.
HOMILY V.
Colossians i. 26--28.
"Even the mystery which hath been hid from all ages and generations:
but now hath it been manifested to His saints, to whom God was pleased
to make known what is the riches of the glory of this mystery among the
Gentiles, which is Christ in you, the hope of glory: whom we proclaim,
admonishing every man, and teaching every man in all wisdom, that we
may present every man perfect in Christ."
HAVING said what we have come to, and showed the
lovingkindness of God and the honor, by the greatness of the things
given, he introduces yet another consideration that heightens them,
namely, that neither before us did any one know Him.(1) As he doth also
in the Epistle to the Ephesians, saying, neither Angels, nor
principalities, nor any other created power, but only the Son of God
knew. (Eph. iii. 5, 9, 10.) And he said, not simply hid, but "quite
hid," and that even if it hath but now come to pass, yet it is of old,
and from the beginning God willed these things, and they were so
planned out; but why, he saith not yet. "From the ages," from the
beginning, as one might say. And with reason he calleth that a mystery,
which none knew, save God. And where hid? In Christ; as he saith in the
Epistle to the Ephesians (Eph. iii. 9), or as when the Prophet saith,
"From everlasting even to everlasting Thou art." (Ps. xc. 2.) But now
hath been manifested, he saith, "to His saints." So that it is
altogether of the dispensation of God. "But now hath been manifested,"
he saith. He saith not, "is come to pass," but, "hath been manifested
to His saints." So that it is even now still hid, since it hath been
manifested to His saints alone.
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Let not others therefore deceive you, for they know
not. Why to them alone? "To whom He was pleased," he saith. See how
everywhere He stops the mouth of their questions. "To whom God was
pleased to make known," he saith. Yet His will is not without reason.
By way of making them accountable for grace, rather than allowing them
to have high thoughts, as though it were of their own achieving, he
said, "To whom he was pleased to make known." "What is the riches of
the glory of this mystery among the Gentiles." He hath spoken loftily,
and accumulated emphasis, seeking, out of his great earnestness, for
amplification upon amplification. For this also is an amplification,
the saying indefinitely, "The riches of the glory of this mystery among
the Gentiles." For it is most of all apparent among the Gentiles, as he
also says elsewhere, "And that the Gentiles might glorify God for His
mercy." (Rom. xv. 9.) For the great glory of this mystery is apparent
among others also, but much more among these. For, on a sudden, to have
brought men more senseless than stones to the dignity of Angels, simply
through bare words, and faith alone, without any laboriousness, is
indeed glory and riches of mystery: just as if one were to take a dog,
quite consumed with hunger and the mange, foul, and loathsome to see,
and not so much as able to move, but lying cast out, and make him all
at once into a man, and to display him upon the royal throne. They were
wont to worship stones and the earth; but they learned that themselves
are better both than the heaven and the sun, and that the whole world
serveth them; they were captives and prisoners of the devil: on a
sudden they are placed above his head, and lay commands on him and
scourge him: from being captives and slaves to demons, they are become
the body of The Master of the Angels and the Archangels; from not
knowing even what God is, they are become all at once sharers even in
God's throne. Wouldest thou see the countless steps they
overleaped? First, they had to learn that stones are not gods;
secondly, that they not only are not gods, but inferior even to men;
thirdly, to brutes even; fourthly, to plants even; fifthly, they
brought together the extremes:(1) that not only stones but not earth
even, nor animals, nor plants, nor man, nor heaven; or, to begin again,
that not stones, not animals, not plants, not elements, pot things
above, not things below, not man, not demons, not Angels, not
Archangels, not any of those Powers above, ought to be worshiped by the
nature of man. Being drawn up,(2) as it were, from some deep, they had
to learn that the Lord of all, He is God, that Him alone is it right to
worship; that the virtuous life(3) is a good thing; that this present
death is not death, nor this life, life; that the body is raised, that
it becomes incorruptible, that it will ascend into heaven, that it
obtains even immortality, that it standeth with Angels, that it is
removed thither. But Him who was there below, having cleared at a bound
all these steps, He has placed on high upon the throne, having made Him
that was lower than the stones, higher in dominion than the Angels, and
the Archangels, and the thrones, and the dominions. Truly "What is the
riches of the glory of this mystery?" Just as if one should show a fool
to be all at once made a philosopher; yea rather, whatsoever one should
say, it would be as nothing: for even the words of Paul are undefined.
"What is the riches," he saith, "of the glory of this mystery among the
Gentiles, which is Christ in you?" Again, they had to learn that He who
is above, and who ruleth Angels and dominions, and all the other
Powers, came down below, and was made Man, and suffered countless
things, and rose again, and was received up.
All these things were of the mystery; and he sets
them down together with lofty praise, saying, "Which is Christ in you?"
But if He be in you, why seek ye Angels? "Of this mystery." For there
are other mysteries besides. But this is really a mystery, which no one
knew, which is marvelous, which is beside the common expectation, which
was hid. "Which is Christ in you," he saith, "the hope of glory, whom
we proclaim," bringing Him from above. "Whom we," not Angels:
"teaching" and "admonishing": not imperiously nor using constraint, for
this too is of God's lovingkindness to men, not to bring them to Him
after the manner of a tyrant. Seeing it was a great thing he had said,
"teaching," he added, "admonishing," which is rather like a father than
an instructor. "Whom," saith he, "we proclaim, admonishing every man,
and teaching every man in all wisdom." So that all wisdom is needed.
That is, saying all things in wisdom. For the ability to learn such
things exists not in every one. "That we may present every man perfect
in Christ Jesus." What sayest thou, "every man"? Yea; this is what we
are earnestly desirous of doing, he saith. For what, if this do not
come to pass? the blessed Paul endeavored. "Perfect." This then is
perfection, the other is imperfect: so that if one have not even the
whole of wisdom, he is imperfect. "Perfect in Christ Jesus," not in the
Law, nor in Angels, for that is not per-
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fection. "In Christ," that is, in the knowledge of Christ. For he that
knows what Christ has done, will have higher thoughts than to be
satisfied with Angels.
"In Christ Jesus"; ver. 29. "Whereunto I labor also,
striving." And he said not, "I am desirous" merely, nor in any
indifferent way, but "I labor, striving," with great earnestness, with
much watching. If I, for your good, thus watch, much more ought ye.
Then again, showing that it is of God, he saith, "according to His
working which worketh in me mightily." He shows that this is the work
of God. He, now, that makes me strong for this, evidently wills
it. Wherefore also when beginning he saith, "Through the will of God."
(Ver. 1.) So that it is not only out of modesty he so expresses
himself, but insisting on the truth of the Word as well. "And
striving." In saying this, he shows that many are fighting against him.
Then great is his tender affection.
Chap. ii. v. 1. "For I would have you know how
greatly I strive for you, and for them at Laodicea."
Then lest this should seem owing to their peculiar
weakness, he joined others also with them, and as yet condemned them
not. But why does he say, "And as many as have not seen my face in the
flesh"? He shows here after a divine manner, that they saw him
constantly in the Spirit. And he bears witness to their great love.
Ver. 2. 3. "That their hearts may be comforted, they
being knit together in love, and unto all riches of the full assurance
of understanding, that they may know the mystery of God the Father,(1)
and of Christ: in whom are all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge
hidden."
Now henceforward he is hastening and in pangs to
enter upon the doctrine, neither accusing them, nor clearing them of
accusation. "I strive," he saith. To what end? That they may be knit
together. What he means is something like this; that they may stand
firm in the faith. He doth not however so express himself; but
extenuates the matter of accusation. That is, that they may be united
with love, not with necessity nor with force. For as I have said, he
always avoids offending, by leaving it to themselves;(2) and therefore
"striving," because I wish it to be with love, and willingly. For I do
not wish it to be with the lips merely, nor merely that they shall be
brought together, but "that their hearts may be comforted."
"Being knit together in love unto all riches of the
full assurance of understanding." That is, that they may doubt about
nothing, that they may be fully assured in all things. But I meant full
assurance which is by faith, for there is a full assurance which cometh
by arguments, but that is worthy of no consideration. I know, he saith,
that ye believe, but I would have you fully assured: not "unto riches"
only, but "unto all riches"; that your full assurance may be intense,
as well as in all things. And observe the wisdom of this blessed one.
He said not, "Ye do ill that ye are not fully assured," nor accused
them; but, ye know not how desirous I am that ye may be fully assured,
and not merely so, but with understanding. For seeing he spoke of
faith; suppose not, he saith, that I meant barely and unprofitably, but
with understanding and love. "That they may know the mystery of God the
Father and of Christ." So that this is the mystery of God, the being
brought unto Him by the Son. "And of Christ, in whom are hid all the
treasures of wisdom and knowledge." But if they are in Him, then wisely
also no doubt He came at this time. Wherefore then do some foolish
persons object to Him, "See how He discourseth with the simpler sort."
"In whom are all the treasures." He himself knows all things. "Hid,"
for think not in truth that ye already have all; they are hidden also
even from Angels, not, from you only; so that you ought to ask all
things from Him. He himself giveth wisdom and knowledge. Now by saying,
"treasures," he shows their largeness, by "All," that He is ignorant of
nothing, by "hid," that He alone knoweth.
Ver. 4. "This I say, that no one may delude you with
persuasiveness of speech."
Seest thou that he saith, I have therefore said
this, that ye may not seek it from men. "Delude you," he saith, "with
persuasiveness of speech." For what if any doth speak, and speak
persuasively?
Ver. 5. "For though I am absent in the flesh, yet am
I with you in the spirit."
The direct thing to have said here was, "even though
I be absent in the flesh, yet, nevertheless, I know the deceivers"; but
instead he has ended with praise, "Joying and beholding your order, and
the steadfastness of your faith in Christ." "Your order," he means,
your good order. "And the steadfastness of your faith in Christ." This
is still more in the way of encomium. And he said not "faith," but
steadfastness, as to soldiers standing in good order and firmly. Now
that which is steadfast, neither deceit nor trial can shake asunder.
Not only, he saith, have ye not fallen, but no one hath so much as
thrown you into disorder. He hath set himself over them, that they may
fear him as though present; for thus is order preserved. From solidity
follows compactedness, for you
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will then produce solidity, when having brought many things together,
you shall cement them compactedly and inseparably; thus a solidity is
produced, as in the case of a wall. But this is the peculiar work of
love; for those who were by themselves, when it hath closely cemented
and knit them together, it renders solid. And faith, again, doeth the
same thing; when it allows not reasonings to intrude themselves. For as
reasonings divide, and shake loose, so faith causes solidity and
compactness.
For seeing God hath bestowed upon us benefits
surpassing man's reasoning, suitably enough He hath brought in faith.
It is not possible to be steadfast, when demanding reasons. For behold
all our lofty doctrines, how destitute they are of reasonings, and
dependent upon faith alone. God is not anywhere, and is everywhere.
What hath less reason in it than this? Each by itself is full of
difficulty. For, indeed, He is not in place; nor is there any place in
which He is. He was not made, He made not Himself, He never began to
be. What reasoning will receive this, if there be not faith? Does it
not seem to be utterly ridiculous, and more endless than a riddle?
Now that He hath no beginning, and is uncreate, and
uncircumscribed, and infinite, is, as we have said, a manifest
difficulty; but let us consider His incorporealness, whether we can
search out this by reasoning. God is incorporeal. What is incorporeal?
A bare word, and no more, for the apprehension has received nothing,
has impressed nothing upon itself; for if it does so impress, it comes
to nature, and what constitutes body. So that the mouth speaks indeed,
but the understanding knows not what it speaks, save one thing only,
that it is not body, this is all it knows. And why do I speak of God?
In the case of the soul, which is created, inclosed, circumscribed,
what is incorporealness? say! show! Thou canst not. Is it air? But air
is body, even though it be not compact, and it is plain from many
proofs that it is a yielding body. Fire is body, whilst the energy of
the soul is bodiless. Wherefore? Since it penetrateth everywhere. If it
is not(1) itself body, then that which is incorporeal exists in place,
therefore it is circumscribed; and that which is circumscribed has
figure; and figures are linear, and lines belong to bodies. Again, that
which is without figure, what conception does it admit? It has no
figure, no form, no outline. Seest thou how the understanding becomes
dizzy?
Again, That Nature [viz. God's] is not susceptible
of evil. But He is also good of His own will; it is therefore
susceptible. But one may not so say, far be it! Again, was He brought
into being, willing it, or not willing it? But neither may one say
this. Again, circumscribes He the world, or no? If He circumscribes it
not, He is Himself circumscribed, but if He circumscribes it, He is
infinite in His nature. Again, circumscribes He Himself? If He
circumscribes Himself, then He is not without beginning to Himself, but
to us; therefore He is not in His nature withOUt beginning. Everywhere
one must grant contradictories.
Seest thou how great the darkness is; and how
everywhere there is need of faith. This it is, that is solid. But, if
you will, let us come to things which are less than these. That
substance hath an operation. And what in His case is operation? Is it a
certain motion? Then He is not immutable: for that which is moved, is
not immutable: for, from being motionless it becomes in motion. But
nevertheless He is in motion, and never stands still. But what kind of
motion, tell me; for amongst us there are seven kinds; down, up, in,
out, right, left, circular, or, if not this, increase, decrease,
generation, destruction, alteration. But is His motion none of these,
but such as the mind is moved with? No, nor this either. Far be it! for
in many things the mind is even absurdly moved. Is to will, to operate,
or not? If to will is to operate, and He wills all men to be good, and
to be saved (1 Tim. ii. 4), how comes it not to pass? But to will is
one thing, to operate, another. To will then is not sufficient for
operation. How then saith the Scripture, "He hath done whatsoever He
willed"? (Ps. cxv. 3.) And again, the leper saith unto Christ, "If Thou
wilt, Thou canst make me clean." (Matt. viii. 2.) For if this follows
in company with the will, what is to be said? Will ye that I mention
yet another thing? How were the things that are, made out of things
that are not? How will they be resolved into nothing? What is above the
heaven? And again, what above that? and what above that? and beyond
that? and so on to infinity. What is below the earth? Sea, and beyond
this, what? and beyond that again? Nay; to the right, and to the left,
is there not the same difficulty?
But these indeed are things unseen. Will ye that I
lead the discourse to those which are seen; those which have already
happened? Tell me, how did the beast contain Jonah in its belly,
without his perishing? Is it not void of reason, and its motions
without control? How spared it the righteous man? How was it that the
heat did not suffocate him? How was it that it putrefied him not? For
if to be in the deep only, is past contriving, to be both in the
creature's bowels, and in that heat, is very far
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more unaccountable. If from within we breathe(1) the air, how did the
respiration suffice for two animals? And how did it also vomit him
forth unharmed? And how too did he speak? And how too was he
self-possessed, and prayed? Are not these things incredible? If we test
them by reasonings, they are incredible, if by faith, they are
exceeding credible.
Shall I say something more than this? The wheat in
the earth's bosom decays, and rises again. Behold marvels, opposite,
and each surpassing the other; marvelous is the not becoming corrupted,
marvelous, after becoming so, is the rising again. Where are they that
make sport of such things, and disbelieve the Resurrection and say,
This bone how shall it be cemented to that? and introduce such like
silly tales. Tell me, how did Elias ascend in a chariot of fire? Fire
is wont to burn, not to carry aloft. How lives he so long a time? In
what place is he? Why was this done? Whither was Enoch translated?
Lives he on like food with us? and what is it hinders him from being
here? Nay, but does he not eat? And wherefore was he translated? Behold
how God schooleth us by little and little. He translated Enoch; no very
great thing that. This instructed us for the taking up of Elias. He
shut in Noe into the ark (Gen. vii. 7); nor is this either any
very great thing. This instructed us for the shutting up of the prophet
within the whale. Thus even the things of old stood in need of
forerunners and types. For as in a ladder the first step sends on to
the second, and from the first it is not possible to step to the
fourth, and this sends one on to that, that that may be the way to the
next; and as it is not possible either to get to the second before the
first; so also is it here.
And observe the signs of signs, and thou wilt
discern this in the ladder which Jacob saw. "Above," it is said, "the
Lord stood fast, and underneath Angels were ascending and descending."
(Gen. xxviii. 13.) It was prophesied that the Father hath a Son; it was
necessary this should be believed. Whence wouldest thou that I show
thee the signs of this? From above, downward? From beneath, upward?
Because He begetteth without passion,(2) for this reason did she that
was barren first bear. Let us rather go higher. It was necessary to be
believed, that He begat of Himself. What then? The thing happens
obscurely indeed, as in type and shadow, but still it doth happen, and
as it goes on it becomes somehow clearer. A woman is formed out of man
alone, and he remains whole and entire. Again, it was necessary there
should be some sure sign of the Conception of a Virgin. So the barren
beareth, not once only, but a second time and a third, and many times.
Of His birth then of a Virgin, the barren is a type, and she sends the
mind forward to faith. Again, this was a type of God being able to
beget alone. For if man is the chief agent,(3) and birth takes place
without him, in a more excellent way, much rather, is One begotten of
the Chiefest Agent. There is still another generation, which is a type
of the Truth. I mean, ours by the Spirit. Of this again the barren a
type, the fact that it is not of blood (John i. 13); this pertains to
the generation above. The one--as also the types--shows that the
generation is to be without passion; the other, that it could proceed
from one above.
Christ is above, ruling over all things: it was
necessary this should be believed. The same takes place in the earth
with respect to man. "Let Us make man after Our image and likeness"
(Gen. i. 26), for dominion of all the brutes. Thus He instructed us,
not by words, but by actions. Paradise showed the separateness of his
nature, and that man was the best thing of all. Christ was to rise
again; see now how many sure signs there were; Enoch, Elias, Jonas, the
fiery furnace, the case of Noah, baptism, the seeds, the plants, our
own generation, that of all animals. For since on this everything was
at stake, it, more than any other, had abundance of types.
That the Universe(4) is not without a Providence we
may conjecture from things amongst ourselves, for nothing will continue
to exist, if not provided for; but even herds, and all
other things stand in need of governance. And that the Universe was not
made by chance, Hell is a proof, and so was the deluge in Noah's day,
the fire,(5) the overwhelming of the Egyptians in the sea, the things
which happened in the wilderness.
It was necessary too that many things should prepare
the way for Baptism; yea, thousands of things; those, for instance, in
the Old Testament, those in the Pool,(6) the cleansing of him that was
not sound in health, the deluge itself, and all the things that have
been done in water, the baptism of John.
It was necessary to be believed that God giveth up
His Son; a man did this by anticipation, Abraham the Patriarch. Types
then of all these things, if we are so inclined, we shall
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find by searching in the Scriptures. But let us not be weary, but
attune ourselves by these things. Let us hold the faith
steadfastly, and show forth strictness of life: that having
through all things returned thanks to God, we may be counted
worthy of the good things promised to them that love Him, through the
grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.
HOMILY VI.
COLOSSIANS ii. 6, 7.
"As therefore ye received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk in Him, rooted
and built up in Him, and stablished in your faith, even as ye were
taught, abounding in thanksgiving."
AGAIN, he takes hold on them beforehand with their
own testimony, saying, "As therefore ye received." We introduce no
strange addition, he saith, neither do ye. "Walk ye in Him," for He is
the Way that leadeth to the Father: not in the Angels; this way leadeth
not thither. "Rooted," that is, fixed; not one while going this way,
another that, but "rooted": now that which is rooted, never can remove.
Observe how appropriate are the expressions he employs. "And built up,"
that is, in thought attaining unto Him. "And stablished" in Him, that
is, holding Him, built as on a foundation. He shows that they had
fallen down, for the word "built"(1) has this force. For the faith is
in truth a building; and needs both a strong foundation, and secure
construction. For both if any one build not upon a secure foundation it
will shake; and even though he do, if it be not firm, it will not
stand. "As ye were taught." Again, the word "As." "Abounding," he
saith, "in thanksgiving"; for this is the part of well-disposed
persons, I say not simply to give thanks, but with great abundance,
more than ye learned, if possible, with much ambition.
Ver. 8. "Take heed lest there shall be any one that
maketh spoil of you."
Seest thou how he shows him to be a thief, and an
alien, and one that enters in softly? For he has already represented
him to be entering in. "Beware." And he well said "maketh spoil." As
one digging away a mound from underneath, may give no perceptible sign,
yet it gradually settles, so do you also beware; for this is his main
point, not even to let himself be perceived. As if some one were
robbing every day, and he (the owner of the house) were told, "Beware
lest there be some one"; and he shows the way--through this way--as if
we were to say, through this chamber;(2) so, "through philosophy," says
he.
Then because the term "philosophy" has an appearance
of dignity, he added, "and vain deceit." For there is also a good
deceit; such as many have been deceived by, which one ought not even to
call a deceit at all. Whereof Jeremiah speaks; "O Lord, Thou hast
deceived me, and I was deceived"(3) (Jer. xx. 7); for such as this one
ought not to call a deceit at all; for Jacob also deceived his father,
but that was not a deceit, but an economy. "Through his philosophy," he
saith, "and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the
rudiments(4) of the world, and not after Christ." Now he sets about to
reprove their observance of particular(5) days, meaning by elements of
the world the sun and moon;(6) as he also said in the Epistle to the
Galatians, "How turn ye back again to the weak and beggarly elements?"
(Gal. iv. 9.) And he said not observances of days, but in general of
the present world, to show its worthlessness: for if the present world
be nothing, much more then its elements. Having first shown how great
benefits and kindnesses they had received, he afterwards brings
on his accusation, thereby to show its greater seriousness, and to
convict his hearers. Thus too the Prophets do. They always first point
out the benefits, and then they magnify their accusation; as Esaias
saith, "I have begotten children, and exalted them, but they have
rejected me" (Isa. i. 2, Sept.); and
285
again, "O my people, what have I done unto thee, or wherein have I
grieved thee, or wherein have I wearied thee"? (Mic. vi. 3) and David;
as when he says, "I heard thee in the secret place of the tempest" (Ps.
lxxxi. 7, Sept.); and again, "Open thy mouth, and I will fill it." (Ps.
lxxxi. 10.) And everywhere you will find it the same.
That indeed were most one's duty, not to be
persuaded by them, even did they say aught to the purpose; as it
is, however, obligations apart even, it would be our duty to shun those
things. "And not after Christ," he saith. For were it in such sort a
matter done by halves, that ye were able to serve both the one and the
other not even so ought ye to do it; as it is, however, he suffers you
not to be "after Christ." Those things withdraw you from Him. Having
first shaken to pieces the Grecian observances, he next overthrows the
Jewish ones also. For both Greeks and Jews practiced many observances,
but the former from philosophy, the latter from the Law. First then, he
makes at those against whom lay the heavier accusation. How, "not after
Christ "?
Ver. 9, 10. "For in Him dwelleth all the fullness of
the Godhead bodily: and in Him ye are made full, who is the head of all
principality and power."
Observe how in his accusing of the one he thrusts
through the other, by first giving the solution, and then the
objection. For such a solution is not suspected, and the hearer accepts
it the rather, that the speaker is not making it his aim. For in that
case indeed he would make a point of not coming off worsted, but in
this, not so. "For in Him dwelleth," that is, for God dwelleth in Him.
But that thou mayest not think Him enclosed, as in a body, he saith,
"All the fullness of the Godhead bodily: and ye are made full in Him."
Others say that he intends the Church filled by His Godhead, as he
elsewhere saith, "of Him that filleth all in all" (Eph. i. 23), and
that the term "bodily" is here, as the body in the head. How is it then
that he did not add, "which is the Church"? Some again say it is with
reference to The Father, that he says that the fullness of the Godhead
dwells in Him, but wrongly.(1) First, because "to dwell," cannot
strictly be said of God: next, because the "fullness" is not that which
receives, for "the earth is the Lord's, and the fullness thereof" (Ps.
xxiv. 1); and again the Apostle, "until the fullness of the Gentiles be
come in." (Rom. xi. 25.) By "fullness" is meant "the whole." Then the
word "bodily," what did it intend? "As in a head." But why does he say
the same thing over again? "And ye are made full in Him." What then
does it mean? That ye have nothing less than He. As it dwelt in Him, so
also in you. For Paul is ever straining to bring us near to Christ; as
when he says, "Hath raised us up with Him, and made us to sit with Him"
(Eph. ii. 6): and, "If we endure, we shall also reign with Him" (2 Tim.
ii. 12): and, "How shall He not also with Him freely give us all
things" (Rom. viii. 32): and calling us "fellow-heirs." Then as for His
dignity. And He "is the head of all principality and power." (Eph. iii.
6.) He that is above all, The Cause, is He not Consubstantial? Then he
has added the benefit in a marvelous way; and far more marvelous than
in the Epistle to the Romans. For there indeed he saith, "circumcision
of the heart in the spirit, not in the letter" (Rom. ii. 29), but here,
in Christ./
Ver. 11. "In whom ye were also circumcised with a
circumcision not made with hands, in the putting off of the body of the
flesh in the circumcision of Christ."
See how near he is come to the thing. He saith, "In
the putting" quite away,(2) not putting off merely. "The body of sins."
He means, "the old life." He is continually adverting to this in
different ways, as he said above, "Who delivered us out of the power of
darkness, and reconciled us who were alienated," that we should be
"holy and without blemish." (Col. i. 13, 21.) No longer, he saith, is
the circumcision with(3) the knife, but in Christ Himself; for no hand
imparts this circumcision, as is the case there, but the Spirit. It
circumciseth not a part, but the whole man. It is the body both in the
one and the other case, but in the one it is carnally, in the other it
is spiritually circumcised; but not as the Jews, for ye have not put
off flesh, but sins. When and where? In Baptism. And what he calls
circumcision, he again calls burial. Observe how he again passes on to
the subject of righteous doings; "of the sins," he saith, "of the
flesh," the things they had done in the flesh. He speaks of a greater
thing than circumcision, for they did not merely cast away that of
which they were circumcised, but they destroyed it, they annihilated it.
Ver. 12. "Buried with him," he saith, "in Baptism,
wherein ye were also raised with Him, through faith in the working of
God, who raised Him from the dead."
But it is not burial only: for behold what he says,
"Wherein ye were also raised with Him, through faith in the working of
God, who raised Him from the dead." He hath well said, "of faith,"(4)
for it is all of faith. Ye believed that
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God is able to raise, and so ye were raised. Then note also His
worthiness of belief, "Who raised Him," he saith, "from the dead."
He now shows the Resurrection. "And you who sometime
were dead through your trespasses and the uncircumcision of your flesh,
you, I say, did He quicken together with Him." For ye lay under
judgment of death. But even though ye died, it was a profitable death.
Observe how again he shows what they deserved in the words he subjoins:
Ver. 13, 14, 15. "Having forgiven us all our
trespasses; having blotted out the bond written in ordinances that was
against us, which was contrary to us: and he hath taken it out of the
way, nailing it to the Cross; having put off from himself the
principalities and the powers, He made a show of them openly,(1)
triumphing over them in it."
"Having forgiven us," he saith, "all our
trespasses," those which produced that deadness. What then? Did He
allow them to remain? No, He even wiped them out; He did not scratch
them out merely; so that they could not be seen. "In doctrines"(2)
[ordinances], he saith. What doctrines? The Faith. It is enough to
believe. He hath not set works against works, but works against faith.
And what next? Blotting out is an advance upon remission; again he
saith, "And hath taken it out of the way." Nor yet even so did He
preserve it, but rent it even in sunder, "by nailing it to His Cross."
"Having put off from himself the principalities and the powers, He made
a show of them openly, triumphing over them in it." Nowhere has he
spoken in so lofty a strain.
Seest thou how great His earnestness that the bond
should be done away? To wit, we all were under sin and punishment. He
Himself, through suffering punishment, did away with both the sin and
the punishment, and He was punished on the Cross. To the Cross then He
affixed it; as having power, He tore it asunder. What bond? He means
either that which they said to Moses, namely, "All that God hath said
will we do, and be obedient" (Ex. xxiv. 3), or, if not that, this, that
we owe to God obedience; or if not this, he means that the devil held
possession of it, the bond which God made for Adam, saying, "In the day
thou eatest of the tree, thou shalt die." (Gen. ii. 17.) This bond then
the devil held in his possession. And Christ did not give it to us, but
Himself tore it in two, the action of one who remits joyfully.
"Having put off from himself the principalities and
the powers." He means the diabolical powers; because human nature had
arrayed itself in these, or because they had,(3) as it were, a hold,
when He became Man He put away from Himself that hold. What is the
meaning of "He made a show of them"? And well said he so; never
yet was the devil in so shameful a plight. For whilst expecting to have
Him, he lost even those he had; and when That Body was nailed to the
Cross, the dead arose. There death received his wound, having met his
death-stroke from a dead body. And as an athlete, when he thinks he has
hit his adversary, himself is caught in a fatal grasp; so truly doth
Christ also show, that to die with confidence(4) is the devil's shame.
For he would have done everything to persuade men
that He did not die, had he had the power. For seeing that of His
Resurrection indeed all succeeding time was proof demonstrative; whilst
of His death, no other time save that whereat it happened could ever
furnish proof; therefore it was, that He died publicly in the sight of
all men, but He arose not publicly, knowing that the after time would
bear witness to the truth. For, that whilst the world was looking on,
the serpent should be slain on high upon the Cross, herein is the
marvel. For what did not the devil do, that He might die in secret?
Hear Pilate saying, "Take ye Him away, and crucify Him, for I find no
fault in Him" (John xix. 6), and withstanding them in a thousand ways.
And again the Jews said unto Him, "If Thou art the Son of God, come
down from the Cross." (Matt. xxvii. 40.) Then further, when He had
received a mortal wound, and He came not down, for this reason He was
also committed to burial; for it was in His power to have risen
immediately: but He did not, that the fact might be believed. And yet
in cases of private death indeed, it is possible to impute them to a
swoon, but here, it is not possible to do this either. For even the
soldiers brake not His legs, like those of the others, that it might be
made manifest that He was dead. And those who buried The Body are
known; and therefore too the Jews themselves seal the stone along with
the soldiers. For, what was most of all attended to, was this very
thing, that it should not be in obscurity. And the witnesses to it are
from enemies, from the Jews. Hear them saying to Pilate, "That deceiver
said, while he was vet alive, After three days I rise again. Command
therefore that the sep-
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ulchre" (Matt. xxvi. 63, 64) be guarded by the soldiers. This was
accordingly done, themselves also sealing it. Hear them further saying
even afterwards to the Apostles, "Ye intend to bring this Man's blood
upon us." (Acts v. 28.) He suffered not the very fashion of His Cross
to be put to shame. For since the Angels have suffered nothing
like it, He therefore doth everything for this, showing that His death
achieved a mighty work. There was, as it were, a single combat. Death
wounded Christ: but Christ, being wounded, did afterwards kill death.
He that seemed to be immortal, was destroyed by a mortal body; and this
the whole world saw. And what is truly wonderful is, that He committed
not this thing to another. But there was made again a second bond of
another kind than the former.
Beware then lest we be condemned by this, after
saying, I renounce Satan, and array myself with Thee, O Christ. Rather
however this should not be called "a bond," but a covenant. For that is
"a bond," whereby one is held accountable for debts: but this is a
covenant. It hath no penalty, nor saith it, If this be done or if this
be not done: what Moses said when he sprinkled the blood of the
covenant, by this God also promised everlasting life. All this is a
covenant. There, it was slave with master, here it is friend with
friend: there, it is said, "In the day that thou eatest thereof thou
shalt die" (Gen. ii. 17); an immediate threatening; but here is nothing
of the kind. God arrives, and here is nakedness, and there was
nakedness; there, however, one that had sinned was made naked, because
he sinned, but here, one is made naked, that he may be set free. Then,
man put off the glory which he had; now, he puts off the old man; and
before going up (to the contest), puts him off as easily, as it were
his garments.(1) He is anointed,(2) as wrestlers about to enter the
lists. For he is born at once; and as that first man was, not by little
and little, but immediately. (He is anointed,) not as the priests of
old time, on the head alone, but rather in more abundant measure. For
he indeed was anointed on the head, the right ear, the hand (Lev. viii.
23, 24); to excite him to obedience, and to good works; but this one,
all over. For he cometh not to be instructed merely; but to wrestle,
and to be exercised; he is advanced to another creation. For when one
confesses (his belief) in the life everlasting,(3) he has confessed a
second creation. He took dust from the earth, and formed man (Gen. ii.
7): but now, dust no longer, but the Holy Spirit; with This he
is formed, with this harmonized, even as Himself was in the
womb of the Virgin. He said not in Paradise, but "in Heaven." For deem
not that, because the subject is earth, it is done on earth; he is(4)
removed thither, to Heaven, there these things are transacted, in the
midst of Angels: God taketh up thy soul above, above He harmonizeth it
anew, He placeth thee near to the Kingly Throne. He is formed in the
water, he receiveth spirit instead of a soul.(5) And after he is
formed, He bringeth to him, not beasts, but demons, and their prince,
and saith, "Tread upon serpents and scorpions." (Luke x. 19.) He saith
not, "Let Us make man in our image, and after our likeness" (Gen. i.
26), but what? "He giveth them to become the sons of God; but of God,"
he saith, "they were born." (John i. 12, 13.) Then that thou give no
ear to the serpent, straightway he teaches thee to say, "I renounce
thee," that is, "whatsoever thou sayest, I will not hear thee." Then,
that he destroy thee not by means of others, it is said,(6) "and thy
pomp, and thy service, and thy angels." He hath set him no more to keep
Paradise, but to have his citizenship in heaven. For straightway when
he cometh up he pronounceth these words, "Our Father, Which art in
Heaven, . . . Thy will be done, as in Heaven, so on earth." The plain
falleth not on thy sight,(7) thou seest not tree, nor fountain,
but straightway thou takest into thee the Lord Himself, thou art
mingled with His Body, thou art intermixed with that Body that lieth
above, whither the devil cannot approach. No woman is there, for him to
approach, and deceive as the weaker; for it is said, "There is neither
female, nor male." (Gal. iii. 28.) If thou go not down to him, he will
not have power to come up where thou art; for thou art in Heaven, and
Heaven is unapproachable by the devil. It hath no tree with knowledge
of good and evil, but the Tree of Life only. No more shall woman be
formed from thy side, but we all are one from the side of Christ. For
if they who have been anointed of men take no harm by serpents, neither
wilt thou take any harm at all, so long as thou art anointed; that thou
mayst be able to grasp the Serpent and choke him, "to tread upon
serpents and scorpions." (Luke x. 19.) But as the gifts are great, so
is the punishment great also. It is not possible for him that hath
fallen from Para-
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dise, to dwell "in front of Paradise"(1) (Gen. iii. 24), nor to
reascend thither from whence we have fallen. But what after
this? Hell, and the worm undying. But far be it that any of
us should become amenable to this punishment! but living virtuously,
let us earnestly strive to do throughout His will. Let us become
well-pleasing to God, that we may be able both to escape the
punishment, and to obtain the good things eternal, of which may we all
be counted worthy, through the grace and love toward man, &c.
HOMILY VII.
COLOSSIANS ii. 16-19.
"Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of
a feast day, or a new moon, or a sabbath day: which are a shadow of the
things to come; but the body is Christ's. Let no man rob you of your
prize by a voluntary humility and worshiping of the Angels, dwelling in
the things which he hath not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly
mind, and not holding fast the Head, from whom all the body being
supplied and knit together, through the joints and bands, increaseth
with the increase of God."
HAVING first said darkly, "Take heed lest there
shall be any one that maketh spoil of you after the tradition of men"
(ver. 8); and again, further back, "This, I say, that no one may delude
you with persuasiveness of speech" (ver. 4); thus preoccupying their
soul, and working in it anxious thoughts; next, having inserted those
benefits, and increased this effect, he then brings in his reproof
last, and says, "Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink,
or in respect of a feast day, or a new moon, or a sabbath day." Seest
thou how he depreciates them? If ye have obtained such things, he
saith, why make yourselves accountable for these petty matters? And he
makes light of them, saying, "or in the part(2) of a feast day,"" for
in truth they did not retain the whole of the former rule, "or a new
moon, or a sabbath day." He said not, "Do not then observe them," but,
"let no man judge you." He showed that they were transgressing, and
undoing, but he brought his charge against others. Endure not
those that judge you, he saith, nay, not so much as this either,
but he argues with those persons, almost stopping their mouths, and
saying, Ye ought not to judge. But he would not have reflected on
these. He said not "in clean and unclean," nor yet "in feasts of
Tabernacles, and unleavened bread, and Pentecost," but "in part of a
feast": for they ventured not to keep the whole; and if they did
observe it, yet not so as to celebrate the feast. "In part," he saith,
showing that the greater part is done away. For even if they did keep
sabbath, they did not do so with precision. "Which are a shadow of the
things to come"; he means, of the New Covenant; "but the body" is
"Christ's." Some persons here punctuate thus "but the body" is "of
Christ," i.e. the truth is come in with Christ: others thus; "The
Body of Christ let no man adjudge away from you," that is, thwart you
of it. The term <greek>katabrabeuqhnai</greek>, is employed
when the victory is with one party, and the prize with another, when
though a victor thou art thwarted. Thou standest above the devil and
sin; why dost thou again subject thyself to sin? Therefore he said that
"he is a debtor to fulfill the whole law" (Gal. v. 3); and again, "Is
Christ" found to be "the minister of sin" (Gal. ii. 17)? which he said
when writing to the Galatians. When he had filled them with anger
through saying, "adjudge away from you," then he begins; "being a
voluntary,"(3) he saith, "in humility and worshiping of Angels,
intruding into things he hath not seen, vainly puffed up by his fleshly
mind." How "in humility," or how "puffed up "? He shows that the whole
arose out of vainglory. But what is on the whole the drift of what is
said? There are some who maintain that we must be brought near by
Angels, not by Christ, that were too great a thing for us. Therefore it
is that he turns over and over again what has been done by Christ,
"through the Blood of His Cross" (c. i. 20); on this account he says
that "He suffered for us"; that "He loved us." (1 Pet. ii. 21.) And
besides in this very same thing, moreover, they were elevated afresh.
And he said not "introduction by," but "worshiping of" Angels.
"Intruding into things he hath not(4)
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seen." (Eph. ii. 4.) For he hath not seen Angels, and yet is affected
as though he had. Therefore he saith, "Puffed up by his fleshly mind
vainly," not about any true fact. About this doctrine, he is puffed up,
and puts forward a show of humility. By his carnal mind, not spiritual;
his reasoning is of man. "And not holding fast the Head," he saith,
"from whom all the body." All the body thence hath its being, and its
well-being. Why, letting go the Head, dost thou cling to the members?
If thou art fallen off from it, thou art lost. "From whom all the
body." Every one, be he who he may, thence has not life only, but
also even connection. All the Church, so long as she holds The Head,
increaseth; because here is no more passion of pride and vainglory, nor
invention of human fancy.
Mark that "from(1) whom," meaning the Son. "Through
the joints and bands," he says, "being supplied, and knit together,
increases with the increase of God"; he means, that which is according
to God, that of the best life. Ver. 20. "If ye died with Christ."
He puts that in the middle, and on either side,
expressions of greater vehemence. "If ye died with Christ from the
elements of the world," he saith, "why as though living in the world do
ye subject yourselves to ordinances?" This is not the consequence, for
what ought to have been said is, "how as though living are ye subject
to those elements?" But letting this pass, what saith he?
Ver. 21, 22. "Handle not, nor taste, nor
touch; all which things are to perish with the using; after the
precepts and doctrines of men."
Ye are not in the world, he saith, how is it ye are
subject to its elements? how to its observances? And mark how he makes
sport of them, "touch not, handle not, taste not," as though they were
cowards and keeping themselves clear of some great matters, "all which
things are to perish with the using." He has taken down the swollenness
of the many, and added, "after the precepts and doctrines of men." What
sayest thou? Dost thou speak even of the Law? Henceforth it is but a
doctrine of men, after the time is come.(2) Or, because they
adulterated it, or else, he alludes to the Gentile institutions. The
doctrine, he says, is altogether of man.
Ver. 23. "Which things have indeed a show of wisdom
in will worship, and humility, and severity to the body; but are not of
any value against the indulgence of the flesh."
"Show," he saith; not power, not truth. So that even
though they have a show of wisdom, let us turn away from them. For he
may seem to be a religious person, and modest, and to have a contempt
for the body.
"Not of any value against the indulgence of the
flesh." For God hath given it honor, but they use it not with honor.
Thus, when it is a doctrine, he knows how to call it honor. They
dishonor the flesh, he says, depriving it, and stripping it of its
liberty, not giving leave to rule it with its will. God hath honored
the flesh.
Chap. iii. ver. 1. "If then ye were raised together
with Christ."
He brings them together, having above established
that He died. Therefore he saith, "If then ye were raised together with
Christ, seek the things that are above." No observances are there.
"Where Christ is seated on the right hand of God." Wonderful! Whither
hath he led our minds aloft! How hath he filled them with mighty
aspiration! It was not enough to say, "the things that are above," nor
yet, "where Christ is," but what? "seated on the right hand of God."
From that point he was preparing them henceforward to see the earth.
Ver. 2, 3, 4. "Set your mind on the things that are
above, not on the things that are upon the earth. For ye died, and your
life is hid with Christ in God. When Christ who is your life shall be
manifested, then shall ye also with Him be manifested in glory."
This is not your life, he saith, it is some other
one. He is now urgent to remove them, and insists upon showing that
they are seated above, and are dead; from both considerations
establishing the position, that they are not to seek the things which
are here. For whether ye be dead, ye ought not to seek them; or Whether
ye be above, ye ought not to seek them. Doth Christ appear? Neither
doth your life. It is in God, above. What then? When shall we live?
When Christ shall be manifested, who is your life; then seek ye glory,
then life, then enjoyment.
This is to prepare the way for drawing them off from
pleasure and ease. Such is his wont: when establishing one position, he
darts off to another; as, for instance, when discoursing of those who
at supper were beforehand with one another, he all at once falls upon
the observance of the Mysteries.(3) For he hath a great rebuke when it
is administered unsuspected. "It is hid," he saith, from you. "Then
shall ye also with Him be manifested." So that, now, ye do not appear.
See how he hath removed them into the very heaven. For, as I said, he
is always bent upon showing that they have the
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very same things which Christ hath; and through all his Epistles, the
tenor is this, to show that in all things they are partakers with Him.
Therefore he uses the terms, Head, and Body, and does everything to
convey this to them.
If therefore we shall then be manifested, let us not
grieve, when we enjoy not honor: if this life be not life, but it be
hidden, we ought to live this life as though dead. "Then shall ye
also," he saith, "with Him be manifested in glory." "In glory," he
said, not merely "manifested." For the pearl too is hidden so long as
it is within the oyster. If then we be treated with insult, let us not
grieve; or whatever it be we suffer; for this life is not our life, we
are strangers and sojourners. "For ye died," he saith. Who
is so witless, as for a corpse, dead and buried, either to buy
servants, or build houses, or prepare costly raiment? None. Neither
then do ye; but as we seek one thing only, namely, that we be not in a
naked state, so here too let us seek one thing and no more. Our first
man is buried: buried not in earth, but in water; not death-destroyed,
but buried by death's destroyer, not by the law of nature, but by the
governing command that is stronger than nature. For what has been done
by nature, may perchance be undone; but what has been done by His
command, never. Nothing is more blessed than this burial, whereat all
are rejoicing, both Angels, and men, and the Lord of Angels. At this
burial, no need is there of vestments, nor of coffin, nor of anything
else of that kind. Wouldest thou see the symbol of this? I will show
thee a pool wherein the one was buried the other raised; in the Red Sea
the Egyptians were sunk beneath it, but the Israelites went up from out
of it; in the same act he buries the one, generates the other.
Marvel not that generation and destruction take
place in Baptism; for, tell me, dissolving and cementing, are they not
opposite? It is evident to all. Such is the effect of fire; for fire
dissolves and destroys wax, but it cements together metallic earth, and
works it into gold. So in truth here also, the force of the fire,
having obliterated the statue of wax, has displayed a golden one in its
stead; for in truth before the Bath we were of clay, but after it of
gold. Whence is this evident? Hear him saying, "The first man is of the
earth, earthy, the second man is the Lord from heaven." (1 Cor. xv.
47.) I spoke of a difference as great as that between clay and gold;
but greater still do I find the difference between heavenly and earthy;
not so widely do clay and gold differ, as do things earthy and
heavenly. Waxen we were, and clay-formed. For the flame of lust did
much more melt us, than fire doth wax, and any chance temptation did
far rather shatter us than a stone doth things of clay. And, if ye
will, let us give an outline of the former life, and see whether all
was not earth and water, and full of fluctuation and dust, and
instability, and flowing away.
And if ye will, let us scrutinize not the former
things, but the present, and see whether we shall not find everything
that is, mere dust and water. For what wilt thou tell me of? authority
and power? for nothing in this present life is thought to be more
enviable than these. But sooner may one find the dust when on the air
stationary, than these things; especially now. For to whom are they not
under subjection? To those who are lovers of them; to eunuchs; to those
who will do anything for the sake of money; to the passions of the
populace; to the wrath of the more powerful. He who was yesterday up
high on his tribunal,(1) who had his heralds shouting with thrilling
voice, and many to run before, and haughtily clear the way
for i him through the forum, is to-day mean and low, and of all
those things bereft and bare, like dust blast-driven, like a stream
that hath passed by. And like as the dust is raised by our feet, so
truly are magistracies also produced by those who are engaged about
money, and in the whole of life have the rank and condition of feet;
and like as the dust when it is raised occupies a large portion of the
air, though itself be but a small body, so too doth power; and like as
the dust blindeth the eyes, so too doth the pride of power bedim the
eyes of the understanding.
But what? Wilt thou that we examine that object of
many prayers, wealth? Come, let us examine it in its several parts. It
hath luxury, it hath honors, it hath power. First then, if thou wilt,
let us examine luxury. Is it not dust? yea, rather, it goeth by swifter
than dust, for the pleasure of luxurious living reacheth only to the
tongue, and when the belly is filled, not to the tongue even. But,
saith one, honors are of themselves pleasant things. Yet what can be
less pleasant than that same honor, when it is rendered with a view to
money? When it is not from free choice and with a readiness of mind, it
is not thou that reapest the honor, but thy wealth. So that this very
thing makes the man of wealth, most of all men, dishonored. For, tell
me; suppose all men honored thee, who hadst a friend; the while
confessing that thou, to be sure, wert good for nothing, but that
they were compelled to honor thee on his account; could they possibly
in any other way have so dishonored thee? So that our wealth is the
cause of dishonor to us, seeing it is more honored than are its very
possessors, and a
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proof rather of weakness than of power. How then is it not absurd that
we are not counted of as much value as earth and ashes, (for such is
gold,) but that we are honored for its sake? With reason. But not so he
that despiseth wealth; for it were better not to be honored at all,
than so honored. For tell me, were one to say to thee, I think thee
worthy of no honor at all, but for thy servants' sakes I honor thee,
could now anything be worse than this dishonor? But if to be honored
for the sake of servants, who are partakers of the same soul and nature
with ourselves, be a disgrace, much more then is it such, to be honored
for the sake of meaner things, such as the walls and courts of houses,
and vessels of gold, and garments. A scorn indeed were this, and shame;
better die than be so honored. For, tell me, if thou wert in peril in
this thy pride, and some low and disgusting person were to be willing
to extricate thee from thy peril, what could be worse than this? What
ye say one to another about the city, I wish to say to you. Once on a
time our(1) city gave offense to the Emperor,(2) and he gave orders
that the whole of it should utterly be destroyed, men, children,
houses, and all. (For such is the wrath of kings, they indulge their
power as much as ever they choose, so great an evil is power.) It was
then in the extremest of perils. The neighboring city, however, this
one on the sea-coast, went and besought the king in our behalf: upon
which the inhabitants of our city said that this was worse than if the
city had been razed to the ground. So, to be thus honored is worse than
being dishonored. For see whence honor hath its root. The hands of
cooks procure us to be honored, so that to them we ought to feel
gratitude; and swineherds supplying us with a rich table, and weavers,
and spinners, and workers in metal, and confectioners, and table
furnishers.
Were it not then better not to be honored at all,
than to be beholden to these for the honor? And besides this, moreover,
I will endeavor to prove clearly that opulence is a condition full of
dishonor; it embases the soul; and what is more dishonorable than this?
For tell me, suppose one had a comely person, and passing all in
beauty, and wealth were to go to him and promise to make it ugly, and
instead of healthy, diseased, instead of cool, inflamed; and having
filled every limb with dropsy, were to make the countenance bloated,
and distend it all over; and were to swell out the feet, and make them
heavier than logs, and to puff up the belly, and make it larger than
any turn; and after this, it should promise not even to grant
permission to cure him, to those who should be desirous of doing so,
(for such is the way with power,) but would give him so much liberty as
to punish any one that should approach him to withdraw him from what
was harming him; well then, tell me, when wealth works these effects in
the soul, how can it be honorable?
But this power is a more grievous thing than
the disease itself; as for one in disease not to be obedient to the
physician's injunctions is a more serious evil than the being diseased;
and this is the case with wealth, seeing it creates inflammation in
every part of the soul, and forbids the physicians to come near it. So
let us not felicitate these on the score of their power, but pity them;
for neither were I to see a dropsical patient lying, and nobody
forbidding him to take his fill of whatever drinks he pleased and of
meats that are harmful, would I felicitate him because of
his power. For not in all cases is power a good thing, nor are honors
either, for these too fill one with much arrogance. But if thou
wouldest not choose that the body should along with wealth contract
such a disease, how comest thou to overlook the soul, and when
contracting not this scourge alone, but another also? For it is on fire
all over with burning fevers and inflammations, and that burning fever
none can quench, for wealth will not allow of this, having persuaded it
that those things are gains, which are really losses, such as not
enduring any one and doing everything at will. For no other soul will
one find so replete with lusts so great and so extravagant, as theirs
who are desirous of being rich. For what silly trifles do they not
picture to themselves! One may see these devising more extravagant
things than limners of hippocentaurs, and chimæras, and
dragon-footed things, and Scyllas, and monsters. And if one
should choose to give a picture of one lust of theirs, neither
Scylla, nor chimæra, nor hippocentaur will appear anything
at all by the side of such a prodigy; but you will find it to contain
every wild beast at once.
And perchance some one will suppose that I have been
myself possessed of much wealth, seeing I am so true to what really
comes of it. It is reported of one (for I will first confirm what I
have said from the legends of the Greeks)--it is reported amongst them
of a certain king, that he became so insolent in luxury, as to make a
plane tree of gold,(3) and
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a sky above it, and there sate, and this too when invading a people
skilled in warfare. Now was not this lust hippocentaurean, was it not
Scyllæan? Another, again, used(1) to cast men into a wooden bull.
Was not this a very Scylla? And even him,(2) the king I just mentioned,
the warrior,(3) wealth made, from a man a woman, from a woman, what
shall I say? a brute beast, and yet more degraded than this for the
beasts, if they lodge under a tree, take up with nature, and seek for
nothing further but the man in question overshot the nature even of
beasts.
What then can be more senseless than are the
wealthy? And this arises from the greediness of their desires. But, are
there not many that admire him? Therefore truly do they share in the
laughter he incurs. That displayed not his wealth but his folly. How
much better than that golden plane tree is that which the earth
produceth! For the natural is more grateful than the unnatural. But
what meant that thy golden heaven, O senseless one? Seest thou how
wealth that is abundant maketh men mad? How it inflamed them? I suppose
he knows not the sea even, and perchance will presently have a mind to
walk upon it.(4) Now is not this a chimæra? is it not a
hippocentaur? But there are, at this time also, some who fall not short
even of him, but are actually much more senseless. For in point of
senselessness, wherein do they differ, tell me, from that golden plane
tree, who make silver jars, pitchers, and scent bottles? And wherein do
those women differ, (ashamed indeed I am, but it is necessary to speak
it,) who make chamber utensils of silver?(5) It is ye should be
ashamed, that are the makers of these things. When Christ is famishing,
dost thou so revel in luxury? yea rather, so play the fool! What
punishment shall these not suffer? And inquirest thou still, why there
are robbers? why murderers? why such evils? when the devil has thus
made you ridiculous. For the mere having of silver dishes indeed, this
even is not in keeping with a soul devoted to wisdom, but is altogether
a piece of luxury; but the making unclean vessels also of silver, is
this then luxury? nay, I will not call it luxury, but senselessness;
nay, nor yet this, but madness; nay rather, worse than even madness. I
know that many persons make jokes at me for this; but I heed them not,
only let some good result from it. In truth, to be wealthy does
make people senseless and mad. Did their power reach to such an excess,
they would have the earth too of gold, and walls of gold,
perchance the heaven too, and the air of gold. What a madness is this,
what an iniquity, what a burning fever! Another, made after the image
of God, is perishing of cold; and dost thou furnish thyself with such
things as these? O the senseless pride! What more would a madman have
done? Dost thou pay such honor to thine excrements, as to receive them
in silver? I know that ye are shocked at hearing this; but those women
that make such things ought to be shocked, and the husbands that
minister to such distempers. For this is wantonness, and savageness,
and inhumanity, and brutishness, and lasciviousness. What Scylla, what
chimæra, what dragon, yea rather what demon, what devil would
have acted on this wise? What is the benefit of Christ? what of the
Faith? when one has to put up with men being heathens, yea rather, not
heathens, but demons? If to adorn the head with gold and pearls be not
right; one that useth silver for a service so unclean, how shall he
obtain pardon? Is not the rest enough, although even it is not
bearable, chairs and footstools all of silver? although even these come
of senselessness. But everywhere is excessive pride; everywhere is
vainglory. Nowhere is it use, but everywhere excess.
I am afraid lest, under the impulse of this madness,
the race of woman should go on to assume some portentous form: for it
is likely that they will wish to have even their hair of gold. Else
declare that ye were not(6) at all affected by what was said, nor were
excited greatly, and fell a longing, and had not shame withheld you,
would not have refused. For if they dare to do what is even more absurd
than this, much more, I think, will they long for their hair, and lips,
and eyebrows, and every part to be overlaid with molten gold.
But if ye are incredulous, and think I am speaking
in jest, I will relate what I have heard, or rather what is now
existing. The king of the Persians wears his beard golden; those who
are adepts at such work winding leaf of gold about his hairs as about
the woof, and it is laid up as a prodigy.
Glory to Thee, O Christ; with how many good things
hast Thou filled us! How hast Thou provided for our health! From how
great monstrousness, from how great unreasonable-
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ness, hast Thou set us free! Mark! I forewarn you, I advise no longer;
but I command and charge; let him that wills, obey, and him that wills
not, be disobedient; that if ye women do continue thus to act, I will
not suffer it, nor receive you, nor permit you to pass across this
threshold. For what need have I of a crowd of distempered people? And
what if, in my training of you, I do not forbid what is not(1)
excessive? And yet Paul forbade both gold and pearls. (1 Tim. ii. 9.)
We are laughed at by the Greeks, our religion appears a fable.
And to the men I give this advice: Art thou come to
school to be instructed in spiritual philosophy? Divest thyself of that
pride! This is my advice both to men and women; and if any act
otherwise, henceforward I will not suffer it. The disciples were but
twelve, and hear what Christ saith unto them, "Would ye also go away?"
(John vi. 67.) For if we go on for ever flattering you, when shall we
reclaim you? when shall we do you service? "But," saith one, "there are
other sects, and people go over." This is a cold argument, "Better is
one that doeth the will of the Lord, than ten thousand transgressors."
(Ecclus. xvi. 3.) For, what wouldest thou choose thyself, tell me; to
have ten thousand servants that were runaways and thieves, or a single
one that loved thee? Lo! I admonish and command you to break up both
those gay deckings for the face, and such vessels as I have described,
and give to the poor, and not to be so mad.
Let him that likes quit me at once; let him that
likes accuse me, I will not suffer it in any one. When I am about to be
judged at the Tribunal of Christ, ye stand afar off, and your
favor, while I am giving in my account. "Those words have ruined
all! he says,(3) 'let him not(4) go and transfer himself to another
sect!' Nay! he is weak! condescend to him!" To what point? Till when?
Once, and twice, and thrice, but not perpetually.
Lo! I charge you again, and protest after the
pattern of the blessed Paul, "that if I come again I will not spare."
(2 Cor. xiii. 2.) But when ye have done as ye ought, then ye will know
how great the gain is, how great the advantage. Yes! I entreat and
beseech you, and would not refuse to clasp your knees and supplicate
you(5) in this behalf. What softness is it! What luxury, what
wantonness! This is not luxury, but wantonness. What senselessness is
it! What madness! So many poor stand around the Church; and though the
Church has so many children, and so wealthy, she is unable to give
relief to even one poor person; "but one is hungry, and another is
drunken" (1 Cor. xi. 21); one voideth his excrement even into silver,
another has not so much as bread! What madness! what brutishness so
great as this? May we never come to the proof, whether we will
prosecute the disobedient, nor to the indignation which allowing(6)
these practices would cause us; but that willingly and with patience we
may avoid all this, that we may live to God's glory, and be delivered
from, the punishment in the other world, and may obtain the good things
promised to those who love Him, through the grace and love toward man,
&c.
HOMILY VIII.
COLOSSIANS iii. 5-7.
"Mortify your members which are upon the earth; fornication,
uncleanness, passion, evil desire, and covetousness, which is idolatry;
for which things' sake, cometh the wrath of God upon the sons of
disobedience; in the which ye also walked aforetime, when ye lived in
these things."
I KNOW that many are offended by the foregoing
discourse, but what can I do? ye heard what the Master enjoined. Am I
to blame? what shall I do? See ye not the creditors, when debtors are
obstinate, how they wear(2) collars? Heard ye what Paul proclaimed
today? "Mortify" he saith, "your members which are upon the earth;
fornication, uncleanness, passion, evil desire, and covetousness, which
is idolatry." What is worse than such a covetousness? This
is worse than any desire. This is still more grievous than what I
was speaking of, the madness, and the silly weakness about silver. "And
covetousness," he
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saith, "which is idolatry." See in what the evil ends. Do not, I pray,
take what I said amiss, for not by my own good-will, nor without
reason, would I have enemies; but I was wishful ye should attain to
such virtue, as that I might hear of you the things I ought.(1) So that
I said it not for authority's sake, nor of imperiousness,(2) but out of
pain and of sorrow. Forgive me, forgive! I have no wish to violate
decency by discoursing upon such subjects, but I am compelled to it.
Not for the sake of the sorrows of the poor do I say
these things, but for your salvation; for they will perish, will
perish, that have not fed Christ. For what, if thou dost feed some poor
man? still so long as thou livest so voluptuously and luxuriously, all
is to no purpose. For what is required is, not the giving much, but not
too little for the property thou hast; for this is but playing at it.
"Mortify therefore your members," he saith, "which
are upon the earth." What sayest thou? Was it not thou that saidst, "Ye
are buried; ye are buried together with Him; ye are circumcised: we
have put off the body of the sins of the flesh" (c. ii. 11, 12; Rom.
vi. 4); how then again sayest thou, "Mortify"?(3) Art thou sporting?
Dost thou thus discourse, as though those things were in us? There is
no contradiction; but like as if one, who has clean Scoured a statue
that was filthy, or rather who has recast it, and displayed it bright
afresh,(4) should say that the rust was eaten off and destroyed, and
yet should again recommend diligence in clearing away the rust, he doth
not contradict himself, for it is not that rust which he scoured off
that he recommends should be cleared away, but that which grew
afterwards; so it is not that former putting to death he speaks of, nor
those fornications, but those which do afterwards grow.
He said that this is not our life, but another, that
which is in heaven. Tell me now. When he said, Mortify your members
that are upon the earth, is then the earth also accused? or does he
speak of the things upon the earth as themselves sins?(5) "Fornication,
uncleanness," he saith. He has passed over the actions which it is not
becoming even to mention, and by "uncleanness" has expressed all
together.
"Passion," he said, "evil desire."
Lo! he has expressed the whole in the class.
For envy, anger, sorrow, all are "evil desire."
"And covetousness," he saith, "which is idolatry.
For which things' sake cometh the wrath of God upon the sons of
disobedience."
By many things he had been withdrawing them; by the
benefits which are already given, by the evils to come from which we
had been delivered, being who, and wherefore; and all those
considerations, as, for instance, who we were, and in what
circumstances, and that we were delivered therefrom, how, and in what
manner, and on what terms. These were enough to turn one away, but this
one is of greater force than all; unpleasant indeed to speak of, not
however to disservice, but even serviceable. "For which things' sake
cometh," he saith, "the wrath of God upon the sons of disobedience." He
said not, "upon you," but, "upon the sons of disobedience."
"In the which ye also walked aforetime, when ye
lived in them." In order to shame them, he saith, "when ye lived in
them," and implying praise, as now no more so living: at that time they
might.
Ver. 8. "But now put ye also away all these."
He speaks always both universally and particularly;
but this is from earnestness.
Ver. 8, 9. "Anger, wrath, malice, railing, shameful
speaking out of your mouth. Lie not one to another."
"Shameful speaking," he saith, "out of your mouth,"
clearly intimating that it pollutes it.
Ver. 9, 10. "Seeing that ye have put off the old man
with his doings, and have put on the new man, which is being renewed
unto knowledge after the image of Him that created him."
It is worth enquiring here, what can be the reason
why he calls the corrupt life, "members," and "man," and "body," and
again the virtuous life, the same. And if "the man" means "sins," how
is it that he saith, "with his doings"? For once he said, "the old
man," showing that this is not man, but the other. The moral choice
doth rather determine one than the substance, and is rather "man" than
the other. For his substance casteth him not into hell, nor leadeth him
into the kingdom, but men the themselves: and we neither love nor hate
any one so far as he is man, but so far as he is such or such a man. If
then the substance be the body, and in either sort cannot be
accountable, how doth he say that it is evil?(6) But what is that he
saith, "with
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his doings"? He means the choice, with the acts. And he calleth him
"old," on purpose to show his deformity, and hideousness, and
imbecility; and "new," as if to say, Do not expect that it will be with
this one even as with the other, but the reverse: for ever as he
farther advances, he hasteneth not on to old age, but to a youthfulness
greater than the preceding. For when he hath received a fuller
knowledge, he is both counted worthy of greater things, and is in more
perfect maturity, in higher vigor; and this, not from youthfulness
alone, but from that "likeness" also, "after" which he is. Lo! the best
life is styled a creation, after the image of Christ: for this is the
meaning of, "after the image of Him that created him," for Christ too
came not finally to(1) old age, but was so beautiful as it is not even
possible to tell.
Ver. 11. "Where there cannot be Greek and Jew,
circumcision and uncircumcision, Barbarian, Scythian, bondman, freeman:
but Christ is all, and in all."
Lo! here is a third encomium of this "man." With
him, there is no difference admitted either of nation, or of rank, or
of ancestry, seeing he hath nothing of externals, nor needeth them for
all external things are such as these, "circumcision, and
uncircumcision, bondman, freeman, Greek," that is, proselyte, "and
Jew," from his ancestors. If thou have only this "man," thou wilt
obtain the same things with the others that have him.
"But Christ," he saith, "is all, and in all" Christ
will be all things to you, both rank, and descent, "and" Himself "in
you all." Or he says another thing, to wit, that ye all are become one
Christ, being His body.
Ver. 12. "Put on, therefore, as the elect of God,
holy and beloved."
He shows the easiness of virtue, so that they might
both possess it continually, and use it as the greatest ornament. The
exhortation is accompanied also with praise, for then its force is
greatest. For they had been before(2) holy, but not elect; but now both
"elect, and holy, and beloved."
"A heart of compassion." He said not "mercy," but
with greater emphasis used the two words. And he said not, that it
should be as towards brethren, but, as fathers towards children. For
tell me not that he sinned, therefore he said "a heart." And he said
not "compassion," lest he should place them(3) in light estimation, but
"a heart of compassion, kindness, humility, meekness, longsuffering;
forbearing one another, and forgiving each other, if any man have
a complaint against any: even as Christ forgave you, so also do ye."
Again, he speaks after the class,(4) and he always
does it; for from kindness comes humbleness of mind, and from this,
longsuffering. "Forbearing," he saith, "one another," that is, passing
things over(5) And see, how he has shown it to be nothing, by calling
it a "complaint," and saying, "even as Christ forgave you." Great is
the example! and thus he always does; he exhorts them after Christ.
"Complaint," he calls it. In these words indeed he showed it to be a
petty matter; but when he has set before us the example, he has
persuaded us that even if we had serious charges to bring, we ought to
forgive. For the expression, "Even as Christ," signifies this, and not
this only, but also with all the heart; and not this alone, but that
they ought even to love. For Christ being brought into the midst,
bringeth in all these things, both that even if the matters be great,
and even if we have not been the first to injure, even if we be of
great, they of small account, even if they are sure to insult us
afterwards, we ought to lay down our lives for them, (for the words,
"even as," demand this;) and that not even at death only ought one to
stop, but if possible, to go on even after death.
Ver. 14. "And above all these things put on love,
which is the bond of perfectness."
Dost thou see that he saith this? For since it is
possible for one who forgives, not to love; yea, he saith, thou must
love him too, and he points out a way whereby it becomes possible to
forgive. For it is possible for one to be kind, and meek, and
humbleminded, and longsuffering, and yet not affectionate. And
therefore, he said at the first, "A heart of compassion," both love and
pity. "And above all these things, love, which is the bond of
perfectness." Now what he wishes to say is this; that there is no
profit in those things, for all those things fall asunder, except they
be done with love; this it is which clenches them all together;
whatsoever good thing it be thou mentionest, if love be away, it is
nothing, it melts away. And it is as in a ship, even though her rigging
be large, yet if there be no girding ropes, it is of no service;
and in an house, if there be no tie beams, it is the same; and in
a body, though the bones be large, if there be no ligaments, they are
of no service. For whatsoever good deeds any may have, all do vanish
away, if love be not there. He said not that it is the summit, but what
is greater, "the bond"; this is more necessary than the other. For
"summit" indeed is an intensity of perfectness, but "bond" is the
holding fast
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together of those things which produce the perfectness; it is, as it
were, the root.
Ver. 15. "And let the peace of God rule in your
hearts, to the which also ye were called in one body; and be ye
thankful."
"The peace of God." This is that which is fixed and
steadfast. If on man's account indeed thou hast peace, it quickly comes
to dissolution, but if on God's account, never. Although he had spoken
of love universally, yet again he comes to the particular. For there is
a love too which is immoderate; for instance, when out of much love one
makes accusations without reason, and is engaged in contentions, and
contracts aversions. Not this, saith he, not this do I desire; not
overdoing things,(1) but as God made peace with you, so do ye also make
it. How made He peace? Of His own will, not having received anything of
you. What is this? "Let the peace of God rule(2) in your hearts." If
two thoughts are fighting together, set not anger, set not spitefulness
to hold the prize, but peace; for instance, suppose one to have been
insulted unjustly; of the insult are born two thoughts, the one bidding
him to revenge, the other to endure; and these wrestle with one
another: if the Peace of God stand forward as umpire, it bestows the
prize on that which bids endure, and puts the other to shame. How? by
persuading him that God is Peace, that He hath made peace with us. Not
without reason he shows the great struggle there is in the matter. Let
not anger, he saith, act as umpire, let not contentiousness, let not
human peace, for human peace cometh of avenging, of suffering no
dreadful ill. But not this do I intend, he saith, but that which He
Himself left.
He hath represented an arena within, in the
thoughts, and a contest, and a wrestling, and an umpire. Then again,
exhortation, "to the which ye were called," he saith, that is, for the
which ye were called. He has reminded them of how many good things
peace is the cause; on account of this He called thee, for this He
called thee, so as to receive a worthy(3) prize. For wherefore made He
us "one body "? Was it not that she might rule? Was it not that we
might have occasion of being at peace? Wherefore are we all one body?
and now are we one body? Because of peace we are one body, and because
we are one body, we are at peace. But why said he not, "Let the peace
of God be victorious," but "be umpire"? He made her the more honorable.
He would not have the evil thought to come to wrestle with her, but to
stand below. And the very name "prize" cheered the hearer. For if she
have given the prize to the good thought, however impudently the other
behave, it is thereafter of no use. And besides, the other being aware
that, perform what feats he might, he should not receive the prize;
however he might puff, and attempt still more vehement onsets, would
desist as laboring without profit. And he well added, "And be ye
thankful." For this is to be thankful, and very effectively,(4) to deal
with his fellow-servants as God doth with himself, to submit himself to
the Master, to obey; to express his gratitude for all things,(5) even
though one insult him, or beat him.
For in truth he that confesses thanks due to God for
what he suffers, will not revenge himself on him that has done him
wrong, since he at least that takes revenge, acknowledges no gratitude.
But let not us follow him (that exacted)(6) the hundred pence, lest we
hear, "Thou wicked servant," for nothing is worse than this
ingratitude. So that they who revenge are ungrateful.
But why did he begin his list with fornication? For
having said, "Mortify your members which are upon the earth" (c. iii.
5), he immediately says," fornication"; and so he does almost
everywhere. Because this passion hath the greatest sway. For even when
writing his Epistle to the Thessalonians he did the same. (1 Thess. iv.
3.) And what wonder? since to Timothy even he saith, "Keep thyself
pure" (1 Tim. v. 22); and again elsewhere, "Follow after peace
with all men, and the sanctification," without which "no man shall see
the Lord." (Heb. xii. 14.) "Put to death," he says, "your members." Ye
know of what sort that is which is dead, namely, hated, loathed,
dropping to decay. If thou put anything to death, it doth not when dead
continue dead, but presently is corrupted, like the body. Extinguish
then the heat; and nothing that is dead will continue. He shows one
having the same thing in hand, which Christ wrought in the Layer;
therefore also he calleth them "members," as though introducing some
champion, thus advancing his discourse to greater emphasis. And he well
said, "Which are upon the earth," for here they continue, and here they
are corrupted, far rather than these our members. So that not so truly
is the body of the earth, as sin is earthly, for the former indeed
appears even beautiful at times, but those members never. And those
members lust after all things that are
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upon the earth. If the eye be such, it seeth not the things in the
heavens; if the ear, if the hand, if thou mention any other
member whatsoever. The eye seeth bodies, and beauties, and riches;
these are the things of earth, with these it is delighted: the ear with
soft strains, and harp, and pipe, and filthy talking; these are things
which are concerned with earth.
When therefore he has placed his hearers above, near
the throne, he then says, "Mortify your members which are upon the
earth." For it is not possible to stand above with these members; for
there is nothing there for them to work upon. And this clay is worse
than that, for that clay indeed becometh gold, "for this corruptible,"
he saith, "must put on incorruption" (1 Cor. xv. 53), but this clay can
never be retempered more. So that these members are rather "upon the
earth" than those. Therefore he said not, "of the earth," but, "which
are upon the earth," for it is possible that these should not be upon
the earth. For it is necessary that these(1) should be "upon the
earth," but that those(2) should, is not necessary. For when the ear
hears nothing of what is here uttered, but only in the heavens, when
the eye sees nothing of what is here, but only what is above, it is not
"upon the earth"; when the mouth speaketh nothing of the things here,
it is not "upon the earth"; when the hand doeth no evil thing--these
are not of things "upon the earth," but of those in the heavens.
So Christ also saith, "If thy right eye causeth thee
to stumble," that is, if thou lookest unchastely, "cut it out" (Matt.
v. 29), that is, thine evil thought. And he (Paul) seems to me to speak
of "fornication, uncleanness, passion, desire" as the same, namely
fornication: by means of all these expressions drawing us away from
that thing. For in truth this is "a passion"; and like as the body is
subject to any affection, either to fever or to wounds, so also is it
with this. And he said not Restrain, but "Mortify" (put to death), so
that they never rise up more, and "put them away." That which is dead,
we put away; for instance, if there be callosities in the body, their
body is dead, and we put it away. Now, if thou cut into that which is
quick, it produces pain, but if into that which is dead, we are not
even sensible of it. So, in truth, is it with the passions; they make
the soul unclean; they make the soul, which is immortal, passible.
How covetousness is said to be idolatry, we have
oftentimes explained. For the things which do most of all lord it over
the human race, are these, covetousness, and unchasteness, and
evil desire. "For which things' sake cometh," he
saith, "the wrath of God upon the sons of disobedience." Sons of
disobedience, he calls them, to deprive them of excuse, and to show
that it was because they would not be obedient, that they were in that
condition. "In the which ye also," he saith, "walked aforetime,"
and (afterward) became obedient. He points them out as still in them,
and praises them, saying, "But now do ye also put away all these,
anger, wrath, malice, railing, shameful speaking." But against others
he advanceth his discourse. Under the head of "passion and railing" he
means revilings, just as under "wrath" he means wickedness.(3) And in
another place, to shame them, he says, "for we are members one of
another." (Eph. iv. 25.) He makes them out to be as it were
manufacturers of men; casting away this one, and receiving that. He
spoke of a man's "members" (v. 5); here he saith, "all." He spoke of
his heart, wrath, mouth, blasphemy, eyes, fornication, covetousness,
hands and feet, lying, the understanding itself, and the old mind. One
royal form it hath, that, namely, of Christ. They whom he has in view,
appear to me rather to be of the Gentiles. For like as earth, being but
sand, even though one part be greater, another less, losing its own
previous form, doth afterwards become gold; and like as wool, of
whatever kind it be, receiveth another aspect, and hides its former
one: so truly is it also with the faithful. "Forbearing," he saith,
"one another"; he showeth what is just. Thou for-bearest him, and he
thee; and so he says in the Epistle to the Galatians, "Bear ye
one another's burdens." (Gal. vi. 2.) "And be ye thankful," he saith.
For this is what he everywhere especially seeks; the chiefest of good
things.
Give we thanks then in all things; whatever may have
happened; for this is thankfulness. For to do so in prosperity indeed,
is no great thing, for the nature of the circumstances of itself impels
one thereto; but when being in extremities we give thanks, then it is
admirable. For when, in circumstances under which others blaspheme, and
exclaim discontentedly, we give thanks, see how great philosophy is
here. First, thou hast rejoiced God; next, thou hast shamed the devil;
thirdly, thou hast even made that which hath happened to be nothing;
for all at once, thou both givest thanks, and God cuts short the pain,
and the devil departs. For if thou have exclaimed discontentedly, he,
as having succeeded to his wish, standeth close by thee, and God, as
being blasphemed, leaveth thee, and thy calamity is heightened; but if
thou have given thanks, he, as gaining nought, departs; and God, as
being honored, requites
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thee with greater honor. And it is not possible, that a man, who giveth
thanks for his evils should be sensible of them. For his soul
rejoiceth, as doing what is right; forthwith his conscience is bright,
it exults in its own commendation; and that soul which is bright,
cannot possibly be sad of countenance. But in the other case, along
with the misfortune, conscience also assails him with her lash; whilst
in this she crowns, and proclaims him.
Nothing is holier than that tongue, which in evils
giveth thanks to God; truly in no respect doth it fall short of that of
martyrs; both are alike crowned, both this, and they. For over this one
also Stands the executioner to force it to deny God, by blasphemy; the
devil stands over it, torturing it with executioner thoughts, darkening
it with despondencies. If then one bear his griefs, and give thanks, he
hath gained a crown of martyrdom. For instance, is her little child
sick, and doth she give God thanks? this is a crown to her. What
torture so bad that despondency is not worse? still it doth not force
her to vent forth a bitter word. It dies: again she hath given thanks.
She hath become the daughter of Abraham. For if she sacrificed not with
her own hand, yet was she pleased with the sacrifice, which is the
same; she felt no indignation when the gift was taken away.
Again, is her child sick? She hath made no
amulets.(1) It is counted to her as martyrdom, for she sacrificed her
son in her resolve. For what, even though those things are unavailing,
and a mere cheat and mockery, still there were nevertheless those who
persuaded her that they do avail: and she chose rather to see her child
dead, than to put up with idolatry. As then she is a martyr, whether it
be in her own case, or in her son's, that she hath thus acted; or in
her husband's, or in any other's of her dearest; so is that other one
an idolatress. For it is evident that she would have done sacrifice,
had it been allowed her to do sacrifice; yea, rather, she hath even now
performed the act of sacrifice. For these amulets, though they who make
money by them are forever rationalizing about them, and saying, "we
call upon God, and do nothing extraordinary," and the like; and "the
old woman is a Christian," says he, "and one of the faithful "; the
thing is idolatry. Art thou one of the faithful? sign the Cross; say,
this I have for my only weapon; this for my remedy; and other I know
none. Tell me, if a physician should come to one, and, neglecting the
remedies belonging to his art, should use incantation, should we call
that man a physician? By no means: for we see not the medicines of the
healing art; so neither, in this case, do we see those of Christianity.
Other women again tie about them(2) the names of
rivers, and venture numberless things of like nature. Lo, I say, and
forewarn you all, that if any be detected, I will not spare them
again, whether they have made amulet, or incantation, or
any other thing of such an art as this. What then, saith one, is the
child to die? If he have lived through this means, he did then die, but
if he have died without this, he then lived. But now, if thou seest him
attaching himself to harlots, thou wishest him buried, and sayest,
"why, what good is it for him to live?" but when thou seest him in
peril of his salvation, dost thou wish to see him live? Heardest thou
not Christ saying, "He that loseth his life, shall find it; and he that
findeth it, shall lose it"? (Matt. xvi. 25.) Believest thou these
sayings, or do they seem to thee fables? Tell me now, should one say,
"Take him away to an idol temple, and he will live"; wouldest thou
endure it? No! she replies. Why? "Because," she saith, "he urges me to
commit idolatry; but here, there is no idolatry, but simple
incantation:" this is the device of Satan, this is that wiliness of the
devil to cloak over the deceit, and to give the deleterious drug in
honey. After he found that he could not prevail with thee in the other
way,(3) he hath gone this way about, to stitched charms, and old wives'
fables; and the Cross indeed is dishonored, and these charms preferred
before it. Christ is cast out, and a drunken and silly old woman is
brought in. That mystery of ours is trodden under foot, and the
imposture of the devil dances.
Wherefore then, saith one, doth not God reprove the
aid from such sources? He hath many times reproved, and yet hath not
persuaded thee; He now leaveth thee to thine error, for It saith, "God
gave them up unto a reprobate mind." (Rom. i. 28.) These things,
moreover, not even a Greek who hath understanding could endure. A
certain demagogue in Athens is reported once to have hung these things
about him: when a philosopher who was his instructor, on beholding
them, rebuked him, expostulated, satirized, made sport of him. For in
so wretched a plight are we, as even to believe in these things!
Why, saith one, are there not now those who raise
the dead, and perform cures? Yes, then, why, I say: why are there not
now those who have a contempt for this present life? Do we serve God
for hire? When man's nature was weaker, when the Faith had to be
planted, there were even many such; but now he would
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not have us to hang upon these signs, but to be ready for death. Why
then clingest thou to the present life? why lookest thou not on
the future? and for the sake of this indeed canst bear even to commit
idolatry, but for the other not so much as to restrain sadness? For
this cause it is that there are none such now; because that (future)
life hath seemed to us honorless, seeing that for its sake we do
nothing, whilst for this there is nothing we refuse to undergo. And why
too that other farce, ashes, and soot, and salt? and the old woman
again brought in? A farce truly, and a shame! And then, "an eye," say
they, "hath caught the child."
Where will these satanical doings end? How will not
the Greeks laugh? how will they not gibe when we say unto them, "Great
is the virtue of the Cross"; how will they be won, when they see us
having recourse to those things, which themselves laugh to scorn? Was
it for this that God gave physicians and medicines? What then? Suppose
they do not cure him, but the child depart? Whither will he depart?
tell me, miserable and wretched one! Will he depart to the demons? Will
he depart to some tyrant? Will he not depart to heaven? Will he not
depart to his own Lord? Why then grievest thou? why weepest thou? why
mournest thou? why lovest thou thine infant more than thy Lord? Is it
not through Him that thou hast this also? Why art thou ungrateful? Dost
thou love the gift more than the Giver? "But I am weak," she replies,
"and cannot bear the fear of God." Well, if in bodily evils the greater
covers the less, much rather in the soul, fear destroyed fear, and
sorrow, sorrow. Was the child beautiful? But be it what it may, not
more beauteous is he than Isaac: and he too was an only one. Was it
born in thine old age? So too was he. But is it fair? Well: however
fair it may be, it is not lovelier than Moses (Acts vii. 20), who drew
even barbarian eyes unto a tender love of him, and this too at a time
of life when beauty is not yet disclosed; and yet this beloved thing
did the parents cast into the river. Thou indeed both seest it laid
out, and deliverest it to the burying, and goest to its monument; but
they did not so much as know whether it would be food for fishes,
or for dogs, or for other beasts that prey in the sea; and this they
did, knowing as yet nothing of the Kingdom, nor of the Resurrection.
But suppose it is not an only child; but that after
thou hast lost many, this also hath departed. But not so sudden is thy
calamity as was Job's, and (his was) of sadder aspect?(1) It is not
when a roof has fallen in, it is not as they are feasting the while, it
is not following on the tidings of other calamities.
But was it beloved by thee? But not more so than
Joseph, the devoured of wild beasts; but still the father bore the
calamity, and that which followed it, and the next to that. He
wept; but acted not with impiety; he mourned, but he uttered not
discontent, but stayed at those words, saying, "Joseph is not, Simeon
is not, and will ye take Benjamin away? all these things are against
me."(2) (Gen. xlii. 36.) Seest thou how the constraint of famine
prevailed with him to be regardless of his children? and doth not the
fear of God prevail with thee as much as famine?
Weep: I do not forbid thee: but aught blasphemous
neither say nor do. Be thy child what he may, he is not like Abel; and
yet nought of this kind did Adam say; although that calamity was a sore
one, that his brother should have killed him. But I am reminded of
others also that have killed their brothers; when, for instance,
Absalom killed Amnon the eldest born (2 Sam. 13), and King David loved
his child,(3) and sat indeed in sackcloth and ashes, but he neither
brought soothsayers, nor enchanters, (although there were such then, as
Saul shows,) but he made supplication to God. So do thou likewise: as
that just man did, so do thou also; the same words say thou, when thy
child is dead, "I shall go to him, but he will not come to me." (2 Sam.
xii. 23.) This is true wisdom, this is affection. However much thou
mayst love thy child, thou wilt not love so much as he did then. For
even though his child were born of adultery, yet that blessed man's
love of the mother was at its height,(4) and ye know that the offspring
shares the love of the parents. And so great was his love toward it,
that he even wished it to live, though it would be his own accuser, but
still he gave thanks to God. What, thinkest thou, did Rebecca suffer,
when his brother threatened Jacob, and she grieved not her husband, but
bade him send her son away? (Gen. xxvii. 46; xxviii. 1.) When thou hast
suffered any calamity, think on what is worse than it; and thou wilt
have a sufficient consolation; and consider with thyself, what if he
had died in battle? what if in fire? And whatsoever our sufferings may
be, let us think upon things yet more fearful, and we shall have
comfort sufficient, and let us ever look around us on those who have
undergone more terrible things, and if we ourselves have ever suffered
heavier calamities. So doth Paul also exhort us; as when he saith, "Ye
have not
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yet resisted unto blood, striving against sin" (Heb. xii. 4): and
again, "There hath no temptation taken you but such as man can bear."
(1 Cor. x. 13.) Be then our sufferings what they may, let us look round
on what is worse; (for we shall find such,) and thus shall we be
thankful. And above all, let us give thanks for all things continually;
for so, both these things will be eased, and we shall live to the
glory of God, and obtain the promised good things, whereunto may all we
attain, through the grace and love toward man, &c.
HOMILY IX.
Colossians iii. 16, 17.
"Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly in all wisdom; teaching and
admonishing one another with psalms and hymns and spiritual songs,
singing with grace in your hearts to God.(1) And whatsoever ye do in
word or in deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to
God the Father through Him."
HAVING exhorted them to be thankful, he shows also
the way, that, of which I have lately discoursed to you. And what saith
he? "Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly"; or rather not this
way alone, but another also. For I indeed said that we ought to reckon
up those who have suffered things more terrible, and those who have
undergone sufferings more grievous than ours, and to give thanks that
such have not fallen to our lot; but what saith he? "Let the word of
Christ dwell in you"; that is, the teaching, the doctrines, the
exhortation, wherein He says, that the present life is nothing, nor yet
its good things. If we know this, we shall yield to no hardships
whatever. (Matt. vi. 25, &c.) "Let it dwell in you," he saith,
"richly," not simply dwell, but with great abundance. Hearken ye, as
many as are worldly,(2) and have the charge of wife and children; how
to you too he commits especially the reading of the Scriptures and that
not to be done lightly, nor in any sort of way, but with much
earnestness. For as the rich in money can bear fine and damages, so he
that is rich in the doctrines of philosophy will bear not poverty only,
but all calamities also easily, yea, more easily than that one. For as
for him, by discharging the fine, the man who is rich must needs be
impoverished, and found wanting,(3) and if he should often suffer in
that way, will no longer be able to bear it, but in this case it is not
so; for we do not even expend our wholesome thoughts when it is
necessary for us to bear aught we would not choose, but they abide with
us continually. And mark the wisdom of this blessed man. He said not,
"Let the word of Christ" be in you, simply, but what? "dwell in you,"
and "richly."
"In all wisdom, teaching and admonishing one
another." "In all," says he. Virtue he calls wisdom, and lowliness of
mind is wisdom, and almsgiving, and other such like things, are wisdom;
just as the contraries are folly, for cruelty too cometh of folly.
Whence in many places it calleth the whole of sin folly. "The fool,"
saith one, "hath said in his heart, There is no God" (Ps. xiv. 1); and
again, "My wounds stink and are corrupt from the face of my
foolishness." (Ps. xxxviii. 5, Sept.) For what is more foolish, tell
me, than one who indeed wrappeth himself about in his own garments, but
regardeth not his brethren that are naked; who feedeth dogs, and careth
not that the image of God is famishing; who is merely persuaded that
human things are nought, and yet clings to them as if immortal. As then
nothing is more foolish than such an one, so is nothing wiser than one
that achieveth virtue. For mark; how wise he is, says one. He imparteth
of his substance, he is pitiful, he is loving to men, he hath well
considered that he beareth a common nature with them; he hath well
considered the use of wealth, that it is worthy of no estimation; that
one ought to be sparing of bodies that are of kin to one, rather than
of wealth. He that is a despiser of glory is wholly wise, for he
knoweth human affairs; the knowledge of things divine and human, is
philosophy. So then he knoweth what things are divine, and what are
human, and from the one he keeps himself, on the other he bestoweth his
pains. And he knows how to give thanks also to God in all things, he
considers the present life as nothing; therefore he is neither
delighted with prosperity, nor grieved with the opposite condition.
Tarry not, I entreat, for another to teach thee;
thou hast the oracles of God. No man teacheth thee as they; for he
indeed oft grudgeth much for vainglory's sake and envy. Hearken, I
entreat you, all ye that are careful for this life, and
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procure books that will be medicines for the soul. If ye will not any
other, yet get you at least the New Testament, the Apostolic Epistles,
the Acts, the Gospels, for your constant teachers. If grief befall
thee, dive into them as into a chest of medicines; take thence comfort
of thy trouble, be it loss, or death, or bereavement of relations; or
rather dive not into them merely, but take them wholly to thee; keep
them in thy mind.
This is the cause of all evils, the not knowing the
Scriptures. We go into battle without arms, and how ought we to come
off safe? Well contented should we be if we can be safe with them, let
alone without them. Throw not the whole upon us! Sheep ye are, still
not without reason, but rational; Paul committeth much to you also.
They that are under instruction, are not for ever learning; for then
they are not taught. If thou art for ever learning, thou wilt never
learn. Do not so come as meaning to be always learning; (for so thou
wilt never know;) but so as to finish learning, and to teach others. In
the arts do not all persons continue for set times, in the sciences,
and in a word, in all the arts? Thus we all fix definitely a certain
known time; but if ye are ever learning, it is a certain proof that ye
have learned nothing.
This reproach God spake against the Jews. "Borne
from the belly, and instructed even to old age." (Isa. xlvi. 3, 4,
Sept.) If ye had not always been expecting this, all things would not
have gone backward in this way. Had it been so, that some had finished
learning, and others were about to have finished, our work would have
been forward; ye would both have given place to others, and would have
helped us as well. Tell me, were some to go to a grammarian and
continue always learning their letters, would they not give their
teacher much trouble? How long shall I have to discourse to you
concerning life? In the Apostles' times it was not thus, but they
continually leaped from place to place, appointing those who first
learned to be the teachers of any others that were under instruction.
Thus they were enabled to circle the world, through not being bound to
one place. How much instruction, think ye, do your brethren in the
country stand in need of, [they] and their teachers? But ye hold me
riveted fast here. For, before the head is set right, it is superfluous
to proceed to the rest of the body. Ye throw everything upon us. Ye
alone ought to learn from us, and your wives from you, your children
from you; but ye leave all to us. Therefore our toil is excessive.
"Teaching," he saith, "and admonishing one another
with psalms and hymns and spiritual songs." Mark also the
considerateness of Paul. Seeing that reading is toilsome, and its
irksomeness great, he led them not to histories, but to psalms, that
thou mightest at once delight thy soul with singing, and gently beguile
thy labors. "Hymns," he saith, "and spiritual songs." But now your
children will utter songs and dances of Satan, like cooks, and
caterers, and musicians; no one knoweth any psalm, but it seems a thing
to be ashamed of even, and a mockery, and a joke. There is the treasury
house of all these evils. For whatsoever soil the plant stands in, such
is the fruit it bears; if in a sandy and salty soil, of like nature is
its fruit; if in a sweet and rich one, it is again similar. So
the matter of instruction is a sort of fountain. Teach him to
sing those psalms which are so full of the love of wisdom; as at once
concerning chastity, or rather, before all, of not companying with the
wicked, immediately with the very beginning of the book; (for therefore
also it was that the prophet began on this wise, "Blessed is the man
that hath not walked in the counsel of the ungodly"; Ps. i. 1, and
again, "I have not sat in I.the council of vanity", Ps. xxvi. 4, Sept.,
and again, "in his sight a wicked doer is contemned, but he
honoreth those that fear the Lord," Ps. xv. 4, Sept.,) of companying
with the good, (and these subjects thou wilt find there in abundance,)
of restraining the belly, of restraining the hand, of refraining from
excess, of not overreaching; that money is nothing, nor glory, and
other things such like.
When in these thou hast led him on from childhood,
by little and little thou wilt lead him forward even to the higher
things. The Psalms contain all things, but the Hymns again have nothing
human.[1] When he has been instructed out of the Psalms, he will then
know hymns also, as a diviner thing. For the Powers above chant hymns,
not psalms. For "a hymn," saith one, "is not comely in the month of a
sinner" (Ecclus. xv. 9); and again, "Mine eyes shall be upon the
faithful of the land, that they sit together with me" (Ps. ci. 6, 7,
Sept.); and again, "he that worketh haughtiness hath not dwelt in the
midst of my house"; and again, "He that walketh in a blameless way, he
ministered unto me." (Ps. ci. 6, Sept.)
So that ye should safely guard them from intermixing
themselves, not only with friends, but even with servants. For the harm
done to the free is incalculable, when we place over them corrupt
slaves. For if when enjoying all the benefit of a father's affection
and wisdom, they can with difficulty be preserved safe throughout; when
we hand them over to the unscrupulous-
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hess of servants, they use them like enemies, thinking that they will
prove milder masters to them, when they have made them perfect fools,
and weak, and worthy of no respect.
More then than all other things together, let us
attend seriously to this. "I have loved," saith he," those that love
thy law." (Ps. cxix. 165, not exact.) This man then let us too emulate,
and such let us love. And that the young may further be taught
chastity, let them hear the Prophet, saying, "My loins are filled with
illusions"[1] (Ps. xxxviii. 7, Sept.); and again let them hear him
saying, "Thou wilt utterly destroy every one that goeth a whoring from
Thee." (Ps. lxxiii. 27, Sept.) And, that one ought to restrain the
belly, let them hear again, "And slew," he saith, "the more part of
them[2] while the meat was yet in their mouths." (Ps. Ixxviii. 30,
Sept.) And that they ought to be above bribes, "If riches become
abundant, set [not][3] your heart upon them" (Ps. lxii. 10); and that
they ought to keep glory in subjection, "Nor shall his glory descend
together after him." (Ps. xlix. 17.) And not to envy the wicked, "Be
not envious against them that work unrighteousness." (Ps. xxxvii. 1.)
And to count power as nothing, "I saw the ungodly in exceeding high
place, and lifting himself up as the cedars of Libanus, and I passed
by, and lo! he was not." (Ps. xxxvii. 35.) And to count these present
things as nothing, "They counted the people happy, that are in such a
case; happy are the people, whose helper is the Lord their God." (Ps.
cxliv. 15, Sept.) That we do not sin without notice, but that there is
a retribution, "for," he saith, "Thou shalt render to every man
according to his works." (Ps. lxii. 12, Sept.) But why doth he not so
requite them day by day? "God is a judge," he says; "righteous, and
strong, and longsuffering." (Ps. vii. 11.) That lowliness of mind is
good, "Lord," he saith, "my heart is not lifted up" (Ps. cxxxi. 1):
that pride is evil, "Therefore," he said, "pride took hold on them
wholly" (Ps. lxxiii. 6, Sept.); and again, "The Lord resisteth the
proud"; and again, "Their injustice shall come out as of fatness." That
almsgiving is good, "He hath dispersed, he hath given to the needy, his
righteousness endureth for ever." (Prov. iii. 34.) And that to pity is
praiseworthy, "He is a good man that pitieth, and lendeth." (Ps.
lxxiii. 7, Sept.) And thou wilt find there many more doctrines than
these, full of true philosophy; such as, that one ought not to speak
evil, "Him that privily slandereth his neighbor, him did I chase from
me." (Ps. cxii. 9.)
What is the hymn of those above? The Faithful know.
What say the cherubim above? What say the Angels? "Glory to God in the
highest." (Ps. cxii. 5.) Therefore after the psalmody come the hymns,
as a thing of more perfection. "With psalms," he saith, "with hymns,
with spiritual songs, with grace singing in your hearts to God." (Ps.
ci. 5, Sept.) He means either this, that God because of grace hath
given us these things; or, with the songs in grace; or, admonishing and
teaching one another in grace; or, that they had these gifts in grace;
or, it is an epexegesis[4] and he means, from the grace of the Spirit.
"Singing in your hearts to God." Not simply with the mouth, he means,
but with heedfulness. For this is to "sing to God," but that to the
air, for the voice is scattered without result. Not for display, he
means. And even if thou be in the market-place, thou canst collect
thyself, and sing unto God, no one hearing thee. For Moses also
in this way prayed, and was heard, for He saith, "Why eriest thou unto
Me?" (Ex. xiv. 15) albeit he said nothing, but cried in
thought--wherefore also God alone heard him--with a contrite heart. For
it is not forbidden one even when walking to pray in his heart, and to
dwell above.
Ver. 17. "And whatsoever ye do," he saith, "in word
or in deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God
the Father through Him."
For if we thus do, there will be nothing polluted,
nothing unclean, wherever Christ is called on. If thou eat, if thou
drink, if thou marry, if thou travel, do all in the Name of God, that
is, calling Him to aid thee: in everything first praying to Him, so
take hold of thy business. Wouldest thou speak somewhat? Set this in
front. For this cause we also place in front of our epistles the Name
of the Lord. Wheresoever the Name of God is, all is auspicious. For if
the names of Consuls make writings sure, much more doth the Name of
Christ. Or he means this; after God say ye and do everything, do not
introduce the Angels besides. Dost thou eat? Give thanks to God both
before and afterwards. Dost thou sleep? Give thanks to God both before
and afterwards. Launchest thou into the forum? Do the same--nothing
worldly, nothing of this life. Do all in the Name of the Lord, and all
shall be prospered to thee. Whereonsoever the Name is placed, there all
things are auspicious. If it casts out devils, if it drives away
diseases, much more does it render business easy. And what is to "do in
word or in deed"?
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Either requesting or performing anything whatever. Hear how in the Name
of God Abraham sent his servant; David in the Name of God slew Goliath.
Marvelous is His Name and great. Again, Jacob sending his sons saith,
"My God give you favor in the sight of the man." (Gen. xliii. 14.) For
he that doeth this hath for his ally, God, without whom he durst do
nothing. As honored then by being called upon, He will in turn honor by
making their business easy. Invoke the Son, give thanks to the Father.
For when the Son is invoked, the Father is invoked, and when He is
thanked, the Son has been thanked.
These things let us learn, not as far as words only,
but to fulfill them also by works. Nothing is equal to this Name;
marvelous is it everywhere. "Thy Name," he saith, "is ointment poured
forth." (Cant. i. 3.) He that hath uttered it is straightway filled
with fragrance. "No man," it is said, "can call Jesus Lord, but by the
Holy Ghost." (1 Cor. xii. 3.) So great things doth this Name Work. If
thou have said, In[1] the Name of Father, and Son, and Holy Ghost, with
faith, thou hast accomplished everything. See, how great things thou
hast done! Thou hast created a man, and wrought all the rest (that
cometh) of Baptism! So, when used in commanding diseases, terrible is
The Name. Therefore the devil introduced those[3] of the Angels,
envying us the honor. Such incantations are for the demons. Even if it
be Angel, even if it be Archangel, even if it be Cherubim, allow it
not; for neither will these Powers accept such addresses, but will even
toss them away from them, when they have beheld their Master
dishonored. "I have honored thee," He saith, "and have said, Call upon
Me"; and dost thou dishonor Him? If thou chant this incantation with
faith, thou wilt drive away both diseases and demons,[4] and even if
thou have failed to drive away the disease, this is not from lack of
power, but because it is expedient it should be so. "According to Thy
greatness, he saith, "so also is Thy praise." (Ps. xlviii. 10.) By this
Name hath the world been converted, the tyranny dissolved, the devil
trampled on, the heavens opened. We have been regenerated by this Name.
This if we have, we beam forth; This maketh both martyrs and
confessors; This let us hold fast as a great gift, that we may live in
glory, and be well-pleasing to God, and be counted worthy of the good
things promised to them that love Him, through the grace and
lovingkindness, &c.
HOMILY X.
Colossians iii. 18--25.
"Wives, be in subjection to your husbands, as is fitting in the Lord.
Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against them. Children,
obey your parents in all things, for this is well-pleasing in[2] the
Lord. Fathers, provoke not your children, that they be not discouraged.
Servants, obey in all things them that are your masters according to
the flesh; not with eye-service, as men-pleasers, but in singleness of
heart, fearing the Lord: whatsoever ye do, work heartily, as unto the
Lord, and not unto men; knowing that from the Lord ye shall receive the
recompense of the inheritance: ye serve the Lord Christ. For he that
doeth wrong shall receive again for the wrong that he hath done: and
there is no respect of persons with God. (Chap. iv. 1.) Masters, render
unto your servants that which is just and equal; knowing that ye also
have a Master in heaven."
WHY does he not give these commands everywhere, and
in all the Epistles, but only here, and in that to the Ephesians, and
that to Timothy, and that to Titus? Because probably there were
dissensions in these cities; or probably they were correct in other
respects, so that it was expedient they should hear about these things.
Rather, however, what he saith to these, he saith to all. Now in these
things also this Epistle bears great resemblance to that to the
Ephesians, either[5] because it was not fitting to write about these
things to men now[6] at peace, who needed
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to be instructed in high doctrines as yet lacking to them, or because
that for persons who had been comforted under trials, it were
superfluous to hear on these subjects. So that I conjecture, that in
this place the Church was now well-grounded, and that these things are
said as in finishing.
Ver. 18. "Wives, be in subjection to your husbands,
as is fitting in the Lord."
That is, be subject for God's sake, because this
adorneth you, he saith, not them. For I mean not that subjection which
is due to a master, nor yet that alone which is of nature, but that for
God's sake.
Ver. 19. "Husbands, love your wives, and be not
bitter against them."
See how again he has exhorted to reciprocity. As in
the other case he enjoineth fear and love, so also doth he here. For it
is possible for one who loves even, to be bitter. What he saith then is
this. Fight not; for nothing is more bitter than this fighting, when it
takes place on the part of the husband toward the wife. For the
fightings which happen between beloved persons, these are bitter; and
he shows that it ariseth from great bitterness, when, saith he, any one
is at variance with his own member. To love therefore is the husband's
part, to yield pertains to the other side. If then each one contributes
his own part, all stands firm. From being loved, the wife too becomes
loving; and from her being submissive, the husband becomes yielding.
And see how in nature also it hath been so ordered, that the one should
love, the other obey. For when the party governing loves the governed,
then everything stands fast. Love from the governed is not so
requisite, as from the governing towards the governed; for from the
other obedience is due. For that the woman hath beauty, and the man
desire, shows nothing else than that for the sake of love it hath been
made so. Do not therefore, because thy wife is subject to thee, act the
despot; nor because thy husband loveth thee, be thou puffed up. Let
neither the husband's love elate the wife, nor the wife's subjection
puff up the husband. For this cause hath He subjected her to thee, that
she may be loved the more. For this cause He hath made thee to be
loved, O wife, that thou mayest easily bear thy subjection. Fear not in
being a subject; for subjection to one that loveth thee hath no
hardship. Fear not in loving, for thou hast her yielding. In no other
way then could a bond have been. Thou hast then thine authority of
necessity, proceeding from nature; maintain also the bond that
proceedeth from love, for this alloweth the weaker to be endurable.[1]
Ver. 20. "Children, obey your parents in all things,
for this is well-pleasing in the Lord."
Again he has put that, "in the Lord," at once laying
down the laws of obedience, and shaming them, and casting them
down. For this, saith he, is well-pleasing to the Lord. See how he
would have us do all not from nature only, but, prior to this, from
what is pleasing to God, that we may also have reward.
Ver. 21. "Fathers, provoke not your children, that
they be not discouraged."
Lo! again here also is subjection and love. And he
said not, "Love your children," for it had been superfluous, seeing
that nature itself constraineth to this; but what needed correction he
corrected; that the love should in this case also be the more vehement,
because that the obedience is greater. For it nowhere lays down as an
exemplification the relation of husband and wife; but what? hear the
prophet saying, "Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord
pitied them that fear Him" (Ps. ciii. 13, Sept.) And again Christ
saith, "What man is there of you, whom if his son ask bread, will he
give him a stone? or if he ask a fish, will he give him a serpent?"
(Matt. vii. 9.)
"Fathers, provoke not your children, that they be
not discouraged."
He hath set down what he knew had the greatest power
to seize upon them; and whilst commanding them he has spoken more like
a friend; and nowhere does he mention God, for he would overcome
parents, and bow their tender affections. That is, "Make them not more
contentious, there are occasions when you ought even to give way."
Next he comes to the third kind of authority. There
is here also a certain love, but that no more proceeding from nature,
as above, but from habit, and from the authority itself, and the works
done. Seeing then that in this case the sphere of love is narrowed,
whilst that of obedience is amplified, he dwelleth upon this, wishing
to give to these from their obedience, what the first have from nature.
So that what he discourseth with the servants alone[2] is not for their
masters' sakes, but for their own also, that they may make themselves
the objects of tender affection to their masters. But he sets not this
forth openly; for so he would doubtless have made them supine.
Ver. 22. "Servants," he saith, "obey in all things
your masters according to the flesh."
And see how always he sets down the names, "wives,
children, servants," being at once a just
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claim upon their obedience. But that none might be pained, he added,
"to your masters according to the flesh." Thy better part, the soul, is
free, he saith; thy service is for a season. It therefore do thou
subject, that thy service be no more of constraint. "Not with
eye-service, as men-pleasers." Make, he saith, thy service which is by
the law, to be from the fear of Christ. For if when thy master seeth
thee not, thou doest thy duty and what is for his honor, it is manifest
that thou doest it because of the sleepless Eye. "Not with
eye-service," he saith, "as men-pleasers"; thus implying, "it is you
who will have to sustain the damage." For hear the prophet saying, "God
hath scattered the bones of the men-pleasers." (Ps. liii. 6, Sept.) See
then how he spares them, and brings them to order. "But in singleness
of heart," he saith, "fearing God."[1] For that is not singleness, but
hypocrisy, to hold one thing, and act another; to appear one when the
master is present, another when he is absent. Therefore he said not
simply, "in singleness of heart," but, "fearing God." For this is to
fear God, when, though none be seeing, we do not aught that is evil;
but if we do, we fear not God, but men. Seest thou how he bringeth them
to order?
Ver. 23. "Whatsoever ye do, work heartily, as unto
the Lord, and not unto men."
He desires to have them freed not only from
hypocrisy, but also from slothfulness. He hath made them instead of
slaves free, when they need not the superintendence of their master for
the expression "heartily" means this, "with good will," not with a
slavish necessity, but with freedom, and of choice. And what is the
reward?
Ver. 24. "Knowing," he saith, "that from the Lord ye
shall receive the recompense of your[2] inheritance: for ye serve the
Lord Christ."
For from Him also it is evident that ye shall
receive the reward. And that ye serve the Lord is plain from this.
Ver. 25. "For he that doeth wrong," he saith, "shall
receive again for the wrong that he hath done."
Here he confirmeth his former statements. For that
his words may not appear to be those of flattery, "he shall receive,"
he saith, "the wrong he hath done," that is, he shall suffer punishment
also, "for there is no respect of persons."[3] For what if thou art a
servant? it is no shame to thee. And truly he might have said this to
the masters, as he did in the Epistle to the Ephesians. (Eph. vi. 9.)
But here he seems to me to be alluding to the Grecian masters. For,
what if he is a Greek and thou a Christian? Not the persons but the
actions are examined, so that even in this case thou oughtest to
serve with good will, and heartily.
Chap. iv. 1. "Masters, render unto your servants
that which is just and equal."
What is "just"? What is "equal"? To place them in
plenty of everything, and not allow them to stand in need of others,
but to recompense them for their labors. For, because I have said that
they have their reward from God, do not thou therefore deprive them of
it. And in another place he saith, "forbearing threatening" (Eph. vi.
9), wishing to make them more gentle; for those were perfect men; that
is, "with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured unto you." (Matt.
vii. 2.) And the words, "there is no respect of persons," are spoken
with a view to these,[4] but they are assigned to the others, in order
that these may receive them. For when we have said to one person what
is applicable to another, we have not corrected him so much, as the one
who is in fault. "Ye also," along with them, he saith. He has here made
the service common, for he saith, "knowing that ye also have a Master
in heaven."
Ver. 2. "Continue in prayer, watching therein with
thanksgiving."
For, since continuing in prayers frequently makes
persons listless, therefore he saith, "watching," that is, sober, not
wandering. For the devil knoweth, he knoweth, how great a good prayer
is; therefore he presseth heavily. And Paul also knoweth how
careless[5] many are when they pray, wherefore he saith, "continue"[6]
in prayer, as of somewhat laborious, "watching therein with
thanksgiving." For let this, he saith, be your work, to give thanks in
your prayers both for the seen and the unseen, and for His benefits to
the willing and unwilling, and for the kingdom, and for hell, and for
tribulation, and for refreshment. For thus is the custom of the Saints
to pray, and to give thanks for the common benefits of all.
I know a certain holy man who prayeth thus. He used
to say nothing before these words, but thus, "We give Thee thanks for
all Thy benefits bestowed upon us the unworthy, from the first day
until the present, for what we know, and what we know not, for the
seen, for the unseen, for those in deed, those in word, those with our
wills, those against our wills, for all that have been bestowed upon
the unworthy, even us; for
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tribulations, for refreshments, for hell, for punishment, for the
kingdom of heaven. We beseech Thee to keep our soul holy, having a pure
conscience; an end worthy of thy lovingkindness. Thou that lovedst us
so as to give Thy Only-Begotten for us, grant us to become worthy of
Thy love; give us wisdom in Thy word, and in Thy fear. Only-Begotten
Christ, inspire the strength that is from Thee. Thou that gavest The
Only-Begotten for us, and hast sent Thy Holy Spirit for the remission
of our sins, if in aught we have wilfully or unwillingly transgressed,
pardon, and impute it not. Remember all that call upon Thy Name in
truth; remember all that wish us well, or the contrary, for we are all
men." Then having added the Prayer[1] of the Faithful, he there ended;
having made that prayer, as a certain crowning part, and a binding
together for all. For many benefits doth God bestow upon us even
against our wills; many also, yea more, without our knowledge even. For
when we pray for one thing, and He doeth to us the reverse, it is plain
that He doeth us good even when we know it not.
Ver. 3. "Withal praying for us also." See his
lowlymindedness; he sets himself after them.
"That God may open to us a door for the word, to
speak the mystery of Christ." He means an entrance, and boldness in
speaking. Wonderful! The great athlete said not "that I may be freed
from my bonds," but being in bonds he exhorted others; and exhorted
them for a great object, that himself might get boldness in speaking.
Both the two are great, both the quality of the person, and of the
thing. Wonderful! how great is the dignity! "The mystery," he saith,
"of Christ." He shows that nothing was more dearly desired by him than
this, to speak. "For which I am also in bonds; that I may make it
manifest, as I ought to speak." (Ver. 4.) He means with much boldness
of speech, and withholding nothing. His bonds display, not obscure him.
With much boldness he means. Tell me, art thou in bonds, and dost thou
exhort others? Yea, my bonds give me the greater boldness; but I pray
for God's furtherance, for I have heard the voice of Christ saying,
"When they deliver you up, be not anxious how or what ye shall speak."
(Matt. x. 19.) And see, how he has expressed himself in metaphor, "that
God may open to us a door for the word"; (see, how unassuming he is;
even in his bonds, how he expresses himself;) that is, that He would
soften their hearts. Still he said not so; but, "that He would give us
boldness"; out of lowlymindedness he thus spoke, and that which he had,
he asks to receive.
He shows in this Epistle, why Christ came not in
those times, in that he calleth the former things "shadow, but the
body," saith he, "is of Christ." So that it was necessary they should
be formed to habits under the shadow. At the same time also he exhibits
the greatest proof of the love he bears to them; "in order that
ye," he saith, "may hear, for that reason, 'I am in bonds.'" Again he
sets before us those bonds of his; which I so greatly love, which rouse
up my heart, and always draw me into longing to see Paul bound, and in
his bonds writing, and preaching, and baptizing, and catechizing. In
his bonds he was referred to on behalf of the Churches everywhere; in
his bonds he builded up incalculably. Then was he rather at large. For
hear him saying, "So that most of the brethren being confident through
my bonds are more abundantly bold to speak the word without fear."
(Phil. i. 14.) And again he makes the same avowal of himself, saying,
"For when I am weak, then am I strong." (2 Cor. xii. 10.) Wherefore he
said also, "But the word of God is not bound." (2 Tim. ii. 9.) He was
bound with malefactors, with prisoners, with murderers; he, the teacher
of the world, he that had ascended into the third heaven, that had
heard the unspeakable words, was bound. (2 Cor. xii. 4.) But then was
his course the swifter. He that was bound, was now loosed; he that was
unbound, was bound. For he indeed was doing what he would; whilst the
other prevented him not, nor accomplished his own purpose.
What art thou about, O senseless one? Think-est thou
he is a fleshly runner? Doth he strive in our race-course? His course
of life is in heaven; him that runneth in heaven, things on earth
cannot bind nor hold. Seest thou not this sun? Enclose his beams with
fetters! stay him from his course! Thou canst not. Then neither canst
thou Paul! Yea, much less this one than that, for this enjoyeth more of
Providence than that, seeing he beareth to us light, not such as that
is, but the true.
Where now are they who are unwilling to suffer aught
for Christ? But why do I say "suffer," seeing that they are unwilling
even to give up their wealth? In time past Paul also used to bind, and
cast into prison; but since he is become Christ's servant, he glorieth
no more of doing, but of suffering. And this, moreover, is marvelous in
the Preaching, when it is thus raised up and increased by the sufferers
themselves, and not by the persecutors. Where hath any seen such
contests as this? He that suffereth ill, conquers; he that doeth ill,
is worsted. Brighter is this man than the other. Through bonds the
Preaching entered. "I am not ashamed "(Rom. i. 16), yea, I glory even,
he saith, in preaching The Crucified. For consider, I pray: the whole
world left those who were at large, and went over to those that are
bound; turning away
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from the imprisoners, it honoreth those laden with chains; hating the
crucifiers, it worships the Crucified.
Not the only marvel is it that the preachers were
fishermen, that they were ignorant; but that there were also other
hindrances, hindrances too by nature; still the increase was all the
more abundant. Not only was their ignorance no hindrance; but even it
itself caused the Preaching to be manifested. For hear Luke saying,
"And perceiving that they were unlearned and ignorant men, they
marveled." (Acts iv. 13.) Not only were bonds no hindrance, but even of
itself this made them more confident. Not so bold were the disciples
when Paul was at large, as when he was bound. For he saith, they "are
more abundantly bold to speak the word" of God "without fear." (Phil.
i. 14.) Where are they that will gainsay the divinity of the Preaching?
Was not their ignorance enough to procure them to be condemned? Would
it not then in this case too, affright them? For ye know that by these
two passions the many are possessed, vainglory and cowardice. Suppose
their ignorance suffered them not to feel ashamed, still the dangers
must have put them in fear.
But, saith one, they wrought miracles. Ye do believe
then that they wrought miracles. But did they not work miracles? This
is a greater miracle than to work them, if men were drawn to them
without miracles. Socrates too amongst the Greeks was put in bonds.
What then? Did not his disciples straightway flee to Megara? Assuredly,
why not? They admitted[1] his arguments about immortality. But see
here. Paul was put in bonds, and his disciples waxed the more
confident, with reason, for they saw that the Preaching was not
hindered. For, canst thou put the tongue in bonds? hereby chiefly it
runneth. For as, except thou have bound the feet of a runner, thou hast
not prevented him from running; so, except thou have bound the tongue
of an evangelist, thou hast not hindered him from running. And as the
former, if thou have bound his loins, runneth on the rather, and is
supported, so too the latter preacheth the rather, and with greater
boldness.
A prisoner is in fear, when there is nothing beyond
bonds: but one that despiseth death, how should he be bound? They did
the same as if they had put in bonds the shadow of Paul, and had gagged
its mouth. For it was a fighting with shadows; for he was both more
tenderly regretted by his friends, and more reverenced by his enemies,
as bearing the prize for courage in his bonds. And a crown binds the
head; but it disgraces it not, yea rather, it makes it brilliant.
Against their wills they crowned him with his chain. For, tell me, was
it possible he could fear iron, who braved the adamantine gates of
death? Come we, beloved, to emulate these bonds. As many of you women
as deck yourselves with trinkets of gold, long ye for the bonds of
Paul. Not so glitters the collar round your necks, as the grace of
these iron bonds gleamed about his soul! If any longs for those, let
him hate these. For what communion hath softness with courage; tricking
out of the body with philosophy? Those bonds Angels reverence, these
they even make a mock of; those bonds are wont to draw up from earth to
heaven; these bonds draw down to earth from heaven. For in truth these
are bonds, not those; those are ornament, these are bonds; these, along
with the body, afflict the soul also; those, along with the body, adorn
as well the soul.
Wouldest thou be convinced that those are ornament?
Tell me which would more have won the notice of the spectators? thou or
Paul? And why do I say, "thou"? the queen[2] herself who is all
bedecked with gold would not have attracted the spectators so much; but
if it had chanted that both Paul in his bonds and the queen had entered
the Church at the same time, all would have removed their eyes from her
to him; and with good reason. For to see a man of a nature greater than
human, and having nought of man, but an angel upon earth, is more
admirable than to see a woman decked with finery. For such indeed one
may see both in theaters, and in pageants, and at baths, and many
places; but whoso seeth a man with bonds upon him, and deeming himself
to have the greatest of ornaments, and not giving way under his bonds,
doth not behold a spectacle of earth, but one worthy of the heavens.
The soul that is in that way attired looks about,--who hath seen? who
not seen?--is filled with pride, is possessed with anxious thoughts, is
bound with countless other passions: but he that hath these bonds on
him, is without pride: his soul exulteth, is freed from every anxious
care, is joyous, hath its gaze on heaven, is clad with wings. If any
one were to give me the choice of seeing Paul either stooping out of
heaven, and uttering his voice, or out of the prison, I would choose
the prison. For they of heaven visit him when he is in the prison. The
bonds of Paul were the bond of the Preaching, that chain of his was its
foundation. Long we for those bonds!
And how, some one says, may this be? If we break up
and dash in pieces these. No good results to us from these bonds, but
even harm. These will show us as prisoners There; but the bonds of Paul
will loose those bonds; she that is bound with these here, with those
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deathless bonds shall she also be bound There, both hands and feet; she
that has been bound with Paul's, shall have them in that day as it were
an ornament about her. Free both thyself from thy bonds, and the poor
man from his hunger. Why rivetest thou fast the chains of thy sins?
Some one saith, flow? When thou wearest gold whilst another is
perishing, when thou, to get thee vainglory, takest so much gold,
whilst another hast not even what to eat, hast thou not wedged fast thy
sins? Put Christ about thee, and not gold; where Mammon is, there
Christ is not, where Christ is, there Mammon is not. Wouldest not thou
put on the King of all Himself? If one had offered thee the purple, and
the diadem, wouldest thou not have taken them before all the gold in
the world? I give thee not the regal ornaments, but I offer thee to put
on the King Himself. And how can one put Christ on, doth any say? Hear
Paul saying, "As many of you as were baptized into Christ, did put on
Christ." (Gal. iii. 27.) Hear the Apostolical precept, "Make not
provision for the flesh to fulfill the lusts thereof." from. xiii. 14.)
Thus doth one put on Christ, if one provide not for the flesh unto its
lusts. If thou have put on Christ, even the demons will fear thee; but
if gold, even men will laugh thee to scorn: if thou have put on Christ,
men also will reverence thee.
Wouldest thou appear fair and comely? Be content
with the Creator's fashioning. Why dost thou overlay these bits of
gold, as if about to put to rights God's creation? Wouldest thou appear
comely? Clothe thee in alms; clothe thee in benevolence; clothe thee in
modesty, humbleness. These are all more precious than gold; these make
even the beautiful yet more comely; these make even the ill formed to
be well formed. For when any one looks upon a countenance with good
will, he gives his judgment from love; but an evil woman, even though
she be beautiful, none can call beautiful; for the mind being
confounded pronounceth not its sentence aright.
That Egyptian woman of old was adorned; Joseph too
was adorned; which of them was the more beautiful? I say not when she
was in the palace, and he in the prison.[1] He was naked, but clothed
in the garments of chastity; she was clothed, but more unseemly than if
she had been naked; for she had not modesty. When thou hast excessively
adorned thee, O woman, then thou art become more unseemly than a naked
one; for thou hast stripped thee of thy fair adorning. Eve also
was naked; but when she had clothed herself, then was she more
unseemly, for when she was naked indeed, she was adorned with the glory
of God; but when she had clothed herself with the garment of sin, then
was she unseemly. And thou, when arraying thyself in the garment of
studied finery, dost then appear more unseemly. For that costliness
availeth not to make any appear beautiful, but that it is possible even
for one dressed out to be even more unseemly than if naked, tell me
now; if thou hadst ever put on the dresses of a piper or a
flute-player, would it not have been unseemliness? And yet those
dresses are of gold; but for this very reason it were unseemliness,
because they are of gold. For the costliness suits well with people on
the stage, tragedians, players, mimes, dancers, fighters with wild
beasts; but to a woman that is a believer, there are given other robes
from God, the Only-Begotten Son of God Himself. "For," he saith, "as
many as were baptized into Christ, did put on Christ." (Gal. iii. 27.)
Tell me, if one had given thee kingly apparel, and thou hadst taken a
beggar's[2] dress, and put this on above it, wouldest thou not, besides
the unseemliness, have also been punished for it? Thou hast put on the
Lord of Heaven, and of the Angels, and art thou still busied about
earth?
I have spoken thus, because love of ornament is of
itself a great evil, even were no other gendered by it, and it were
possible to hold it without peril, (for it inciteth to vainglory and to
pride,) but now many other evils are gendered by finery, evil
suspicions, unseasonable expenses, evil speakings, occasions of
rapacity. For why dost thou adorn thyself? Tell me. Is it that thou
mayest please thy husband? Then do it at home. But here the reverse is
the case. For if thou wouldest please thine own husband, please not
others; but if thou please others, thou wilt not be able to please
thine own. So that thou shouldest put away all thine ornaments, when
thou goest to the forum or proceedest to the church. Besides, please
not thy husband by those means which harlots use, but by those rather
which wives that are free employ. For wherein, tell me, doth a wife
differ from a harlot? In that the one regardeth one thing only, namely,
that by the beauty of her person she may attract to herself him whom
she loves; whilst the other both ruleth the house, and shareth in the
children, and in all other things.
Hast thou a little daughter? look to it lest she
inherit the mischief, for they are wont to form their manners according
to their nurture, and to imitate their mothers' behavior. Be a pattern
to thy daughter of modesty, deck thy-
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self with that adorning, and see that thou despise the other; for that
is in truth an ornament, the other a disfigurement. Enough has been
said. Now God that made the world, and hath given to us the ornament[1]
of the soul, adorn us, and clothe us with His own glory, that all
shining brightly in good works, and living unto His glory, we may send
up glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, now and
always, &c.
HOMILY XI.
Colossians iv. 5, 6.
" Walk in wisdom toward them that are without, redeeming the time. Let
your speech be always with grace, seasoned with salt, that ye may know
how ye ought to answer each one."
WHAT Christ said to His disciples, that doth Paul
also now advise. And what did Christ say? "Behold, I send you forth as
sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and
harmless as doves." (Matt. x. 16.) That is, be upon your guard, giving
them no handle against you. For therefore it is added, "towards them
that are without," in order that we may know that against our own
members we have no need of so much caution as against those without.
For where brethren are, there are both many allowances and kindnesses.
There is indeed need of caution even here; but much more without, for
it is not the same to be amongst enemies and foes, and amongst friends.
Then because he had alarmed them, see how again he
encourages them; "Redeeming," he saith, "the time": that is, the
present time is short. Now this he said, not wishing them to be crafty,
nor hypocrites, (for this is not a part of wisdom, but of
senselessness,) but what? In matters wherein they harm you not, he
means, give them no handle; as he says also, when writing to the
Romans, "Render to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due,
custom to whom custom, honor to whom honor." from. xiii. 7.) On account
of the Preaching alone have thou war, he saith, let this war have none
other origin. For though they were to become our foes for other causes
besides, yet neither shall we have a reward, and they will become
worse, and will seem to have just complaints against us. For instance,
if we pay not the tribute, if we render not the honors that are due, if
we be not lowly. Seest thou not Paul, how submissive he is, where
he was not likely to harm the Preaching. For hear him saying to
Agrippa, I think myself happy, because I shall answer for myself this
day before thee, especially because I know thee to be expert in all
customs and questions which are among the Jews." (Acts xxvi. 2, 3.) But
had he thought it his duty to insult the ruler, he would have spoiled
everything. And hear too those of blessed Peter's company, how gently
they answer the Jews, saying, "we must obey God rather than men." (Acts
v. 29.) And yet men who had renounced their own lives, might both have
insulted, and have done anything whatever; but for this object they had
renounced their lives, not that they might win vainglory, (for that way
had been vainglorious,) but that they might preach and speak all things
with boldness.That other course marks want of moderation.
"Let your speech be always with grace, seasoned with
salt"; that is, that this graciousness may not lapse into
indifferentism. For it is possible to be simply agreeable, it is
possible also to be so with due seemliness. "That ye may know how ye
ought to answer each one." So that one ought not to discourse alike to
all, Greeks, I mean, and Brethren. By no means, for this were the very
extreme of senselessness.
Ver. 7. "All my affairs shall Tychicus make known
unto you, the beloved brother and faithful minister and fellow-servant
in the Lord."
Admirable! how great is the wisdom of Paul! Observe,
he doth not put everything into his Epistles, but only things necessary
and urgent. In the first place, being desirous of not drawing them out
to a length; and secondly, to make his messenger more respected, by his
having also somewhat to relate; thirdly, showing his own affection
towards him; for he would not else have entrusted these communications
to him. Then, there were things which ought not to be declared in
writing. "The beloved brother," he saith. If beloved, he knew all, and
he concealed nothing from him. "And faithful minister and
fellow-servant in the Lord." If "faithful," he will speak no falsehood;
if "a fellow-servant," he hath shared his trials, so
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that he has brought together from all sides the grounds of
trustworthiness.
Ver. 8. "Whom I have sent unto you for this very
purpose."
Here he shows his great love, seeing that for this
purpose he sent him, and this was the cause of his journey; and so when
writing to the Thessalonians, he said, "Wherefore when we could no
longer forbear, we thought it good to be left behind at Athens alone,
and sent Timothy our brother." (1 Thess. iii. 1, 2.) And to the
Ephesians he sends this very same person, and for the very same cause,
"That he might know your estate, and comfort your hearts." (Eph. vi.
21, 22.) See what he saith, not "that ye might know my estate," but
"that I might know yours." So in no place doth he mention what is his
own. He shows that they were in trials too, by the expression, "comfort
your hearts."
Ver. 9. "With Onesimus, the beloved and faithful
brother, who is one of you. They shall make known unto you all things
that are done here. "
Onesimus is the one about whom, writing to Philemon,
he said, "Whom I would fain have kept with me, that in thy behalf he
might minister unto me in the bonds of the Gospel: but without thy mind
I would do nothing." (Philem. 13, 14.) And he adds too the praise of
their city, that they might not only not[1] be ashamed, but even pride
themselves on him. "Who is one of you," he saith. "They shall make
known unto you all things that are done here."
Ver. 10. "Aristarchus my fellow-prisoner saluteth
you."
Nothing can surpass this praise. This is he that was
brought up from Jerusalem with him. This man hath said a greater thing
than the prophets; for they call themselves "strangers and foreigners,"
but this one calleth himself even a prisoner. Just like a prisoner of
war he was dragged up and down,[2] and lay at every one's will to
suffer evil of them, yea rather worse even than prisoners. For those
indeed their enemies, after taking them, treat with much attention,
having a care for them as their own property: but Paul, as though an
enemy and a foe, all men dragged up and down, beating him, scourging,
insulting, and maligning. This was a consolation to those also (to whom
he wrote), when their master even is in such circumstances.
"And Mark, the cousin of Barnabas"; even this man he
hath praised still from his relationship, for Barnabas was a great man;
"touching whom ye received commandments; if he come unto you,
receive him." Why? would they not have received him? Yes, but he means,
with much attention; and this shows the man to be great. Whence they
received these commandments, he does not say. Ver. 11. "And Jesus which
is called Justus." This man was probably a Corinthian. Next, he bestows
a common praise on all, having already spoken that of each one in
particular; "who are of the circumcision: these only are my
fellow-workers unto the kingdom of God, men that have been a comfort
unto me." After having said, "fellow-prisoner"; in order that he may
not therewith depress the soul of his hearers, see how by this
expression he rouseth them up. "Fellow-workers," he saith, "unto the
kingdom of God." So that being partakers of the trials, they become
partakers of the kingdom. "Who have been a comfort to me." He shows
them to be great persons, seeing that to Paul they have been a comfort.
But[3] let us see the wisdom of Paul. "Walk in
wisdom" he saith, "towards them that are without, redeeming the time."
(Ver. 5.) That is, the time is not yours, but theirs. Do not then wish
to have your own way,[4] but redeem the time. And he said not simply,
"Buy," but "redeem," making it yours after another manner. For it were
the part of excessive madness, to invent occasions of war and enmity.
For over and above the undergoing of superfluous and profitless
dangers, there is this additional harm, that the Greeks will not come
over to us. For when thou art amongst the brethren, reason is thou
shouldest be bold; but when without, thou oughtest not to be so.
Seest thou how everywhere he speaks of those
without, the Greeks? Wherefore also when writing to Timothy, he said,
"Moreover, he must have good testimony from them that are withOut." (1
Tim. iii. 7.) And again, "For what have I to do with judging them that
are without." (1 Cor. v. 12.) "Walk in wisdom," he saith, "toward them
that are without." For "without," they are, even though they live in
the same world with us, seeing they are without the kingdom, and the
paternal mansion. And he comforts them withal, by calling the others
"without," as he said above, "Your life is hid with Christ in God."
(Col. iii. 3.)
Then, he saith, seek ye glory, then honors, then all
those other things, but not so now, but give them up to those without.
Next, lest thou think that he is speaking of money, he adds,
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"Let your speech be always with grace, seasoned with salt, that ye may
know how ye ought to answer each one." That it may not be full of
hypocrisy, for this is not "grace," nor "a seasoning with salt." For
instance, if it be needful to pay court to any one without incurring
danger, refuse not [to do so]; if the occasion require that thou
discourse civilly, think not the doing so flattery, do everything
that pertaineth to honor, so that piety be not injured. Seest thou not
how Daniel payeth court to an impious man? Seest thou not the three
children, how wisely they bore themselves, showing both courage, and
boldness in speaking, and yet nothing rash nor galling, for so it had
not been boldness, but vainglory. "That ye may know," he saith, "how ye
ought to answer every man." For the ruler ought to be answered in one
way, the ruled in another, the rich in one way, the poor in another.
Wherefore? Because the souls of those who are rich, and in authority,
are weaker, more inflammable, more fluctuating, so that towards them,
one should use condescension; those of the poor, and the ruled, firmer
and more intelligent, so that to these one should use greater boldness
of speech; looking to one thing, their edification. Not that because
one is rich, another poor, the former is to be honored more, the latter
less, but because of his weakness, let the former be supported, the
latter not so: for instance, when there is no cause for it, do not call
the Greek "polluted," nor be insulting; but if thou be asked concerning
his doctrine, answer that it is polluted, and impious; but when none
asketh thee, nor forceth thee to speak, it becomes thee not causelessly
to challenge to thee his enmity. For what need is there to prepare for
thyself gratuitous hostilities? Again, if thou art instructing any one;
speak on the subject at present before thee, otherwise be silent.[1] If
the speech be "seasoned with salt," should it fall into a soul that is
of loose texture, it will brace up its slackness; into one that is
harsh, it will smooth its ruggedness. Let it be gracious, and so
neither hard, nor yet weak, but let it have both sternness and
pleasantness therewith. For if one be immoderately stern, he doth more
harm than good; and if he be immoderately complaisant, he giveth more
pain than pleasure, so that everywhere there ought to be moderation. Be
not downcast, and sour vis-aged, for this is offensive; nor yet be
wholly relaxed, for this is open to contempt and treading under foot;
but, like the bee, culling the virtue of each, of the one its
cheerfulness, of the other its gravity, keep clear of the fault. For if
a physician dealeth not with all bodies alike, much more ought not a
teacher. And yet better will the body bear unsuitable medicines, than
the soul language; for instance, a Greek cometh to thee, and becomes
thy friend; discourse not at all with him on this subject, until he
have become a close friend, and after he hath become so, do it
gradually.
See, when Paul also had come to Athens, how he
discoursed with them. He said not, "O polluted, and all-polluted"; but
what? "Ye men of Athens, in all things I perceive that ye are somewhat
superstitious."[2] (Acts xvii. 22.) Again, when to insult was needful,
he refused not; but with great vehemency he said to Elymas, "O full of
all guile and all villainy, son of the devil, enemy of all
righteousness." For as to have insulted those had been senselessness,
so not to have insulted this one had been softness. Again, art thou
brought unto a ruler on a matter of business, see that thou render him
the honors that are his due.
Ver. 9. "They shall make known unto you," he saith,
"all things that are done here." Why didst thou not come with them,
says one? But what is, "They shall make known unto you all things"? My
bonds, that is, and all the other things that detain me. I then, who
pray to see them, who also send others, should not myself have remained
behind, had not some great necessity detained me. And yet this is not
the language of accusations yes, of vehement accusation. For the
assuring them that he had both fallen into trials, and was bearing them
nobly, is the part of one who was confirming the fact, and lifting up
again their souls.
Ver. 9. "With Onesimus," he saith, "the beloved, and
faithful brother."
Paul calleth a slave, brother: with reason; seeing
that he styleth himself the servant of the faithful. (2 Cor. iv. 5.)
Bring we down all of us our pride, tread we under foot our
boastfulness. Paul nameth himself a slave, he that is worth the world,
and ten thousands of heavens; and dost thou entertain high thoughts? He
that seizeth all things for spoil as he will, he that hath the first
place in the kingdom of heaven, he that was crowned, he that ascended
into the third heaven, calleth servants, "brethren," and
"fellow-servants." Where is your madness? where is your arrogance?
So trustworthy was Onesimus become, as to be
entrusted even with such things as these.
Ver. 10. "And Mark," he saith, "the cousin of
Barnabas, touching whom ye received commandments, receive him." Perhaps
they had received commandments from Barnabas.
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Ver. 11. "Who are of the circumcision." He
represseth the swelling pride of the Jews, and inspiriteth the souls of
these, [the Colossians,] because few of them were of the circumcision,
the greater number of the Gentiles.
"Men that have been," he saith, "a comfort unto me."
He shows himself to be set in the midst of great trials. So that
neither is this a small thing. When we comfort the Saints by presence,
by words, by assiduous attendance when we suffer adversity together
with them, (for he saith, "as bound with those in bonds"; [Heb. xiii.
3]) when we make their sufferings ours, we shall also be partakers in
their crowns. Hast thou not been dragged to the stadium? Hast thou not
entered into the lists? It is another that strips himself, another that
wrestles but if thou be so minded, thou too shall be a sharer. Anoint
him, become his favorer and partisan, from without the lists shout
loudly for him, stir up his strength, refresh his spirit. It follows
that the same things should be done in all other cases. For Paul stood
not in need, but in order to stimulate them he said these things. Thou
therefore in the case of all others, stop the mouths of those who would
abuse such an one, procure favorers for him, receive him as he cometh
forth with great attention, so shall thou, be a sharer in his crowns,
so, in his glory; and if thou do no other thing, but only hast pleasure
in what is done, even thus thou sharest in no common degree, for thou
hast contributed love, the sum of all good things.
For if they that weep seem to share in the grief of
those in sorrow, and gratify them mightily, and remove the excess of
their woe, much more do they also that rejoice with others, make their
pleasure greater. For how great an evil it is not to have companions in
sorrow, hear the Prophet saying, "And I looked for one to lament with
me, but there was none."[1] Wherefore Paul also saith, "Rejoice with
them that rejoice; and weep with them that weep." (Rom. xii. 15.)
Increase their pleasure. If thou see thy brother in good esteem, say
not, "the esteem is his, why should I rejoice." These words are not
those of a brother, but of an enemy. If thou be so minded, it is not
his, but thine. Thou hast the power of making it greater, if thou be
not downcast, but pleased, if thou be cheerfill, if joyous. And that it
is so, is evident from this; the envious envy not those only who are in
good esteem, but those as well who rejoice at their good esteem, so
conscious are they that these also are interested in that good esteem;
and these are they who do glory most in it. For the other even blushes
when praised exceedingly; but these with great pleasure pride
themselves upon it. See ye not in the case of athletes, how the one is
crowned, the other is not crowned; but the grief and the joy is amongst
the favorers and disfavorers,[2] these are they that leap, they that
caper?
See how great a thing is the not envying. The toil
is another's, the pleasure is thine; another wears the crown, and thou
caperest, thou art gay. For tell me, seeing it is another that
hath conquered, why dost thou leap? But they also know well, that what
hath been done is common. Therefore they do not accuse this man[3]
indeed, but they try to beat down the victory; and you hear them saying
such words as these, "(There) I expunged thee," and, "I beat thee
down." Although the deed was another's, still the praise is thine. But
if in things without, not to envy, but to make another's good one's
own, is so great a good, much more in the victory of the devil over us
he breathes the more furiously, evidently because we are more
pleased.[4] Wicked though he is, and bitter, he well knows that this
pleasure is great. Wouldest thou pain him? Be glad and rejoice.
Wouldest thou gladden him? Be sad-visaged. The pain he has from thy
brother's victory, thou soothest by thy sadness; thou standest with
him, severed from thy brother, thou workest greater mischief than he.
For it is not the same for one that is an enemy to do the deeds of an
enemy, and for a friend to stand with an enemy; such an one is more
detestable than an enemy. If thy brother have gained good reputation[5]
either by speaking, or by brilliant[6] or successful achievement,
become thou a sharer in his reputation, show that he is a member of
thine.
"And how?" saith one, "for the reputation is not
mine." Never speak so. Compress thy lips. If thou hadst been near me,
thou that speakest on that wise, I would have even put my hand over thy
lips: lest the enemy should hear thee. Oftentimes we have enmities with
one another, and we discover them not to our enemies; dost thou then
discover thine to the devil? Say not so, think not so; but the very
reverse: "he is one of my members, the glory passes on to the body."
"How then is it," saith one, "that those without are not so minded?"
Because of thy fault: when they see thee counting his pleasure not
thine own, they too count it not thine: were they to see thee
appropriating it, they durst not do so, but thou
313
wouldest become equally illustrious with him. Thou hast not gained
reputation by speaking; but by sharing in his joy thou hast gained more
renown than he. For if love be a great thing, and the sum of all, thou
hast received the crown this gives; he, that for oratory, thou, that
for exceeding love; he displayed force of words, but thou by deeds hast
cast down envy, hast trodden under foot the evil eye. So that in reason
thou oughtest rather to be crowned than he, thy contest is the more
brilliant; thou hast not only trodden under foot envy, but thou hast
even done somewhat else. He hath one crown only, but thou two, and
those both brighter than his one. What are these? One, that which thou
wonnest against envy, another, which thou art encircled with by love.
For the sharing in his joy is a proof not only of thy being free from
envy, but also of being rooted in love. Him ofttimes some human passion
sorely disquieteth, vainglory for instance; but thou art free from
every passion, for it is not of vainglory that thou rejoicest at
another's good. Hath he righted up the Church, tell me? hath he
increased the congregation? Praise him; again thou hast a twofold
crown; thou hast struck down envy; thou hast enwreathed thee with love.
Yea, I implore and beseech thee. Wilt thou hear of a third crown even?
Him, men below applaud, thee, the Angels above. For it is not the same
thing, to make a display of eloquence, and to rule the passions. This
praise is for a season, that for ever; this, of men, that, of God; this
man is crowned openly; but thou art crowned in secret, where thy Father
seeth. If it were possible to have peeled off the body and seen the
soul of each, I would have shown thee that this is more dignified than
the other, more resplendent.
Tread we under foot the goads of envy, we advantage
ourselves, beloved, ourselves shall we enwreath with the crown. He that
envieth another tighteth with God, not with him; for when he seeth him
to have grace, and is grieved, and wisheth the Church pulled down, he
fighteth not with him, but with God. For tell me, if one should adorn a
king's daughter, and by his adorning and gracing her, gain for himself
renown; and another person should wish her to be ill attired, and him
to be unable to adorn her; against whom would he have been plotting
mischief? Against the other? or against her and her father? So too now,
thou that enviest, tightest with the Church, thou warrest with God.
For, since with the good repute of thy brother is interwoven also the
Church's profit, need is, that if the one be undone, the other shall be
undone also. So that, in this regard also, thou doest a deed of Satan,
seeing thou plottest mischief against the body of Christ. Art thou
pained at this man? Wrongly, when he hath in nothing wronged thee; yea,
much rather, thou art pained at Christ. Wherein hath He wronged thee,
that thou wilt not suffer His body to be decked with beauty? that thou
wilt not suffer His bride to be adorned? Consider, I pray thee, the
punishment, how sore. Thou gladden-est thine enemies; and him too
himself, the man in good esteem, whom through thy envy thou wishest to
grieve, thou dost the rather gladden; thou dost by thine envy the
rather show that he is in good esteem, for otherwise thou wouldest not
have envied him. Thou showest the rather that thou art in punishment.
I am ashamed indeed to exhort you from such motives,
but seeing our weakness is so great, let us be instructed even from
these, and free ourselves from this destructive passion. Grievest thou
that he is in good esteem? then why swell-est thou that esteem by
envying? Wishest thou to punish him? Why then showest thou that thou
art pained? Why punish thyself before him, whom thou wouldest not have
well esteemed? Thereafter double will be his pleasure, and thy
punishment; not only because thou provest him to be great; but because
thou begettest in him yet another pleasure, by punishing thyself; and
again, at what thou art pained, he is pleased, whilst thou enviest. See
how we deal ourselves heavy blows without perceiving it! He is an
enemy. And yet, why an enemy? What wrong hath he done? Still, however,
by this we make our enemy the more illustrious, and thereby punish
ourselves the more. And herein again we punish ourselves, if we have
discovered that he knows it. For perhaps he is not pleased,[1] but we
thinking him to be so, are again pained on that account. Cease then
your envying. Why inflictest thou wounds upon thyself?
Think we of these things, beloved; of those two
crowns for them that envy not; of those praises from men, of those from
God; of the evils that come of envying; and so shall we be able to
quell the brute, and to be in good esteem before God, and to obtain the
same things with those who are of good esteem. For perhaps we shall
obtain them, and if we obtain them not, it will be for our advantage;
still, even so, we shall be able, if we have lived to the glory of God,
to obtain the good things promised to them that love Him, through the
grace and love toward man of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.
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HOMILY XII.
Colossians iv. 12, 13.
"Epaphras, who is one of you, a servant of Christ Jesus, saluteth you,
always striving for you in his prayers, that ye may stand perfect and
fully assured in all the will of God. For I bear him witness, that he
hath much zeal[1] for you, and for them in Laodicea, and for them in
Hierapolis."
In the commencement of this Epistle also, he
commended this man for his love; for even to praise is a sign of love;
thus in the beginning he said "Who also declared unto us your love in
the Spirit." (Col. i. 8.) To pray for one is also a sign of love, and
causeth love again. He commends him moreover in order to open a door to
his teachings, for reverendness in the teacher is the disciples'
advantage; and so again is his saying,[2] "one of you," in order that
they might pride themselves upon the man, as producing such men. And he
saith, "always striving for you in prayers." He said not simply
"praying," but "striving," trembling and fearing. "For I bear him
witness," he saith, "that he hath much zeal for you." A trustworthy
witness. "That he hath," he saith, "much zeal for you," that is, that
he loveth you exceedingly; and burneth with passionate affection for
you. "And them in Laodicea, and them in Hierapolis." He commendeth him
to those also. But whence were they to know this? They would assuredly
have heard; however, they would also learn it when the Epistle was
read. For he said, "Cause that it be read also in the church of the
Laodiceans." "That ye may stand perfect," he saith. At once he both
accuseth them, and without offensiveness gives them advice and counsel.
For it is possible both to be perfect, and withal not to stand, as if
one were to know all, and still be wavering; it is possible also not to
be perfect, and yet to stand, as if one were to know a part, and stand
[not[3]] firmly. But this man prayeth for both: "That ye may stand
perfect," he saith. See how again he has reminded them of what he said
about the Angels, and about life. "And fully assured," he saith, "in
all the will of God." It is not enough, simply to do His will. He that
is "filled," suffereth not any other will to be within him, for if so,
he is not wholly filled. "For I bear him witness," he saith, "that he
hath much zeal." Both "zeal," and "great"; both are intensitive. As he
saith himself, when writing to the Corinthians, "For I am jealous[4]
over you with a godly jealousy." (2 Cor. xi. 2.)
Ver. 14. "Luke, the beloved physician, saluteth
you." This is the Evangelist. It is not to lower this man that he
placeth him after, but to raise the other, viz. Epaphroditus. It is
probable that there were others called by this name.[5] "And Demas," he
says. After saying, "Luke, the physician, saluteth you," he added, "the
beloved." And no small praise is this, but be beloved of Paul even
great exceedingly
Ver. 15. "Salute the brethren that are in Laodicea,
and Nymphas, and the Church that is in their house."
See how he cements, and knits them together with one
another, not by salutation only, but also by interchanging his
Epistles. Then again he pays a compliment by addressing him
individually. And this he doth not without a reason, but in order to
lead the others also to emulate his zeal. For it is not a small thing
not to be numbered with the rest. Mark further how he shows the
man to be great, seeing his house was a church.
Ver. 14. "And when this Epistle hath been read among
you, cause that it be read also in the church of the Laodiceans." I
suppose there are some of the things therein written, which it was
needful that those also should hear. And they would have the greater
advantage of recognizing their own errors in the charges brought
against others.
"And that ye also read the Epistle from Laodicea."
Some say that this is not Paul's to them, but theirs to Paul, for he
said not that to the Laodiceans, but that written "from Laodicea."
Ver. 17. "And say to Archippus, Take heed to the
ministry which thou hast received in the Lord, that thou fulfill it."
Wherefore doth he not write to him? Perhaps he needed it not, but only
a bare reminding, so as to be more diligent.
Ver. 18. "The salutation of me, Paul, with mine own
hand." This is a proof of their sincerity and affection; that they both
looked at his handwriting, and that with emotion. "Remember my bonds."
Wonderful! How great the consolation! For this is enough to cheer them
on to all things, and make them bear them-
315
selves more nobly in their trials; but he made them not only the
braver, but also the more nearly interested. "Grace be with you. Amen."
It is great praise, and greater than all the rest,
his saying of Epaphras, "who is [one] of you, a servant of Christ."[1]
And he calleth him a minister for them, like as he termeth himself also
a minister of the Church, as when he saith, "Whereof I Paul was made a
minister." (Col. i. 23.) To the same dignity he advances this man; and
above he calleth him a "fellow-servant" (Col. i. 7), and here, "a
servant." "Who is of you," he saith, as if speaking to a mother, and
saying, "who is of thy womb." But this praise might have gendered envy;
therefore he commendeth him not from these things only, but also from
what had regard to themselves; and so he does away with envy, both in
the former place, and here. "Always," he saith, "striving for you," not
now only, whilst with us, to make a display; nor yet only whilst with
you, to make a display before you. By saying, "striving," he hath
showed his great earnestness. Then, that he might not seem to be
flattering them, he added, "that he hath much zeal for you, and for
them in Laodicea, and for them in Hierapolis." And the words, "that ye
may stand perfect," are not words of flattery, but of a reverend
teacher. Both "fully assured" he saith, "and perfect." The one he
granted them, the other he said was lacking. And he said not, "that ye
be not shaken," but, "that ye may stand." Their being saluted, however,
by many, is refreshing to them, seeing that not only their friends from
among themselves; but others also, remember them.
"And say to Archippus, Take heed to the ministry
which thou hast received in the Lord." His chief aim is to subject them
to him[2] entirely. For they could no more have complaint against him
for rebuking them, when they themselves had taken it all upon them; for
it is not reasonable to talk to the disciples about the teacher. But to
stop their mouths, he writes thus to them; "Say to Archippus," he
saith, "Take heed." This word is everywhere used to alarm; as when he
saith, "Take heed of dogs." (Phil. iii. 2.) "Take heed lest there shall
be any one that maketh spoil of you." (Col. ii. 8.) "Take heed lest by
any means this liberty of yours become a stumblingblock to the weak."
(1 Cor. viii. 9.) And he always so expresses himself when he would
terrify. "Take heed," he saith, "to the ministry which thou hast
received in the Lord, that thou fulfill it." He doth not even allow him
the power of choosing, as he saith himself, "For if I do this of mine
own will, I have a reward: but if not of mine own will, I have a
stewardship entrusted to me." (1 Cor. ix. 17.) "That thou fulfill it,"
continually using diligence. "Which thou hast received in the Lord,
that thou fulfill it." Again, the word "in" means "through the Lord."
He gave it thee, says he, not we. He subjects them also to him,[3] when
he shows that they had been committed to his hands by God.
"Remember my bonds. Grace be with you. Amen." He
hath released their terror. For although their teacher be in bonds, yet
"grace" releaseth him. This too is of grace, the granting him to be put
in bonds. For hear Luke saying, The Apostles returned "from the
presence of the council, rejoicing that, they were counted worthy to
suffer dishonor for the Name." (Acts v. 41.) For both to suffer shame,
and to be put in bonds, is indeed to be "counted worthy." For, if he
that hath one whom he loveth, deemeth it gain to suffer aught for his
sake, much rather then is it so to suffer for the sake of Christ.
Repine we not then at our tribulations for Christ's sake, but let us
also remember Paul's bonds, and be this our incitement. For instance:
dost thou exhort any to give to the poor for Christ's sake? Remind them
of Paul's bonds, and bemoan thy misery and theirs, seeing that he
indeed gave up even his body to bonds for His sake, but thou wilt not
give a portion even of thy food. Art thou lifted up because of thy good
deeds? Remember Paul's bonds, that thou hast suffered nought of that
kind, and thou wilt be lifted up no more. Covetest thou any of the
things that are thy neighbor's? Remember Paul's bonds, and thou wilt
see how unreasonable it is, that whilst he was in perils, thou
shouldest be in delights. Again, is thine heart set upon
self-indulgence? Picture to thy mind Paul's prison-house; thou art his
disciple, his fellow-soldier. How is it reasonable, that thy
fellow-soldier should be in bonds, and thou in luxury? Art thou in
affliction? Dost thou deem thyself forsaken? Hear Paul's bonds,[4] and
thou wilt see, that to be in affliction is no proof of being forsaken.
Wouldest thou wear silken robes? Remember Paul's bonds; and these
things will appear to thee more worthless than the filth-bespattered
rags of her that sitteth apart.[5] Wouldest thou array thee with golden
trinkets? Picture to thy mind Paul's bonds, and these things will seem
to thee no better than a withered bulrush. Wouldest thou tire thine
hair, and be beautiful to see? Think
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of Paul's squalidness within that prison-house, and thou wilt burn for
that beauty, and deem this the extreme of ugliness, and wilt groan
bitterly through longing for those bonds. Wouldest thou daub thee with
pastes and pigments, and such like things? Think of his tears: a
three-years space, night and day, he ceased not to weep. (Acts xx. 31.)
With this adorning deck thy cheek; these tears do make it bright. I say
not, that thou weep for others, (I wish indeed it could be even so, but
this is too high for thee,) but for thine own sins I advise thee to do
this. Hast thou ordered thy slave to be put in bonds, and wast thou
angry, and exasperated? Remember Paul's bonds, and thou wilt
straightway stay thine anger; remember that we are of the bound, not
the binders, of the bruised in heart, not the bruisers. Hast thou lost
self-control, and shouted loud in laughter? Think of his lamentations,
and thou wilt groan; such tears will show thee brighter far. Seest thou
any persons rioting and dancing? Remember his tears. What fountain has
gushed forth so great streams as those eyes did tears? "Remember my
tears" (Acts xx. 31), he saith, as here "bonds." And with reason he
spoke thus to them, when he sent for them from Ephesus to Miletus. For
he was then speaking to teachers. He demands of those therefore, that
they should sympathize[1] also, but of these that they should only
encounter dangers.
What fountain wilt thou compare to these tears? That
in Paradise, which watereth the whole earth? But thou wilt have
mentioned nothing like it. For this fount of tears watered souls, not
earth. If one were to show us Paul bathed in tears, and groaning, would
not this be better far to see, than countless choirs gayly crowned? I
am not now speaking of you; but, if one, having pulled away from the
theater and the stage some wanton fellow, burning and drunken with
carnal love, were to show him a young virgin in the very flower of her
age, surpassing her fellows, both in other respects, and in her face
more than the rest of her person, having an eye, tender and soft, that
gently resteth, and gently rolleth, moist, mild, calmly smiling, and
arrayed in much modesty and much grace, fringed with dark lashes both
under and over, having an eyeball, so to speak, alive, a forehead
radiant; underneath, again, a cheek shaded to exact redness,
lying smooth as marble, and even; and then any one should show me Paul
weeping; leaving that maiden, I would have eagerly sprung away to the
sight of him; for from his eyes there beamed spiritual beauty. For that
other transporteth the souls of youths, it scorcheth and inflameth
them; but this, on the contrary, subdueth them. This maketh the eyes of
the soul more beauteous, it curbeth the belly: it filleth with the love
of wisdom, with much sympathy: and it is able to soften even a soul of
adamant. With these tears the Church is watered, with these souls are
planted; yea, though there be fire sensible and substantial, yet can
these tears quench it; these tears quench the fiery darts of the wicked
one.
Remember we then these tears of his, and we shall
laugh to scorn all present things. These tears did Christ pronounce
blessed, saying, "Blessed are they that mourn, and blessed are they
that weep, for they shall laugh." (Matt. v. 4; Luke vi. 21.) Such tears
did Isaiah too, and Jeremiah weep; and the former said, "Leave me
alone, I will weep bitterly" (Isa. xxii. 4, Sept.): and the latter,
"Who will give my head water, and mine eyes fountains of tears?" (Jer.
ix. 1); as though the natural fount were not enough.
Nothing is sweeter than these tears; sweeter are
they than any laughter. They that mourn, know how great consolation it
possesseth. Let us not think this a thing to be deprecated, but one to
be even exceedingly prayed for; not that others may sin, but that, when
they sin, we may be heart-broken for them. Remember we these tears,
these bonds. Surely too upon those bonds tears descended; but the death
of the perishing, of those that had bound him in them, suffered him not
to taste the pleasure of the bonds. For in their behalf he grieved,
being a disciple of Him that bewept the priests of the Jews; not
because they were going to crucify Him, but because they were
themselves perishing. And He doeth not this Himself alone, but He thus
exhorteth others also, saying, "Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not for
Me." (Luke xxiii. 28.) These eyes saw Paradise, saw the third heaven:
but I count not them so blessed because of this sight, as because of
those tears, through which they saw Christ. Blessed, indeed, was that
sight; for he himself even glories in it, saying, "Have I not seen
Jesus Christ our Lord?" (1 Cor. ix. 1); but more blessed so to weep.
In that sight many have been partakers, and those
who have not so been, Christ the rather calls blessed, saying, "Blessed
are they that have not seen, and yet have believed" (John xx. 29); but
unto this not many have attained. For if to stay here for Christ's sake
were more needful than to depart to Him (Phil. i. 23, 24), for the sake
of the salvation of others; surely then to groan for others' sakes, is
more needful even than to see Him. For if for His sake to be in
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hell,[1] is rather to be desired, than to be with Him; and to be
separated from Him for His sake more to be desired than to be with Him,
(for this is what he said, "For I could wish that I myself were
anathema from Christ" (Rom. ix. 3)), much more is weeping for His sake.
"I ceased not," he saith, "to admonish everyone with tears." (Acts xx.
31.) Wherefore? Not fearing the dangers; no; but as if one sitting by a
sick man's side, and not knowing what would be the end, should weep for
affection, fearing lest he should lose his life; so too did he; when he
saw any one diseased, and could not prevail by rebuke, he thenceforward
wept. So did Christ also, that happily they might reverence His tears:
thus, one sinned, He rebuked him; the rebuked spat upon Him, and sprang
aloof; He wept, that haply He might win him even so.
Remember we these tears: thus let us bring up our
daughters, thus our sons; weeping when we see them in evil. As many
women as wish to be loved, let them remember Paul's tears, and groan:
as many of you as are counted blest, as many as are in bridal chambers,
as many as are in pleasure, remember these; as many as are in mourning,
exchange tears for tears. He mourned not for the dead; but for those
that were perishing whilst alive. Shall I tell of other tears? Timothy
also wept; for he was this man's disciple; wherefore also when writing
to him he said, "Remembering thy tears, that I may be filled with joy."
(2 Tim. i. 4.) Many weep even from pleasure. So it iS also a matter of
pleasure, and that of the utmost intensity. So the tears are not
painful: yea, the tears that flow from such sorrow are even better far
than those due to worldly pleasure. Hear the Prophet saying, "The Lord
hath heard the voice of my weeping, he hath heard the voice of my
supplication." (Ps. vi. 8.) For where is the tear not useful? in
prayers? in exhortations? We get them an ill name, by using them
not to what they are given us for. When we entreat a sinning brother,
we ought to weep, grieving and groaning; when we exhort any one, and he
giveth us no heed, but goeth on perishing, we ought to weep. These are
the tears of heavenly wisdom. When however one is in poverty, or bodily
disease, or dead, not so; for these are not things worthy of tears.
As then we gain an ill name for laughter also, when
we use it out of season; so too do we for tears, by having recourse to
them unseasonably. For the virtue of each thing then discovers itself
when it is brought to its own fitting work, but when to one that is
alien, it cloth no longer so. For instance, wine is given for
cheerfulness, not drunkenness, bread for nourishment, sexual
intercourse for the procreation of children. As then these things have
gained an ill name, so also have tears. Be there a law laid down, that
they be used in prayers and exhortations only, and see how desirable a
thing they will become. Nothing doth so wipe out sins, as tears. Tears
show even this bodily countenance beautiful; for they win the spectator
to pity, they make it respected in our eyes. Nothing is sweeter than
tearful eyes. For this is the noblest member we have, and the most
beautiful, and the soul's own. And therefore we are so bowed therewith,
as though we saw the soul itself lamenting.
I have not spoken these things without a reason; but
in order that ye may cease your attendance at weddings, at dancings, at
Satanical performances. For see what the devil hath invented. Since
nature itself hath withheld women from the stage, and the disgraceful
things enacted there, he hath introduced into the women's apartment the
furniture of the theater, I mean, wanton men and harlots. This
pestilence the custom of marriages hath introduced, or rather, not of
marriages, far be it, but of our own silliness. What is it thou doest,
O man? Dost thou not know what thou art at? Thou marriest a wife for
chastity, and procreation of children; what then mean these harlots?
That there may be, one answereth, greater gladness. And yet is not this
rather madness? Thou insultest thy bride, thou insultest the women that
are invited. For if they are delighted with such proceedings, the thing
is an insult. If to see harlots acting indecorously conferreth any
honor, wherefore dost thou not drag thy bride also thither, that she
too may see? It is quite indecent and disgraceful to introduce into
one's house lewd fellows and dancers, and all that Satanic pomp.
"Remember," he saith, "my bonds." Marriage is a
bond, a bond ordained of God, a harlot is a severing and a dissolving.
It is permitted you to embellish marriage with other things, such as
full tables, and apparel. I do not cut off these things, lest I should
seem to be clownish to an extreme; and yet Rebecca was content with her
veil[2] only (Gen. xxiv. 65); still I do not cut them off. It is
permitted you to embellish and set off marriage with apparel, with the
presence of reverend men and reverend women. Why introducest thou those
mockeries?[3] why those monsters? Tell us what it is thou hearest from
them? What? dost thou blush to tell? Dost thou blush, and yet force
them to do it? If it is honorable, wherefore dost-thou not do it
thyself as well? but if disgraceful, wherefore dost thou compel another?
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Everything should be full of chasteness, of gravity, of orderliness;
but I see the reverse, people frisking like camels and mules. For the
virgin, her chamber[1] is the only befitting place. "But," saith one,
"she is poor." Because she is poor, she ought to be modest also; let
her have her character in the place of a fortune. Has she no dowry to
give with herself? Then why dost thou make her otherwise contemptible
through her life and manners? I praise the custom, that virgins attend
to do honor to their fellow; matrons attend to do honor to her who is
made one of their order. Rightly hath this been ordered. For these are
two companies, one of virgins, the other of the married; the one are
giving her up, the other receiving her. The bride is between them,
neither virgin, nor wife, for she is coming forth from those, and
entering into the fellowship of these. But those harlots,
what mean they? They ought to hide their faces when marriage is
celebrated; they ought to be dug into the earth, (for harlotry is the
corruption of marriage,) but we introduce them at our marriages. And,
when ye are engaged in any work, ye count it ill-omened to speak even a
syllable of what is adverse to it; for instance, when thou sowest, when
thou drawest off the wine from thy vats, thou wouldest not, even if
asked, utter a syllable about vinegar; but here, where the object is
chasteness, introduce ye the vinegar? for such is an harlot. When ye
are preparing sweet ointment, ye suffer nought ill-scented to be near.
Marriage is a sweet ointment. Why then introducest thou the foul stench
of the dunghill into the preparation of thy ointment? What sayest
thou? Shall the virgin dance, and yet feel no shame before her fellow?
For she ought to have more gravity than the other; she hath at least
come forth from the [nurse's] arm, and not from the palæstra. For
the virgin ought not to appear publicly at all at a marriage.
Seest thou not how in kings' houses, the honored are
within, about the king, the unhonored without? Do thou too be within
about the bride. But remain in the house in chasteness, expose not thy
virginity. Either company is standing by, the one to show of what sort
she is whom they are giving up, the other in order that they may guard
her. Why disgracest thou the virgin estate? For if thou art such as
this, the same will the bridegroom suspect her to be. If thou wishest
to have men in love with thee, this is the part of saleswomen,
green-grocers, and handicrafts-people. Is not this a shame? To act
unseemly is a shame even though it be a king's daughter.[2] For doth
her poverty stand in the way? or her course of life? Even if a virgin
be a slave, let her abide in modesty. "For in Christ Jesus there can be
neither bond nor free." (Gal. iii. 28.)
What? is marriage a theater? It is a mystery and a
type of a mighty thing; and even if thou reverence not it, reverence
that whose type it is. "This mystery," saith he, "is great, but I speak
in regard of Christ and of the Church." (Eph. v. 32.) It is a type of
the Church, and of Christ, and dost thou introduce harlots at it? If
then, saith one, neither virgins dance, nor the married, who is to
dance? No one, for what need is there of dancing? In the Grecian
mysteries there are dancings, but in ours, silence and decency,
modesty, and bashfulness. A great mystery is being celebrated: forth
with the harlots! forth with the profane! How is it a mystery? They
come together, and the two make one. Wherefore is it that at his
entrance indeed, there was no dancing, no cymbals, but great silence,
great stillness; but when they come together, making not a lifeless
image, nor yet the image of anything upon earth, but of God Himself,
and after his likeness, thou introducest so great an uproar, and
disturbest those that are there,[3] and puttest the soul to shame, and
confoundest it? They come, about to be made one body. See again a
mystery of love! If the two become not one, so long as they continue
two, they make not many, but when they are come into oneness, they then
make many. What do we learn from this? That great is the power of
union. The wise counsel of God at the beginning divided the one into
two; and being desirous of showing that even after division it
remaineth still one, He suffered not that the one should be of itself
enough for procreation. For he is not one who is not yet [united[4]]
but the half of one; and it is evident from this, that he begetteth no
offspring, as was the case also beforetime? Seest thou the mystery of
marriage? He made of one, one[6]; and again, having made these two,
one, He so maketh one, so that now also man is produced of one. For man
and wife are not two men, but one Man. And this may be confirmed from
many sources; for instance, from James,[7] from Mary the Mother of
Christ, from the words, "He made them male and female." (Gen. i. 27.)
If he
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be the head, and she the body, how are they two? Therefore the one
holdeth the rank of a disciple, the other of a teacher, the one of a
ruler, the other of a subject. Moreover, from the very fashioning of
her body, one may see that they are one, for she was made from his
side, and they are, as it were, two halves.
For this cause He also calleth her a help, to show
that they are one (Gen. ii. 18); for this cause He honoreth their
cohabitation beyond both father and mother, to show that they are one.
(Gen. ii. 24.) And in like manner a father rejoiceth both when son and
daughter marry, as though the body were hastening to join a member of
its own; and though so great a charge and expenditure of money is
incurred still he cannot bear with indifference to see her(1)
unmarried. For as though her own flesh itself were severed from her,
each one separately is imperfect for the procreation of children, each
one is imperfect as regards the constitution of this present life.
Wherefore also the Prophet saith, "the residue of thy spirit." (Mal.
ii. 15, Sept.) And how become they one flesh? As if thou shouldest take
away the purest part of gold, and mingle it with other gold; so in
truth here also the woman as it were receiving the richest part fused
by pleasure, nourisheth it and cherisheth it, and withal contributing
her own share, restoreth it back a Man. And the child is a sort of
bridge, so that the three become one flesh, the child connecting, on
either side, each to other. For like as two cities, which a river
divides throughout, become one, if a bridge connect them on both sides,
so is it in this case; and yet more, when the very bridge in this case
is formed of the substance of each. As the body and the head are one
body; for they are divided by the neck; but not divided more than
connected, for it, lying between them brings together each with the
other. And it is the same as if a chorus that had been severed should,
by taking one part of itself from this quarter, and the other again
from the right, make one; or as these when come into close rank, and
extending hands, become one; for the hands extended admit not of their
being two. Therefore to wit He said with accuracy of expression, not
"they shall be one flesh" but joined together "into one flesh" (Gen.
ii. 2, Sept.), namely, that of the child. What then? when there is no
child, will they not be two? Nay, for their coming together hath this
effect, it diffuses and commingles the bodies of both. And as one who
hath cast ointment into oil, hath made the whole one; so in truth is it
also here. I know that many are ashamed at what is said, and the
cause of this is what I spoke of, your own lasciviousness, and
unchasteness. The fact of marriages being thus performed, thus
depraved, hath gained the thing an ill name: for "marriage is
honorable, and the bed undefiled." (Heb. xiii. 4.) Why art thou ashamed
of the honorable, why blushest thou at the undefiled? This is for
heretics,(2) this is for such as introduce harlots thither. For this
cause I am desirous of having it thoroughly purified, so as to bring it
back again to its proper nobleness, so as to stop the mouths of the
heretics. The gift of God is insulted, the root of our generation; for
about that root there is much dung and filth. This then let us cleanse
away by our discourse. Endure then a little while, for he that holdeth
filth must endure the stench. I wish to show you that ye ought not to
be ashamed at these things, but at those which ye do; but thou, passing
by all shame at those, art ashamed at these; surely then thou
condemnest God who hath thus decreed.
Shall I tell how marriage is also a mystery of the
Church? As Christ came into the Church, and she was made of him,(3) and
he united with her in a spiritual intercourse, "for," saith one, "I
have espoused you to one husband, a pure virgin." (2 Cor. xi. 2.) And
that we are of Him, he saith, of His members, "and of His flesh."
Thinking then on all these things, let us not cast shame upon so great
a mystery. Marriage is a type of the presence of Christ, and art thou
drunken at it? Tell me; if thou sawest an image of the king, wouldest
thou dishonor it? By no means.
Now the practices at marriages seem to be a matter
of indifference, but they are the causes of great mischiefs. All is
full of lawlessness. "Filthiness, and foolish talking, and jesting, let
it not proceed," saith he, "out of your mouth." (Eph. v. 4; iv. 29.)
Now all these things are filthiness, foolish talking, and jesting; and
not these simply, but with aggravation, for the thing has become an
art, and there are great praises for those that pursue it. Sins have
become an art! We pursue them not in any chance way, but with
earnestness, with science, and thenceforth the devil takes the command
of his own array. For where drunkenness is, there is unchasteness:
where filthy talking, there the devil is at hand bringing in his own
contributions; with such an entertainment, tell me, dost thou celebrate
the mystery of Christ? and invitest thou the devil?
I dare say you consider me offensive. For
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this too is a property of extreme pervertedness, that even one that
rebuketh you incurs your ridicule as one that is austere. Hear ye not
Paul, saying, "Whatsoever ye do, whether ye eat or drink or whatsoever
ye do, do all to the glory of God"? (1 Cor. x. 31.) But ye do all to
ill report and dishonor. Hear ye not the Prophet, saying, "Serve the
Lord with fear, and rejoice unto Him with trembling?" (Ps. ii. 11.) But
ye are wholly without restraint.(1) Is it not possible both to enjoy
pleasure, and to do so with safety? Art thou desirous of hearing
beautiful songs? Best of all indeed, thou oughtest not; nevertheless, I
condescend if thou wilt have it so: do not hear those Satanic ones, but
the spiritual. Art thou desirous of seeing choirs of dancers? Behold
the choir of Angels. And how is it possible, saith one, to see them? If
thou drive away all these things, even Christ will come to such a
marriage, and Christ being present, the choir of Angels is present
also. If thou wilt, He will even now work miracles as He did then; He
will make even now the water, wine (John ii.); and what is much more
wonderful, He will convert this unstable and dissolving pleasure, this
cold desire, and change it into the spiritual. This is to make of
water, wine. Where pipers are, by no means there is Christ; but even if
He should have entered, He first casts these forth,(2) and then He
works His wonders. What can be more disagreeable than this Satanic
pomp? where everything is inarticulate, everything without
significancy; and if there be anything articulate, again all is
shameful, all is noisome.
Nothing is more pleasurable than virtue, nothing
sweeter than orderliness, nothing more amiable than gravity. Let any
celebrate such a marriage as I speak of; and he shall find the
pleasure; but what sort of marriages these are, take heed. First seek a
husband for the virgin, who will be truly a husband, and a protector;
as though thou wert intending to place a head upon a body; as though
about to give not a slave, but a daughter into his hands. Seek not
money, nor splendor of family, nor greatness of country; all these
things are superfluous; but piety of soul, gentleness, the true
understanding, the fear of God, if thou wishest thy darling to live
with pleasure. For if thou seek a wealthier husband, not only wilt thou
not benefit her, but thou wilt even harm her, by making her a slave
instead of free. For the pleasure she will reap from her golden
trinkets will not be so great as will be the annoyance that comes of
her slavery. I pray thee, seek not these things, but most of all, one
of equal condition; if however this cannot be, rather one poorer than
in better circumstances; if at least thou be desirous not of selling
thy daughter to a master, but of giving her to a husband. When thou
hast thoroughly investigated the virtue of the man, and art about to
give her to him, beseech Christ to be present: for He will not be
ashamed to be so; it is the mystery of His presence. Yea rather beseech
Him even in the first instance, to grant her such a suitor. Be not
worse than the servant of Abraham, who, when sent on a pilgrimage so
important, saw whither he ought to have recourse; wherefore also he
obtained everything. When thou art taking anxious pains, and seeking a
husband for her, pray; say unto God, "whomsoever Thou wilt do Thou
provide:" into His hands commit the matter; and He, honored in this way
by thee, will requite thee with honor.
Two things indeed it is necessary to do; to commit
the thing into His hands, and to seek such an orderly person as He
Himself approves.
When(3) then thou makest a marriage, go not round
from house to house borrowing mirrors and dresses; for the matter is
not one of display, nor dost thou lead thy daughter to a pageant; but
decking out thine house with what is in it, invite thy neighbors, and
friends, and kindred. As many as thou knowest to be of a good
character, those invite, and bid them be content with what there is.
Let no one from the orchestra be present, for such expense is
superfluous, and unbecoming. Before all the rest, invite Christ.
Knowest thou whereby thou wilt invite Him? Whosoever, saith He, "hath
done it to one of these least, hath done it to Me." (Matt. xxv. 40.)
And think it not an annoying thing to invite the poor for Christ's
sake; to invite harlots is an annoyance. For to invite the poor is a
means of wealth, the other of ruin. Adorn the bride not with these
ornaments that are made of gold, but with gentleness and modesty, and
the customary robes; in place of all golden ornament and braiding,
arraying her in blushes, and shamefacedness, and the not desiring such
things. Let there be no uproar, no confusion; let the bridegroom be
called, let him receive the virgin. The dinners and suppers, let them
not be full of drunkenness, but of abundance and pleasure. See how many
good things will result, whenever we see such marriages as those; but
from the marriages that are now celebrated, (if at least one ought to
call them marriages and not pageants,) how many are the evils! The
banquet hall is no sooner broken up, than straightway comes care and
fear, lest aught that is borrowed should have been lost, and there
succeeds to the pleasure melancholy intolerable. But this distress
belongs to the mother-in-law,--
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nay, rather not even is the bride herself free; all that follows at
least belongs to the bride herself. For to see all broken up, is a
ground for sadness, to see the house desolate.
There is Christ, here is Satan; there is
cheerfulness, here anxious care; there pleasure, here pain; there
expense, here nothing of the kind; there indecency, here modesty; there
envy, here no envy; there drunkenness, here soberness, here health,
here temperance. Bearing in mind all these things, let us stay the evil
at this point, that we may please God, and be counted worthy to obtain
the good things promised to them that love Him, through the grace and
love toward man of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, to the Father,
together with the Holy Ghost, be glory, power, honor, now and for ever,
and world without end. Amen.
HOMILIES OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM,
ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
ON THE
FIRST EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE TO THE
THESSALONIANS.
HOMILY I
1 THESSALONIANS i. 1--3.
"Paul, and Silvanus, and Timothy, unto the Church of the Thessalonians
in God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: Grace to you, and
peace.(1) We give thanks to God always for you all, making mention of
you in our prayers; remembering without ceasing your work of faith and
labor of love and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ, before our
God and Father."
WHEREFORE then, when writing to the Ephesians,(2)
and having Timothy with him, did he not include him with himself (in
his salutation), known as he was to them and admired, for he says, "Ye
know the proof of him, that as a child serveth the father, so he served
with me in the Gospel" (Phil. ii. 22); and again, "I have no man
like-minded who will care truly for your state" (ver. 20); but here he
does associate him with himself? It seems to me, that he was about to
send him immediately, and it was superfluous for him to write, who
would overtake the letter. For he says, "Him therefore I hope to send
forthwith." (Phil. ii. 23.) But here it was not so; but he had just
returned to him, so that he naturally joined in the letter. For he
says, "Now when Timothy came from you unto us." (1 Thess. iii. 6.) But
why does he place Silvanus before him,(3) though he testifies to his
numberless good qualities, and prefers him above all? Perhaps Timothy
wished and requested him to do so from his great humility; for when he
saw his teacher so humble-minded, as to associate his disciple with
himself, he would much the more have desired this, and eagerly sought
it. For he says,
"Paul, and Silvanus, and Timothy, unto the Church of
the Thessalonians." Here he gives himself no title--not "an Apostle,"
not "a Servant"; I suppose, because the men were newly instructed, and
had not yet had any experience of him,(4) he does not apply the title;
and it was as yet the beginning of his preaching to them.
"To the Church of the Thessalonians," he says. And
well. For it is probable there were few, and they not yet formed into a
body; on this account he consoles them with the name of the Church. For
where much time had passed, and the congregation of the Church was
large, he does not apply this term. But--because the name of the Church
is for the most part a name
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of multitude, and of a system(1) now compacted, on this account he
calls them by that name.
"In God the Father," he says, "and the Lord Jesus
Christ." "Unto the Church of the Thessalonians," he says, "which is in
God." Behold again the expression, "in,"(2) applied both to the Father
and to the Son. For there were many assemblies,(3) both Jewish and
Grecian; but he says, "to the (Church) that is in God." It is a great
dignity, and to which there is nothing equal, that it is "in God." God
grant therefore that this Church may be so addressed! But I fear that
it is far from that appellation. For if any one were the servant of
sin, he cannot be said to be "in God." If any one walks not according
to God, he cannot be said to be "in God."(4)
"Grace be unto you, and peace."(5) Do you perceive
that the very commencement of his Epistle is with encomiums? "We give
thanks to God always for you all, making mention of you in our
prayers." For to give thanks to God for them is the act of one
testifying to their great advancement, when they are not only praised
themselves, but God also is thanked for them, as Himself having done it
all. He teaches them also to be moderate, all but saying, that it is
all of the power of God. That he gives thanks for them, therefore, is
on account of their good conduct, but that he remembers them in his
prayers, proceeds from his love towards them. Then as he often does, he
says that he not only remembers them in his prayers, but apart from his
prayers. "Remembering without ceasing," he says, "your work of faith
and labor of love and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ, before
our God and Father." What is remembering without ceasing? Either
remembering before God and the Father, or remembering your labor of
love that is before God and the Father, or simply, "Remembering you
without ceasing." Then again, that you may not think that this
"remembering you without ceasing" is said simply, he has added, "before
our God and Father." And because no one amongst men was praising their
actions, no one giving them any reward, he says this, "You labor before
God." What is "the work of faith"? That nothing has turned aside your
steadfastness. For this is the work of faith. If thou believest, suffer
all things; if thou dost not suffer, thou dost not believe. For are not
the things promised such, that he who believes would choose to suffer
even ten thousand deaths? The kingdom of heaven is set before him, and
immortality, and eternal life. He therefore who believes will suffer
all things. Faith then is shown through his works. Justly might one
have said, not merely did you believe, but through your works you
manifested it, through your steadfastness, through your zeal.
And your labor "of love." Why? what labor is it to
love? Merely to love is no labor at all. But to love genuinely is great
labor. For tell me, when a thousand things are stirred up that would
draw us from love, and we hold out against them all, is it not labor?
For what did not these men suffer, that they might not revolt from
their love? Did not they that warred against the Preaching go to Paul's
host, and not having found him, drag Jason before the rulers of the
city? (Acts xvii. 5, 6.) Tell me, is this a slight labor, when the seed
had not yet taken root, to endure so great a storm, so many trials? And
they demanded security of him. And having given security, he says,
Jason sent away Paul.(6) Is this a small thing, tell me? Did not Jason
expose himself to danger for him? and this he calls a labor of love,
because they were thus bound to him.
And observe: first he mentions their good actions,
then his own, that he may not seem to boast, nor yet to love them by
anticipation.(7) "And patience," he says. For that persecution was not
confined to one time, but was continual, and they warred not only with
Paul, the teacher, but with his disciples also. For if they were thus
affected towards those who wrought miracles, those venerable men; what
think you were their feelings towards those who dwelt among them, their
fellow-citizens, who had all of a sudden revolted from them? Wherefore
this also he testifies of them, saying," For ye became imitators of the
Churches of God which are in Judæa."
"And of hope," he says, "in our Lord Jesus Christ,
before our God and Father." For all these things proceed from faith and
hope, so that what happened to them showed not their fortitude only,
but that they believed with full assurance in the rewards laid up for
them. For on this account God permitted that persecutions should arise
immediately, that no one might say, that the Preaching was established
lightly or by flattery, and that their fervor might be shown, and that
it was not human persuasion, but the power of God, that persuaded the
souls of the believers, so that they were prepared even for ten
thousand deaths, which would not have been the case, if the Preaching
had not immediately been deeply fixed and remained unshaken.
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Ver. 4, 5. "Knowing, brethren beloved of God, your
election, how that our Gospel came not unto you in word only, but also
in power, and in the Holy Ghost, and in much assurance; even as ye know
what manner of men we showed ourselves among[1] you for your sake."
Knowing what? How "we showed ourselves among you"?
Here he also touches upon his own good actions, but covertly. For he
wishes first to enlarge upon their praises, and what he says is
something of this sort. I knew that you were men of great and noble
sort, that you were of the Elect. For this reason we also endure all
things for your sake. For this, "what manner of men we showed ourselves
among you," is the expression of one showing that with much zeal and
much vehemence we were ready to give up our lives for your sake; and
for this thanks are due not to us, but to you, because ye were elect.
On this account also he says elsewhere, "And these things I endure for
the Elect's sake." (2 Tim. ii. 10.) For what would not one endure for
the sake of God's beloved ones? And having spoken of his own part, he
all but says, For if you were both beloved and elect, we suffer all
things with reason. For not only did his praise of them confirm them,
but his reminding them that they too themselves had displayed a
fortitude corresponding to their zeal: he says,
Ver. 6. "And ye became imitators of us, and of the
Lord, having received the word in much affliction, with joy of the Holy
Ghost."
Strange! what an encomium is here! The disciples
have suddenly become teachers! They not only heard the word, but they
quickly arrived at the same height with Paul. But this is nothing; for
see how he exalts them, saying, "Ye became imitators of the Lord." How?
"Having received the word in much affliction, with joy of the Holy
Ghost." Not merely with affliction, but with much affliction. And this
we may learn from the Acts of the Apostles, how they raised a
persecution against them. (Acts xvii. 5-8.) And they troubled all the
rulers of the city, and they instigated the city against them. And it
is not enough to say, ye were afflicted indeed, and believed, and that
grieving, but even rejoicing. Which also the Apostles did: "Rejoicing,"
it is said, "that they were counted worthy to suffer dishonor for the
Name." (Acts v. 41.) For it is this that is admirable. Although neither
is that a slight matter, in any way to bear afflictions. But this now
was the part of men surpassing human nature, and having, as it were, a
body incapable of suffering.
But how were they imitators of the Lord? Because He
also endured many sufferings, but rejoiced. For He came to this
willingly. For our sakes He emptied Himself. He was about to be spit
upon, to be beaten and crucified, and He so rejoiced in suffering these
things, that He said to the Father, "Glorify Me." (John xvii. 1-5.)
"With joy of the Holy Ghost," he says. That no one
may say, how speakest thou of "affliction"? how "of joy"? how can both
meet in one? he has added, "with joy of the Holy Ghost." The affliction
is in things bodily, and the joy in things spiritual. How? The things
which happened to them were grievous, but not so the things which
sprang out of them, for the Spirit does not allow it.[2] So that it is
possible both for him who suffers, not to rejoice, when one suffers for
his sins; and being beaten to take pleasure, when one suffers for
Christ's sake. For such is the joy of the Spirit. In return for the
things which appear to be grievous, it brings out delight. They have
afflicted you, he says, and persecuted you, but the Spirit did not
forsake you, even in those circumstances. As the Three Children in the
fire were refreshed with dew,[3] so also were you refreshed in
afflictions. But as there it was not of the nature of the fire to
sprinkle dew, but of the "whistling wind,"[4] so also here it was not
of the nature of affliction to produce joy, but of the suffering for
Christ's sake, and of the Spirit bedewing them, and in the furnace of
temptation setting them at ease. Not merely with joy, he says, but
"with much joy." For this is of the Holy Spirit.
Ver. 7. "So that ye became ensamples[5] to all that
believe in Macedonia and Achaia."
And yet it was later that he went to them. But ye so
shone, he says, that ye became teachers of those who received (the
word) before you. And this is like the Apostle. For he did not say, so
that ye became ensamples in regard to believing, but ye became an
ensample to those who already believed; how one ought to believe in
God, ye taught, who from the very beginning entered into your conflict.
"And in Achaia," he says; that is, in Greece.
Do you see how great a thing is zeal? that it does not
require time, nor delay, nor procrastination, but it is sufficient only
to venture one's self, and all is fulfilled. Thus then though coming in
later to the Preaching, they became teachers of those who were before
them.
MORAL. Let no one therefore despair, even though he
has lost much time, and has done nothing. It is possible for him even
in a little
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while to do so much, as he never has done in all his former time. For
if he who before did not believe, shone so much at the beginning, how
much more those who have already believed! Let no one, again, upon this
consideration be remiss, because he perceives that it is possible in a
short time to recover everything. For the future is uncertain, and the
Day of the Lord is a thief, setting upon us suddenly when we are
sleeping. But if we do not sleep, it will not set upon us as a thief,
nor carry us off unprepared. For if we watch and be sober, it will not
set upon us as a thief, but as a royal messenger, summoning us to the
good things prepared for us. But if we sleep, it comes upon us as a
thief. Let no one therefore sleep, nor be inactive in virtue, for that
is sleep. Do you not know how, when we sleep, our goods are not in
safety, how easy they are to be plotted against? But when we are awake,
there needs not so much guarding. When we sleep, even with much
guarding we often perish. There are doors, and bolts, and guards, and
outer guards, and the thief has come upon us.
Why then do I say this? Because, if we wake we shall
not need the help of others; but if we sleep, the help of others will
profit us nothing, but even with this we perish. It is a good thing to
enjoy the prayer of the Saints, but it is when we ourselves also are on
the alert. And what need, you say, have I of another's prayer, if I am
on the alert myself. And in sooth, do not place yourself in a situation
to need it; I do not wish that you should; but we are always in need of
it, if we think rightly. Paul did not say, what need have I of prayer?
and yet those who prayed were not worthy of him,[1] or rather not equal
to him; and you say, what need have I of prayer? Peter did not say,
What need have I of prayer, for "prayer," it says, "was made earnestly
of the Church unto God for him." (Acts xii. 5.) And thou sayest, What
need have I of prayer? On this account thou needest it, because thou
thinkest that thou hast no need. Yea, though thou become as Paul, thou
hast need of prayer.Do not exalt thyself, lest thou be humbled.
But, as I said, if we be active also ourselves, the
prayers for us avail too. Hear Paul saying, "For I know that this shall
turn to my salvation, through your supplication, and the supply of the
Spirit of Jesus Christ." (Phil. i. 19.) And again, "That for the gift
bestowed upon us by means of many, thanks may be given by many persons
on our behalf." (2 Cor. i. 11.) And thou sayest, what need have I
of prayer? But if we be idle, no one will be able to profit us. What
did Jeremiah profit the Jews? Did he not thrice draw nigh to God, and
the third time hear, "Pray not thou for this people, neither lift up
cry nor prayer, for I will not hear thee"? (Jer. vii. 16.) What did
Samuel profit Saul? Did he not mourn for him even to his last day, and
not merely pray for him only? What did he profit the Israelites? Did he
not say, "God forbid that I should sin in ceasing to pray for you"? (1
Sam. xii. 23.) Did they not all perish? Do prayers then, you say,
profit nothing? They profit even greatly: but it is when we also do
something. For prayers indeed coöperate and assist, but a man
coöperates with one[2] that is operating, and assists one that is
himself also working. But if thou remainest idle, thou wilt receive no
great benefit.
For if prayers had power to bring us to the kingdom
while we do nothing, why do not all the Greeks become Christians? Do we
not pray for all the world? Did not Paul also do this? Do we not
intreat that all may be converted? Why do not the wicked become good
without contributing anything of themselves? Prayers, then, profit
greatly, when we also contribute our own parts.
Would you learn how much prayers have profited?
consider, I pray, Cornelius, Tabitha. (Acts x. 3 and ix. 36.) Hear also
Jacob saying to Laban, "Except the Fear of my father had been with me,
surely thou hadst now sent me away empty." (Gen. xxxi. 45.) Hear also
God again, saying, "I will defend this city for Mine own sake, and for
My servant David's sake." (2 Kings ix. 34.) But when? In the time of
Hezekiah, who was righteous. Since if prayers availed even for the
extremely wicked, why did not God say this also when Nebuchadnezzar
came, and why did He give up the city? Because wickedness availed more.
Again, Samuel himself also prayed for the Israelites, and prevailed.
But when? When they also pleased God, then they put their enemies to
flight. And what need, you say, of prayer from another, when I myself
please God? Never, O man, say this. There is need, aye, and need of
much prayer. For hear God saying concerning the friends of Job; "And he
shall pray for you, and your sin shall be forgiven you."[3] (Job xlii.
8.) Because they had sinned indeed, but not a great sin. But this just
man, who then saved his friends by prayer, in the season of the Jews
was not able to save the Jews who were perishing. And that you may
learn this, hear God saying through the prophet; "If Noah, Daniel, and
Job stood, they shall not deliver their sons and their daughters."
(Ezek. xiv. 14, 16.) Because wickedness prevailed. And again, "Though
Moses and Samuel stood." (Jer. xv. 1.)
And see how this is said to the two Prophets,
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because both prayed for them, and did not prevail. For Ezekiel says,
"Ah Lord, dost thou blot out the residue of Israel?" (Ezek. ix. 8.)
Then showing that He does this justly, He shows him their sins; and
showing that not through despising him does He refuse to accept his
supplication for them, he says, Even these things are enough even to
persuade thee, that not despising thee, but on account of their many
sins, I do not accept thy supplication. Nevertheless He adds, "Though.
Noah, Job, and Daniel stood." (From Ezek. xiv.) And with good reason
does He the rather say this to him, because it is he who suffered so
many things. Thou badest me, he says, eat upon dung, and I ate upon
it.[1] Thou badest me, and I shaved my head. Thou badest me, and I lay
upon one side. Thou badest me go out through a hole in the wall,
bearing a burden, and I went out. Thou tookest away my wife, and badest
me not mourn, and I did not mourn, but bore it with fortitude. (Ezek.
xxiv. 18.) Ten thousand other things have I wrought for their sake: I
entreat for them, and dost Thou not comply? Not from despising thee,
says he, do I do this, but though Noah, Job, and Daniel were there, and
were entreating for sons and daughters, I would not comply.
And again to Jeremiah, who suffered less from the
commandments of God, but more from their wickedness, what does He say?
"Seest thou not what these do?" (Jer. vii. 17.) "Yea," he says, "they
do so--but do Thou do it for my sake." On this account He says to him,
"Though Moses and Samuel stood." Their first lawgiver, who often
delivered them from dangers, who had said, "If now thou forgivest their
sins, forgive it; but if not, blot me out also." (Ex. xxxii. 32, Sept.)
If therefore he were now alive, and spoke thus, he would not have
prevailed,--nor would Samuel, again, who himself also delivered them,
and who from his earliest youth was admired. For to the former indeed I
said, that I conversed with him as a friend with a friend, and not by
dark sayings. And of the latter I said, that in his first youth I was
revealed to him, and that on his account, being prevailed upon, I
opened the prophecy that had been shut up. For "the word of the Lord,"
it is said, "was precious in those days; there was no open vision." (1
Sam. iii. 1.) If these men, therefore, stood before Me, they would
profit nothing. And of Noah He says, "Noah was a righteous man, and
perfect in his generations." (Gen. vi. 9.) And concerning Job, He was
"blameless, just, true, fearing God." (Job i. 1, Sept.) And concerning
Daniel, whom they even thought a God.; and they will not deliver, says
he, their sons and daughters. Knowing these things, therefore, let us
neither despise the prayers of the Saints, nor throw everything upon
them: that we may not, on the one hand, be indolent and live
carelessly; nor on the other deprive ourselves of a great advantage.
But let us both beseech them to pray and lift up the hand for us, and
let us adhere to virtue; that we may be able to obtain the blessings
promised to those who love Him by the grace and loving-kindness of our
Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.
HOMILY II.
1 Thessalonians i. 8--10.
"For from you hath sounded forth the word of the Lord, not only in
Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith to God-ward is
gone forth; so that we need not to speak anything. For they themselves
report concerning us what manner of entering in we had unto you; and
how ye turned unto God from idols, to serve a living and true God, and
to wait for His Son from Heaven, whom He raised from the dead, even
Jesus, which delivereth us from the wrath to come."
AS a sweet-smelling ointment keeps not its fragrance
shut up in itself, but diffuses it afar, and scenting the air with its
perfume, so conveys it also to the senses of the neighbors; so too
illustrious and admirable men do not Shut up their virtue within
themselves, but by their good report benefit many, and render them
better. Which also then happened. Where fore he said, "So that ye
became ensamples to all that believe in Macedonia and Achaia." "For
from you," he says, "hath sounded forth the word of the Lord, not only
in Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith to God-ward
is gone forth." Ye have filled, therefore, all your neighbors with
instruction, and the world with wonder. For this is meant by the
expression, "in every place." And he has not said, your faith is noised
abroad, but "has sounded out"; as every place near is filled with the
sound of a loud trumpet, so the report
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of your manfulness is loud, and sounding even like that, is sufficient
to fill the world, and to fall with equal sound upon all that are round
about. For great actions are more loudly celebrated there, where they
have taken place; afar off indeed they are celebrated, but not so much.
But in your case it was not so, but the sound of
good report was spread abroad in every part of the earth. And whence
know we, says one, that the words were not hyperbolical? For this
nation of the Macedonians, before the coming of Christ, was renowned,
and celebrated everywhere more than the Romans. And the Romans were
admired on this account, that they took them captive. For the actions
of the Macedonian king exceeded all report, who, setting out from a
little city indeed, yet subdued the world. Wherefore also the Prophet
saw him, a winged leopard, showing his swiftness, his vehemence, his
fiery nature, his suddenly in a manner flying over the whole world with
the trophies of his victory. And they say, that hearing from a certain
philosopher, that there were infinite worlds, he groaned bitterly, that
when they were numberless, he had not conquered even one. So
high-minded was he, and high-souled, and celebrated everywhere. And
with the fame of the king the glory of the nation also kept pace. For
he was called "Alexander, the Macedonian." So that what took place
there was also naturally much talked of. For nothing can be
concealed that relates to the illustrious. The Macedonians then were
not inferior to the Romans.
And this has also arisen from their vehemence. For
as if he were speaking of something living, he introduces the word
"gone forth"; so vehement and energetic was their faith. "So that we
need not to speak anything," says he, "for they themselves report
concerning us what entering in we had unto you." They do not wait to
hear from us,[1] but those who were not present, and have not seen,
anticipate those who were present, and have seen your good deeds. So
manifest were they everywhere made by report. We shall not therefore
need, by relating your actions, to bring them to equal zeal. For the
things which they ought to have heard from, us, these they themselves
talk of, anticipating: us. And yet in the case of such there is
frequently envy, but the exceeding greatness of the thing
conquered even this, and they are the heralds of your conflicts. And
though left behind, not even so are they silenced, but they are
beforehand with us. And being such, it is not possible for them to
disbelieve our report.
What means, "What manner of entering in we had unto
you"? That it was full of dangers, and numberless deaths, but that none
of these things troubled you. But as if nothing had happened, so you
adhered to us; as if ye had suffered no evil, but had enjoyed infinite
good, so you received us after these things. For this was the second
entering.[2] They went to Beroea, they were persecuted, and when they
came after this they so received them, as though they had been honored
by these also, so that they even laid down their lives for them. The
expression, "What manner of entering in we had," is complicated, and
contains an encomium both of them and of themselves. But he himself has
turned this to their advantage. "And how," he says, "ye turned to God
from idols, to serve a living and true God"; that is, that ye did it
readily, that ye did it with much eagerness, that it did not require
much labor to make you. "In order to serve," says he, "a living and
true God."
Here also he introduced an exhortation, which is the
part of one who would make his discourse less offensive. "And to wait,"
he says, "for His Son from heaven, whom He raised from the dead, even
Jesus, which delivereth us from the wrath to come." "And to wait," he
says, "for His Son from heaven"; Him that was crucified, Him that was
buried; to wait for Him from heaven. And how "from heaven"? "Whom He
raised from the dead." You see all things at the same time; both the
Resurrection, and the Ascension, and the second Coming, the Judgment,
the retribution of the just, the punishment of the wicked. "Jesus," he
says, "which delivereth us from the wrath to come." This is at once
comfort, and exhortation, and encouragement. For if He raised Him from
the dead, and He is in heaven, and thence will come, (and ye believed
in Him; for if ye had not believed in Him, ye would not have suffered
so much), this of itself is sufficient comfort. These shall suffer
punishment, which he says in his second epistle, and you will have no
small consolation.
And to "wait," he says, "for His Son from heaven."
The terrible things are in hand, but the good things are in the future,
when Christ shall come from heaven. See how much hope is required, in
that He who was crucified has been raised, that He has been taken up
into heaven, that He will come to judge the quick and the dead.
Chap. ii. 1, 2. "For yourselves, brethren, know our
entering in unto you, that it hath not been found vain: but having
suffered before, and been shamefully entreated, as ye know, at
Philippi, we waxed bold in our God to speak
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unto you the Gospel of God in much conflict."
Great indeed were your actions also, but yet neither
did we have recourse to human speech. But what he says above, that also
he repeats here, that from both sides is shown what was the nature of
the Preaching, from the miracles, and from the resolution of the
preachers, and from the zeal and fervor of those who received it. "For
yourselves," he says," know our entering in unto you, that it hath not
been found vain," that is, that it was not according to man, nor
of any common kind. For being fresh from great dangers, and deaths, and
stripes, we immediately fell into dangers. "But," he says, "having
suffered before, and been shamefully entreated; as ye know, at
Philippi, we waxed bold in our God." Do you see how again he refers the
whole to God? "To speak unto you," says he, "the Gospel of God in much
conflict."[1] It is not possible to say, that there indeed we were in
danger, but here we are not; yourselves also know, how great was the
danger, with how much contention we were among you. Which also he says
in his Epistle to the Corinthians; "And I was with you in weakness,"
and in labor, "and in fear, and in much trembling." (1 Cor. ii. 3.)
Ver. 3, 4. "For our exhortation is not of error nor
of uncleanness, nor in guile: but even as we have been approved of God
to be entrusted with the Gospel, so we speak; not as pleasing men, but
God which proveth our hearts."
Do you see that, as I said, from their perseverance
he makes a proof that the Preaching is divine? For, if it were not so,
if it were a deceit, we should not have endured so many dangers, which
allowed us not even to take breath. You were in tribulation, we were in
tribulation. What then was it? Unless somewhat of things future had
excited us, unless we had been persuaded that there is a good hope, we
should not have been filled with the more alacrity by suffering. For
who would have chosen for the sake of what we have here to endure so
many sufferings, and to live a life of anxiety, and full of dangers?
For whom would they persuade? For are not these things of themselves
enough to trouble the disciples, when they see their teachers in
dangers? But this was not your case.
"For our exhortation," that is, our teaching, "is
not of error." The matter, he says, is not guile nor deceit, that we
should give it up. It is not for things abominable, as the tricks of
jugglers and sorcerers. "And of uncleanness," says he, "nor in guile,"
nor for any insurrection, like what Theudas did. "But even as we have
been approved of God to be entrusted with the Gospel, so we speak, not
as pleasing men, but God." Do you see, that it is not vainglory? "But
God," he says, "which proveth our hearts." We do nothing for the sake
of pleasing men, he says. For on whose account should we do these
things? Then having praised them, he says, Not as wishing to please
men, nor seeking the honors that are from men, he adds, "But as we have
been approved of God to be entrusted with the Gospel." Unless He had
seen that we were free from every worldly consideration, He would not
have chosen us. As therefore He approved us, such we remain, as having
been "approved of God." Whence did he approve us, and entrust us with
the Gospel? We appeared to God approved, so we remain. It is a proof of
our virtue, that we are entrusted with the Gospel; if there had
been anything bad in us, God would not have approved us. But the
expression that He approved us, does not here imply search. But what we
do upon proving, that he does without proving. That is, as he found us
proof, and trusted us, so we speak; as it is reasonable that those
should, who are approved and entrusted to be worthy of the Gospel, so
we speak, "not as pleasing men," that is, not on your account do we do
all these things.[2] Because previously he had praised them, that he
might not bring his speech under suspicion, he says,
Ver. 5, 6. "For neither at any time were we found
using words of flattery, as ye know, nor a cloak of covetousness, God
is witness; nor seeking glory of men, neither from you, nor from
others, when we might have been burdensome, as Apostles of Christ."
For "neither at any time," he says, "were we found
using words of flattery"; that is, we did not flatter, which is the
part of deceivers, who wish to get possession and to domineer. No one
can say that we flattered in order to rule, nor that we had recourse to
it for the sake of wealth. Of this, which was manifest, he afterwards
calls them to be witnesses. "Whether we flattered," he says, "ye know."
But as to what was uncertain, namely, whether it were in the way of
covetousness, he calls God to witness. "Nor seeking glory of men,
neither from you, nor from others, when we might have been burdensome,
as Apostles of Christ;" that is, not seeking after honors either, nor
boasting ourselves, nor requiring attendance of guards. And yet even if
we had done this, we should have done nothing out of character. For if
persons sent forth by kings are nevertheless[3] in
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honor, much more might we be. And he has riot said, that "we were
dishonored," nor that "we did not enjoy honors," which would have been
to reproach them, but "we did not seek them." We therefore, who, when
we might have sought them, sought them not, even when the preaching
required it, how should we do anything for the sake of glory? And yet
even if we had sought them, not even in that case would there have been
any blame. For it is fit that those men who are sent forth from God, as
ambassadors now coming from heaven, should enjoy great honor.
But with an excess of forbearance we do none of
these things, that we may stop the mouths of the adversaries. And it
cannot be said, that to you we act thus, but not so others. For thus
also he said in his Epistle to the Corinthians: "For ye bear with a man
if he bringeth you into bondage, if he devoureth you, if he taketh you
captive, if he exalteth himself, if he smiteth you on the face." (2
Cot. xi. 20.) And again, "His bodily presence is weak, and his speech
of no account." (2 Cor. x. 10.) And again, "Forgive me this wrong." (2
Cor. xii. 13.) He shows there also that he was exceeding humble from
his suffering so many things. But here he also says concerning money,
"when we might have been burdensome, as Apostles of Christ."
Ver. 7, 8. "But we were gentle in the midst of you,
as when a nurse cherisheth her own children: even so, being
affectionately desirous of you, we were well pleased to impart unto
you, not the Gospel of God only, but also our own souls, because ye
were become very dear to us."
"But we were gentle," he says; we exhibited nothing
that was offensive or troublesome, nothing displeasing, or boastful.
And the expression "in the midst of you," is as if one should say, we
were as one of you, not taking the higher lot. "As when a nurse
cherisheth her own children." So ought the teacher to be. Does the
nurse flatter that she may obtain glory? Does she ask money of her
little children? Is she offensive or burdensome to them? Are they not
more indulgent to them than mothers? Here he shows his affection. "Even
so, being affectionately desirous of you," he says, we are so bound to
you, he says, and we not only take nothing of you, but if it be
necessary even to impart to you our souls, we should not have refused.
Tell me, then, is this of a human view? and who is so foolish as to say
this? "We were well pleased to impart to you," he says, "not the Gospel
of God only, but also our own souls." So that this is greater than the
other. And what is the gain? For from the Gospel is gain, but to give
our souls, is with respect to difficulty a greater thing than that. For
merely to preach is not the same thing as to give the soul. For that
indeed is more precious, but the latter is a matter of more difficulty.
We were willing, he says, if it were possible, even to spend our souls
upon you. And this we should have been willing to do; for if we had not
been willing, we should not have endured the necessity. Since then he
praised, and does praise, on this account he says, that, not seeking
money, nor flattering you, nor desiring glory, do we do this. For
observe; they had contended much, and so ought to be praised and
admired even extraordinarily, that they might be more firm; the praise
was suspicious. On this account he says all these things, by way of
repelling the suspicion. And he also mentions the dangers. And again,
that he may not be thought to speak of the dangers on this account, as
if laboring for them, and claiming to be honored by them, therefore
again, as he had to mention the dangers, he added, "Because ye were
become very dear to us"; we would willingly have given our souls for
you, because we were vehemently attached to you. The Gospel indeed we
proclaim, because God commanded it; but so much do we love you, that,
if it were possible, we would have given even our souls.
He who loves, ought so to love, that if he were
asked even for his soul,[1] and it were possible, he would not refuse
it. I do not say "if he were asked," but so that he would even run to
present him with the gift. For nothing, nothing can be sweeter than
such love; nothing will fall out there that is grievous. Truly "a
faithful friend is the medicine of life." (Ecclus. vi. 16.) Truly "a
faithful friend is a strong defense." (Ib. 14.) For what will not a
genuine friend perform? What pleasure will he not afford? what benefit?
what security? Though you should name infinite treasures, none of them
is comparable to a genuine friend. And first let us speak of the great
delight of friendship itself. A friend rejoices at seeing his friend,
and expands with joy. He is knit to him with an union of soul that
affords unspeakable pleasure. And if he only calls him to remembrance,
he is roused in mind, and transported.
I speak of genuine friends, men of one soul, who
would even die for each other, who love fervently. Do not, thinking of
those who barely love, who are table-companions, mere nominal friends,
suppose that my discourse is refuted. If any one has a friend such as I
speak of, he will acknowledge the truth of my words. He, though he sees
his friend every day, is not satiated. For him he prays for the same
things as for himself. I know one, who calling upon holy men in behalf
of his friend, besought them to
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pray first for him, and then for himself. So dear a thing is a good
friend, that times and places are loved on his account. For as bodies
that are luminous spread their radiance to the neighboring places, so
also friends leave a grace of their own in the places to which they
have come. And oftentimes in the absence of friends, as we have stood
on those places, we have wept, and remembering the days which we passed
together, have sighed. It is not possible to represent by speech, how
great a pleasure the intercourse with friends affords. But those only
know, who have experience. From a friend we may both ask a favor, and
receive one without suspicion. When they enjoin anything upon us, then
we feel indebted to them; but when they are slow to do this, then we
are sorrowful. We have nothing which is not theirs. Often despising all
things here, on their account we are not willing to depart hence; and
they are more longed for by us than the light.
For, in good truth, a friend is more to be longed
for than the light; I speak of a genuine one. And wonder not: for it
were better for us that the sun should be extinguished, than that we
should be deprived of friends; better to live in darkness, than to be
without friends. And I will tell you why. Because many who see the sun
are in darkness, but they can never be even in tribulation, who abound
in friends. I speak of spiritual friends, who prefer nothing to
friendship. Such was Paul, who would willingly have given his own soul,
even though not asked, nay would have plunged into hell(1) for
them.With so ardent a disposition ought we to love.
I wish to give you an example of friendship.
Friends, that is, friends according to Christ, surpass fathers and
sons. For tell me not of friends of the present day, since this good
thing also has past away with others. But consider, in the time of the
Apostles, I speak not of the chief men, but of the believers themselves
generally; "all," he says, "were of one heart and soul: and not one of
them said that aught of the things which he possessed was his own ...
and distribution was made unto each, according as any one had need."
(Acts iv. 32, 35.) There were then no such words as "mine" and "thine."
This is friendship, that a man should not consider his goods his own,
but his neighbor's, that his possessions belong to another; that he
should be as careful of his friend's soul,(2) as of his own; and the
friend likewise.
And where is it possible, somebody says, that such
an one should be found? Because we have not the will; for it is
possible. If it were not possible, neither would Christ have commanded
it; he would not have discoursed so much concerning love. A great thing
is friendship, and how great, no one can learn, and no discourse
represent, but experience itself. It is this(3) that has caused the
heresies. This makes the Greeks to be Greeks. He who loves does not
wish to command, nor to rule, but is rather obliged when he is ruled
and commanded. He wishes rather to bestow a favor than to receive one,
for he loves, and is so affected, as not having satisfied his desire.
He is not so much gratified when good is done to him, as when he is
doing good. For he wishes to oblige, rather than to be indebted to him;
or rather he wishes both to be beholden to him, and to have him his
debtor. And he wishes both to bestow favors, and not to seem to bestow
them, but himself to be the debtor. I think that perhaps many of you do
not understand what has been said. He wishes to be the first in
bestowing benefits, and not to seem to be the first, but to be
returning a kindness. Which God also has done in the case of men. He
purposed to give His own Son for us; but that He might not seem to
bestow a favor, but to be indebted to us, He commanded Abraham to offer
his son,(4) that whilst doing a great kindness, He might seem to do
nothing great.
For when indeed there is no love, we both upbraid
men with our kindnesses and we exaggerate little ones; but when there
is love, we both conceal them and wish to make the great appear small,
that we may not seem to have our friend for a debtor, but ourselves to
be debtors to him, in having him our debtor. I know that the greater
part do not understand what is said, and the cause is, that I am
speaking of a thing which now dwells in heaven. As therefore if I were
speaking of any plant growing in India, of which no one had ever had
any experience, no speech would avail to represent it, though I
should utter ten thousand words: so also now whatever things I say, I
say in vain, for no one will be able to understand me. This is a plant
that is planted in heaven, having for its branches not heavy-clustered
pearls, but a virtuous life, much more acceptable than they. What
pleasure would you speak of, the foul and the honorable? But that of
friendship excelleth them all, though you should speak of the sweetness
of honey. For that satiates, but a friend never does, so long as he is
a friend; nay, the desire of him rather increases, and such pleasure
never admits of satiety. And a friend is sweeter than the present life.
Many therefore after the death of their friends have not wished to live
any longer. With a friend one would bear even banishment; but without a
friend would not choose to inhabit even his own country. With a friend
even pov-
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erty is tolerable, but without him both health and riches are
intolerable. He has another self: I am straitened, because I cannot
instance by an example. For I should in that case make it appear that
what has been said is much less than it ought to be.
And these things indeed are so here. But from God
the reward of friendship is so great, that it cannot be expressed. He
gives a reward, that we may love one another, the thing for which we
owe a reward. "Pray," He says, "and receive a reward," for that for
which we owe a reward, because we ask for good things. "For that which
you ask," He says, "receive a reward. Fast, and receive a reward. Be
virtuous, and receive a reward," though you rather owe a reward. But as
fathers, when they have made their children virtuous, then further give
them a reward; for they are debtors, because they have afforded them a
pleasure; so also God acts. "Receive a reward," He says, "if thou be
virtuous, for thou delightest thy Father, and for this I owe thee a
reward. But if thou be evil, not so: for thou provokest Him that begot
thee." Let us not then provoke God, but let us delight Him, that we may
obtain the kingdom of Heaven, in Christ Jesus our Lord, to whom be the
glory and the strength, world without end. Amen.
HOMILY III.
1 THESSALONIANS ii. 9--12.
"For ye remember, brethren, our labor and travail: for working night
and day, that we might not burden any of you, we preached unto you the
Gospel of God. Ye are witnesses, and God also, how holily and
righteously and unblamably we behaved ourselves toward you that
believe: as ye know how we dealt with each one of you, as a father with
his own children, exhorting you, and encouraging you, and testifying,
to the end that ye should walk worthily of God, who calleth you into
His own kingdom and glory."
THE teacher ought to do nothing with a feeling of
being burdened, that tends to the salvation of his disciples. For if
the blessed Jacob was buffeted night and day in keeping his flocks,
much more ought he, to whom the care of souls is entrusted, to endure
all toils, though the work be laborious and mean, looking only to one
thing, the salvation of his disciples, and the glory thence arising to
God. See then, Paul, a man that was a Preacher, an Apostle of the
world, and raised to so great honor, worked with his hands that he
might not be burdensome to his disciples.
"For ye remember," he says, "my brethren, our labor
and travail." He had said previously, "we might have been burdensome as
the Apostles of Christ," as he also says in the Epistle to the
Corinthians, "Know ye not that they which minister about sacred things
eat of the things of the Temple? Even so also did Christ ordain that
they which proclaim the Gospel should live of the Gospel." (1 Cor. ix.
13, 14.) But I, he says, would not, but I labored; and he did not
merely work, but with much diligence. Observe then what he says; "For
ye remember," he has not said, the benefits received from me, but, "our
labor and travail: for working night and day, that we might not burden
any of you, we preached unto you the Gospel of God." And to the
Corinthians he said a different thing, "I robbed other Churches, taking
wages of them that I might minister unto you." (2 Cor. xi. 8.) And yet
even there he worked, but of this he made no mention, but urged what
was more striking,(1) as if he had said, I was maintained by others
when ministering to you. But here it is not so. But what? "Working
night and day." And there indeed he says, "And when I was present with
you, and was in want, I was not a burden on any man," and, "I took
wages that I might minister unto you." (2 Cor. xi. 8, 9.) And here he
shows that the men were in poverty, but there it was not so.
On this account he frequently addresses them as
witnesses. For "ye are witnesses," he says, "and God also"; God was
worthy to be believed, but this other was that which most fully assured
them. For that indeed was uncertain to those who were ignorant of it;
but this was without doubt to all. For do not enquire whether it was
Paul who said these things. Much beyond what was necessary he gives
them assurance. Wherefore he says, "Ye are witnesses, and God also, how
holily and righteously and unblamably we behaved ourselves toward you
that believe." It was proper to praise them again. On this account he
sets these things before them, which were sufficient to persuade them.
For he that stood there in want, and did not receive anything, would
much more not receive anything
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now. "How holily," says he, "and righteously and unblamably we behaved
ourselves toward you that believe"
"As ye know how we exhorted and comforted each one
of you, as a father doth his own children." Above having spoken of his
behavior here he speaks of his love, which was more than what belonged
to his rule over them. And what is said marks his freedom from pride.
"As a father his own children, exhorting you, and encouraging you, and
testifying, to the end that ye should walk worthily of God, who calleth
you into His own kingdom and glory." When he says, "and testifying,"
then he makes mention of "fathers"; although we testified, it was not
violently, but like fathers. "Each one of you." Strange! in so great a
multitude to omit no one, neither small nor great, neither rich nor
poor. "Exhorting" you, he says; to bear. "And comforting and
testifying." "Exhorting,"(1) therefore they did not seek glory; and
"testifying," therefore they did not flatter. "That ye should walk
worthily of God, who calleth you into His own kingdom and glory."
Observe again, how, in relating, he both teaches and comforts. For if
He hath called them unto His kingdom, if He called them unto glory,
they ought to endure all things. We "entreat"(2) you, not that you
should grant us any favor, but that you should gain the kingdom of
heaven.
Ver. 13. "And for this cause we also thank God
without ceasing, that when ye received from us the word of the message,
even the word of God, ye accepted it not as the word of men, but as it
is in truth, the word of God, which also worketh in you that believe."
It cannot be said, he says, that we indeed do all
things unblamably, but you on the other hand have done things unworthy
of our course of life. For in hearing us, you gave such heed as if not
hearing men, but as if God Himself were exhorting you. Whence is this
manifest? Because as he shows from his own temptations and their
testimony, and the way in which he acted, that he did not preach with
flattery or vainglory; so from their trials, he shows also that they
rightly received the word. For whence, he says, unless ye had heard as
if God were speaking, did ye endure such perils? And observe his
dignity.
Ver. 14, 15, 16. "For ye, brethren, became imitators
of the Churches of God, which are in Judaea in Christ Jesus: for ye
also suffered the same things of your own countrymen, even as they did
of the Jews; who both killed the Lord Jesus and their own prophets, and
drave out us, and please not God, and are contrary to all men;
forbidding us to speak to the Gentiles that they may be saved; to fill
up their sins alway: but the wrath is come upon them to the uttermost."
"For ye," he says, "became imitators of the Churches
of God which are in Judaea." This is a great consolation. It is no
wonder, he says, that they should do these things to you, inasmuch as
they have done it also to their own countrymen. And this too is no
little proof that the Preaching is true, that even Jews were able to
endure all things. "For ye also," he says, "have suffered the same
things of your own countrymen, even as they did of the Jews." There is
something more in his saying, "as they also did in Judaea"; it shows
that everywhere they rejoiced, as having nobly contended. He says
therefore, "that ye also suffered the same things." And again, what
wonder is it, if to you also, when even to the Lord they dared do such
things?
Do you see how he introduces this as containing
great consolation? And constantly he adverts to it; and upon a close
examination one may find it in nearly all his Epistles, how
variously,(3) upon all occasions of temptation, he brings foward
Christ. Observe accordingly, that here also, when accusing the Jews, he
puts them in mind of the Lord, and of the sufferings of the Lord; so
well does he know that this is a matter of the greatest consolation.
"Who both killed the Lord," he says--but, perhaps,
they did not know Him,--assuredly they did know Him. What then? Did
they not slay and stone their own prophets, whose books even they carry
about with them? And they did not do this for the sake of truth. There
is therefore not only a consolation under the temptations, but they are
reminded not to think that (the Jews) did it for the truth's sake, and
be troubled on that account. "And drave out us,"(4) he says. And we
also, he says, have suffered numberless evils. "And please not God, and
are contrary to all men; forbidding us to speak to the Gentiles, that
they may be saved." "Contrary to all men," he says. How? Because if we
ought to speak to the world, and they forbid us, they are the common
enemies of the world. They have slain Christ and the prophets, they
insult God, they are the common enemies of the world, they banish us,
when coming for their salvation. What wonder if they have done such
things also to you, when they have done them even in Judaea?
"Forbidding us to speak to the Gentiles, that they might be saved." It
is a mark of envy therefore to hinder the salvation of all. "To fill up
their sins alway. But the wrath is come upon them to the uttermost."
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What is "to the uttermost"? These things are no longer like the former.
There is here no return back, no limit. But the wrath is nigh at hand.
Whence is this manifest? From that which Christ foretold. For not only
is it a consolation to have partakers in our afflictions, but to hear
also that our persecutors are to be punished. And if the delay is a
grievance, let it be a consolation that they will never lift up their
heads again; or rather he hath cut short the delay, by saying, "THE
wrath," showing that it was long ago due, and predetermined, and
predicted.
Ver. 17. "But we, being taken from you(1) for a
short time in presence, not in heart, endeavored the more abundantly to
see your face with great desire."
He has not said "separated," but what was much
more.(2) He had spoken above of flattery, showing that he did not
flatter, that he did not seek glory. He speaks here concerning love.
Because he had said above, "as a father his children," "as a nurse,"
here he uses another expression, "being made orphans," which is said of
children who have lost their fathers. And yet they(3) were made
orphans. "No"--he says--"but we. For if any one should examine our
longing, even as little children without a protector, having sustained
an untimely bereavement, long for their parents, not only from the
feelings of nature itself, but also on account of their deserted state,
so truly do we too feel." From this also he shows his own despondency
on account of their separation. And this we cannot say, he says, that
we have waited a long period, but "for a short time," and that "in
presence, not in heart." For we always have you in our mind. See how
great is his love Although having them always in his heart, he sought
also their presence face to face. Tell me not of your superlative(4)
philosophy This is truly fervent love; both to see, and to hear, and
speak; and this may be of much advantage. "We endeavored the more
exceedingly." What is "more exceedingly"? He either means to say, "we
are vehemently attached to you," or, "as was likely, being bereaved for
a season, we endeavored to see your face." Observe the blessed Paul.
When of himself he cannot satisfy his longing, he does it through
others, as when he sends Timothy to the Philippians, and the same
person again to the Corinthians, holding intercourse with them through
others, when he cannot of himself. For in loving them, he was like some
mad person, not to be restrained, nor to command himself in his
affection.
Ver. 18. "Wherefore we would fain have come unto
you."
Which is the part of love; yet here he mentions no
other necessity but "that we might see you." "I Paul once and again,
and Satan hindered us."
What sayest thou? does Satan hinder? Yes, truly, for
this was not the work of God. For in the Epistle to the Romans, he says
this, that God hindered him (from Rom. xv. 22); and elsewhere Luke
says, that "the Spirit" hindered them from going into Asia. (Acts xvi.
7.) And in the Epistle to the Corinthians he says, that it is the work
of the Spirit, but here only of Satan. But what hindrance of Satan is
he speaking of? Some unexpected and violent temptations:(5) for a plot,
it says, being formed against him by the Jews, he was detained three
months in Greece. But it is another thing to remain for the sake of the
dispensation, and willingly. For there he says, "Wherefore having no
more place in these parts" (Rom. xv. 23), and, "To spare you I forbare
to come unto Corinth." (2 Cor. i. 23.) But here nothing of this sort.
But what? That "Satan hindered" him. "Even I Paul," he says, "both once
and again." Observe, how ambitious he is, and what a display he makes,
in his willingness to show that he loved them most of all. "I Paul," he
says, instead of Although no others. For they indeed were only willing,
but I even attempted it.
Ver. 19. "For what is our hope, or joy, or crown of
glorying? Are not even ye before our Lord Jesus at His coming?"
Are the Macedonians, tell me, thy hope, O blessed
Paul? Not these alone, he says. Therefore he has added, "Are not ye
also?" For "what," he says, "is our hope, or joy, or crown of
glorying"? Observe then the words, which are those of women, inflamed
with tenderness, talking to their little children. "And crown of
glorying," he says. For the name of "crown" was not sufficient to
express the splendor, but also "of glorying." Of what fiery warmth is
this! Never could either mother, or father, yea if they even met
together, and commingled their love, have shown their own affection to
be equivalent to that of Paul. "My joy and crown," he says, that is, I
rejoice in you more than in a crown. For consider how great a thing it
is, that an entire Church should be present, planted and rooted by
Paul. Who would not rejoice in such a multitude of children, and in the
goodness of those children? So that this also is not
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flattery. For he has not said "ye," but "ye also"(1) together with the
others.
Ver. 20. "For ye are our glory and our joy."
Chap. iii. 1, 2. "Wherefore, when we could no longer
forbear, we thought it good to be left behind at Athens alone." Instead
of saying, "we chose." "And sent Timothy, our brother and God's
minister and our fellow-worker in the Gospel of Christ."
And this he says, not as extolling Timothy, but
honoring them, that he sent them the fellow-worker, and minister of the
Gospel. As if he had said, Having withdrawn him from his labors we have
sent to you the minister of God, and our fellow-laborer in the Gospel
of Christ.
"To establish you, and to comfort you concerning
your faith."
Vet. 3. "That no man be moved by these afflictions."
What then does he say here? Because the temptations
of the teachers trouble their disciples, and he had then fallen into
many temptations, as also he himself says, that "Satan hindered us,"
always saying this; "both once," he says, "and again I would have come
to you," and was not able, which was a proof of great violence. And it
was reasonable that this should trouble them, for they are not so much
troubled at their own temptations, as at those of their teachers; as
neither is the soldier so much troubled at his own trials,(2) as when
he sees his general wounded. "To establish you," he says; not that they
were at all deficient in faith, nor that they required to learn
anything.
"And to comfort you concerning your faith; that no
man be moved by these afflictions; for yourselves know that hereunto we
are appointed."
Vet. 4. "For verily, when we were with you, we told
you beforehand that we are to suffer affliction; even as it came to
pass, and ye know."
Ye ought not, he says, to be troubled, for nothing
strange, nothing contrary to expectation is happening; which was
sufficient to raise them up. For do you see that on this account also
Christ foretold to His disciples? For hear Him saying, "Now I have told
you before it came to pass, that when it is come to pass ye may
believe." (John xiv. 29.) For greatly indeed, greatly does it tend to
the comfort of others, to have heard from their teachers what is to
happen. For as he that is sick, if he hear from his physician that this
or that is taking place, is not much troubled; but if anything happen
unexpectedly, as if he too were at a loss, and the disorder was beyond
his art, he is afflicted and troubled; so also is it here. Which Paul
fore-knowing, foretold to them, "we are about to be afflicted," "as it
came to pass, and ye know." He not only says that this came to pass,
but that he foretold many things, and they happened. "Hereunto we are
appointed." So that not only ye ought not to be troubled and disturbed
about the past, but not even about the future, if any such thing should
happen, "for hereunto we are appointed."
MORAL. Let us hear, who have ears to hear. The
Christian is appointed hereunto. For concerning all the faithful is
this said, "Hereunto we are appointed." And we, as if we were
appointed(3) for ease, think it strange if we suffer anything; and yet
what reason have we for thinking anything strange? For no season of
affliction or temptation has overtaken us, but what is common to man.
It is a fit season for us to say to you, "Ye have not yet resisted unto
blood, striving against sin" (Heb. xii. 4). Or rather, this is not
seasonable for us to say to you--but what? Ye have not yet despised
riches. For to them indeed these words were said with reason, when they
had lost all their own possessions,(4) but this is said to those who
retain theirs. Who has been robbed of his riches for Christ's sake? Who
has been beaten? Who has been insulted? even in words, I mean. What
have you to boast of? What confidence have you to say anything? So many
things Christ suffered for us when we were enemies. What can we show
that we have suffered for Him? Nothing that we have suffered indeed,
but infinite good things that we have received from Him. Whence shall
we have confidence in that Day? Know ye not, that the soldier too, when
he can show numberless wounds and scars, will then be able to shine in
the presence of the king? But if he has no good action to show, though
he may have done no harm, he will take rank among the least.
But, you say, it is not the season of war. But if it
was, tell me, who would contend? Who would attack? Who would break
through(5) the phalanx? Perhaps no one. For when I see that you do not
despise riches for the sake of Christ, how shall I believe that you
will despise blows? Tell me, do you bear manfully those who insult you,
and do you bless them? You do not--but you disobey. What is attended
with no danger, you do not; and will you endure blows, in which there
is much pain and suffering? Know ye not that it is proper in peace to
keep up the exercises of war?(6) Do you not
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see these(1) soldiers, who though no war disturbs them, but it is
profound peace, brightening up their arms, and going forth with the
teachers who teach them tactics, into the broad and level plains, I may
say, every day, keep up with the greatest strictness the exercises of
war? Of our spiritual soldiers, who has done this? No one. For this
reason we become in war weak and ignoble, and easily led captive by any.
But what stupidity is this, not to think the present
a season of war, when Paul is Crying out, "Yea, and all that would live
godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution" (2 Tim. iii. 12); and
Christ says, "In the world ye shall have tribulation." (John xvi. 33.)
And again the blessed Paul with a loud voice cries out, saying, "Our
wrestling is not against flesh and blood," and again, "Stand therefore,
having girded your loins with truth." (Eph. vi. 12 and 14.) Why dost
thou arm us, tell me, when it is not war? Why dost thou give us trouble
to no purpose? Thou puttest breastplates on the soldiers, when it is
allowed them to rest and revive. But he would have said, Certainly,
however, though it were not war, it would be right to attend to the
concerns of war. For he who in peace considers the business of battle,
will be formidable in the season of battle; but he who is without
experience in the things of war, will be more troubled even in peace.
Why so? Because he will weep for the things which he possesses, and not
being able to fight for them, will be in anguish. For the possessions
of the cowardly and inexperienced and ignoble in war, are the property
of all who are brave and warlike. So that on this account first I arm
you. But then also the whole time of our life is the season of war. How
and in what respect? The devil is ever at hand. Hear what it says, "As
a roaring lion, he walketh about, seeking whom he may devour." (1
Pet. v. 8.) Numberless bodily affections assail us, which it is
necessary to enumerate, that we may not vainly deceive ourselves. For
tell me, what does not war against us? Riches, beauty, pleasure, power,
authority, envy, glory, pride? For not only does our own glory war
against us, forbidding us to descend to humility; but the glory of
others also, leading us to envy and ill-nature. But what do their
opposites, poverty, dishonor, the being despised, rejected, the having
no power? These things indeed are in us. But from men proceed
wickedness, plots, deceits, slanders, assaults innumerable. In like
manner on the part of the demons, "principalities, powers, the
world-rulers of this darkness, spiritual hosts of wickedness." Some of
us are rejoicing, others grieving, both are deviations from the right
course. But health and sickness (war against us). From what quarter
will not man be falling into sin? Would you that I should tell you from
the beginning, commencing even immediately from Adam? What took captive
the first created? Pleasure, and eating, and the love of dominion. What
the son who came next after him? Grudging and envy. What those in the
time of Noah? Fleshly pleasures, and the evils issuing from them. What
his son? Insolence and irreverence. What the Sodomites? Insolence,
wantonness; and fullness of bread. But often even poverty has this
effect. On this account a certain wise man said, "Give me neither
poverty nor riches." (Prov. xxx. 8.) However it is neither poverty nor
riches, but the will that cannot use either of them. "Acknowledge," he
says, "that thou passest through the midst of snares." (Ecclus. ix. 13.)
The blessed Paul has admirably said, "Hereunto we
are appointed." He has not said merely, that we are tempted, but that
"hereunto we are appointed," as if he had said, For this were we born.
This is our business, this our life, and dost thou seek rest? The
executioner does not stand over us, lacerating our sides, and
compelling us to sacrifice; but the desire of riches, and of possessing
more, is instant, tearing out our eyes. No soldier has kindled a pile,
nor placed us on a gridiron,(2) but more than this, the flames of the
flesh set fire on our souls. No king is present promising numberless
bounties, and putting us out of countenance. But there is present a
rage for glory, tickling us worse than he. A great war, truly,
exceedingly great, if we would watch.
And the present season too has its crowns. Hear Paul
saying, "Henceforth there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness,
which the righteous Judge shall give me ... and not only to me, but
also to all them that have loved His appearing." (2 Tim. iv. 8.) When
thou hast lost a beloved and only son, whom thou wert bringing up in
much wealth, displaying good hopes, himself being the only one to
succeed to thine inheritance; do not complain, but give thanks to God,
and glorify Him who has taken him, and in this respect thou wilt not be
worse than Abraham. For as he gave him to God, when he commanded it, so
thou hast not complained, when He has taken him. Hast thou fallen into
a severe sickness, and do many come, constraining thee, some with
charms, some with amulets, and others with other things, to remedy the
evil? and hast thou borne it firmly and unflinchingly from the fear of
God, and wouldst thou have chosen to suffer all things rather than
submit to do any of those idolatrous practices?
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This brings to thee the crown of martyrdom. Doubt it not. And how and
by what means, I will tell thee. For as such an one bears firmly the
pains of torture, so as not to worship the image, so thou also bearest
the sufferings of thy disease, so as to want nothing of those remedies
which the other offers, nor to do the things which he prescribes. "But
those pains are more violent"--yes, but these are of longer duration,
so that it is the same in the end; nay often these are more violent
too. For tell me, when fever is raging and burning within, and thou
rejectest the charm that others recommend to, thee, hast thou not bound
on thee the crown of martyrdom?
Again, has any one lost money? many advise thee to
have recourse to diviners; but thou, from fear of God, because it is
forbidden, choosest rather not to receive thy money than to disobey
God--thou hast a reward equal to him who has given it to the poor, if
having lost, thou givest thanks, and when able to have recourse to
diviners, thou bearest not to receive, rather than so to receive it.
For as he from the fear of God has given all to the needy, so thou also
from fear of God, when they have plundered thee, hast not recovered it.
We are the masters of injuring or not injuring
ourselves. And if you will, let us make the whole matter plain in the
case of theft itself. The thief has cut through the wall, he has rushed
into the chamber, he has carried off costly golden vessels, and
precious stones, in short, he has cleared thy whole treasure, and has
not been taken. The fact is grievous, and it seems to be a loss; still
as yet it is not so but it depends on thee to make it either a loss or
a gain. And how, sayest thou, can this be a gain? I will endeavor to
show thee how, if thou art willing, it will be a great gain, but if
unwilling, the loss will be severer than that which has taken place.
For as in the case of artificers, when material is before them, he who
is skilled in his art uses it to good purpose, but he that is
unskillful spoils it, and makes it a loss to him, so also in these
matters. How then will it be a gain? If thou givest thanks to God, if
thou dost not wail bitterly, if thou utterest the words of Job, "The
Lord gave and the Lord hath taken away. Naked came I out of my mother's
womb, naked shall I also go away." (Job i. 21, Sept. )
"What?" sayest thou, "the Lord hath taken away? The
thief hath taken away, and how canst thou say, the Lord hath taken
away?" Wonder not, for even Job, of things which the devil took away,
said, These the Lord hath taken away? And shalt not thou say of what
the thief took, The Lord hath taken away? Tell me, whom dost thou
admire? him who has bestowed all his goods upon the poor, or Job for
these words? Is he, who did not then give, inferior to him, who has
given alms? For say not, "I feel no thankfulness. The matter was not
done with my consent, or knowledge, or will. The robber took it. What
will be my reward?" Neither did these things happen with Job's
knowledge or will. For how could it be? Nevertheless, he wrestled.[1]
And it is in thy power to receive as great a reward,
as if thou hadst cast it away willingly. And perhaps we admire this man
more, who thankfully suffers wrongs, than him who gives spontaneously.
And why? Because the latter indeed is fed with praises, and supported
by conscience, and has good hopes; and having before[2] borne manfully
the privation of his goods, he then cast them away; but the former,
whilst yet bound to them, was forcibly deprived of them. And it is not
the same thing, having first been induced to part with riches, in that
way to bestow them, as it is while yet longing to be deprived of them.
If thou wilt say these words, thou wilt receive many times as much, and
even more than Job. For he received twice as much here, but to thee
Christ has promised a hundred fold. From the fear of God, thou hast not
blasphemed? thou hast not had recourse to diviners? suffering wrong,
thou hast been thankful? Thou art like one who despises wealth, for
thou couldest not do this, hadst thou not first despised it. And it is
not the same thing in a long time to practice the contempt of riches,
and all at once to bear a loss that has happened. Thus the loss becomes
gain, and thou wilt not be injured, but even benefited by the devil.
But how does the loss also become grievous? When
thou losest thy soul! Tell me, the thief has deprived thee of thy
possessions: wilt thou deprive thyself of salvation? Wherefore,
grieving at the evils which thou hast suffered from others, dost thou
plunge thyself into more evils? He perhaps has involved thee in
poverty: but thou perversely injurest thyself in things that are fatal.
He hath deprived thee of things that are without thee, and that
hereafter would spring away from thee even against thy will. But thou
deprivest thyself of the eternal riches. The devil hath grieved thee by
taking away thy wealth; do thou also grieve him, and do not delight
him. If thou hast recourse to diviners, thou delightest him. If thou
rederest thanks to God, thou givest him his death-blow.
And see what happens. Thou wilt not still find it,
if thou goest to the diviners, for it is not in their power to know;
and even if by any chance they have told thee, thou both losest thy
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own soul besides, and thou wilt be derided by thy brethren, and again
wilt lose it wretchedly. For the demon, knowing that thou canst not
bear thy loss, but for the sake of these things deniest even thy God,
again gives thee wealth, that he may have an opportunity of deceiving
thee again, and making thee fall away. And if the diviners should tell
thee, wonder not. The demon is without body: he is everywhere going
about. It is he who arms the robbers themselves. For these things do
not take place without the demon. If therefore he arms them, he knows
also where it is deposited. He is not ignorant of his own ministers.
And this is not wonderful. If he sees thee grieving at the loss, he
adds yet another to it. If he sees thee laughing at it, and despising
it, he will desist from this course. For as we deal to our enemies
those things by which we grieve them, but if we see that they do not
grieve, we henceforth desist, as being unable to plague them; so does
the devil also.
What sayest thou? Dost thou not see those who sail
on the sea, how, when a storm arises, they regard not their wealth, but
even throw overboard their substance? "O man, what dost thou say? Art
thou coöperating with the storm and the shipwreck? Before the wave
has taken away thy wealth, dost thou do it with thine own hands? Why,
before the shipwreck, dost thou wreck thyself?" But indeed a rustic
inexperienced in the trials of the sea might say this. But the naval
man, and one who truly knows what are the causes of calm, and what of
storm, will even laugh at him who talks thus. For I throw it overboard,
he says, that there may be no whelming sea.[1] So he who is experienced
in the events and trials of life, when he sees the storm impending, and
the spirits of evil wishing to cause shipwreck, throws overboard even
the remainder of his wealth. Hast thou been plundered? Do alms, and
thou lightenest the ship. Have robbers ravaged thee? Give what remains
to Christ. So thou wilt console thy poverty from thy former loss.
Lighten the ship, do not hold fast what remains, lest the vessel fill
with water. They, to preserve their bodies, throw their goods
overboard, and wait not for the assailing wave to overturn the vessel.
And wilt thou not stay the shipwreck, that thou mayest save souls?
Make the trial, I beseech you--if you disbelieve,
make the trial, and you will see the glory of God. When anything
grievous has happened, immediately give alms; render thanks that it has
happened, and thou wilt see how much joy will come upon thee. For
spiritual gain, though it be small, is so great as to throw into the
shade all bodily loss. As long as thou hast to give to Christ, thou art
rich. Tell me, if when thou wast robbed, the king coming to thee held
out his hand, begging to receive something from thee, wouldest thou not
then think thyself richer than all, if the king not even after so great
poverty was ashamed of thee? Be not carried away with thy wealth, only
overcome thyself, and thou wilt overcome the assault of the devil. It
is in thy power to acquire great gain.
Let us despise wealth, that we may not despise the
soul. But how can any one despise it? Dost thou not see in the case of
beautiful bodies, and the lovers of them, how as long as they are in
their sight the fire is kindled, the flame rises bright; but when any
one has removed them afar off, all is extinguished, all is lulled to
sleep; so also in the case of wealth, let no one provide gold, nor
precious stones, nor necklaces; when seen, they ensnare the eyes. But
if thou wouldest be rich like the ancients, be rich not in gold, but in
necessary things, that thou mayest bestow on others from that which
thou hast ready. Be not fond of ornament. Such wealth is both easy to
be plotted against by robbers, and a thing that brings us cares. Not
vessels of gold and silver, but let there be stores of bread and wine
and oil, not that being sold again they may procure money, but that
they may be supplied to those who need. If we withdraw ourselves from
those superfluities, we shall obtain the heavenly goods; which God
grant that we may all obtain, in Jesus Christ our Lord, with whom,
&c.
339
HOMILY IV.
1 Thessalonians iii. 5-8.
"For this cause I also, when I could no longer forbear, sent that I
might know your faith, lest by any means the tempter had tempted you,
and our labor should be in vain. But when Timothy came even now unto us
from you, and brought us glad tidings of your faith and love, and that
ye have good remembrance of us always, longing to see us, even as we
also to see you; for this cause, brethren, we were comforted over you
in all our distress and affliction through your faith: for now we live,
if ye stand fast in the Lord."
A QUESTION lies before us to-day, which is much
disputed, and which is gathered from many sources. But what is this
question? "For this cause," he says, "when I could no longer forbear, I
sent Timothy that I might know your faith." What sayest thou? He, who
knew so many things, who heard unutterable words, who ascended even to
the third heaven, doth not he know, even when he is in Athens? And yet
the distance is not great, nor has he been long parted from them. For
he says, "Being bereaved of you for a short season." He does not know
the affairs of the Thessalonians, but is compelled to send Timothy to
know their faith, "lest," he says, "the tempter had tempted you, and
our labors should be in vain."
What then is one to say? That the Saints knew not
all things. And this one might learn from many instances, both of the
early ones, and of those who came after them, as Elisha knew not
concerning the woman (2 Kings iv. 27); as Elijah said to God, "I only
am left, and they seek my life." Wherefore he heard from God, "I have
left me seven thousand men." (1 Kings xix. 10 and 18.) Samuel again,
when he was sent to anoint David; "The Lord said to him, Look not on
his countenance, nor on the height of his stature; because I have
rejected him: for God seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the
outward appearance, but God looketh on the heart." (1 Sam. xvi. 7.)
And this comes to pass out of great care on God's
part. How, and in what way? For the sake both of the Saints themselves,
and of those who believe in them. For as He permits that there should
be persecutions, so He permits that they should also be ignorant of
many things, that they may be kept humble. On this account also Paul
said, "There was given to me a thorn in the flesh, a messenger of Satan
to buffet me, that I should not be exalted over much." (2 Cor. xii. 7.)
And again, lest others also should have great imaginations concerning
them. For if they thought they were gods from their miracles, much more
if they had continued always knowing all things. And this again he also
says: "Lest any man should account of me above that which he seeth me
to be, or heareth from me." (2 Cor. xii. 6.) And again hear Peter, when
he healed the lame man, saying, "Why fasten ye your eyes on us, as
though by our own power or godliness we had made him to walk." (Acts
iii. 12.) And if even when they were saying and doing these things, and
from these few and small miracles, evil imaginations were thus
engendered, much more would they have been from great ones
But for another reason too these things were
allowed. For that no one might be able to say it was as being other
than men that they performed those excellent actions, and so all should
become supine, he shows their infirmity, that from their folly he might
cut off every pretext of shamelessness. For this reason he is ignorant,
for this reason also, after having purposed, he frequently does not
come, that they might perceive there were many things he knew not.
Great advantage then came of this. For if there were some yet saying,
"This man is that power of God which is called Great" (Acts viii. 10),
and some, that it is this person, or that; unless these things had been
so, what would they not have thought?
But here, however, there seems to be a censure on
them. But quite otherwise, it even shows their admirable conduct, and
proves the excess of their temptations. How? Attend. For if thou first
sayest "that we are appointed thereunto," and "let no man be moved,"
why again dost thou send Timothy, fearing that something might happen
which thou wouldest not wish. This indeed he does from his great love.
For those who love suspect even what is safe, from their exceeding
warmth. But this is caused by their great temptations. For I said
indeed that we are appointed thereunto, but the excess of the
temptations alarmed me. Wherefore he has not said, I send him as
condemning you, but "when I could no longer forbear," which is rather
an expression of love.
What means, "Lest by any means the tempter had
tempted you "? Dost thou see that to be shaken in afflictions proceeds
from the devil, and from his seduction? For when he cannot
340
shake us ourselves, he takes another way,[1] and shakes the weaker sort
through our means, which argues exceeding infirmity, and such as admits
of no excuse; as he did in the case of Job, having stirred up his wife,
"Speak some word against the Lord," she says, "and die." (Job ii. 9,
Sept.) See how he tempted her.
But wherefore has he not said, "shaken," but
"tempted"? Because, he says, I only suspected so much, as that you had
been tempted. For he does not call his temptation a wavering. For he
who admits his attack is shaken. Strange! how great is the affection of
Paul He did not regard afflictions, nor plots against him. For I think
that he then remained there, as Luke says, that "he abode in Greece
three months, when[2] the Jews laid a plot against him." (Acts xx. 3.)
His concern therefore was not for his own dangers,
but for his disciples. Seest thou how he surpassed every natural
parent? For we in our afflictions and dangers lose the remembrance of
all. But he so feared and trembled for his children, that he sent to
them Timothy, whom alone he had for his consolation, his companion and
fellow-laborer, and him too in the very midst of dangers.
"And our labor," he says, "should be in vain."
Wherefore! for even if they were turned aside, it was not through thy
fault, not through thy negligence. But nevertheless, though this were
the case, I think, from my great love of the brethren, that my labor
had been rendered vain.
"Lest by any means the tempter had tempted you." But
he tempts, not knowing whether he shall overthrow. Does he then, even
though he knows not, yet assail us, and do we, who know that we shall
completely overcome him, not watch? But that he does attack us, though
he knows not, he showed in the case of Job. For that evil demon said to
God, "Hast Thou not made a hedge about his things within, and his
things without? Take away his goods, and surely he will bless[3] Thee
to Thy face." (Job i. 10, 11, Sept.) He makes trial; if he sees
anything weak, he makes an attack, if strong, he desists. "And our
labor," he says, "be in vain." Let us all hear, how Paul labored. He
does not say work, but "labor"; he does not say, and you be lost, but
"our labor."[4] So that even if anything had happened, it would be
happening with some reason. But that it did not happen was a great
wonder. These things indeed we expected, he says, but the contrary
happened. For not only did we receive from you no addition to our
affliction but even consolation.
"But when Timothy came even now unto us, and brought
us glad tidings of your faith and love." "Brought us glad tidings," he
says. Do you see the excessive joy of Paul? he does not say, brought us
word, but "brought us glad tidings." So great a good did he think their
steadfastness and love. For it was necessary, the one remaining firm,
that the other also must be steadfast. And he rejoiced in their love,
because it was a sign of their faith. "And that ye have," he says,
"good remembrance of us always, longing to see us, even as we also to
see you." That is, with praises. Not when we were present, nor when we
were working miracles, but even now, when we are far off, and are
scourged, and are suffering numberless evils, "ye have good remembrance
of us." Hear how disciples are admired, who have good remembrance of
their teachers, how they are called blessed. Let us imitate these. For
we benefit ourselves, not those who are loved by us. "Longing to see
us," he says, "as we also to see you." And this too cheered them; for
to him who loves, to perceive that the beloved person knows that he is
beloved, is a great comfort and consolation.
"For this cause, brethren, we were comforted over
you in all our distress and affliction through your faith. For now we
live if ye stand fast in the Lord." What is comparable to Paul, who
thought the salvation of his neighbors was his own, being so affected
towards all, as really towards members? Who now would be able to break
forth into such speech? Or rather, who will ever be able to have such a
thought? He did not require them to be thankful to him for the trials
which he suffered for them, but he was thankful to them that they were
not moved on account of his trials. As if he had said, that to you
rather than to us was injury done by those trials; you were tempted
rather than we, you who suffered nothing, rather than we who suffered.
Because, he says, Timothy brought us these good tidings, we feel
nothing of our sorrows, but were comforted in all our affliction; not
in this affliction only. For nothing besides can touch a good teacher,
as long as the affairs of his disciples go on to his mind. Through you,
he says, we were comforted; you confirmed us. And yet the reverse was
the case. For
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that when suffering they did not yield, but stood manfully, was
sufficient to confirm the disciples. But he reverses the whole matter,
and turns the encomium over to them. You have anointed us, he says, you
have caused us to breathe again; you have not suffered us to feel our
trials. And he has not said, we breathe again, nor we are comforted,
but what? "Now we live," showing that he thinks nothing is either trial
or death, but their stumbling, whereas their advancement was even life.
How else could any one have set forth either the sorrow for the
weakness of one's disciples, or the joy? He has not said we rejoice,
but "we live," the life to come.
So that without this we do not even think it life to
live. So ought teachers to be affected, so disciples; and there will be
nothing at any time amiss.[1] Then further softening the expression,
see what he says,
Ver. 9, 10. "For what thanksgiving can we render
again unto God for you, for all the joy wherewith we joy for your sakes
before our God; night and day praying exceedingly that we may see your
face, and may perfect that which is lacking in your faith?"
Not only, he says, are ye the causes of life to us,
but also of much joy, and so much that we cannot worthily give thanks
to God. Your[2] good behavior, he says, we consider to be the gift of
God. Such kindnesses have you shown to us, that we think it to be of
God; yea, rather, and it is of God. For such a disposition of mind
comes not of a human soul or carefulness.
"Night and day," he says, "praying exceedingly."
This too is a sign of joy. For as any husbandman, hearing concerning
his land that has been tilled by himself, that it is burdened with ears
of grain, longs with his own eyes to see so pleasant a sight, so Paul
to see Macedonia. "Praying exceedingly." Observe the excess; "that we
may see your face, and may perfect that which is lacking in your faith."
Here there is a great question. For if now thou
livest, because they stand fast, and Timothy brought thee "glad tidings
of their faith and love," and thou art full of so much joy as not to be
able worthily to give thanks to God, how sayest thou here that there
are deficiencies in their faith? Were those then the words of flattery?
By no means, far be it. For previously he testified that they endured
many conflicts, and were no worse affected than the Churches in
Judæa. What then is it? They had not enjoyed the full benefit of
his teaching, nor learned all that it behoved them to learn. And this
he shows toward the end. Perhaps there had been questionings among them
concerning the Resurrection, and there were many who troubled them, not
by temptations, nor by dangers, but by acting the part of teachers.
This is what he says is lacking in their faith, and for this reason, he
has so explained himself, and has not said, that you should be
confirmed, where indeed he feared concerning the faith itself, "I have
sent," he says, "Timothy 'to confirm you,'" but here, "to perfect that
which is lacking,'' which is rather a matter of teaching than of
confirming. As also he says elsewhere, "that ye may be perfected unto
every good work." (From 1 Cor. i. 10, or 2 Tim. iii. 17.) Now the
perfected thing is one in which there is some little deficiency: for it
is that which is brought to perfection.
Ver. 11, 12. "Now may our God and Father Himself,
and our Lord Jesus Christ direct our way unto you: and the Lord make
you to increase and abound in love one toward another, and toward all
men, even as we also do toward you."
This is a proof of excessive love, that he not only
prays for them by himself, but even in his Epistles inserts his prayer.
This argues a fervent soul, and one truly not to be restrained. This is
a proof of the prayers made there also, and at the same time also an
excuse, as showing that it was not voluntarily, nor from indolence,
that they[3] did not go to them. As if he had said, May God Himself cut
short the temptations that everywhere distract us, so that we may come
directly to you. "And the Lord make you to increase and abound." Do you
see the unrestrainable madness of love that is shown by his words?
"Make you to increase and abound,"[4] instead of cause you to grow. As
if one should say, that with a kind of superabundance he desires to be
loved by them. "Even as we do also toward you," he says. Our part is
already done, we pray that yours may be done. Do you see how he wishes
love to be extended, not only toward one another, but everywhere? For
this truly is the nature of godly love, that it embraces all. If you
love indeed such an one, but do not love such an one, it is human love.
But such is not ours. "Even as we do also toward you."
Ver. 13. "To the end He may establish your hearts
unblamable in holiness before our God and Father, at the coming of our
Lord Jesus Christ with all His saints."
He shows that love produces advantage to themselves,
not to those who are loved. I wish, he says, that this love may abound,
that there may be no blemish. He does not say to stablish
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you, but your hearts. "For out of the heart come forth evil thoughts."
(Matt. xv. 19.) For it is possible, without doing anything, to be a bad
man; as for example, to have envy, unbelief, deceit, to rejoice at
evils, not to be loving, to hold perverted doctrines, all these things
are of the heart; and to be pure of these things is holiness. For
indeed chastity is properly by preëminence called holiness, since
fornication and adultery is also uncleanness.[1] But universally all
sin is uncleanness, and every virtue is purity. For, "Blessed," it is
said, "are the pure in heart." (Matt. v. 8.) By "the pure" He means
those who are in every way pure.
For other things also know how to pollute the soul,
and no less. For that wickedness defiles the soul, hear the prophet,
saying, "O Jerusalem, wash thine heart from wickedness." (Jer. iv. 14.)
And again, "Wash you, make you clean, put away the wickednesses from
your souls." (Isa. i. 16, Sept.) He did not say "fornications," so that
not only fornication, but other things also defile the soul.
"To establish your hearts," he says, "unblamable in
holiness before our God and Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus
Christ with all His saints." Therefore Christ will then be a Judge, but
not before Him (only), but also before the Father we shall stand to be
judged. Or does he mean this, to be unblamable before God, as he always
says, "in the sight of God," for this is sincere virtue--not in the
sight of men?
It is love then that makes them unblamable. For it
does make men really unblamable. And once when I was discoursing of
this to a certain one, and saying, that love makes men unblamable, and
that love to our neighbor does not suffer any entrance of
transgression, and in my discourse going over, and pursuing all the
rest--some one of my acquaintance interposing himself said, What then
of fornication, is it not possible both to love, and to commit
fornication? And it is indeed from love that this springs. Covetousness
indeed, and adultery, and envy, and hostile designs, and everything of
this sort can, from love of one's neighbor, be stopped; but how
fornication? he said. I therefore told him, that even this can love
stop. For if a man should love a woman that commits fornication, he
will endeavor both to draw her off from other men, and not himself also
to add to her sin. So that to commit fornication with a woman is the
part of one exceedingly hating her with whom he commits the
fornication, but one who truly loved her would withdraw her from that
abominable practice. And there is not, there is not any sin, which the
power of love, like fire, cannot consume. For it is easier for a vile
faggot to resist a great pile of fire, than for the nature of sin to
resist the power of love.
This then let us plant in Our own souls, that we may
stand with all the Saints. For they all pleased God by their love to
their neighbor. Whence was Abel slain, and did not slay? From his
vehement love to his brother, he could not even admit such a thought.
Whence was the destructive pest of envy received by Cain? For I will no
longer call him the brother of Abel! Because the foundations of love
had not been firmly fixed in him. Whence did the sons of Noah obtain a
good report? was it not because they vehemently loved their father, and
did not endure to see his exposure? And whence was the other cursed?
was it not from not loving him? And whence did Abraham obtain a good
report? was it not from love in doing what he did concerning his
nephew? what he did as to his supplication for the Sodomites? For
strongly, strongly, were the Saints affected with love and with
sympathy.
For consider, I pray; Paul, he that was bold in the
face of fire, hard as adamant, firm and unshaken, on every side
compact, riveted in the fear of God, and inflexible; for, "who (said
he) shall separate us from the love of Christ? Shall tribulation, or
anguish, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword"?
(Rom. viii. 35) he that was bold in the face of all these things, and
of earth and sea, he that laughed to scorn the adamantine gates of
death,[2] whom nothing ever withstood,--he, when he saw the tears of
some whom he loved, was so broken and crushed,--the adamantine
man,--that he did not even conceal his feelings, but said straightway,
"What do ye, weeping and breaking my heart?" (Acts xxi. 13.) What
sayest thou, tell me? Had a tear the power to crush that soul of
adamant? Yea, he says, for I hold out against all things except love.
This prevails over me, and subdues me. This is the mind of God. An
abyss of water a did not crush him, and a few tears crushed him. "What
do ye, weeping and crushing my heart?" For great is the force of love.
Dost thou not see him again weeping? Why weepest thou? Tell me. "By the
space of three years," he says, "I ceased not to admonish every one
night and day with tears." (Acts xx. 31.) From his great love he
feared, lest some plague should be introduced among them. And again,
"For out of much affliction and anguish of heart I wrote unto you with
many tears." (2 Cor. ii. 4.)
And what did Joseph? tell me, that firm one, who
stood up against so great a tyranny, who appears so noble against so
great a flame of love,
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who so out-battled and overcame the madness of his mistress. For what
was there not then to charm him? A beautiful person, the pride of rank,
the costliness of garments, the fragrance of perfumes, (for all these
things know how to soften the soul,) words more soft than all the rest!
For ye know that she who loves, and so vehemently, nothing so humble
but she will bring herself to say it, taking upon her the attitude of a
supplicant. For so broken was this woman, though wearing gold, and
being of royal dignity, that she threw herself at the knees perhaps of
the captive boy, and perhaps even intreated him weeping and clasping
his knees, and had recourse to this not once, and a second time, but
oftentimes. Then he might see her eye shining most brilliantly. For it
is probable that she not simply but with excessive nicety would set off
her beauty; as wishing by many nets to catch the lamb of Christ. Add
here I pray also many magic charms. Yet nevertheless this inflexible,
this firm man, of rocky hardness, when he saw his brothers who had
bartered him away, who had thrown him into a pit, who had sold him, who
had even wished to murder him, who were the causes both of the prison
and the honor, when he heard from them how they had worked upon their
father, (for, we said, it says, that one was devoured by a wild beast
[Gen. xxxvii. 20, and lxiv. 28,]) he was broken, softened, crushed,
"And he wept," it says, and not being able to bear his feelings, he
went in, and composed himself (Gen. xliii. 30), that is, wiped away his
tears.
What is this? dost thou weep, O Joseph? and yet the
present circumstances are deserving not of tears, but of anger, and
wrath, and indignation, and great revenge and retribution. Thou hast
thine enemies in thy hands, those fratricides; thou canst satiate thy
wrath. And yet neither would this be injustice. For thou dost not
thyself begin the unjust acts, but defendest thyself against those who
have done the wrong. For look not to thy dignity. This was not of their
contrivance, but of God, who shed His favor upon thee. Why dost thou
weep? But he would have said, far be it that I, who in all things have
obtained a good report, should by this remembrance of wrongs overturn
them all. It is truly a season for tears. I am not more brutish than
beasts. They pour out a libation to nature, whatever harm they suffer.
I weep, he says, that they ever treated me thus.
This man let us also imitate. Let us mourn and weep
for those who have injured us. Let us not be angry with them. For truly
they are worthy of tears, for the punishment and condemnation to which
they make themselves liable. I know, how you now weep, how you rejoice,
both admiring Paul, and amazed at Joseph, and pronouncing them blessed.
But if any one has an enemy, let him now take him into recollection,
let him bring him to his mind, that whilst his heart is yet warm with
the remembrance of the Saints, he may be enabled to dissolve the
stubbornness of wrath, and to soften what is harsh and callous. I know,
that after your departure hence, after that I have ceased speaking, if
anything of warmth and fervor should remain, it will not be so great,
as it now is whilst you are hearing me. If therefore any one, if any
one has become cold, let him dissolve the frost. For the remembrance of
injuries is truly frost and ice. But let us invoke the Sun of
Righteousness, let us entreat Him to send His beams upon us, and there
will no longer be thick ice, but water to drink.
If the fire of the Sun of Righteousness has touched
our souls, it will leave nothing frozen, nothing hard, nothing
burning,[1] nothing unfruitful. It will bring out all things ripe, all
things sweet, all things abounding with much pleasure. If we love one
another, that beam also will come. Allow me, I beseech you, to say
these things with earnestness. Cause me to hear, that by these words we
have produced some effect; that some one has gone and thrown both his
arms about his enemy, has embraced him, has twined himself around him,
has warmly kissed him, has wept. And though the other be a wild beast,
a stone, or whatever he be, he will be made gentle by such affectionate
kindness. For on what account is he thine enemy? Hath he insulted thee?
yet he has not injured thee at all. But dost thou for the sake of money
suffer thy brother to be at enmity with thee? Do not so, I beseech you.
Let us do away all. It is our season. Let us use it to good purpose.
Let us cut asunder the cords of our sins. Before we go away to
judgment, let us not ourselves judge one another. "Let not the sun" (it
is said) "go down upon your wrath." (Eph. iv. 26.) Let no one put it
off. These puttings off produce delays. If you have deferred it to-day,
you blush the more, and if you add to-morrow, the shame is greater, and
if a third day, yet worse. Let us not then put ourselves to shame, but
let us forgive, that we may be forgiven. And if we be forgiven, we
shall obtain all blessings, through Jesus Christ our Lord, with whom,
&c.
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HOMILY V.
1 Thessalonians iv. 1--3.
"Finally then, brethren, we beseech and exhort you in the Lord Jesus,
that, as ye received of us how ye ought to walk and to please God, so
ye abound more and more. For ye know what charge we gave you through
the Lord Jesus Christ. For this is the will of God, even your
sanctification."
WHEN he has met what was pressing, and what was upon
his hands, and is about henceforth to enter upon things that are
perpetual, and which they ought continually to hear, he adds this
expression, "finally," that is, always and forever. "We beseech and
exhort you in the Lord." Strange! He does not even speak of himself as
of sufficient credit to exhort. And yet who was so worthy of credit?
But he takes Christ along with him. We exhort you, he says, by God.
Which also he said to the Corinthians, "God entreats (exhorts) you
through us." (2 Cor. v. 20.) "That as ye received of us." This
received" is not of words only, but of actions also, viz. "how ye ought
to walk," and he means thereby the whole conduct of life. "And to
please God, that ye abound more and more. That is, that by more
abounding ye do not stop at the limit of the commandments, but that you
even go beyond them. For this it is, that "ye abound more and more." In
what preceded he accepts the marvel of their firm faith, but here he
regulates their life. For this is proficiency, even to go beyond the
commandments and the statutes. For no longer from the constraint of a
teacher, but from their own voluntary choice, is all this performed.
For as the earth ought not to bear only what is thrown upon it, so too
ought the soul not to stop at those things which have been inculcated,
but to go beyond them. Do you see that he has properly said "to go
beyond"? For virtue is divided into these two things, to decline from
evil, and to do good. For the withdrawal from evil is not sufficient
for the arrival at virtue, but it is a kind of path, and a beginning
leading thereto; still we have need of great alacrity. The things
therefore to be avoided he tells them in the order of commandment. And
justly. For these things indeed being done bring punishment, but not
being done, yet bring no praise. The acts of virtue however, such as to
give away our goods, and such like, are not of the order of
commandment, he says. But what? "He that is able to receive, let him
receive." (Matt. xix. 12.) It is profitable, therefore, that as he with
much fear and trembling had given these commandments to them, he also
by these letters reminds them of that his care. Wherefore he does not
repeat them, but reminds them of them.
"For ye know," he says, "what charge we gave you
through our Lord Jesus Christ. For this is the will Of God, even your
sanctification." And observe How he nowhere so vehemently glances at
any other thing, as at this. As elsewhere also he writes to this
effect; "Follow after peace with all men, and the sanctification
without which no man shall see the Lord." (Heb. xii. 14.) And why dost
thou wonder, if he everywhere writes to his disciples upon this
subject, when even in his Epistle to Timothy he has said, "Keep thyself
pure." (1 Tim. V. 22.) Also in his second Epistle to the Corinthians he
has said, "In much patience, in fastings, by pureness." (2 Cor. vi. 5,
6.) And one may find this in many places, both in this Epistle to the
Romans, and everywhere, and in all his Epistles. For in truth this is
an evil pernicious to all. And as a swine full charged with mire,
wherever he enters, fills all places with his ill odor, and chokes the
senses with dung, so too does fornication; it is an evil not easy to be
washed away. But when some even who have wives practice this, how
excessive is the outrage! "For this," he says, "is the will of God,
even your sanctification, that ye abstain from all fornication." For
there are many forms of disorderly conduct. The pleasures of wantonness
are of many kinds and various, it were not tolerable to mention them.
But having said "from all fornication," he leaves it to those who know
them.
Ver. 4, 5. "That each one of you know how to possess
himself of his own vessel in sanctification and honor, not in the
passion of lust, even as the Gentiles which know not God."
He says, "That each one of you know how to possess
himself of his own vessel." It is, then, a matter to be learnt, and
that diligently, not to be wanton. But we possess our vessel, when it
is pure; when it is impure, sin possesses it. And reasonably. For it
does not do the things which we wish, but what sin commands. "Not in
the passion of lust," he says. Here he shows also the manner, according
to which one ought to be temperate; that we should cut off the passions
of lust. For luxury, and wealth, and idleness, and sloth, and ease, and
all such things, lead us on to irregular lust. "Even as the Gentiles,"
he says, "which know not God." For such are
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they who do not expect that they shall suffer punishment.
Ver. 6. "That no man transgress, and wrong his
brother in the matter."
He has well said, "that no man transgress." To each
man God has assigned a wife, he has set bounds to nature, that
intercourse with one only: therefore intercourse with another is
transgression, and the taking of more than belongs to one,[1] and
robbery; or rather it is more cruel than any robbery; for we grieve not
so much, when our riches are carried off, as when marriage is invaded.
Dost thou call him brother, and wrongest him, and that in things which
are unlawful? Here he speaks concerning adultery, but above also
concerning "all fornication." For since he was about to say, "That no
man transgress and wrong his brother," Do not think, he says, that I
say this only in the case of brethren; you must not have the wives of
others at all, nor even women that have no husbands, and that are
common. You must abstain from "all fornication"; "Because," he says,
"the Lord is an avenger in all these things." He exhorted them first,
he shamed them, saying, "even as the Gentiles." Then from reasonings he
showed the impropriety of defrauding a brother. Afterwards he adds the
principal thing; "Because," he says, "the Lord is an avenger in all
these things, as also we forewarned you and testified." For we do not
these things without being punished, neither do we enjoy so much
pleasure, as we undergo punishment.
Ver. 7. "For God called us not for uncleanness, but
in sanctification."
Because he had said "his brother," and had also
added, that God is the avenger, showing that even if an unbeliever has
suffered this, he who has done it shall suffer punishment, he says, it
is not as avenging him that He punishes thee, but because thou hast
insulted Himself. He Himself called thee, thou hast insulted Him who
called thee. On this account, he has added,
Ver. 8. "Therefore he that rejecteth, rejecteth not
man, but God, who giveth His Holy Spirit unto you."
So that even if thou shouldest defile the Empress,
he says, or even thine own handmaid, that hath a husband, the crime is
the same. Why? Because He avenges not the persons that are injured, but
Himself. For thou art equally defiled, thou hast equally insulted God;
for both the one and the other is adultery, as both the one and the
other is marriage. And though thou shouldest not commit adultery, but
fornication, though the harlot has no husband, yet nevertheless God
avenges, for He avenges Himself. For thou dost this act, not despising
the man,[2] so much as God. And it is manifest from this, that thou
doest it concealing it from man, but thou pretendest that God doth not
see thee. For tell me, if one who was thought worthy of the purple, and
of infinite honor from the king (Emperor), and was commanded to live
suitably to the honor, should go and defile himself with any woman;
whom has he insulted? her, or the king who gave him all? She indeed is
insulted too, but not equally.
Wherefore, I beseech you, let us guard against this
sin. For as we punish women, when, being married to us, they give
themselves to others, so also are we punished, though not by the Roman
laws, yet by God. For this also is adultery. For not only is adultery
committed in doing so by her who is married to another, but by him
also, who is yoked to a wife. Attend carefully to what I say. For
although what is said is offensive to many, it is necessary to be said,
to set the matter right for the future. Not only is this adultery, when
we defile a woman who is married to a man; but if we ourselves being
married to a woman defile one who is free and disengaged, the matter is
adultery. For what, if she with whom the adultery is committed is not
bound? Yet art thou bound. Thou hast transgressed the law. Thou hast
injured thine own flesh. For tell me, wherefore dost thou punish thy
wife, if she commit fornication with a man who is loosed, and has not a
wife? Because it is adultery. Why? Yet he who defiled her has not a
wife, but she is bound to a husband. Well then, thou also art bound to
a wife; so that in like manner thy offence also is adultery. For it is
said, "Every one that putteth away his wife, saving for the cause of
fornication, maketh her an adulteress: and whosoever shall marry her
when she is put away, committeth adultery." (Matt. v. 32.) If he who
marries her who is divorced commits adultery, he who, with a wife of
his own, defiles himself also with that other--it is manifest to every
one. But perhaps to you who are men, enough has been said on this
subject. For concerning them that are such, Christ says, "Their worm
will not die and the fire will not be quenched." (Mark ix. 44.) But for
the sake of the young it is necessary to speak to you, not to the young
themselves so much, but to you. For these things are suitable not to
them only, but also to you. And how? I will now tell you. He who has
not learnt to commit fornication, will neither know how to commit
adultery. But he who walloweth among harlots, will quickly also arrive
at the other, and will defile himself, if not with the married, yet
with those who are disengaged.
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What then do I advise, so as to extirpate the roots?
So many of you as have young sons, and are bringing them up to a
worldly life,[1] quickly draw them under the yoke of marriage. For
since whilst he is yet young desires trouble him, for the time before
marriage, by admonitions, threats, fears, promises, and numberless
other methods restrain them. But at the season of marriage, let no one
defer it. Behold, I speak the words of a match-maker, that you should
let your sons marry. But I am not ashamed to speak thus, since not even
Paul was ashamed to say, "Defraud ye not one the other" (1 Cor. vii.
5), which seems more shameful than what I have said; yet he was not
ashamed. For he did not pay heed to words, but to the acts that were
set right by words. When thy son is grown up, before he enters upon
warfare, or any other course of life, consider of his marriage. And if
he sees that thou wilt soon take a bride for him, and that the time
intervening will be short, he will be able to endure the flame
patiently. But if he perceives that thou art remiss and slow, and
waitest until he shall acquire a large income, and then thou wilt
contract a marriage for him, despairing at the length of the time, he
will readily fall into fornication. But alas! the root of evils here
also is the love of money. For since no one cares how far his son shall
be sober and modest, but all are mad for gold, for this reason no one
makes this a matter of concern. Wherefore I exhort you first to
regulate well their souls. If he find his bride chaste, and know that
body alone, then will both his desire be vehement, and his fear of God
the greater, and the marriage truly honorable, receiving bodies pure
and undefiled; and the offspring will be full-charged with blessing,
and the bride and bridegroom will comply with one another, for both
being inexperienced in the manners of others, they will submit to one
another. But one that begins when younger to wax wanton, and to have
experience of the ways of harlots, for the first and second evening
will praise his own wife; but after that he will soon fall back into
that wantonness, seeking that dissolute and disorderly laughter, the
words that are full of base import, the dissolute deportment,[2] and
all the other indecency, which it is not tolerable that we should
mention. But a woman of free estate would not endure to make such
exhibitions, nor to tarnish herself. For she was espoused to her
husband to be his partner in life, and for the procreation of children,
not for the purposes of indecency and laughter; that she might keep the
house, and instruct him also to be grave, not that she might supply to
him the fuel of fornication.
But the gestures s of a harlot seem to you
agreeable. I know it. For the Scripture says, "The lips of a strange
woman drop honey." (Prov. v. 3.) For on this account I take all this
trouble, that ye may have no experience of that honey, for it
straightway turns into gall. And this also the Scripture says, "Who for
a season is smooth to thy throat, but afterwards thou shalt find her
more bitter than gall, and sharper than a two-edged sword." (Prov. v.
3, 4, Sept.) What sayest thou? Bear with me speaking somewhat impure,
if I may say so--and expressing myself as one shameless and unblushing.
For I do not submit to this willingly, but on account of those who are
shameless in their actions, I am compelled to speak this sort of words.
And many such we see even in the Scriptures. For even Ezekiel,
reproaching Jerusalem, utters many such things, and is not ashamed. And
justly. For he did not say them from his own inclination, but from his
concern. For although the words seem to be indecent, yet his aim is not
indecent, but even highly becoming one who wishes to banish uncleanness
from the soul. For if the shameless soul does not hear the very words,
it is not affected. For a physician wishing to remove a putrid sore,
first thrusts his fingers into the wound, and if he does not first
defile his healing hands, he will not be able to cure it. So it is with
me. Unless I first defile my mouth, that heals your passions, I shall
not be able to heal you. But rather neither is my mouth defiled, nor
his hands. Why then? Because the uncleanness is not that of nature, nor
from our own body,[4] as neither in that case from his hands, but from
what is another's. But if where the body is another's, he does not
refuse to dip his own hands, tell me, shall we refuse, where it is our
own body? For you are our body, sickly indeed and impure, but ours
nevertheless.
What then is this which I say, and for which I have
made so long a digression? A garment indeed which your slave wears, you
would not choose ever to wear, being disgusted on account of its filth,
but you would rather go naked than make use of it. But a body that is
unclean and filthy, and which is used not only by your slave, but by
numberless others, that will you abuse, and not be disgusted? Are you
ashamed at hearing this? But be ashamed of the actions, not of the
words. And I pass over all other things, the rudeness, and the
corruption of their manners, the servility and illiberality of the
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rest of their life. Tell me, should you and your servant go to the same
woman? and I wish it were only your servant, and not, it may be, the
executioner! And yet you could not bear to take the executioner by the
hand; but her who has been made one body with him you kiss and embrace,
and do not shudder, nor fear! Are, you not ashamed? are you not
abashed? are you not pierced with anguish?
I said indeed to your fathers, that they ought early
to lead you to marriage: but nevertheless neither are you without
liability to punishment. For if there were not other young men also,
more numerous than you, living in chastity, both formerly, and now,
there would perhaps be some excuse for you. But if there are, how can
you say, that we were not able to restrain the flame of lust? For they,
who have been able, are your accusers, in that they are partakers of
the same nature. Hear Paul saying, "Follow after peace ... and the
sanctification, without which no man shall see the Lord." (Heb. xii.
14.) Is not this threat sufficient to terrify you? Do you see others
continuing altogether in chastity, and in gravity passing their lives;
and cannot you command yourself even so long as the period of youth? Do
you see others ten thousand times overcoming pleasure, and cannot you
once refrain? With your leave, I will tell you the cause. For youth is
not the cause, since then all young men would be dissolute. But we
thrust ourselves into the fire. For when you go up to the theater, and
sit feasting your eyes with the naked limbs of women, for the time
indeed you are delighted, but afterwards, you have nourished thence a
mighty fever. When you see women exhibited as it were in the form of
their bodies and spectacles and songs containing nothing else but
irregular loves: such a woman, it is said, loved such a man, and not
obtaining him, hanged herself; and unlawful loves having mothers for
their object; when you receive these things by hearing also, and
through women, and through figures, yea, and even through old men, (for
many there put masks upon their faces, and play the parts of women,)
tell me, how will you be able to continue chaste afterwards, these
narratives, these spectacles, these songs occupying your soul, and
dreams of this sort henceforth succeeding. For it is the nature of the
soul for the most part to raise visions of such things, as it wishes
for and desires in the daytime. Therefore when you there both see base
actions, and hear baser words, and receive indeed the wounds but do not
apply the remedies, how will not the sore naturally be increased? how
will not the disease become more intens; and in a much greater degree
than in our bodies? For if we were willing, our will admits of
correction more easily than our bodies. For there indeed drugs, and
physicians, and time are required, but here it is sufficient having but
the will, to become both good and bad. So that you have rather admitted
the disorder. When therefore we gather to us indeed the things that
injure, but pay no regard to the things that benefit, how can there
ever be any health?
On this account Paul said, "even as the Gentiles who
knew not God." Let us be ashamed, let us be afraid, if the Gentiles,
that know not God, are often chaste. Let us turn for shame, when we are
worse than they. It is easy to achieve chastity, if we will, if we
withdraw ourselves from those things that are injurious, since it is
not even easy to avoid fornication, if we will not. For what is more
easy than to walk in the market-place? but from the excess of laziness
it is become difficult, not only in the case of women, but sometimes
even in that of men. What is more easy than to sleep? but we have made
even this difficult. Many however of the rich toss themselves through a
whole night, from their not waiting for the need of sleep, and then
sleeping. And in short nothing is difficult, when men are willing; as
nothing is easy, when they are unwilling; for we are masters of all
these things. On this account the Scripture says, "If ye be willing and
hear me." (Isa. i. 19, Sept.) And again, "If ye be unwilling, and hear
not." (Ver. 20.) So that all depends upon being willing or unwilling.
On this account we both are punished and are praised. But may it be
ours, being of those who are praised, to obtain the promised blessings,
by the grace and lovingkindness, &c.
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HOMILY VI.
1 THESSALONIANS iv. 9, 10.
abut concerning love of the brethren we[1] have no need to write unto
you: for ye yourselves are taught of God to love one another; for
indeed ye do it toward all the brethren, and those which are in all
Macedonia."
WHY then having discoursed with them earnestly
concerning chastity, and being about to discourse about the duty of
working, and about the not sorrowing for the departed, does he
introduce that which was the principal of all good things, love, as if
he were passing it over, saying, "We have no need to write to you"?
This also is from his great wisdom, and belongs to spiritual
instruction. For here he shows two things. First, that the thing is so
necessary, as not to require instruction. For things that are very
important are manifest to all. And secondly, by saying this he makes
them more ashamed than if he had admonished them. For he who thinks
that they have behaved aright, and therefore does not admonish them,
even if they had not behaved aright, would the sooner lead them to it.
And observe, he does not speak of love towards all,[2] but of that
towards the brethren. "We have no need to write unto you." He ought
then to have been silent, and to say nothing, if there was no need. But
now by saying there is no need, he has done a greater thing, than if he
had said it.
"For ye yourselves are taught of God." And see with
how high a praise he has made God their Teacher in this matter. Ye need
not, he says, to learn from man. Which also the prophet says, "and they
shall all be taught of God." (Isa. liv. 13.) "For ye yourselves," he
says, "are taught of God to love one another. For indeed ye do it
toward all the brethren, and those which are in all Macedonia"; and
toward all the others, he means. These words are very encouraging to
make them do so. And I do not merely say, that ye are taught of God,
but I know it from the things which you do. And in this respect he bore
many testimonies to them.
"But we exhort you, brethren, that ye abound more
and more, and study;" that is, increase and study.
Ver. 11, 12. "To be quiet, and to do your own
business, and to work with your hands, even as we charged you: that ye
may walk honestly[3] toward them that are without, and may have need of
nothing."
He shows of how many evils idleness is the cause,
and of how many benefits industry. And this he makes manifest from
things which happen among us, as he often does, and that wisely. For by
these things the majority are led on more than by spiritual things. For
it is a mark of love to our neighbors not to receive from them, but to
impart to them. And observe. Being about to exhort and admonish, he
places in the middle their good conduct, both that they may recover
even from the preceding admonition, and from the threat, when he said,
"He therefore that rejecteth, rejecteth not man, but God," and that
they may not be restive at this. And this is the effect of working,
that one does not receive of others, nor live idly, but by working
imparts to others. For it is said, "It is more blessed to give than to
receive." (Acts xx. 35.) "And to work," he says, "with your hands."
Where are those, who look out for work that is spiritual? Seest thou
how he takes from them every excuse, saying, "with your hands "? But
does one practice fasting with his hands? or watchings all night? or
lyings on the ground? This no one can say. But he is speaking of
spiritual work. For it is truly spiritual, that one should by working
impart to others, and there is nothing equal to this. "That ye may
walk," he says, "becomingly." Seest thou whence he touches them? He has
not said, that ye may not be shamed by begging. But he has indeed
insinuated the same, yet he puts it in a milder way, so as both to
strike and not to do this severely. For if those who are among us are
offended at these things, much more those who are without, finding
numberless accusations and handles, when they see a man who is in good
health and able to support himself, begging and asking help of others.
Wherefore also they call us Christ-mongers. On this account, he means,
"the name of God is blasphemed." (Rom. ii. 24.) But none of these
things has he stated; but that which was able to touch them most
nearly, the disgracefulness of the thing.
Ver. 13. "But we would not have you ignorant,
brethren, concerning them that are asleep;
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that ye sorrow not, even as the rest, which have no hope."
These two things, poverty and despondency,
distressed them most, which also pertain to all men. See therefore how
he remedies them. But their poverty arose from their goods being taken
from them. But if he commands those, whose goods had been taken from
them for Christ's sake, to support themselves by working, much more
then others. For that they were taken away is manifest from his saying,
Ye became partakers(1) with the churches of God. How partakers with
them? "And ye took joyfully the spoiling of your possessions." (Heb. x.
34.)
Here he proceeds now to start his discourse
concerning the Resurrection. And why? Had he not discoursed with them
upon that point?(2) Yes, but here he glances at some further mystery.
What then is this? "That we that are alive," he says, "that are left
unto the coming of the Lord, shall in nowise precede them that are
fallen asleep." The discourse then of the Resurrection was sufficient
to comfort him that was grieving. But that which is now said is
sufficient also to make the Resurrection eminently worthy of credit.
But first let us speak of what precedes, "But we would not have you
ignorant, brethren, concerning them that are asleep; that ye sorrow
not, even as the rest, which have no hope." See how here also he treats
them mildly. He does not say, "Are ye so without understanding?" as he
said to the Corinthians, "foolish"? that, knowing there is a
resurrection, ye so sorrow, as those who do not believe; but he speaks
very mildly, showing respect to their other virtues. And he has not
said "concerning the dead," but" them that are asleep,"(3) even at the
beginning suggesting consolation to them. "That ye sorrow not," he
says, "even as the rest, which have no hope." Therefore to afflict
yourselves for the departed is to act like those who have no hope. And
they justly. For a soul that knows nothing of the Resurrection, but
thinks that this death is death, naturally afflicts itself, and bewails
and mourns intolerably as for lost ones. But thou, who expectest a
resurrection, on what account dost thou lament? To lament then is the
part of those who have no hope.
Hear this, ye women, as many of you as are fond of
wailing, as many as at times of mourning take the sorrow impatiently,
that ye act the part of heathens. But if to grieve for the departed is
the part of heathens, then tell me whose part it is to beat one's self,
and tear the cheeks? On what account do you lament, if you believe that
he will rise again, that he has not perished, that the matter is but a
slumber and a sleep? You say, On account of his society, his
protection, his care of our affairs, and all his other services. When
therefore you lose a child at an untimely age, who is not yet able to
do anything, on what account do you lament? Why do you seek to recall
him? He was displaying, you say, good hopes, and I was expecting that
he would be my supporter. On this account I miss my husband, on this
account my son, on this account I wail and lament, not disbelieving the
Resurrection, but being left destitute of support, and having lost my
protector, my companion, who shared with me in all things--my
comforter. On this account I mourn. I know that he will rise again, but
I cannot bear the intermediate separation. A multitude of
troubles rushes in upon me. I am exposed to all who are willing to
injure me. Those of my servants who formerly feared me now despise me,
and trample upon me. If any one has been benefited, he has forgotten
the benefit he received from him; if any one was ill-treated by the
departed, to return the grudge against him, he lets loose his anger
upon me. These things do not suffer me to bear my widowhood. It is for
these things that I afflict myself, for these things I bewail.
How then shall we comfort such? What shall we say?
flow shall we banish their sorrow?(4) In the first place I shall
endeavor to convict them, that their wailing proceeds not from these
things they say, but from an unreasonable passion. For if you mourn for
these things, you ought always to mourn the departed. But if when a
year has passed away, you forget him as if he had never been, you do
not bewail the departed nor his protection. But you cannot endure the
separation, nor the breaking off of your society? And what can they
say, who even enter into second marriages? Sure enough! It is the
former husbands that they long for. But let us not direct our discourse
to them, but to those who preserve a kind affection towards the
departed. Wherefore dost thou lament thy child? Wherefore thine
husband? The former, because I had not enjoyed him, you say; the
latter, because I expected that I should have enjoyed him longer. And
this very thing, what
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want of faith does it argue, to suppose that thy husband or thy son
constitutes thy safety, and not God! How dost thou not think to provoke
Him? For often on this account He takes them away, that thou mayest not
be so bound to them, so that it may withdraw thy hopes from them. For
God is jealous, and wills to be loved by us most of all things: and
that, because He loves us exceedingly. For ye know that this is the
custom of those who love to distraction. They are excessively jealous,
and would choose rather to throw away their life, than to be surpassed
in esteem by any of their rival lovers. On this account also God hath
taken him because of these words.(1)
For, tell me, on what account were there not in old
times widowhoods, and untimely orphanhoods? Wherefore did He permit
Abraham and Isaac to live a long time? Because even when he was living
he preferred God before him. He said indeed, slay; and he slew him. Why
did he bring Sarah to so great an age? Because, even whilst she was
living, he listened to God rather than to her. For this reason God said
to him, "Hear Sarah thy wife." (From Gen. xxi. 12.) No one then either
from love to husband or wife, or on account of the protection of a
child, provoked God to anger. But now because we are declining
downwards, and have exceedingly fallen off, we men love our wives more
than God, and we women honor our husbands more than God. It is on this
account that He draws us even against our will to the love of Himself.
Love not thy husband more than God, and thou shalt not ever experience
widowhood. Or rather, even if it should happen, thou shalt not have the
feeling of it. Why? Because thou hast an immortal Protector who loves
thee better. If thou lovest God more, mourn not: for He who is more
beloved is immortal, and does not suffer thee to feel the loss of him
who is less beloved. This I will make manifest to thee by an example.
Tell me, if thou hast a husband, complying with thee in all things, one
that is respected, and that makes thee honorable everywhere, and not to
be despised, one respected amongst all, intelligent and wise, and
loving thee, thou being esteemed happy on his account, and in
conjunction with him shouldest thou also bring forth a child, and then
before it has arrived at the age of maturity, that child should depart;
wilt thou then feel the affliction? By no means. For he that is more
beloved makes it disappear. And now if thou love God more than thy
husband, assuredly He will not soon take him away. But even if He
should take him, thou "wilt not be sensible of the affliction. For this
reason the blessed Job felt no severe suffering, when he heard of the
death of his children all at once, because he loved God more than them.
And whilst He whom he loved was living, those things would not be able
to afflict him.
What sayest thou, O woman? Thy husband or thy son
was thy protector? But does not thy God spare thee? Who gave thee thy
very husband? Was it not He? And who made thee? Was it not He? He
surely who brought thee out of nothing into being, and breathed into
thee a soul, and put in thee a mind, and vouchsafed to favor thee with
the knowledge of Himself, and for thy sake spared not His only-begotten
Son, does not He spare thee? And does thy fellow-servant spare thee?
What wrath is due to these words! What of this kind hast thou had from
thy husband? Thou canst not say anything. For if he has even done thee
any kindness, it was after he had received kindness, you having
previously begun. But in the case of God no one can say any such thing.
For it is not as having received any favors from us that God benefits
us, but being incapable of want, from His goodness alone He does good
to mankind. He has promised thee a kingdom, He has given immortal life,
glory, brotherhood, adoption. He has made thee fellow-heir with His
Only-Begotten. And dost thou after so great benefits remember thy
husband? What has he bestowed of this kind? He has made His sun to
shine, He has given rain, He sustains thee with yearly nourishment. Woe
to us for our great ingratitude!
For this reason He takes thy husband, that thou
mayest not seek him. But dost thou still cling to him though departed,
and forsakest God, when it was thy duty to give thanks, to cast it all
upon Him? For what is it that thou hast received from thy husband? The
pains of childbirth, and labors, and insults and reproaches often, and
chidings, and bursts of anger. Are not these the things that come from
husbands? But there are, you say, other things too that are good. Of
what sort then are these? Did he set off thy beauty with costly
garments? Did he put gold ornaments about thy face? Did he make thee
respected by all? But if thou wilt, thou shalt adorn thyself with a
much better ornament than the departed. For gravity makes its possessor
much more admirable than golden ornaments. This King also has garments,
not of this sort, but much better. With those, if thou wilt, invest
thyself. Of what sort then are they? There is a clothing which has
fringes of gold; if thou wilt, array the soul. But did he make thee not
to be despised by men? And what is there great in that? Thy widowhood
suffers thee not to be despised by the demons. Then thou ruledst over
thy servants, if at least thou didst at all
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rule over them. But now, instead of thy servants, thou hast mastery
over unbodied powers, principalities, authorities, the ruler of this
world. And thou dost not mention the troubles, in which thou sharedst
with him, sometimes the fear of magistrates, sometimes the preference
given to neighbors. From all these things thou art now delivered, from
dread and fear. But art thou solicitous who will support the children
that are left thee? The "Father of the fatherless." For tell me, who
gave them? Dost thou not hear Christ in the Gospels saying, "Is not the
life more than the food, and the body than the raiment?" (Matt. vi. 25.)
Seest thou, that thy lamentation is not from loss of
his society, but from want of faith. But the children of a father that
is dead are not equally illustrious. Wherefore? They have God for their
Father, and are they not illustrious? How many can I show you brought
up by widows, who have become famous, how many who have been under
their fathers, and have been undone! For if thou bringest them up from
their first youth, as they ought to be brought up, they will enjoy an
advantage much greater than a father's protection. For that it is the
business of widows--I speak of the bringing up of children--hear Paul
saying, "If she hath brought up children" (1 Tim. v. 10) and again,
"She shall be saved through the child-bearing," (he has not said
through her husband,) if they continue in faith and love and
sanctification with sobriety." (1 Tim. ii. 15.) Instill into them the
fear of God from their first youth, and He will protect them better
than any father; this will be a wall not to be broken. For when there
is a guard seated within, we have no need of contrivances without: but
where he is not, all our outward contrivances are vain
This will be to them wealth and glory too and
ornament. This will make them illustrious, not upon earth, but even in
heaven. For do not look to those who are begirt with the golden
girdles, nor those who are borne on horses, nor those who shine in
kings' palaces on account of their fathers, nor those who have footmen
and tutors. For these things perhaps cause widows to bewail over their
orphans, thinking that this my son also, if his father at least were
living, would have enjoyed so much happiness; but now he is in a state
of depression and dishonor, and worthy of no consideration. Think not
of these things, O woman, but open to thee in thought the gates of
heaven, consider the palace there, behold the King who is there seated.
Consider if those who are upon the earth can be more illustrious than
thy son there--and then groan. But if some are of good repute on earth,
this is not worth any consideration. It is, allowed him, if thou wilt,
to be a soldier in heaven, to enlist him in the ranks of that army. For
those who are enlisted there are not borne on horses, but in the
clouds. They walk not upon earth, but are caught up into heaven. They
have not slaves to go before them, but the Angels themselves. They
stand not in the presence of a mortal king, but of Him who is immortal,
the King of kings and Lord of lords. They have not a leathern girdle
about their loins, but that glory which is unspeakable, and they are
more splendid than kings, or whoever have been most illustrious. For in
those royal courts not wealth is required, nor noble birth, nothing
else than virtue alone; and where that is present, nothing is wanting
to their obtaining the chief place.
Nothing is painful to us, if we are willing to
cultivate wisdom. Look up to heaven, and see how much more splendid it
is than the roofs of palaces. And if the pavement of the palaces above
is so much more grand than those below, that the one may be considered
as dirt in comparison with the other; if any one should be thought
worthy to see those palaces perfectly, what blessedness will not be his!
"But she," he says, "that is a widow indeed, and
desolate, hath her hope set on God." (1 Tim. v. 5.) To whom is this
said? To those who have no(1) children, because they are more highly
approved, and have a greater opportunity of pleasing God, because all
their chains are loosened to them. There is no one to hold them fast,
no one to compel them to drag their chains after them. Thou art
separated from thy husband, but art united to God. Thou hast not a
fellow-servant for thy associate, but thou hast thy Lord. When thou
prayest, tell me, dost thou not converse with God? When thou readest,
hear Him conversing with thee. And what does He say to thee? Much
kinder words than thy husband. For though indeed thy husband should
flatter thee, the honor is not great, for he is thy fellow-servant. But
when the Lord flatters the slave, then is the courtship great. How then
does He court us? Hear by what means he does it. "Come," He says, "unto
Me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest."
(Matt. xi. 28.) And again through the Prophet He calls, saying, "Will a
woman forget to have compassion on the offspring of her womb? But even
if a woman should forget, yet will I not forget thee, saith the Lord."
(Isa. xlix. 15, Sept.) Of how great a love are these words? And again,
"Turn unto Me"
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(Isa. xlv. 22); and again elsewhere, "Turn unto Me, and thou shall be
saved." (Isa. xliv. 22.) And if one was willing to select too from the
Canticles, taking them in the more mystical way, he will hear Him
conversing and saying to every soul that is fitted for Him, "My fair
one, my dove." (Cant. ii. 10.) What is sweeter than these words? Seest
thou the conversation of God with then? But what? tell me, seest thou
not how many children of those blessed women are gone, and are in their
tombs; how many have suffered more severely, and with their husbands
have lost also their children? To these things let us attend; let us be
anxious about these things, and nothing will be grievous to us, but we
shall continue passing all our time in spiritual joy; and we shall
enjoy the eternal blessings, of which may we all be partakers, by the
grace and lovingkindness, &c.
HOMILY VII.
1 THESSALONIANS iv. 13
"But we would not have you ignorant, brethren, concerning them that are
asleep; that ye sorrow not, even as the rest, which have no hope."
THERE are many things which from ignorance alone
cause us sorrow, so that if we come to understand them well, we banish
our grief. This therefore Paul also showing, says, "I would not have
you ignorant, that ye sorrow not, even as the rest, which have no
hope." Is it on this account thou wouldest not have them ignorant? But
wherefore dost thou not speak of the punishment that is laid up?
Ignorant, says he, of the doctrine of the Resurrection. But why? This
is manifest from the other, and is admitted. But meanwhile, together
with that, there will also be this not inconsiderable gain. For since
they did not disbelieve the Resurrection, but nevertheless bewailed, on
this account he speaks. And he discourses indeed with those who
disbelieve the Resurrection in one way, but with these in another. For
it is manifest that they knew, who were enquiring about the "times and
seasons." (1 Thess. v. 1.)
Ver. 14. "For if we believe," he says, "that Jesus
died and rose again," and lived,(1) "even so them also that are fallen
asleep in Jesus will God, bring with Him."
Where are they who deny the Flesh?(2) For if He did
not assume Flesh, neither did He die. If He did not die, neither
did He rise again. How then does he exhort us from these things;
to faith? Was he not then according to them a trifler and a deceiver?
For if to die proceeds from sin, and Christ did not sin, how does he
now encourage us? And now, concerning whom does he say, O men, for whom
do ye mourn? For whom do ye sorrow? for sinners, or simply for those
who die? And why does he say, "Even as the rest, which have no hope"?
For whom do the rest mourn? so that to them all these things are vapid?
"The firstborn from the dead" (Col. i. 18), he says, the first-fruits.
Therefore there must also be others left. And see how here he
introduces nothing from reasonings, because they were docile. For in
writing to the Corinthians, he started many things also from
reasonings, and then he added, "Thou fool, that which thou sowest is
not quickened." (1 Cor. xv. 36.) For this is more authoritative, but it
is when he converses with the believer. But with him who is without,
what authority would this have? "Even so," he says, "them also that are
fallen asleep in Jesus will God bring with Him." Again, "fallen
asleep": he nowhere says, the dead. But with respect to Christ, his
words are, "He died," because there followed mention of the
Resurrection, but here "them that are fallen asleep." How "through
Jesus"?(4) Either that they fell asleep through Jesus, or that through
Jesus will He bring them. The phrase "that fell asleep through Jesus"
means the faithful. Here the heretics say, that he is speaking of the
baptized. What place then is there for "even so"? For Jesus did not
fall asleep through Baptism. But on what account does he say, "them
that are fallen asleep"? So that he is discoursing not of a general
Resurrection, but of a partial one. Them that are fallen asleep through
Jesus, he says, and thus he speaks in many places.
Ver. 15. "For this we say unto you by the word of
the Lord, that we that are alive, that are
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left unto the coming of the Lord, shall in nowise precede them that are
fallen asleep."
Speaking concerning the faithful, and them "which
are fallen asleep in(1) Christ" (1 Cor. xv. 18); and again, "the dead
shall rise in Christ." Since his discourse is not concerning the
Resurrection only, but both concerning the Resurrection and concerning
the honor in glory; all then shall partake of a Resurrection, he says,
but not all shall be in glory, only those in Christ. Since therefore he
wishes to comfort them, he comforts them not with this only, but also
with the abundant honor, and with its speedy arrival, since they knew
that. For in proof that he wishes to comfort them with the honor, as he
goes on, he says, "And we shall be ever with the Lord": and "we shall
be caught up in the clouds."
But how do the faithful fall asleep in Jesus? It
means having Christ within themselves. But the expression, "He shall
bring with Him," shows that they are brought from many places. "This."
Something strange he was about to tell them. On this account he also
adds what makes it worthy of credit; "From the word of the Lord," he
says, that is, we speak not of ourselves, but having learnt from
Christ, "That we that are alive, that are left unto the coming of the
Lord, shall in nowise precede them that are fallen asleep." Which also
he says in his Epistle to the Corinthians; "In a moment, in the
twinkling of an eye." (1 Cor. xv. 52.) Here he gives a credibility to
the Resurrection by the manner also [in which it will occur].
For because the matter seems to be difficult he says
that as it is easy for the living to be taken up, so also for the
departed. But in saying "we," he does not speak of himself, for he was
not about to remain until the Resurrection, but he speaks of the
faithful. On this account he has added, "We that are left unto the
coming of the Lord shall in nowise precede them that are fallen
asleep." As if he had said, Think not that there is any difficulty. It
is God that does it. They who are then alive shall not anticipate those
who are dissolved, who are rotted, who have been dead ten thousand
years. But as it is easy to bring those who are entire, so is it also
those who are dissolved.
But there are some who disbelieve the matter,
because they know not God. For, tell me, which is the more easy, to
bring one into being out of nothing, or to raise up again him that was
dissolved? But what say they? A certain one suffered shipwreck and was
drowned in the sea, and having fallen many fishes caught him, and each
of the fish devoured some member. Then of these very fishes, one was
caught in this gulf, and one in that, and this was eaten by one man,
and that by another, while having in it the devoured pieces of flesh.
And again, those who ate the fishes, that had eaten up the man, died in
different places, and were themselves perhaps devoured by wild beasts.
And--when there has been so great a confusion and dispersion--how shall
the man rise again? Who shall gather up the dust? But wherefore dost
thou say this, O man, and weavest strings of trifles, and makest it a
matter of perplexity? For tell me, if the man had not fallen into the
sea, if the fish had not eaten him, nor the fish again been devoured by
numberless men--but he had been preserved with care in a coffin, and
neither worms nor anything else had disturbed him, how shall that which
is dissolved rise again? How shall the dust and ashes be again
conglutinated?(2) Whence shall there be any more its bloom for the
body? But is not this a difficulty?
If indeed they be Greeks who raise these doubts, we
shall have numberless things to say to them. What then? For there are
among them those who convey souls into plants, and shrubs, and dogs.
Tell me, which is more easy, to resume one's own body, or that of
another? Others again say that they are consumed by fire, and that
there is a resurrection of garments and of shoes, and they are not
ridiculed. Others say atoms. With them, however, we have no argument at
all; but to the faithful, (if we ought to call them faithful who raise
questions,) we will still say what the Apostle has said, that all life
springs from corruption, all plants, all seeds.(3) Seest thou not the
fig tree, what a trunk it has, what stems, how many leaves, and
branches, stalks, and roots, occupying so much ground and embosomed
therein. This then, such and so great as it is, springs from the grain
which was thrown into the ground and itself first corrupted. And if it
be not rotted and dissolved, there will be none of these things. Tell
me, whence does this happen? And the vine too, which is so fair both to
see and to partake of, springs from that which is vile in appearance.
And what, tell me, is not the water that descends from above one thing?
how is it changed into so many things? For this is more wonderful than
the Resurrection. For there indeed the same seed and the same plant is
the subject, and there is a great affinity. But here tell me how,
having one quality and one nature, it turns into so many things? In the
vine it becomes wine, and not only wine, but leaves and sap. For not
only is the cluster of grapes, but the rest of the vine nourished by
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it. Again, in the olive (it becomes) oil, and the other so numerous
things. And what is wonderful, here it is moist, there dry, here sweet
there sour, here astringent, elsewhere bitter Tell me how it turns into
so many things? Show me the reason! But you cannot.
And in the case of thyself, tell me, for this comes
nearer, this seed, that is deposited, how is it fashioned and molded
into so many things? how into eyes? how into ears? how into hands? how
into heart? Are there not in the body ten thousand differences of
figures, of sizes, of qualities, of positions, of powers, of
proportions? Nerves and veins and flesh and bones and membranes, and
arteries and joints and cartilages, and as many more things beside
these, as the sons of the physicians precisely specify, which compose
our nature--and these come from that one seed! Does not this then seem
to you much more difficult than those things? How is the moist and soft
congealed into the dry and cold, that is, bone? How into the warm and
moist, which are united in the blood? How into the cold and soft, the
nerve? How into the cold and moist, the artery?(1) Tell me, whence are
these things? Art thou not quite at a loss about these things? Dost
thou not see every day a resurrection and a death taking place in the
periods of our life? Whither is our youth gone? whence is our age come?
how is it that he who is grown old cannot indeed make himself young,
but begets another, a very young child, and what he cannot give to
himself, that he bestows upon another?
This also we may see in trees and in animals. And
yet that which gives to another ought first to bestow upon itself. But
this is what human reasoning demands. But when God creates, let all
things give way. If these things are so difficult, nay, so excessively
difficult, I am reminded of those mad persons, who are curious about
the incorporeal Generation of the Son. Things that take place every
day, that are within the grasp of our hands, and that have been
enquired into ten thousand times, no one has yet been able to discover;
tell me, then, how is it they are curious about that secret and
ineffable Generation? Is not the mind of such men wearied in treading
that void? Has it not been whirled into ten thousand giddinesses? Is it
not dumfounded? And yet not even so are they instructed. When they are
able to say nothing about grapes and figs, they are curious about God!
For tell me, how is that grape-stone resolved into leaves and stems?
How before this were they not in it, nor seen in it? But it is not the
grape-stone, you say, but all is from the earth. Then how is it that
without this the earth bears nothing of itself? But let us not be void
of understanding. What takes place is neither from the earth, nor from
the grape-stone, but from Him who is Lord both of the earth and of its
seeds. For this reason He has caused the same thing to be made both
without them, and with them. In the first place, showing His own power,
when he said, "Let the earth bring forth the herb of grass." (From Gen.
i. 11.) And secondly, besides showing His power, instructing us also to
be laborious and industrious.
Why then have these things been said by us? Not
idly, but that we may believe also in the Resurrection, and that, when
we again wish to apprehend something by our reasonings, but do not find
it, we may not be angry and take offense, but discreetly withdrawing
and checking our reasoning, we may take refuge in the power and
skillfulness of God. Knowing these things therefore, let us put a curb
upon our reasonings. Let us not transgress our bounds, nor the measures
that have been assigned to our knowledge. For, "If any man," he says,
"thinketh that he knoweth anything, he knoweth nothing yet as he ought
to know." (1 Cor. viii. 2.)
I speak not concerning God, he says, but concerning
everything. For what? wouldest thou learn about the earth? What dost
thou know? Tell me. How great is its measure? What is its size? What is
its manner of position? What is its essence? What is its place? Where
does it stand, and upon what? None of these things can you tell? But
that it is cold, and dry, and black, this you can tell--and nothing
farther. Again, concerning the sea? But there you will be reduced to
the same uncertainty, not knowing where it begins, and where it ends,
and upon what it is borne, what supports the bottom of it, and what
sort of place there is for it, and whether after it there is a
continent, or it ends in water and air. And what dost thou know of the
things that are in it? But what? Let me pass over the elements. Would
you have us select the smallest of plants? The unfruitful grass, a
thing which we all know, tell me, how it is brought forth? Is not the
material of it water, and earth, and dung? What is it that makes it
appear so beautiful, and have such an admirable color? Whence does that
beauty so fade away? This is not the work of water, or of earth. Seest
thou that there is everywhere need of faith? How does the earth bring
forth, how does it travail? Tell me. But you can tell me none of these
things.
Be instructed, O man, in things that are here below,
and be not curious nor overmeddling about heaven. And would it were
heaven, and not the Lord of heaven! Dost thou not know the earth from
which thou wast brought forth, in which thou wast nourished, which thou
in-
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habitest, on which thou walkest, without which thou canst not even
breathe; and art thou curious about things so far removed? Truly "man
is vanity." (Ps. xxxix. 5, and cxliv. 5.) And if any one should bid
thee descend into the deep, and trace out things at the bottom of the
sea, thou wouldest not tolerate the command. But, when no one compels
thee, thou art willing of thyself to fathom the unsearchable abyss? Do
not so, I beseech you. But let us sail upwards, not floating, for we
shall soon be weary, and sink; but using the divine Scriptures, as some
vessel, let us unfurl the sails of faith. If we sail in them, then the
Word of God will be present with us as our Pilot. But if we float upon
human reasonings, it will not be so. For to whom of those who float, is
a Pilot present? So that the danger is twofold, in that there is no
vessel, and that the Pilot is absent. For if even the boat without a
pilot is unsafe, when both are wanting, what hope is there of safety?
Let us not then throw ourselves into manifest danger, but let us go
upon a safe vessel, having fastened ourselves by the sacred anchor. For
thus we shall sail into the tranquil haven, with much merchandise,(2)
and at the same time with great safety, and we shall obtain the
blessings laid up for them that love Him, in Christ Jesus our Lord,
with whom, to the Father, together with the Holy Spirit, be glory,
power, honor, now and always and world without end. Amen.
HOMILY VIII.
1 Thessalonians iv. 15-17.
"For this we say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we that are
alive, that are left unto the coming of the Lord, shall in nowise
precede them that are fallen asleep. For the Lord Himself shall descend
from heaven, with a shout, with the voice of the Archangel, and with
the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: then we that
are alive, that are left, shall together with them be caught up in the
clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the
Lord."
THE Prophets indeed, wishing to show the credibility
of the things said by them, before all other things say this, "The
vision which Isaiah saw" (Isa. i. 1); and again, "The word of the Lord
which came to Jeremiah" (Jer. i. 1, Sept.); and again, "Thus saith the
Lord"; with many such expressions. And many of them even saw God
sitting, as far as it was possible for them to see Him. But Paul not
having seen Him sitting, but having Christ speaking in himself, instead
of Thus saith the Lord, said, "Do ye seek a proof of Christ speaking in
me?" (2 Cor. xiii. 3.) And again, "Paul, an Apostle of Jesus Christ."
For the "Apostle" speaks the things of Him who sent him; showing that
nothing is of himself. And again, "I think that I also have the Spirit
of God." (I Cor. vii. 40.) All those things therefore he spake by the
Spirit, but this, which he now says, he heard even expressly from God.
As also that which he had said discoursing to the EIders of Ephesus,
"It is more blessed to give than to receive," he heard among things not
recorded.(1) (Acts xx. 35.)
Let us then see what he now also says. "For this we
say unto you by the word of the Lord, that we that are alive, that are
left unto the coming of the Lord, shall in nowise precede them that are
fallen asleep. For the Lord Himself shall descend from heaven, with a
shout, with the voice of the Archangel, and with the last trump." For
then, he saith, "The powers of the heavens shall be shaken." (Matt.
xxiv. 29.) But wherefore with the trumpet? For we see this on Mount
Sinai too, and Angels there also. But what means the voice of the
Archangel? As he said in the parable of the Virgins, Arise! "The
Bridegroom cometh." (From Matt. xxv. 6.) Either it means this, or that
as in the case of a king, so also shall it then be, Angels ministering
at the Resurrection. For He says, let the dead rise, and the work is
done, the Angels not having power to do this, but His word. As if upon
a king's commanding and saying it, those who were shut up should go
forth, and the servants should lead them out, yet they do this
not from their own power, but from that Voice. This also Christ says in
another place: "He shall send forth his Angels with a great trumpet,
and they shall gather together his Elect from the four winds, from one
end of heaven to the other." (Matt. xxiv. 31.) And everywhere you see
the Angels running to and fro. The Archangel therefore I think is
he, who is set over those who are sent forth, and who
shouts thus: "Make all men ready, for the Judge
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is at hand." And what is "at the last trumpet"?(1) Here he implies that
there are many trumpets, and that at the last the Judge descends. "And
the dead," he says, "in Christ shall rise first. Then we that are
alive, that are left, shall together with them be caught up in the
clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the
Lord."
Ver. 18. "Wherefore comfort one another with these
words."
If He is about to descend, on what account shall we
be caught up? For the sake of honor. For when a king drives into a
city, those who are in honor go out to meet him; but the condemned
await the judge within. And upon the coming of an affectionate father,
his children indeed, and those who are worthy to be his children, are
taken out in a chariot, that they may see and kiss him; but those of
the domestics who have offended remain within. We are carried upon the
chariot of our Father. For He received Him up in the clouds, and "we
shall be caught up in the clouds." (Acts i. 9.) Seest thou how great is
the honor? and as He descends, we go forth to meet Him, and, what is
more blessed than all, so we shall be with Him.
"Who shall speak of the mightinesses of the Lord,
and make all His praises to be heard?" (Ps. cvi. 2, Sept.) How many
blessings has He vouchsafed to the human race! Those who are dead are
raised first, and thus the meeting takes place together. Abel who died
before all shall then meet Him together with those who are alive. So
that they in this respect will have no advantage, but he who is
corrupted, and has been so many years in the earth, shall meet Him with
them, and so all the others. For if they awaited us, that we might be
crowned, as elsewhere he says in an Epistle, "God having provided some
better thing concerning us, that apart from us they should not be made
perfect" (Heb. xi. 40), much more shall we also await them; or rather,
they indeed awaited, but we not at all. For the Resurrection takes
place "in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye."
But as to the saying, that they are gathered
together; they arise indeed everywhere, but are gathered together by
the Angels. The former therefore is the work of the power of God
commanding the earth to give up its deposit, and there is no one who
ministers in it, as He then called Lazarus, "Lazarus, come forth" (John
xi. 43); but the gathering is the work of ministers. But if Angels
gather them together, and run to and fro, how are they(2) caught up
here? They are caught up after the descent,(3) after that they are
gathered together.
For this is also done without any one being
aware.(4) For when they see the earth agitated, the dust mingling, the
bodies rising perchance(5) on every side, no one ministering to this,
but the "shout" being sufficient, the whole earth filled (for consider
how great a thing it is that all the men from Adam unto His coming
shall then stand with wives and children),--when they see so great a
tumult upon the earth,--then they shall know. As therefore in the
Dispensation that was in the Flesh, they had foreseen nothing of it, so
also will it then be.
When these things then are done, then also will be
the voice of the Archangel shouting and commanding the Angels, and the
trumpets, or rather the sound of the trumpet. What trembling then, what
fear will possess those that remain upon the earth. For one woman is
caught up and another is left behind, and one man is taken, and another
is passed over. (Matt. xxiv. 40, 41; Luke xvii. 34, 35.) What will be
the state of their souls, when they see some indeed taken up, but
themselves left behind? Will not these things be able to shake their
souls more terribly than any hell? Let us represent then in word that
this is now present. For if sudden death, or earthquakes in cities, and
threatenings thus terrify our souls; when we see the earth breaking up,
and crowded with all these, when we hear the trumpets, and the voice of
the Archangel louder than any trumpet, when we perceive the heaven
shriveled up, and God the King of all himself coming nigh --what then
will be our souls? Let us shudder, I beseech you, and be frightened as
if these things were now taking place. Let us not comfort ourselves by
the delay. For when it must certainly happen, the delay profits us
nothing.
How great will then be the fear and trembling! Have
you ever seen men led away to death? What do you think is the state of
their souls, as they are going on the way to the gate? is it not worse
than many deaths? What would they not choose both to do and to suffer,
so that they might be delivered from that cloud of darkness? I have
heard many say, who have been recalled by the mercy of the king
(Emperor), after having been led away, that they did not even see men
as men, their souls being so troubled, so horror-struck, and beside
themselves. If then the death of the body thus frightens us, when
eternal death approaches, what will be our feelings? And why do I speak
of those who are
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led away? A crowd then stands around, the greater part not even knowing
them. If any one looked into their souls, no one is so cruel no one so
hard-hearted, no one so firm, as not to have his soul dejected, and
relaxed with fear and despair. And if when others are taken off by this
death, which differs nothing from sleep, those who are not concerned in
it are thus affected; when we ourselves fall into greater evils, what
then will be our state? It is not, believe me, it is not possible to
represent the suffering by words.
Nay, you say, but God is full of love to man, and
none of these things will happen! Then it is written in vain! No, you
say, but only as a threat, that we may become wise! If then we are not
wise, but continue evil, will He not, tell me, inflict the punishment?
Will He not then recompense the good either with rewards? Yes, you say,
for that is becoming to Him, to do good even beyond desert. So that
those things indeed are true and will certainly be, while the
punishments will not be at all, but are only for the purpose of a
threat, and of terror! By what means I shall persuade you, I know not.
If I say, that "the worm will not die, and the fire will not be
quenched" (Mark ix. 44); if I say, that "they shall go away into
everlasting fire" (Matt. xxv. 41, 46); if I set before you the rich man
already suffering punishment, you will say that it is all a matter of
threatening. Whence then shall I persuade you? For this is a Satanic
reasoning, indulging you with a favor that will not profit, and causing
you to be slothful.
How then can we banish it? Whatever things we say
from Scripture, you will say, are for the purpose of threatening. But
with respect to future things this indeed might be said, but not so
concerning things that have happened, and have had an end. You have
heard of the deluge. And were those things also said by way of threat?
Did they not actually happen? Those men too said many such things, and
for a hundred years while the ark was building, and the wood was being
wrought, and the righteous man was calling aloud, there was no one who
believed. But because they did not believe the threat in words, they
suffered the punishment in very deed. And this will be our fate too, if
we shall not have believed. On this account it is that He compares His
coming with the days of Noah, because as some disbelieved in that
deluge, so will they in the deluge of hell. Were these things a threat?
were they not a fact? Then will not He, who then brought punishment
upon them so suddenly, much more inflict it now also? For the things
that are committed now are not less than the offenses of that time.
How?--because then, it says, "the sons of God went in unto the
daughters of men" (Gen. vi. 4), and those mixtures were the great
offense. But now there is no form of wickedness, which is unattempted.
Do you then believe that the deluge took place? Or does it seem to you
a fable? And yet even the mountains where the ark rested, bear witness;
I speak of those in Armenia.
But, even superabundantly, I will turn my discourse
to another thing more evident than that. Has any one of you ever
traveled in Palestine? For I will no longer mention report, but facts,
and yet the other were clearer than facts. For whatever things the
Scripture says, are more to be trusted than things we see. Has any one
of you then ever traveled in Palestine? I suppose so. What then? Bear
witness then for me, ye who have seen the places, to those who have not
been there. For above Ascalon and Gaza up to the very end of the river
Jordan there is a country wide and fruitful--or rather there was--for
it is not now. This then is that which was as a garden. For it is said,
"Lot beheld all the plain(1) of Jordan--and it was well watered
everywhere, like the garden of the Lord." (Gen. xiii. 10.) This,
therefore, that was so flourishing, and that rivaled all countries,
which for thrivingness exceeded the Paradise of God, is now more
desolate than any wilderness. And there stand trees, indeed, and they
bear fruit. But the fruit is a monument of the wrath of God. For there
stand pomegranates, I speak both of the tree and the fruit, having a
very fine appearance, and to the ignorant man holding out great hopes.
But if they are taken into the hand, being broken open they display no
fruit indeed, but much dust and ashes stored up within. Such also is
the whole land. If you find a stone, you will find it full of ashes.
And why do I speak of stone and wood and earth, where the air and water
partake of the calamity? For as when a body is burnt and consumed, the
shape remains, and the outline in the appearance of the fire, and the
bulk and the proportion, but the power is no more, so truly there you
may see earth, which yet has nothing of earth about it, but all ashes;
trees and fruit, but nothing of trees and fruit about them; air and
water, but nothing of water nor of air about them, for even these are
turned to ashes. And yet how could air ever have been burnt, or water,
whilst it remained water? For wood and stones indeed it is possible to
burn, but air and water it is altogether impossible. Impossible to us,
but possible to Him who did these things. Therefore the air is nothing
else than a furnace, the water is a furnace. All things are unfruitful,
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all unproductive, all for vengeance; images of wrath that has gone
before, and proofs of that which is to come.
Are these too but threatening words? Are these but
the sound of words? For to me indeed the former things were not
incredible, but things not seen were equally credible with things that
were seen. But even to the unbeliever these are sufficient to produce
faith. If any one disbelieves hell, let him consider Sodom, let him
reflect upon Gomorrah, the vengeance that has been inflicted, and which
yet remains. This is a proof of the eternity of punishment. Are these
things grievous? And is it not grievous, when you say that there is no
hell, but that God has merely threatened it? when you slack the hands
of the people?(1) It is thou who disbelievest that compellest me to say
these things it is thou that hast drawn me out into these words. If
thou believedst the words of Christ I should not be compelled to bring
forward facts to induce belief. But since you have evaded them, you
shall be persuaded henceforth, whether willing or unwilling. For what
have you to say concerning Sodom? Would you wish also to know the
cause, for which these things were then done? It was one sin, a
grievous and accursed one certainly, yet but one. The men of that time
had a passion for boys, and on that account they suffered this
punishment. But now ten thousand sins equal and even more grievous than
these are committed. Then He who for one sin poured forth so much
anger, and neither regarded the supplication of Abraham, nor yet Lot
who dwelt among them, the man who from honor to His servants offered
his own daughters to insult, will He spare, when there are so many
sins? These things truly are ridiculous, trifling, delusion, and
diabolical deceit!
Do you wish that I should also bring forward
another? You have certainly heard of Pharaoh, king of the Egyptians;
you know therefore the punishment also which he suffered, how even with
his whole host, chariots and horses and all, he was engulfed in the
Erythraean sea. Would you hear also other examples? he perhaps was an
impious man, or rather not perhaps, but certainly he was an impious
man. Would you see those also punished, who were of the number of
believers, and who held fast to God, but were not of upright life? Hear
Paul saying, "Neither let us commit fornication, as some of them
committed, and fell in one day three and twenty thousand. Neither let
us murmur, as some of them murmured, and perished by the destroyer.
Neither let us tempt Christ, as some of them tempted, and perished by
the serpents." (1 Cor. x. 8-10.) And if fornication, and if murmuring
had such power, what will not be the effect of our sins?
And if thou dost not now pay the penalty, do not
wonder. For they knew not of a hell, therefore they were visited with
punishments following close at their heels. But thou, whatever sins
thou commit, though thou shouldest escape present penalty, wilt pay for
it all There. Did he so punish those who were nearly in the state of
children, and who did not sin so greatly--and will He spare us? It
would not be reasonable. For if we commit the same sins with them, we
shall deserve a greater punishment than they did. Wherefore? Because we
have enjoyed more grace. But when our offenses are numerous, and more
heinous than theirs, what vengeance shall we not undergo? They--and let
no one think I say it as admiring them, or excusing them; far be it:
for when God punishes, he who passes a contrary sentence, does it at
the suggestion of the devil; I say this therefore, not praising them
nor excusing them, but showing our wickedness--they therefore, although
they murmured, were, however, traveling a wilderness road: but we
murmur though we have a country, and are in our own houses. They,
although they committed fornication, yet it was just after they came
out of the evils of Egypt, and had hardly heard of such a law. But we
do it, having previously received from our forefathers the doctrine of
salvation, so that we are deserving of greater punishment.
Would you hear also of other things? what were their
sufferings in Palestine, famines, pestilences, wars, captivities, under
the Babylonians, and under the Assyrians, and their miseries from the
Macedonians, and those under Hadrian and Vespasian? I have something
that I wish, beloved, to relate to thee; nay, do not run away!(2) Or
rather I will tell thee another thing before it. There was once a
famine, it says, and the king was walking upon the wall; then a woman
came to him and uttered these words: "O king, this woman said to me,
Let us roast thy son to-day, and eat him--to-morrow mine. And we
roasted and ate, and now she does not give me hers." (From 2 Kings vi.
28.) What can be more dreadful than this calamity? Again, in another
place the Prophet says, "The hands of the pitiful women have sodden
their own children." (Lam. iv. 10.) The Jews then suffered such
punishment, and shall we not much rather suffer?
Would you also hear other calamities of theirs? Read
over Josephus, and you will learn that whole tragedy, if perchance we
may persuade you from these things, that there is a hell. For consider,
if they were punished, why are we not punished? or how is it reasonable
that we are not now punished, who sin more grievously than
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they? Is it not manifest that it is, because the punishment is kept in
store for us? And, if you please, I will tell you in the person of
every individual how they were punished. Cain murdered his brother. A
horrible sin indeed, who can deny it? But he suffered punishment; and a
heavy one, equivalent to ten thousand deaths, for he would rather have
died ten thousand times. For hear him saying, "If Thou castest me out
from the land, and I shall be hidden from Thy face, then it will happen
that every one who findeth me will slay me." (Gen iv. 14, Sept.) Tell
me then, do not many even now do the same things that he did? For when
thou slayest not thy brother according to the flesh, but thy spiritual
brother, dost thou not do the same? For what, though not by the sword?
yet by some other means; when being able to relieve his hunger, thou
neglectest him. What then? Has no one now envied his brother? has no
one plunged him into dangers? But here they have not suffered
punishment, yet they will suffer it. Then he, who never heard the
written laws, nor the prophets, nor saw great miracles suffered such
great vengeance; and shall he who has done the same things in another
way, and was not rendered wise by so many examples, shall he go
unpunished? Where then is the justice of God, and where His goodness?
Again, a certain one for having gathered sticks on
the Sabbath was stoned, and yet this was a small commandment, and less
weighty than circumcision. He then who gathered sticks on the Sabbath
was stoned; but those who often commit ten thousand things contrary to
the Law have gone off unpunished! If then there be not a hell, where is
His justice, where His impartiality, that respects not persons? And yet
He lays to their charge many such things, that they did not observe the
Sabbath.
Again, another, Charmi,(1) having stolen a devoted
thing, was stoned with all his family. What then? Has no one from that
time committed sacrilege? Saul, again, having spared contrary to the
command of God, suffered so great punishment. Has no one from that time
spared? Would indeed that it were so! Have we not, worse than wild
beasts, devoured one another contrary to the command of God, and yet no
one has fallen in war?(2) Again, the sons of Eli, because they ate
before the incense was offered, suffered the most severe punishment
together with their father. Has no father then been neglectful with
respect to his children? and are there no wicked sons? But no one has
suffered punishment. Where will they suffer it then, if there be no
hell?
Again, numberless instances one might enumerate.
What? Ananias and Sapphira were immediately punished, because they
stole part of what they had offered. Has no one then since that time
been guilty of this? How was it then that they did not suffer the same
punishment?
Do we then persuade you that there is a hell, or do
you need more examples? Therefore we will proceed also to things that
are unwritten, such as now take place in life. For it is necessary that
this idea should be gathered by us from every quarter, that we
may not, by vainly gratifying ourselves, do ourselves harm. Do you not
see many visited by calamities, maimed in their bodies, suffering
infinite troubles, but others in good repute? For what reason do some
suffer punishment for murders, and others not? Hear Paul saying, "Some
men's sins are evident, ... and some men they follow after." (1 Tim. v.
24.) How many murderers have escaped! how many violators of the tombs!
But let these things pass. How many do you not see visited with the
severest punishment? Some have been delivered to a long disease, others
to continued tortures, and others to numberless. other ills. When
therefore you see one who has been guilty of the same things as they,
or even much worse--and yet not suffering punishment, will you not
suspect, even against your will, that there is a hell? Reckon those
here who before you have been severely punished, consider that God is
no respecter of persons, and that though you have done numberless
wickednesses, you have suffered no such thing, and you will have the
idea of hell. For God has so implanted that idea within us, that no one
can ever be ignorant of it. For poets and philosophers and fabulists,
and in short all men, have philosophized concerning the retribution
that is there, and have said that the greater number are punished in
Hades. And if those things are fables, yet what we have received are
not so.
I say not these things as wishing to frighten you,
nor to lay a burden on your souls, but to make them wise, and render
them easier. I could wish also myself that there were no
punishment--yes, myself most of all men. And why so? Because whilst
each of you fears for his own soul, I have to answer for this office
also in which I preside over you. So that most of all it is impossible
for me to escape. But it cannot be that there is not punishment and a
hell. What can I do? Where then, they say, is the kindness of God to
men? In many places. But on this subject I will rather discourse at
some other season, that we may not confuse the discourses
concerning hell. In the meantime let not that slip, which we have
gained. For
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it is no small advantage to be persuaded concerning hell. For the
recollection of such discourses, like some bitter medicine, will
be able to clear off every vice, if it be constantly
settled in your mind. Let us therefore use it, that having a pure
heart, we may so be thought worthy to see those things, which eye hath
not seen, nor ear heard, nor have entered into the heart of man. Which
may we all obtain by the grace and mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ, with
whom, &c.
HOMILY IX.
1 Thessalonians v. 1, 2.
"But concerning the times and the seasons, brethren, ye have no need
that aught be written unto you. For yourselves know perfectly that the
day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night."
NOTHING, as it seems, is so curious, and so fondly
prone to pry into things obscure and concealed, as the nature of men.
And this is wont to happen to it, when the mind is unsettled and in an
imperfect state. For the simpler sort of children never cease teasing
their nurses, and tutors, and parents, with their frequent questions,
in which there is nothing else but "when will this be?" and "when
that?" And this comes to pass also from living in indulgence, and
having nothing to do. Many things therefore our mind is in haste to
learn already and to comprehend, but especially concerning the period
of the consummation; and what wonder if we are thus affected, for those
holy men, themselves, were most of all affected in the same way? And
before the Passion, the Apostles come and say to Christ, "Tell us, when
shall these things be, and what shall be the sign of Thy coming, and of
the end of the world?" (Matt. xxiv. 23.) And after the Passion and the
Resurrection from the dead, they said to Him, Tell us, "dost Thou at
this time restore again the kingdom to Israel?" (From Acts i. 6.) And
they asked Him nothing sooner than this.
But it was not so afterwards, when they had been
vouchsafed the Holy Ghost. Not only do they not themselves inquire, nor
complain of this ignorance, but they repress those who labor under this
unseasonable curiosity. Hear for instance what the blessed Paul now
says, "But concerning the times and the seasons, brethren, ye have no
need that aught be written unto you." Why has he not said that no one
knows? why has he not said, that it is not revealed, instead of saying,
"Ye have no need that aught be written unto you"? Because in that case
he would have grieved them more, but by speaking thus he comforted
them. For by the expression, "Ye have no need," as if it were both
superfluous, and inexpedient, he suffers them not to enquire.
For tell me, what would be the advantage? Let us
suppose that the end would be after twenty or thirty or a hundred
years, what is this to us? Is not the end of his own life the
consummation to every individual? Why art thou curious, and travailest
about the general end? But the case is the same with us in this, as in
other things. For as in other things, leaving our own private concerns,
we are anxious about things in general, saying, Such an one is a
fornicator, such an one an adulterer, that man has robbed, another has
been injurious; but no one takes account of what is his own, but each
thinks of anything rather than his own private concerns; so here also,
each omitting to take thought about his own end, we are anxious to hear
about the general dissolution. Now what concern is that of yours? for
if you make your own a good end, you will suffer no harm from the
other; be it far off, or be it near. This is nothing to us.
For this reason Christ did not tell it, because it
was not expedient. How, you say, was it not expedient? He who also
concealed it knows wherefore it was not expedient. For hear Him saying
to His Apostles, "It is not for you to know times, or seasons, which
the Father hath set within His own authority." (Acts i. 7.) Why are you
curious? Peter, the chief of the Apostles, and his fellows, heard this
said, as if they were seeking things too great for them to know. True,
you say; but it were possible to stop the mouths of the Greeks in this
way. How? tell me. Because they say, that this world is a god; if we
knew the period of its dissolution, we should have stopped their
mouths. Why, is this what will stop their mouths, to know when it will
be destroyed, or to know that it will be destroyed? Tell them this,
that it will have an end. If they do not believe this, neither will
they believe the other.
Hear Paul saying, "For yourselves know perfectly
that the day of the Lord so cometh as a thief in the night." Not the
general day only, but that of every individual. For the one resembles
the other, is also akin to it. For what the one does collectively, that
the other does
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partially. For the period of consummation took its beginning from Adam,
and then is the end of the consummation;(1) since even now one would
not err in calling it a consummation. For when ten thousand die every
day, and all await That Day, and no one is raised before it is it not
the work(2) of That Day? And if you would know on what account it is
concealed and why it so cometh as a thief in the night, I will tell you
how I think I can well account for it. No one would have ever
cultivated virtue during his whole life; but knowing his last day, and,
after having committed numberless sins, then having come to the Layer,
he would so have departed. For if now, when the fear arising from its
uncertainty shakes the souls of all, still all,(3) having spent their
whole former life in wickedness, at their last breath give themselves
up to Baptism,--if they had fully persuaded themselves concerning this
matter, who would ever have cultivated virtue? If many have departed
without Illumination, and not even this fear has taught them, whilst
living, to cultivate the things that are pleasing to God; if this fear
also had been removed, who would ever have been sober, or who gentle?
There is not one And another thing again. The fear of death and the
love of life restrain many. But if each one knew that to-morrow he
would certainly die, there is nothing he would refuse to attempt before
that day, but he would murder whomsoever he wished, and would retrieve
himself by taking vengeance on his enemies, and would perpetrate ten
thousand crimes.
For a wicked man, who despairs of his life here,
pays no regard even to him who is invested with the purple. He
therefore who was persuaded that he must at all events die would both
be revenged upon his enemy, and after having first satisfied his own
soul, so would meet his end. Let me mention also a third thing. Those
who are fond of life, and vehemently attached to the things of this
world, would(4) be ruined by despair and grief. For if any of the young
knew that before he reached old age, he should meet his end, as the
most sluggish of wild beasts, when they are taken, become still
more sluggish from expecting their end, so would he also be affected.
Besides, not even the men that are courageous would have had their
reward. For if they knew that after three years they must certainly
die, and before that time it was not possible, what reward would they
have gained for daring in the face of dangers? For any one might say to
them, Because you are confident of the three years of life, for this
reason you throw yourselves into dangers, knowing that it is not
possible for you to pass away. For he, that expects from each danger
that he may come by his death, and knows that he shall live indeed, if
he does not expose himself to peril, but shall die if he attempts such
and such actions, he gives the greatest proof of his zeal, and of his
contempt for the present life. And this I will make plain to you by an
example. Tell me, if the patriarch Abraham, foreknowing that he should
not have to sacrifice his son, had brought him to the place, would he
then have had any reward? And what if Paul, foreknowing that he should
not die, had despised dangers, in what respect would he have been
admirable? For so even the most sluggish would rush into the fire, if
he could find any one he could trust to ensure his safety. But not such
were the Three Children. For hear them saying, "O king, there is a God
in heaven, who will deliver us out of thine hands, and out of this
furnace; and if not, be it known to thee that we do not serve thy gods,
nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up." (Dan. iii. 17,
Sept.)
Ye see how many advantages there are, and yet there
are more than these that arise from not knowing the time of our end.
Meanwhile it is sufficient to learn these. On this account He so cometh
as a thief in the night; that we may not abandon ourselves to
wickedness, nor to sloth; that He may not take from us our reward. "For
yourselves know perfectly," he says. Why then are you curious, if you
are persuaded? But that the future is uncertain, learn from what Christ
has said. For that on this account He said it, hear what he says,
"Watch therefore: for ye know not at what hour" the thief(5) "cometh."
(Matt. xxiv. 42.) On this account also Paul said,
Ver. 3. "When they are saying peace and safety, then
sudden destruction cometh upon them, as travail upon a woman with
child; and they shall in nowise escape."
Here he has glanced at something which he has also
said in his second Epistle. For since(6) they indeed were in
affliction, but they that warred on them at ease and in luxury, and
then while he comforted them in their present sufferings by this
mention of the Resurrection, the others insulted them with arguments
taken from their forefathers, and said, When will it happen?
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--which the Prophets also said, "Woe unto them that say, Let him make
speed, let God hasten his work, that we may see it: and let the counsel
of the Holy One of Israel come, that we may know it!" (Isa. v. 19); and
again "Woe unto them that desire the day of the Lord." (Amos v. 18.) He
means this day; for he does not speak simply of persons who desire it,
but of those who desire it because they disbelieve it: and "the day of
the Lord," he says, "is darkness, and not light"--see then how Paul
consoles them, as if he had said, Let them not account their being in a
prosperous state, a proof that the Judgment is not coming. For so it is
that it will come.
But it may be worth while to ask, If Antichrist
comes, and Elias comes, how is it "when they say Peace and safety,"
that then a sudden destruction comes upon them? For these things do not
permit the day to come upon them unawares, being signs of its coming.
But he does not mean this to be the time of Antichrist, and the whole
day, because that will be a sign of the coming of Christ, but Himself
will not have a sign, but will come suddenly and unexpectedly. For
travail, indeed, you say, does not come upon the pregnant woman
unexpectedly: for she knows that after nine months the birth will take
place. And yet it is very uncertain. For some bring forth at the
seventh month, and others at the ninth. And at any rate the day and the
hour is uncertain. With respect to this therefore, Paul speaks thus.
And the image is exact. For there are not many sure signs of travail;
many indeed have brought forth in the high roads, or when out of their
houses and abroad, not fore-seeing it. And he has not only glanced here
at the uncertainty, but also at the bitterness of the pain. For as she
while sporting, laughing, not looking for anything at all, being
suddenly seized with unspeakable pains, is pierced through with the
pangs of labor --so will it be with those souls, when the Day comes
upon them.
"And they shall in nowise escape." As he was saying
just now.
Vet. 4. "But ye, brethren, are not in darkness, that
that day should overtake you as a thief."
Here he speaks of a life that is dark and impure.
For it is just as corrupt and wicked men do all things as in the night,
escaping the notice of all, and inclosing themselves in darkness. For
tell me, does not the adulterer watch for the evening, and the thief
for the night? Does not the violator of the tombs carry on all his
trade in the night? What then? Does it not overtake them as a thief?
Does it not come upon them also uncertainly, but do they know it
beforehand? How then does he say, "Ye have no need that aught be
written unto you"? He speaks here not with respect to the uncertainty,
but with respect to the calamity, that is, it will not come as an evil
to them. For it will come uncertainly indeed even to them, but it will
involve them in no trouble. "That that Day," he says, "may not overtake
you as a thief." For in the case of those who are watching and who are
in the light, if there should be any entry of a robber, it can do them
no harm: so also it is with those who live well. But those who are
sleeping he will strip of everything, and go off; that is, those who
are trusting in the things of this life.
Ver. 5. "For ye are all," he says, "sons of light,
and sons of the day."
And how is it possible to be "sons of the day "?
Just as it is said, "sons of destruction" and "sons of hell." Wherefore
Christ also said to the Pharisees, "Woe unto you--for ye compass sea
and land to make one proselyte, and when he is become so, ye make him a
son of hell." (Matt. xxiii. 15.) And again Paul said, "For which
things' sake cometh the wrath of God upon the sons of disobedience."
(Col. iii. 6.) That is, those who do the works of hell and the works of
disobedience. So also sons of God are those who do things pleasing to
God; so also sons of day and sons of light, those who do the works of
light. "And we are not of the night nor of darkness." Ver. 6, 7, 8. "So
then let us not sleep, as do also the rest, but let us watch and be
sober. For they that sleep sleep in the night; and they that be drunken
are drunken in the night.But let us, since we are of the day, be sober."
Here he shows, that to be in the day depends on
ourselves. For here indeed, in the case of the present day and night,
it does not depend on ourselves. But night comes even against our will,
and sleep overtakes us when we do not wish it. But with respect to that
night and that sleep, it is not so, but it is in our power always to
have it day, it is in our power always to watch. For to shut the eyes
of the soul, and to bring on the sleep of wickedness, is not of nature,
but of our own choice. "But let us watch," he says, "and be sober." For
it is possible to sleep while awake, by doing nothing good. Wherefore
he has added, "and be sober." For even by day, if any one watches, but
is not sober, he will fall into numberless dangers, so that sobriety is
the intensity of watchfulness. "They that sleep," he says, "sleep in
the night, and they that be drunken are drunken in the night." The
drunkenness he here speaks of is not that from wine only, but that also
which comes of all vices. For riches and the desire of wealth is a
drunkenness of the soul, and so carnal lust; and every sin you can name
is a drunkenness of the soul. On what account then has he called vice
sleep?
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Because in the first place the vicious man is inactive with respect to
virtue: again, because he sees everything as a vision, he views nothing
in its true light, but is full of dreams, and oftentimes of
unreasonable actions: and if he sees anything good, he(1) has no
firmness, no fixedness. Such is the present life. It is full of dreams,
and of phantasy. Riches are a dream, and glory, and everything of that
sort. He who sleeps sees not things that are and have a real
subsistence, but things that are not he fancies as things that are.
Such is vice, and the life that is passed in vice. It sees not things
that are, that is, spiritual, heavenly, abiding things, but things that
are fleeting and fly away, and that soon recede from us.
But it is not sufficient to watch and be sober, we
must also be armed. For if a man watch and is sober, but has not arms,
the robbers soon dispatch him. When therefore we ought both to watch,
and to be sober, and to be armed, and we are unarmed and naked and
asleep, who will hinder him from thrusting home his sword? Wherefore
showing this also, that we have need of arms, he has added:
Vet. 8. "Putting on the breastplate of faith and
love: and for a helmet the hope of salvation."
"Of faith and love," he says. Here he glances at
life and doctrine. He has shown what it is to watch and be sober, to
have "the breastplate of faith and love." Not a common faith, he says,
but as nothing can soon pierce through a breastplate, but it is a safe
wall to the breast;--so do thou also, he says, surround thy soul with
faith and love, and none of the fiery darts of the devil can ever be
fixed in it. For where the power of the soul is preoccupied with the
armor of love, all the devices of those who plot against it are vain
and ineffectual. For neither wickedness, nor hatred, nor envy, nor
flattery, nor hypocrisy, nor any other thing will be able to penetrate
such a soul. He has not simply said "love," but he has bid them put it
on as a strong breastplate. "And for a helmet the hope of salvation."
For as the helmet guards the vital part in us, surrounding the head and
covering it on every side, so also this hope does not suffer the reason
to falter, but sets it upright as the head, not permitting anything
from without to fall upon it. And whilst nothing falls on it, neither
does it slip of itself. For it is not possible that one who is
fortified with such arms as these, should ever fall. For" now abideth
faith, hope, love." (1 Cor. xiii. 13.) Then having said,
Put on, and array yourselves, he himself provides the armor, whence
faith, hope, and love may be produced, and may become strong.
Ver. 9. "For God appointed us not unto wrath,
but unto the obtaining of salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ, who
died for us."
Thus God has not inclined to this,(2) that He might
destroy us, but that He might save us. And whence is it manifest that
this is His will? He has given His own Son for us. So does He desire
that we should be saved, that He has given His Son, and not merely
given, but given Him to death. From these considerations hope is
produced. For do not despair of thyself, O man, in going to God, who
has not spared even His Son for thee. Faint not at present evils. He
who gave His Only-Begotten, that He might save thee and deliver thee
from hell, what will He spare henceforth for thy salvation? So that
thou oughtest to hope for all things kind. For neither should we fear,
if we were going to a judge who was about to judge us, and who had
shown so much love for us, as to have sacrificed his son. Let us hope
therefore for kind and great things, for we have received the principal
thing; let us believe, for we have seen an example; let us love, for it
is the extreme of madness for one not to love who has been so treated.
Ver. 10, 11. "That, whether we wake or sleep," he
says, "we should live together with Him. Wherefore exhort one another,
and build each other up, even as also ye do."
And again, "whether we wake or sleep"; by sleep
there he means one thing, and here another. For here, "whether we
sleep" signifies the death of the body; that is, fear not dangers;
though we should die, we shall live. Do not despair because thou art in
danger. Thou hast a strong security. He would not have given His Son if
He had not been inflamed by vehement love for us. So that, though thou
shouldest die, thou wilt live; for He Himself also died. Therefore
whether we die, or whether we live, we shall live with Him. This is a
matter of indifference: it is no concern of mine, whether I live or
die; for we shall live with Him. Let us therefore do everything for
that life: looking to that, let us do all our works. Vice, O beloved,
is darkness, it is death, it is night; we see nothing that we ought, we
do nothing that becomes us. As the dead are unsightly and of evil odor,
so also the souls of those who are vicious are full of much impurity.
Their eyes are closed, their mouth is stopped, they remain without
motion in the bed of vice; or rather more wretched than those who are
naturally dead. For they truly are dead to both, but these are
insensible indeed to virtue, but alive to vice. If one should strike a
dead man, he perceives it not, he revenges it not, but is like a dry
stick. So also his soul is truly dry, having lost its life; it receives
daily num-
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berless wounds, and has no feeling of any, but lies insensible to
everything.
One would not err in comparing such men to those who
are mad, or drunk, or delirious. All these things belong to vice, and
it is worse than all these. He that is mad is much allowed for by those
who see him, for his disease is not from choice, but from nature alone;
but how shall he be pardoned, who lives in vice? Whence then is vice?
whence are the majority bad? Tell me, whence have diseases their evil
nature? whence is frenzy? whence is lethargy? Is it not from
carelessness? If physical disorders have their origin in choice, much
more those which are voluntary. Whence is drunkenness? Is it not from
intemperance of soul? Is not frenzy from excess of fever? And is not
fever from the elements too abundant in us? And is not this
superabundance of elements from our carelessness? For when either from
deficiency or excess we carry any of the things within us beyond the
bounds of moderation, we kindle that fire. Again, if when the fire is
kindled, we continue to neglect it, we make a conflagration for
ourselves, which we are not able to extinguish. So is it also with
vice. When we do not restrain it at its beginning, nor cut it off, we
cannot afterwards reach to the end of it, but it becomes too great for
our power. Wherefore, I beseech you, let us do everything that we may
never become drowsy. Do you not see that when sentinels have only given
way a little to sleep, they derive no advantage from their long watch,
for by that little they have ruined the whole, having given perfect
security to him who is prepared to steal. For as we do not see thieves
in the same way that they see us, so also the devil most of all is ever
instant, and lying in wait, and grinding his teeth. Let us not then
slumber. Let us not say, on this side there is nothing, on that side
nothing; we are often plundered from a quarter whence we did not expect
it. So it is with vice; we perish from a quarter whence we did not
expect it. Let us look carefully round upon all things, let us not be
drunken, and we shall not sleep. Let us not be luxurious, and we shall
not slumber. Let us not be mad for external things, and we shall
continue in sobriety. Let us discipline ourselves on every side. And as
men who walk upon a tight rope cannot be off their guard ever so
little, for that little causes great mischief: for the man losing his
balance is at once precipitated down and perishes; so neither is it
possible for us to be off our guard. We walk upon a narrow road
intercepted by precipices on either side, not admitting of two feet at
the same time. Seest thou not how much carefulness is necessary? Seest
thou not how those who travel on such roads guard not only their feet,
but their eyes also? For if he should choose to gaze on one side,
though his foot stand firm, his eye becoming dizzy from the depth,
plunges the whole body down. But he must take heed to himself and to
his steps; wherefore he says, "neither to the right hand, nor to the
left." (Prov. iv. 27.) Great is the depth of vice, high the precipices,
much darkness below. Let us take heed to the narrow way, let us walk
with fear and trembling. No one, who is traveling such a road, is
dissolved in laughter nor heavy with drunkenness, but travels such a
road with sobriety and fasting. No one traveling such a road carries
with him any superfluities; for he would be contented even lightly
equipped to be able to escape. No one entangles his own feet, but
leaves them disengaged, and free to move.
But we, chaining ourselves down with numberless
cares, and carrying with us the numberless burdens of this life,
staring about, and loosely rambling, how do we expect to travel in that
narrow road? He has not merely said that "narrow is the way" (Matt.
vii. 14), but with wonder, "how(1) narrow is the way," that is,
exceedingly narrow. And this we also do in things that are quite
objects of wonder. And "straitened," he says, "is the way which leadeth
unto life." And he has well said it. For when we are bound to give an
account of our thoughts, and words, and actions, and all things, truly
it is narrow. But we ourselves make it more narrow, spreading out and
widening ourselves, and shuffling out our feet. For the narrow way is
difficult to every one, but especially to him who is incumbered with
fat, as he who makes himself lean will not perceive its narrowness. So
that he who has practiced himself in being pinched, will not be
discouraged at its pressure.
Let not any one therefore expect that he shall see
heaven with ease. For it cannot be. Let no one hope to travel the
narrow road with luxury, for it is impossible. Let no one traveling in
the broad way hope for life. When therefore thou seest such and such an
one luxuriating in baths, in a sumptuous table, or in other matters
having troops of attendants; think not thyself unhappy, as not
partaking of these things, but lament for him, that he is traveling the
way to destruction. For what is the advantage of this way, when it ends
in tribulation? And what is the injury of that straitness, when it
leads to rest? Tell me, if any one invited to a palace should walk
through narrow ways painful
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and precipitous, and another led to death should be dragged through the
midst of the market-place, which shall we call happy? which shall we
commiserate? Him, shall we not, who walks through the broad road? So
also now, let us think happy, not those who are luxurious, but those
who are not luxurious.These are hastening to heaven, those to hell.
And perhaps indeed many of them will even laugh at
the things that are said by us. But I most of all lament and bewail
them on this account, that they do not even know what they ought to
laugh at, and for what they ought especially to mourn, but they
confound and disturb and disorder everything. On this account I bewail
them. What sayest thou, O man, when thou art to rise again, and to give
an account of thy actions, and to undergo the last sentence, dost thou
pay no regard indeed to these, but give thought to gratifying thy
belly, and being drunken? And dost thou laugh at these things? But I
bewail thee, knowing the evils that await thee, the punishment that is
about to overtake thee. And this I most especially bewail, that thou
dost laugh! Mourn with me, bewail with me thine own evils. Tell me, if
one of thy friends perishes, dost thou not turn from those who laugh at
his end, and think them enemies, but love those who weep and sympathize
with thee? Then indeed if the dead body of thy wife were laid out, thou
turnest from him that laughs: but when thy soul is done to death, dost
thou turn from him that weeps, and laugh thyself? Seest thou how the
devil has disposed us to be enemies and adversaries to ourselves? For
once let us be sober, let us open our eyes, let us watch, let us lay
hold on eternal life, let us shake off this long sleep. There is a
Judgment, there is a Punishment, there is a Resurrection, there is an
Inquisition into what we have done! The Lord cometh in the clouds
"Before Him," he says, a fire will be kindled, and round about Him a
mighty tempest" (Ps. 1. 3, Sept.) A river of fire rolls before him, the
undying worm, unquenchable fire, outer darkness, gnashing of teeth.
Although you should be angry with me ten thousand times for mentioning
these things, I shall not cease from mentioning them. For if the
prophets, though stoned, did not keep silence, much more ought we to
bear with enmities, and not to discourse to you with a view to please,
that we may not, for having deceived you, be ourselves cut in sunder.
There is punishment, deathless, unallayed, and no one to stand up for
us. "Who will pity," he says, "the charmer that is bitten by a
serpent?" (Ecclus. xii. 13.) When we pity not our own selves, tell me,
who will pity us? If you see a man piercing himself with a sword, will
you be able to spare his life? By no means. Much more, when having it
in our power to do well we do not do well, who will spare us? No one!
Let us pity ourselves. When we pray to God, saying, "Lord, have
mercy(1) upon me," let us say it to ourselves, and have mercy upon
ourselves. We are the arbiters(2) of God's having mercy upon us. This
grace He. has bestowed upon us. If we do things worthy of mercy, worthy
of His loving-kindness towards us, God will have mercy upon us. But if
we have not mercy on ourselves, who will spare us? Have mercy on thy
neighbor, and thou shalt find mercy of God Himself. How many every day
come to thee, saying," Have pity on me," and thou dost not turn towards
them; how many naked, how many maimed, and we do not bend toward them,
but dismiss their supplications. How then dost thou claim(3) to obtain
mercy, when thou thyself dost nothing worthy of mercy? Let us become
compassionate, let us become pitiful, that so we may be well-pleasing
to God, and obtain the good things promised to those that love Him, by
the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom,
&c.
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HOMILY X.
1 THESSALONIANS v. 12, 13.
"But we beseech you, brethren, to know them that labor among you, and
are over you in the Lord, and admonish you; and to esteem them
exceeding highly in love for their work's sake. Be at peace among
yourselves."
IT must needs happen that a ruler should have many
occasions of enmities.(1) As physicians(2) are compelled to give much
trouble to the sick, preparing for them both diet and medicines that
are not pleasant indeed, but attended with benefit; and as fathers are
often annoying to their children: so also are teachers, and much more.
For the physician, though he be odious to the sick man, yet has the
relations and friends on good terms with him,(3) nay, and often the
sick man himself. And a father also, both from the force of nature and
from external laws, exercises his dominion over his son with great
ease; and if he should chastise and chide his son against his will,
there is no one to prevent him, nor will the son himself be able to
raise a look against him. But in the case of the Priest there is a
great difficulty. For in the first place, he ought to be ruling people
willing to obey, and thankful to him for his rule; but it is not
possible that this should soon come to pass. For he who is convicted
and reproved, be he what he may, is sure to cease from being thankful,
and to become an enemy. In like manner he will act who is advised, and
he who is admonished and he who is exhorted. If therefore I should say,
empty out wealth on the needy, I say what is offensive and burdensome.
If I say, chastise thine anger, quench thy wrath, check thine
inordinate desire, cut off a small portion of thy luxury, all is
burdensome and offensive. And if I should punish one who is slothful,
or should remove him from the Church, or exclude him from the public
prayers, he grieves, not because he is deprived of these things, but
because of the public disgrace. For this is an aggravation of the evil,
that, being interdicted from spiritual things, we grieve not on account
of our deprivation of these great blessings, but because of our
disgrace in the sight of others. We do not shudder at, do not dread,
the thing itself.
For this reason Paul from one end to the other
discourses largely concerning these persons. And Christ indeed has
subjected them with so strict a necessity, that He says, "The Scribes
and the Pharisees sit on Moses' seat. All things therefore whatsoever
they bid you, these do and observe: but do not ye after their works."
(Matt. xxiii. 2, 3.) And again, when He healed the leper, He said, "Go
thy way, show thyself to the priest, and offer the gift that Moses
commanded for a testimony unto them." (Matt. viii. 4.) And yet Thou
sayest, "Ye make him twofold more a son of hell than yourselves."
(Matt. xxiii. 15.) For this reason I said, answers He, "Do not the
things which they do." Therefore he hath shut out all excuse from him
that is under rule. In his Epistle to Timothy also this Apostle said,
"Let the elders that rule well be counted worthy of double honor." (1
Tim. v. 17.) And in his Epistle to the Hebrews also he said, "Obey them
that have the rule over you, and submit to them." (Heb. xiii. 17.) And
here again, "But we beseech you, brethren, to know them that labor
among you, and are over you in the Lord." For since he had said, "build
each other up," lest they should think that he raised them to the rank
of teachers, he has added, See, however, that I gave leave to you also
to edify one another, for it is not possible for a teacher to say
everything. "Them that labor among you," he says, "and are over you in
the Lord, and admonish you." And how, he says, is it not absurd? If a
man stand up for thee before a man, thou doest anything, thou
confessest thyself much indebted; but he stands up for thee before God,
and thou dost not own the favor. And how does he stand up for me? thou
sayest. Because he prays for thee, because he ministers to thee the
spiritual gift that is by Baptism, he visits, he advises and admonishes
thee, he comes at midnight if thou callest for him; he is nothing else
than the constant subject of thy mouth, and he bears thy injurious
speeches. What necessity had he? Has he done well or ill? Thou indeed
hast a wife, and livest luxuriously, and choosest a life of commerce.
But from this the Priest has hindered himself by his occupation; his
life is no other than to be employed about the Church. "And to esteem
them," he says, "exceeding highly in love for their work's sake; be at
peace with them."(4) Seest thou how well he is aware
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that unpleasant feelings arise? He does not merely say "love,"
but" very highly," as children love their fathers. For through them ye
were begotten by that eternal generation: through them you have
obtained the kingdom: through their hands all things are done, through
them the gates of heaven are opened to you. Let no one raise divisions,
let no one be contentious. He who loves Christ, whatever the Priest may
be, will love him, because through him he has obtained the awful
Mysteries. Tell me, if wishing to see a palace resplendent with much
gold, and radiant with the brightness of precious stones, thou couldest
find him who had the key, and he being called upon immediately opened
it, and admitted thee within, wouldest thou not prefer him above all
men? Wouldest thou not love him as dearly as thine eyes? Wouldest thou
not kiss him? This man hath opened heaven to thee, and thou dost not
kiss him, nor pay him court. If thou hast a wife, dost thou not love
him above all, who procured her for thee? So if thou lovest Christ, if
thou lovest the kingdom of heaven, acknowledge through whom thou
obtainedst it. On this account he says, "for their work's sake, be at
peace with them."
Ver. 14. "And we exhort you, brethren, admonish the
disorderly, encourage the faint-hearted, support the weak, be long
suffering toward all."
Here he addresses those who have rule. Admonish, he
says, "the disorderly," not of imperiousness, he says, nor of self-will
rebuke them, but with admonition. "Encourage the fainthearted, support
the weak, be longsuffering toward all." For he who is rebuked with
harshness, despairing of himself, becomes more bold in contempt.(1) On
this account it is necessary by admonition to render the medicine
sweet. But who are the disorderly? All those who do what is contrary to
the will of God. For this order of the Church is more harmonious than
the order of an army; so that the reviler is disorderly, the drunkard
is disorderly, and the covetous, and all who sin; for they walk not
orderly in their rank, but out of the line, wherefore also they are
overthrown? But there is also another kind of evils, not such as this
indeed, but itself also a vice, little mindedness. For this is
destructive equally with sloth. He who cannot bear an insult is
feeble-minded. He who cannot endure trial is feeble-minded. This is he
who is sown upon the rock. There is also another sort, that of
weakness. "Support the weak," he says; now weakness occurs in regard to
faith. But observe how he does not permit them to be despised. And
elsewhere also in his Epistles he says, "Them that are weak in the
faith receive ye." (Rom. xiv. 1.) For in our bodies too we do not
suffer the weak member to perish. "Be longsuffering toward all," he
says. Even toward the disorderly? Yes, certainly. For there is no
medicine equal to this, especially for the teacher, none so suitable to
those who are under rule. It can quite shame and put out of countenance
him that is fiercer and more shameless than all men.
Ver. 15. "See that none render unto any one evil for
evil."
If we ought not to render evil for evil, much less
evil for good; much less, when evil has not been previously done, to
render evil, Such an one, you say, is a bad man, and has aggrieved me,
and done me much injury. Do you wish to revenge yourself upon him? Do
not retaliate. Leave him unpunished. Well, is this the stopping-place?
By no means;
"But alway follow after that which is good, one
toward another, and toward all."
This is the higher philosophy, not only not to
requite evil with evil, but to render good for evil. For this is truly
revenge that brings harm to him and advantage to thyself, or rather
great advantage even to him, if he will. And that thou mayest not think
that this is said with respect to the faithful, therefore he has said,
"both one toward another and toward all." Ver. 16. "Rejoice alway."
This is said with respect to the temptations that
bring in affliction. Hear ye, as many as have fallen into poverty, or
into distressing circumstances. For from these joy is engendered. For
when we possess such a soul that we take revenge on no one, but do good
to all, whence, tell me, will the sting of grief be able to enter into
us? For he who so rejoices in suffering evil, as to requite even with
benefits him that has done him evil, whence can he afterwards suffer
grief? And how, you say, is this possible? It is possible, if we will.
Then also he shows the way.
Ver. 17, 18. "Pray without ceasing; In every thing
giving thanks: for this is the will of God."
Always to give thanks, this is a mark of a
philosophic soul. Hast thou suffered any evil? But if thou wilt, it is
no evil. Give thanks to God, and the evil is changed into good. Say
thou also as Job said, "Blessed be the name of the Lord for ever."(3)
(Job i. 21.) For tell me, what such great thing hast thou suffered? Has
disease befallen thee? Yet it is nothing strange. For our body is
mortal, and liable to
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suffer. Has a want of possessions overtaken thee? But these also are
things to be acquired, and again to be lost, and that abide here. But
is it plots and false accusations of enemies? But it is not we that are
injured by these, but they who are the authors of them. "For the soul,"
he says, "that sinneth, itself shall also die." (Ezek. xviii. 4.) And
he has not sinned who suffers the evil, but he who has done the evil.
Upon him therefore that is dead you ought not to
take revenge, but to pray for him that you may deliver him from death.
Do you not see how the bee dies upon the sting? By that animal God
instructs us not to grieve our neighbors. For we ourselves receive
death first. For by striking them perhaps we have pained them for a
little time, but we ourselves shall not live any longer, even as that
animal will not. And yet the Scripture commends it, sating that it is a
worker, whose work kings and private men make use of for their health.
(Ecclus. xi. 3.) But this does not preserve it from dying, but it must
needs perish. And if its other excellence does not deliver it when it
does injury, much less will it us.
For indeed it is the part of the fiercest beasts,
when no one has injured thee, to begin the injury, or rather not even
of beasts. For they, if thou permittest them to feed in the wilderness,
and dost not by straitening them reduce them to necessity, will never
harm thee, nor come near thee, nor bite thee, but will go their own way.
But you being a rational man, honored with so much
rule and honor and glory, do not(1) even imitate the beasts in your
conduct to your fellow-creature, but you injure your brother, and
devour him. And how will you be able to excuse yourself? Do you not
hear Paul saying, "Why not rather take wrong? Why not rather be
defrauded? Nay, but ye yourselves do wrong, and defraud, and that your
brethren." (1 Cor. vi. 7, 8.) Do you see that suffering wrong consists
in doing wrong, but that to suffer wrongfully is to receive a benefit?
For tell me, if any one were to revile his rulers, if he were to insult
those in power, whom does he injure? Himself, or them? Clearly himself.
Then he who insults a ruler insults not him, but himself--and he that
insults a Christian does he not through him insult Christ? By no means,
thou sayest. What sayest thou? He that casts a stone at the images of
the king (Emperor), at whom does he cast a stone? is it not at himself?
Then does he who casts a stone at the image of an earthly king, cast a
stone at himself, and does not he who insults the image of God (for man
is the image of God) injure himself?
How long shall we love riches? For I shall not cease
exclaiming against them: for they are the cause of everything. How long
do we not get our fill of this insatiable desire? What is the good of
gold? I am astonished at the thing! There is some enchantment in the
business, that gold and silver should be so highly valued among us. For
our own souls indeed we have no regard, but those lifeless images
engross much attention. Whence is it that this disease has invaded the
world? Who shall be able to effect its destruction? What reason can cut
off this evil beast, and destroy it with utter destruction? The desire
is deep sown in the minds of men, even of those who seem to be
religious. Let us be put to shame by the commands of the Gospel. Words
only lie there in Scripture, they are nowhere shown by works.
And what is the specious plea of the many? I have
children, one says, and I am afraid lest I myself be reduced to the
extremity of hunger and want, lest I should stand in need of others. I
am ashamed to beg. For that reason therefore do you cause others to
beg? I cannot, you say, endure hunger. For that reason do you expose
others to hunger? Do you know what a dreadful thing it is to beg, how
dreadful to be perishing by hunger? Spare also your brethren! Are you
ashamed, tell me, to be hungry, and are you not ashamed to rob? Are you
afraid to perish by hunger, and not afraid to destroy others? And yet
to be hungry is neither a disgrace nor a crime; but to cast others into
such a state brings not only disgrace, but extreme punishment.
All these are pretenses, words, trifles. For that it
is not on account of your children that you act thus, they testify who
indeed have no children, nor will have, but who yet toil and harass
themselves, and are busy in acquiring wealth, as much as if they had
innumerable children to leave it to. It is not the care for his
children that makes a man covetous, but a disease of the soul. On this
account many even who have not children are mad about riches, and
others living with a great number of children even despise what they
have. They will accuse thee in that Day. For if the necessities of
children compelled men to accumulate riches, they also must necessarily
have the same longing, the same lust. And if they have not, it is not
from the number of children that we are thus mad, but from the love of
money. And who are they, you say, who having children, yet despise
riches? Many, and in many places. And if you will allow me, I will
speak also of instances among the ancients.
Had not Jacob twelve children? Did he not lead the
life of a hireling? Was he not wronged by his kinsman? and did he not
often disap-
369
point him? And did his number of children ever compel him to have
recourse to any dishonest counsel? What was the case with Abraham? With
Isaac, had he not also many other children? What then? Did he not
possess all he had for the benefit of strangers? Do you see, how he not
only did not do wrong, but even gave up his possessions, not only doing
good, but choosing to be wronged by his nephew? For to endure being
robbed for the sake of God is a much greater thing than to do good.
Why? Because the one is the fruit of the soul and of free choice,
whence also it is easily performed but the other is injurious treatment
and violence. And a man will more easily throw away ten thousand
talents voluntarily, and will not think that he has suffered any harm,
than he will bear meekly being robbed of three pence against his will.
So that this rather is philosophy of soul. And this, we see, happened
in the case of Abraham. "For Lot," it is said, "beheld all the plain;
and it was well watered as the garden of God, and he chose it." (Gen.
xiii. 10, 11.) And Abraham said nothing against it. Seest thou, that he
not only did not wrong him, but he was even wronged by him? Why, O man,
dost thou accuse thine own children? God did not give us children for
this end, that we should seize the possessions of others. Take care,
lest in saying this thou provoke God. For if thou sayest that thy
children are the causes of thy grasping and thine avarice, I fear lest
thou be deprived of them, as injuring and ensnaring thee. God hath
given thee children that they may support thine old age, that they may
learn virtue from thee.
For God on this account hath willed that mankind
should thus be held together, providing for two most important objects:
on the one hand, appointing fathers to be teachers, and on the other,
implanting great love. For if men were merely to come into being, no
one would have any relation towards any other. For if now, when there
are the relations of fathers, and children, and grandchildren, many do
not regard many, much more would it then be the case. On this account
God hath given thee children. Do not therefore accuse the children.
But if they who have children have no excuse, what
can they say for themselves, who having no children wear themselves out
about the acquisition of riches? But they have a saying for themselves,
which is destitute of all excuse. And what is this? That, instead of
children we may have, thor say, may have(1) our riches as a memorial.
This is truly ridiculous. Instead of children, one says, my house
becomes the immortal memorial of my glory. Not of thy glory, O man,
will it be the memorial, but of thy covetousness. Dost thou not see how
many now as they pass the magnificent houses say one to another, What
frauds, what robberies such an one committed, that he might build this
house, and now he is become dust and ashes, and his house has passed
into the inheritance of others! It is not of thy glory then that thou
leavest a memorial, but of thy covetousness. And thy body indeed is
concealed in the earth, but thou dost not permit the memorial of thy
covetousness to be concealed, as it might have been(2) by length of
time, but causest it to be turned up and disinterred through thy house.
For as long as this stands, bearing thy name, and called such an one's,
certainly the mouths of all too must needs be opened against thee. Dost
thou see that it is better to have nothing than to sustain such an
accusation?
And these things indeed here. But what shall we do
There? tell me, having so much at our disposal here, if we have
imparted to no one of our possessions, or at least very little; how
shall we put off our dishonest gains? For he that wishes to put off
covetous gain, does not give a little out of a great deal, but many
times more than he has robbed, and he ceases from robbing. Hear what
Zacchaeus says, "And for as many things as I have taken wrongfully, I
restore fourfold." (Luke xix. 8.) But thou, taking wrongfully ten
thousand talents, if thou give a few drachmas, thinkest thou hast
restored the whole, and art affected as if thou hadst given more. And
even this grudgingly. Why? Because thou oughtest both to have restored
these, and to have added other out of thine own private possessions.
For as the thief is not excused when he gives back only what he has
stolen, but often he has added even his life; and often he compounds
upon restoring many times as much: so also should the covetous man. For
the covetous man also is a thief and a robber, far worse than the
other, by how much he is also more tyrannical. He indeed by being
concealed, and by making his attack in the night, cuts off much of the
audacity of the attempt, as if he were ashamed, and feared to sin. But
the other having no sense of shame, with open face in the middle of the
market-place steals the property of all, being at once a thief and a
tyrant. He does not break through walls, nor extinguish the lamp, nor
open a chest, nor tear off seals. But what? He does things more
insolent than these, in the sight of those who are injured he carries
things out by the door, he with confidence opens everything, he compels
them to expose all their possessions themselves.
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Such is the excess of his violence. This man is more wicked than those,
inasmuch as he is more shameless and tyrannical. For he that has
suffered by fraud is indeed grieved, but he has no small consolation,
that he who injured him was afraid of him. But he who together with the
injury he suffers is also despised, will not be able to endure the
violence. For the ridicule is greater. Tell me, if one committed
adultery with a woman in secret, and another committed it in the sight
of her husband, who grieved him the most, and was most apt to wound
him. For he indeed, together with the wrong he has done, treated him
also with contempt. But the former, if he did nothing else, showed at
least that he feared him whom he injured. So also in the case of money.
He that takes it secretly, does him honor in this respect, that he does
it secretly; but he who robs publicly and openly, together with the
loss adds also the shame.
Let us therefore, both poor and rich, cease from
taking the property of others. For m present discourse is not only to
the rich, but to the poor also. For they too rob those who are poorer
than themselves. And artisans who are better off, and more powerful,
outsell the poorer and more distressed, tradesmen outsell tradesmen,
and so all who are engaged in the market-place. So that I wish from
every side to take away injustice. For the injury consists not in the
measure of the things plundered and stolen, but in the purpose of him
that steals. And that these are more thieves and defrauders, who do not
despise little gains, I know and remember that I have before told you,
if you also remember it. But let us not be over exact. Let them be
equally bad with the rich. Let us instruct our mind not to covet
greater things, not to aim at more than we have. And in heavenly things
let our desire of more never be satiated, but let each be ever coveting
more. But upon earth let every one be for what is needful and
sufficient, and seek nothing more, that so he may be able to obtain the
real goods, by the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ,
with whom to the Father, together with the Holy Spirit, be glory,
strength, honor, now and always, and world without end. Amen.
HOMILY XI.
1 THESSALONIANS v. 19--22.
Quench not the Spirit. Despise not prophesyings. But prove all things;
hold fast that which is good. Abstain from every form of evil."
A THICK mist, a darkness and cloud is spread over
all the earth. And, showing this, the Apostle said, "For we(1) were
once darkness." (Eph. v. 8.) And again, "Ye, brethren, are not in
darkness, that that day should overtake you as a thief." Since
therefore there is, so to speak, a moonless night, and we walk in that
night, God hath given us a bright lamp, having kindled in our souls the
grace of the Holy Spirit. But some who have received this light have
rendered it more bright and shining, as, for instance, Paul and Peter,
and all those Saints; while others have even extinguished it, as the
five virgins, as those who have "made shipwreck concerning the faith,"
as the fornicator of Corinth, as the Galatians who were perverted.
On this account Paul says, "Quench not the Spirit,"
that is, the gift of grace, for it is his custom so to call the gift of
the Spirit. But this an impure life extinguishes. For as any one, who
has sprinkled both water and dust upon the light of our(2) lamp,
extinguishes it, and if he does not this, but only takes out the
oil--so it is also with the gift of grace. For if you have cast over it
earthly things, and the cares of fluctuating matters,(3) you have
quenched the Spirit. And if you have done none of these things, but a
temptation coming from some other quarter has vehemently assailed it,
as some wind, and if the light be not strong, and it has not much oil,
or you have not closed the opening, or have not shut the door, all is
undone. But what is the opening? As in the lamp, so is it also in us:
it is the eye and the ear. Suffer not a violent blast of wickedness to
fall upon these, since it would extinguish the lamp, but close them up
with the fear of God. The mouth is the door. Shut it, and fasten it,
that it may both give light, and repel the attack from without. For
instance,
371
has any one insulted and reviled you? Do you shut the mouth; for if you
open it, you add force to the wind. Do you not see in houses, when two
doors stand directly opposite, and there is a strong wind, if you shut
one, and there is no opposite draught, the wind has no power, but the
greater part of its force is abated? So also now, there are two doors,
thy mouth, and his who insults and affronts thee; if thou shuttest thy
mouth, and dost not allow a draught on the other side, thou hast
quenched the whole blast but if thou openest it, it will not be
restrained. Let us not therefore quench it.
And the flame is often liable to be extinguished
even when no temptation assails it. When the oil fails, when we do not
alms,(1) the Spirit is quenched. For it came to thee as an alms from
God. Then He sees this fruit not existing in thee, and he abides not
with an unmerciful soul. But the Spirit being quenched, ye know what
follows, as many of you as have walked on a road in a moonless night.
And if it is difficult to walk by night in a road from land to land,
how is it safe in the road that leads from earth to heaven? Know ye not
how many demons there are in the intervening space, how many wild
beasts, how many spirits of wickedness? If indeed we have that light,
they will be able to do us no hurt; but if we extinguish it, they soon
take us captive, they soon rob us of everything. Since even robbers
first extinguish the lamp, and so plunder us, For they indeed see in
this darkness, since they do the works of darkness: but we are
unaccustomed to that light.(2) Let us not then extinguish it. All evil
doing extinguishes that light, whether reviling, or insolence, or
whatever you can mention. For as in the case of fire, everything that
is foreign to its nature is destructive of it, but that kindles it
which is congenial to it; whatever is dry, whatever is warm, whatever
is fiery, kindles the flame of the Spirit. Let us not therefore overlay
it with anything cold or damp; for these things are destructive of it.
But there is also another explanation. There were
among them many indeed who prophesied truly, but some prophesied
falsely. This also he says in the Epistle to the Corinthians, that on
this account He gave "the discernings of spirits." (1 Cor. xii. 10.)
For the devil, of his vile craft, wished through this gift of grace to
subvert everything pertaining to the Church. For since both the demon
and the Spirit prophesied concerning the future, the one indeed
uttering falsehood, and the other truth, and it was not possible from
any quarter to receive a proof of one or the other, but each spoke
without being called to account, as Jeremiah and Ezekiel had done, but
when the time came they were convicted, He gave also the "discernings
of spirits."(3) Since therefore then also among the Thessalonians many
were prophesying, glancing at whom he says, "Neither by word, nor by
epistle, as from us, as that the day of the Lord is now present" (2
Thess. ii. 2), he says this here. That is, do not, because there are
false prophets among you, on their account prohibit also these, and
turn away from them; "quench" them "not," that is, "despise not
prophesyings."
Seest thou that this is what he means by, "Prove all
things"? Because he had said, "Despise not prophesyings," lest they
should think that he opened the pulpit to all, he says, "Prove all
things," that is, such as are really prophecies; "and hold fast that
which is good. Abstain from every form of evil"; not from this or that,
but from all; that you may by proof distinguish both the true things
and the false, and abstain from the latter, and hold fast the former.
For thus both the hatred of the one will be vehement and the love of
the other arises, when we do all things not carelessly, nor without
examination, but with careful investigation.
Ver. 23. "And the God of peace Himself sanctify you
wholly; and may your spirit and soul and body be preserved entire,
without blame at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ."
Observe the affection of the Teacher. After the
admonition he adds a prayer; not only that, but even introduces it in
his letter.(4) For we need both counsel and prayer. For this reason we
also first giving you counsel, then offer prayers for you. And this the
Initiated know. But Paul indeed did this with good reason, having great
confidence towards God, whereas we are confounded with shame, and have
no freedom of speech. But because we were appointed to this we do it,
being unworthy even to stand in His presence, and to hold the place of
the lowest disciples. But because grace works even through the
unworthy, not for our own sakes but for theirs who are about to be
benefited, we contribute our parts.
"Sanctify you wholly," he says, and may "your spirit
and soul and body be preserved entire, without blame at the coming of
our Lord Jesus Christ." What does he here call the spirit? The gift of
grace.(5) For if we depart hence
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having our lamps bright, we shall enter into the bridechamber. But if
they are quenched, it will not be so. For this reason he says "your
spirit." For if that remains pure, the other remains also. "And soul
and body," he says. For neither the one nor the other then admits
anything evil.
Ver, 24. "Faithful is He that calleth you, who will
also do it."
Observe his humility. For, because he had prayed,
Think not, he says, that this happens from my prayers, but from the
purpose, with which He called you. For if He called you to salvation,
and He is true, He will certainly save you, in that He wills it. Ver.
25. "Brethren, pray for us also."(1) Strange! what humility is here!
But he indeed said this for the sake of humility, but we,(2) not from
humility, but for the sake of great benefit, and wishing to gain some
great profit from you, say, "Pray for us also." For although you do not
receive any great or wonderful benefit from us, do it nevertheless for
the sake of the honor and the title itself. Some one has had children,
and even if they had not been benefited by him, nevertheless, because
he has been their father, he perhaps sets this before them, saying,
"For one day I have not been called father by thee." a On this account
we too say, "Pray for us also." I am not merely saying this, but really
desiring your prayers. For if I have become responsible for this
presidency over you all, and shall have to render an account, much more
ought I to have the benefit of your prayers. On your account my
responsibilities are greater, therefore the help also from you should
be greater.
Ver. 56. "Salute all the brethren with a holy kiss."
Oh! what fervor! Oh! what mad passion is here!
Because being absent he could not greet them with the kiss, he greets
them through others, as when we say, Kiss him for me. So also do ye
yourselves retain the fire of love. For it does not admit of distances,
but even through long intervening ways it extends itself, and is
everywhere present.
Ver. 27. "I adjure you by the Lord that this Epistle
be read unto all the holy(4) brethren."
And this command is rather from love, and not so
much in the way of teaching; that with them also, he means, I may be
conversing.
Ver. 28. "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you.
Amen."(5)
And he does not merely command, but adjures them,
and this from a fervent mind, that even though they should despise him,
for the sake of the adjuration they may practice what is
commanded. For men had a great dread of that appeal, but now that too
is trampled under foot. And often when a slave is scourged, and adjures
by God and His Christ, and says, "So may you die a Christian," yet no
one gives heed, no one regards it; but if he adjures him by his own
son, immediately, though unwilling, and grinding his teeth, he gives up
his anger. Again, another being dragged and led away through the middle
of the market-place,(6) in the presence both of Jews and Greeks,
adjures him that leads him away with the most fearful adjurations, and
no one regards it. What will not the Greeks say, when one of the
faithful adjures a faithful man and a Christian, and no regard is paid
to it, but we even despise him.
Will you allow me to tell you a certain story which
I myself have heard? For I do not say it of my own invention, but
having heard it from a person worthy of credit. There was a certain
maid-servant united to a wicked man, a vile run-away slave; she, when
her husband having committed many faults was about to be sold by her
mistress; (for the offenses were too great for pardon, and the woman
was a widow, and was not able to punish him who was the plague of her
house, and therefore resolved to sell him; then considering that it was
an unholy thing to separate the husband from the wife, the mistress,
although the girl was useful, to avoid separating her from him, made up
her mind to sell her also with him;) then the girl seeing herself in
these straits, came to a venerable person who was intimate with her
mistress, and who also told it to me, and clasping her knees, and with
a thousand lamentations, besought her to entreat her mistress in her
behalf; and having wasted many words, at last she added this also, as
thereby especially to persuade her, laying on her a most awful
adjuration, and the adjuration was this, "So mayest thou see Christ at
the Day of Judgment, as thou neglectest not my petition." And having so
said, she departed. And she who had been entreated, upon the intrusion
of some worldly care, such as happens in families, forgot the matter.
Then suddenly late in the afternoon, the most awful adjuration came
into her mind, and she felt great compunction, and she went and with
great earnestness asked, and obtained her request. And that very night
she suddenly saw the heavens opened, and Christ Himself.
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But she saw Him, as far as it was possible for a woman to see Him.
Because she at all regarded the adjuration, because she was afraid, she
was thought worthy of this vision.
And these things I have said, that we may not
despise adjurations, especially when any entreat us for things that are
good, as for alms, and for works of mercy. But now poor men, who have
lost their feet, sit and see thee hastening by, and when they cannot
follow thee with their feet, they expect to detain thee, as with a kind
of hook, by the fear of an adjuration, and stretching out their hands,
they adjure thee to give them only one or two pennies. But thou
hastenest by, though adjured by thy Lord. And if he adjure thee by the
eyes either of thy husband, who is gone abroad, or of thy son, or thy
daughter, immediately thou yieldest, thy mind is transported, thou art
warmed; but if he adjure thee by thy Lord, thou hastenest by. And I
have known many women who, hearing indeed the name of Christ, have
hastened by; but being commended for their beauty by those who came to
them, have been melted and softened, and have stretched out their hand.
Yea thus they have reduced suffering and wretched
beggars to this, even to deal in making sport! For when they do not
touch their souls by uttering vehement and bitter words, they have
recourse to this way by which they delight them exceedingly. And our
great wickedness compels him that is in calamity or is straitened by
hunger, to utter encomiums upon the beauty of those who pity him. And I
wish this were all. But there is even another form worse than this. It
compels the poor to be jugglers, and buffoons, and filthy jesters. For
when he fastens on his fingers cups and bowls and cans, and plays on
them as cymbals, and having a pipe, whistles on it those base and
amorous melodies, and sings them at the top of his voice; and then many
stand round, and some give him a piece of bread, some a penny, and
others something else, and they detain him long, and both men and women
are delighted; what is more grievous than this? Are not these things
deserving of much groaning? They are indeed trifling, and are
considered trifling, but they engender great sins in our character. For
when any obscene and sweet melody is uttered, it softens the mind, and
corrupts the very soul itself. And the poor man indeed who calls upon
God, and invokes a thousand blessings upon us, is not vouchsafed a word
from you; but he who instead of these things introduces sportive
sallies, is admired.
And what has now come into my mind to say to you,
that I will utter. And what is this? When you are involved in poverty
and sickness, if from no other quarter, at least from those who beg,
who wander through the narrow streets, learn to give thanks to the
Lord. For they, spending their whole life in begging, do not blaspheme,
are not angry, nor impatient, but make the whole narrative of their
beggary in thanksgiving, magnifying God, and calling Him merciful. He
indeed that is perishing with hunger, calls Him merciful, but you who
are living in plenty, if you cannot get the possessions of all, call
Him cruel. How much better is he! how will he condemn us! God has sent
the poor through the world, as common teachers in our calamities, and
consolation under them. Hast thou suffered anything contrary to thy
wishes? yet nothing like what that poor man suffers. Thou hast lost an
eye, but he both his. Thou hast long labored under disease, but he has
one that is incurable. Thou hast lost thy children, but he even the
health of his own body. Thou hast suffered a great loss, but thou art
not yet reduced to supplicate from others. Give thanks to God. Thou
seest them in the furnace of poverty, and begging indeed from all, but
receiving from few. When thou art weary of praying, and dost not
receive, consider how often thou hast heard a poor man calling upon
thee, and hast not listened to him, and he has not been angry nor
insulted thee. And yet thou indeed actest thus from cruelty; but God
from mercy even declines to hear. If therefore thou, thyself from
cruelty not hearing thy fellow-servant, expectest not to be found fault
with, dost thou find fault with the Lord, who out of mercy does not
hear His servant? Seest thou how great the inequality, how great the
injustice?
Let us consider these things constantly, those who
are below us, those who are under greater calamities, and so we shall
be able to be thankful to God. Life abounds with many such instances.
And he who is sober, and willing to attend, gains no small instruction
from the houses of prayer. For on this account the poor sit before the
vestibule both in the churches and in the chapels of the Martyrs,(1)
that we may receive great benefit from the spectacle of these things.
For consider, that when we enter into earthly palaces, we can see
nothing of this kind; but men that are dignified and famous, and
wealthy and intelligent, are everywhere hastening to and fro. But into
the real palaces, I mean the Church, and the oratories(2) of the
Martyrs, enter the demoniacs, the maimed, the poor, the aged, the
blind, and those whose limbs are distorted. And wherefore? That thou
mayest be instructed by the spectacle of these things; in the first
place that if thou hast entered
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drawing after thee any pride from without, having looked upon these,
and laid aside thy arrogance, and become contrite in heart, so thou
mayest go in, and hear the things that are said; for it is not possible
that he who prays with an arrogant mind should be heard. That when thou
seest an aged man, thou mayest not be elated at thy youth, for these
old men were once young. That when thou boastest highly of thy warfare,
or thy kingly power, thou mayest consider that from these are sprung
those who are become illustrious in kings' courts. That, when thou
presumest upon thy bodily health, taking heed to these, thou mayest
abate thy lofty spirit. For the healthy man who continually enters here
will not be highminded on account of his bodily health; and the sick
man will receive no slight consolation.
But they do not sit here only on this account, but
that they may also make thee compassionate, and thou mayest be inclined
to pity; that thou mayest admire the lovingkindness of God; for if God
is not ashamed of them, but has set them in His vestibules, much less
be thou ashamed; that thou mayest not be highminded on account of
palaces upon earth. Be not ashamed, when called upon by a poor man; and
if he should draw near, if he should catch thy knees, shake him not
off. For these are certain admirable dogs of the Royal Courts. For I do
not call them dogs as dishonoring them -- far be it -- but even highly
commending them. They guard the King's court. Therefore feed them. For
the honor passes on to the King. There all is pride,--I speak of the
palaces on earth--here all is humility. You learn especially from the
very vestibules that human beings are nothing. From the very persons
who sit before them, you are taught that God delights not in riches.
For their sitting and assembling there is all but an admonition,
sending forth a clear voice regarding the nature of all men, and saying
that human things are nothing, that they are shadow and smoke. If
riches were a good, God would not have seated the poor before His own
vestibule. And if He admits rich people also, wonder not for He admits
them not on this account, that they may continue rich, but that they
may be delivered from their encumbrance. For hear what Christ says to
them, "Ye cannot serve God and Mammon" (Matt. vi. 24.); and again, "It
is hard for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of heaven"; and again,
"It is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a rich
man to enter into the kingdom of heaven." (Matt. xix. 23, 24.) On this
account He receives the rich, that they may hear these words, that they
may long for the eternal riches, that they may covet things in heaven.
And why dost thou wonder that He does not disdain to seat such at His
vestibules? for He does not disdain to call them to His spiritual
Table, and make them partakers of that Feast. But the maimed and the
lame, the old man that is clothed in rags and filth, and has catarrh,
comes to partake of that Table with the young and the beautiful, and
with him even who is clothed in purple, and whose head is encircled
with a diadem -- and is thought worthy of the spiritual Feast, and both
enjoy the same benefits, and there is no difference.
Does then Christ not disdain to call them to His
Table with the king (Emperor)--for both are called together--and thou
perhaps disdainest even to be seen giving to the poor, or even
conversing with them? Fie upon thy haughtiness and pride! See that we
suffer not the same with the rich man formerly. He disdained even to
look upon Lazarus, and did not allow him to share his roof or shelter,
but he was without, cast away at his gate, nor was he even vouchsafed a
word from him. But see how, when fallen into straits, and in want of
his help, he failed to obtain it. For if we are ashamed of those of
whom Christ is not ashamed, we are ashamed of Christ, being ashamed of
His friends. Let thy table be filled with the maimed and the lame.
Through them Christ comes, not through the rich. Perhaps thou laughest
at hearing this; therefore, that thou mayest not think it is my word,
hear Christ Himself speaking, that thou mayest not laugh, but shudder:
"When thou makest a dinner or a supper, call not thy friends nor thy
brethren, nor thy kinsmen, nor rich neighbors; lest haply they also bid
thee again, and a recompense be made thee. But when thou makest a
feast, bid the poor, the maimed, the halt, the blind; and thou shalt be
blessed; because they have not wherewith to recompense thee: for thou
shalt be recompensed in the Resurrection of the just." (Luke xiv.
12-14.) And greater is thy glory even here, if thou lovest that. For
from the former class of guests arise envy, and malice, and slanders,
and revilings, and much fear lest anything unbecoming should occur. And
thou standest like a servant before his master, if those who are
invited are thy superiors, fearing their criticism and their lips. But
in the case of these there is nothing of this sort, but whatever you
bring them, they receive all with pleasure; and ample is the applause,
brighter the glory, higher the admiration. All they that hear do not so
much applaud the former, as the latter. But if thou disbelievest, thou
who art rich, make the trial, thou who invitest generals and governors.
Invite the poor, and fill thy table from them, and see if thou art not
applauded by all, if thou art not loved by all, if all do not hold thee
as a father. For of those feasts there is no advantage, but
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for these heaven is in store, and the good things of heaven--of which
may we all be partakers, by the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord
Jesus Christ, with whom to the Father, together with the Holy Spirit,
be glory, power, honor, now and ever, and world without end. Amen.
HOMILIES OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM,
ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
ON THE
SECOND EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE
TO THE
THESSALONIANS.
HOMILY I
ARGUMENT.
HAVING said in his former Epistle that "we pray
night and day to see you, and that we could not forbear, but were left
in Athens alone," and that "I sent Timothy" (from 1 Thess. iii. 1, 2,
10), by all these expressions he shows the desire which he had to come
amongst them. When therefore he had perhaps not had time to go, and to
perfect what was lacking in their faith, on this account he adds a
second Epistle, filling up by his writings what was wanting of his
presence. For that he did not depart, we may conjecture from hence: for
he says in this Epistle, "We beseech you by the coming of our Lord
Jesus Christ." (2 Thess. ii. 1.) For in his first Epistle he said,
"Concerning the times and the seasons ye have no need that aught be
written unto you." (1 Thess. v. 1.) So that if he had gone, there would
have been no need of his writing. But since the question was deferred,
on this account he adds this Epistle, as in his Epistle to Timothy he
says, "They subvert the faith of some, saying that the Resurrection is
already past" (from 2 Tim. ii. 18); that the faithful henceforth hoping
for nothing great or splendid, might faint under their sufferings.
For since that hope supported them, and did not
allow them to yield to the present evils, the devil wishing to cut it
off, as being a kind of anchor, when he was not able to persuade them
that the things to come were false, went to work another way, and
having suborned certain pestilential men, endeavored to deceive those
who believed into a persuasion that those great and splendid things had
received their fulfillment. Accordingly these men then said that the
Resurrection was already past. But now they said that the Judgment and
the coming of Christ were at hand, that they might involve even Christ
in a falsehood, and having pointed out to them that there is hereafter
no retribution, nor judgment-seat, nor punishment and vengeance for
those who had done them evil, they might both render these more bold,
and those more dispirited. And, what was worse than all, some attempted
merely to report words as if they were said by Paul, but others even to
forge Epistles as written by him. On this account, cutting off all
access for them, he says, "Be not quickly shaken from your mind,
nor yet be troubled, either by spirit, or by word, or by epistle as
from us." (2 Thess. ii, 2.) "Neither by spirit" he says, glancing at
the false prophets. Whence then shall we know them, he says? For this
very reason, he added, "The salutation of me Paul with mine own hand,
which is the token in every Epistle: so I write. The grace of our Lord
Jesus Christ be with you all." (2 Thess. iii. 17, 18.) He does not here
mean, that this is the token,--for it is probable that others also
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imitated this,--but that I write the salutation with mine own hand, as
is the custom also now among us. For by the subscription the writings
of those who send letters are made known. But he comforts them, as
being excessively pinched(1) by their troubles; both praising them from
their present state, and encouraging them from a prospect of the
futurity, and from the punishment, and from the recompense of good
things prepared for them; and he more clearly enlarges upon the topic,
not indeed revealing the time itself, but showing the sign of the time,
namely, Antichrist. For a weak soul is then most fully assured, not
when it merely hears, but when it learns something more particular.
And Christ too bestowed great care upon this point,
and being seated on the Mount, He with great particularity discoursed
to His disciples upon the Consummation. And wherefore? that there might
be no room for those who introduce Antichrists and false Christs. And
He Himself also gives many signs, one indeed, and that the most
important, saying, when "the Gospel shall be preached to all nations"
(from Matt. xxiv. 14), and another also, that they should not be
deceived with respect to His coming. "As the lightning" (ver. 27), He
says, shall He come; not concealed in any corner, but shining
everywhere. It requires no one to point it out, so splendid will it be,
even as the lightning needs no one to point it out. And He has spoken
in a certain place also concerning Antichrist, when He said, "I am come
in My Father's name, and ye receive Me not: if another shall come in
His own name, Him ye will receive." (John v. 43.) And He said that
those unspeakable calamities one after another were a sign of it, and
that Elias must come.
The Thessalonians indeed were then perplexed, but
their perplexity has been profitable to us. For not to them only, but
to us also are these things useful, that we may be delivered from
childish fables and from old women's fooleries. And have you not often
heard, when you were children, persons talking much even about the name
of Antichrist, and about his bending the knee? For the devil scatters
these things in our minds, whilst yet tender, that the doctrine may
grow up with us, and that he may be able to deceive us. Paul therefore,
in speaking of Antichrist, would not have passed over these things if
they had been profitable. Let us not therefore enquire into these
things. For he will not come so bending his knees, but "exalting
himself against all that is called God, or that is worshiped; so that
he sitteth in the temple of God, setting himself forth as God." (2
Thess. ii. 4.) For as the devil fell by pride, so he who is wrought
upon by him is anointed unto pride.
Wherefore, I beseech you, let us all be earnest to
be far removed from this affection, that we may not fall into his
condemnation, that we may not subject ourselves to the same punishment,
that we may not partake of the vengeance. "Not a novices" he says,
"lest being puffed up he fall into the condemnation of the devil." (1
Tim. iii. 6.) He who is puffed up therefore, suffers the same
punishment with the devil. "For the beginning of pride is not to know
the Lord." (Ecclus. x. 12, 13.) Pride is the beginning of sin, the
first impulse and movement toward evil. Perhaps indeed it is both the
root and the foundation. For "the beginning" means either the first
impulse towards evil, or the grounding. As if one should say, the
beginning of chastity is to abstain from the sight of an improper
object, that is the first impulse. But if we should say, the beginning
of chastity is fasting, that is the foundation and establishment. So
also pride is the beginning of sin. For every sin begins from it, and
is maintained by it. For that, whatever good things we do, this vice
suffers them not to remain and not fall away, but is as a certain root
not letting them abide unshaken, is manifest from hence: see what
things the Pharisee did, but they profited him nothing. For he did not
extirpate the root, but it corrupted all his performances, because the
root remained. From pride springs contempt of the poor, desire of
riches, the love of power, the longing for much glory. Such an one is
prompt to revenge an insult. For he who is proud cannot bear to be
insulted even by his superiors, much less by his inferiors. But he who
cannot bear to be insulted cannot bear either to suffer any ill. See
how pride is the beginning of sin.
But how is it the beginning of pride, not to know
the Lord? Justly. For he who knows God as he ought to know Him, he who
knows that the Son of God humbled Himself so much, is not lifted up.
But he who knows not these things, is lifted up. For pride anoints him
unto arrogance. For tell me, whence is it that they who make war upon
the Church say that they know God? Is it not from arrogance? See into
what a precipice it plunges them, not to know the Lord! For if God
loveth a contrite spirit (Ps. li. 17, etc.), He on the other hand
"resisteth the proud, and giveth grace to the humble." (1 Pet. v. 5.)
There is therefore no evil like pride. It renders a man a demon,
insolent, blasphemous, perjured, and makes him desirous of deaths and
murders. The proud man always lives in troubles, is always angry,
always unhappy. There is nothing which can satiate his passion. If he
should see the king
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stooping down to him, and prostrating himself, he is not satisfied, but
is the more inflamed. For as the lovers of money, the more they
receive, want so much the more, so also the proud, the more honor they
enjoy, the more they desire. For their passion is increased; for a
passion it is, and a passion knows not limit, but then stops when it
has slain its possessor. Do you not see that drunkards are always
thirsty? for it is a passion, not the desire of nature, but some
perverted disease. Do you not see how those who are affected with
bulimy, as it is called, are always hungry? For it is a passion, as the
children of the physicians say, already exceeding the bounds of nature.
The busy-bodies, and the over-curious, whatever they have learnt, do
not stop. For it is a passion, and has no limit. (Ecclus. xxiii. 17.)
Again, they who delight in fornication, they too cannot desist. "To a
fornicator," it is said, "all bread is sweet." He will not cease, till
he is devoured. For it is a passion.
But they are indeed passions, not however incurable,
but admitting of cure, and much more than bodily affections. For if we
will, we can extinguish them. How then can a man extinguish pride? By
knowing God. For if it arises from not knowing God, if we know Him, all
pride is banished. Think of Hell. Think of those who are much better
than yourself. Think of your sins. Think for how many things you
deserve punishment from God. If you think of these, you will soon bring
down your proud mind, you will soon bend it. But can you not do these
things? are you too weak? Consider things present, human nature itself,
the nothingness of man! When thou seest a dead body carried through the
market-place, orphan children following it, a widow beating her breast,
servants bewailing, friends looking dejected, reflect upon the
nothingness of things present, and that they differ not from a shadow,
or a dream.
Does this not suit you? Think of those who are very
rich, who perish anyhow in war; look round on the houses, that belonged
to the great and illustrious, and are now leveled to the ground.
Consider how mighty they were, and now not even a memorial of them is
left. For, if you will, every day you may find examples of these
things--the successions of rulers,--the confiscations of rich men's
goods. "Many tyrants have sat upon the ground--and he who was never
thought on, has worn a diadem." (Ecclus. xi. 15.) Do not these things
happen every day? Do not our affairs resemble a kind of wheel? Read, if
you will, both our own (books), and those without:(1) for they also
abound in such examples. If you despise ours, and this from pride; if
you admire the works of philosophers, go even to them. They will
instruct thee, relating ancient calamities, as will poets, and orators,
and sophists, and all historians. From every side, if you will, you may
find examples.
But if you will none of these things, reflect upon
our very nature, of what it consists, and wherein it ends. Consider,
when you sleep, of what worth are you? Will not even a little beast be
able to destroy thee? For often a little animal falling from the roof
has deprived many persons of sight, or has been the cause of some other
danger. But what? art thou not less than all beasts? But what sayest
thou? that thou excellest in reason? But behold, thou hast not reason:
for pride is a sign of the want of reason. And for what, tell me, art
thou high-minded after all? Is it upon the good constitution of thy
body? But the prize of victory here is with the irrational creatures;
this is possessed also by robbers and murderers, and violators of the
tombs. But art thou proud of thine understanding? It is no proof of
understanding to be proud. By this then first thou deprivest thyself of
becoming intelligent. Let us bring down our high thoughts. Let us be
moderate, and lowly, and gentle. For such even Christ has pronounced
blessed above all, saying, "Blessed are the poor in spirit." (Matt. v.
3.) And again, He cried, saying, "Learn of Me, for I am meek and lowly
in heart." (Matt. xi. 29.) For this reason He washed the feet of His
disciples, affording us an example of humility. From all these things
let us gain profit, that we may be able to obtain the blessings
promised to those who love Him, by the grace and lovingkindness, &c.
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HOMILY II.
2 Thessalonians i. 1, 2.
"Paul, and Silvanus, and Timothy, unto the Church of the Thessalonians
in God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: Grace to you and peace
from God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ."
THE greater part of men do and devise all things
with a view to ingratiate themselves with rulers, and with those who
are greater than themselves; and they account it a great thing, and
think themselves happy, if they can obtain that object. But if to
obtain favor with men is so great an advantage, how great must it be to
find favor with God? On this account he always thus prefaces his
Epistle, and invokes this upon them, knowing that if this be granted,
there will be nothing afterwards grievous, but whatever troubles there
may be, all will be done away. And that you may learn this, Joseph was
a slave a young man, inexperienced, unformed, and suddenly the
direction of a house was committed to his hands, and he had to render
an account to an Egyptian master. And you know how prone to anger and
unforgiving that people is, and when authority and power is added,
their rage is greater, being inflamed by power. And this too is
manifest from what he did afterwards. For when the mistress made
accusation, he bore with it. And yet it was not the part of those who
held the garment, but of him who was stripped, to have suffered
violence. For he ought to have said, If he had heard that thou didst
raise thy voice, as thou sayest, he would have fled, and if he had been
guilty, he would not have waited for the coming of his master. But
nevertheless he took nothing of this sort into consideration, but
unreasonably giving way altogether to anger, he cast him into prison.
So thoughtless a person was he. And yet even from other things he might
have conjectured the good disposition and the intelligence of the man.
But nevertheless, because he was very unreasonable, he never considered
any such thing. He therefore who had to do with such a harsh master,
and who was intrusted with the administration of his whole house, being
a stranger, and solitary, and inexperienced; when God shed abundant
grace upon him, passed through all, as if his temptations had not even
existed, both the false accusation of his mistress, and the danger of
death, and the prison, and at last came to the royal throne.
This blessed man therefore saw how great is the
grace of God, and on this account he invokes it upon them. And another
thing also he effects, wishing to render them well-disposed to the
remaining part of the Epistle; that, though he should reprove and
rebuke them, they might not break away from him. For this reason he
reminds them before all things of the grace of God, mollifying their
hearts, that, even if there be affliction, being reminded of the grace
by which they were saved from the greater evil, they may not despair at
the less, but may thence derive consolation. As also elsewhere in an
Epistle he has said, "For if, while we were enemies, we were reconciled
to God through the death of His Son, much more, being reconciled, shall
we be saved by His life." (Rom. V. 10.)
"Grace to you and peace," he says, "from God the
Father and the Lord Jesus Christ."
Vet. 3. "We are bound to give thanks to God alway
for you, brethren, even as it is meet."
Again a sign of great humility. For he led them to
reflect and consider, that if for our good actions others do not admire
us first, but God, much more also ought we. And in other respects too
he raises up their spirits, because they suffer such things as are not
worthy of tears and lamentations, but of thanksgiving to God. But if
Paul is thankful for the good of others, what will they suffer, who not
only are not thankful, but even pine at it.
"For that your faith groweth exceedingly, and the
love of each one of you all toward one another aboundeth."
And how, you say, can faith increase? That is when
we suffer something dreadful for it. It is a great thing for it to be
established, and not to be carried away by reasonings. But when the
winds assail us, when the rains burst upon us, when a violent storm is
raised on every side, and the waves succeed each other--then that we
are not shaken, is a proof of no less than this, that it grows, and
grows exceedingly, and becomes loftier. For as in the case of the flood
all the stony and lower parts are soon hidden, but as many things as
are above, it reaches not them, so also the faith that is become lofty,
is not drawn downwards. For this reason he does not say "your faith
groweth;" but "groweth exceedingly, and the love of each one of you all
toward one another aboundeth." Seest thou how this contributes for the
ease of affliction, to be in close guard together, and to adhere to one
another? From this also arose much consolation. The
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love and faith, therefore, that is weak, afflictions shake, but that
which is strong they render stronger. For a soul that is in grief, when
it is weak, can add nothing to itself; but that which is strong doth it
then most. And observe their love. They did not love one indeed, and
not love another, but it was equal on the part of all. For this he has
intimated, by saying, "of each one of you all toward one another." For
it was equally poised, as that of one body. Since even now we find love
existing among many, but this love becoming the cause of division. For
when we are knit together in parties of two or three, and the two
indeed, or three or four, are closely bound to one another, but draw
themselves off from the rest, because they can have recourse to these,
and in all things confide in these; this is the division of love--not
love. For tell me, if the eye should bestow upon the hand the foresight
which it has for the whole body, and withdrawing itself from the other
members, should attend to that alone, would it not injure the whole?
Assuredly. So also if we confine to one or two the love which ought to
be extended to the whole Church of God, we injure both ourselves and
them, and the whole. For these things are not of love, but of division;
schisms, and distracting rents. Since even if I separate and take a
member from the whole man, the part separated indeed is united in
itself, is continuous, all compacted together, yet even so it is a
separation, since it is not united to the rest of the body.
For what advantage is it, that thou lovest a certain
person exceedingly? It is a human love. But if it is not a human love,
but thou lovest for God's sake, then love all. For so God hath
commanded to love even our enemies. And if He hath commanded to love
our enemies, how much more those who have never aggrieved us? But,
sayest thou, I love, but not in that way. Rather, thou dost not love at
all. For when thou accusest, when thou enviest, when thou layest
snares, how dost thou love? "But," sayest thou, "I do none of these
things." But when a man is ill spoken of, and thou dost not shut the
mouth of the speaker, dost not disbelieve his sayings, dost not check
him, of what love is this the sign? "And the love," he says, "of each
one of you all toward one another aboundeth."
Ver. 4. "So that we ourselves glory in you in the
Churches of God."
Indeed in the first Epistle he says, that all the
Churches of Macedonia and Achaia resounded, having heard of their
faith. "So that we need not," he says, "to speak anything. For they
themselves report concerning us what manner of entering in we had unto,
you." (1 Thess. i. 8.) But here he says, so that we glory." What then
is it that is said? There he says that they need not instruction from
him, but here he has not said that we teach them, but "we glory," and
are proud of you. If therefore we both give thanks to God for you, and
glory among men, much more ought you to do so for your own good deeds.
For if your good actions are worthy of boasting from others, how are
they worthy of lamentation from you? It is impossible to say. "So that
we ourselves," he says, "glory in you in the Churches of God, for your
patience and faith."
Here he shows that much time had elapsed. For
patience is shown by much time, not in two or three days. And he does
not merely say patience. It is the part of patience indeed properly not
yet to enjoy the promised blessings. But here he speaks of a greater
patience. And of what sort is that? That which is shown in
persecutions. "For your patience," he says, "and faith in all your
persecutions and in the afflictions which ye endure." For they were
living with enemies who were continually endeavoring on every side to
injure them, and they were manifesting a patience firm and immovable.
Let all those blush who for the sake of the patronage of men pass over
to other doctrines. For whilst it was yet the beginning of the
preaching, poor men who lived by their daily earnings took upon
themselves enmities from rulers and the first men of the state, when
there was nowhere king or governor who was a believer; and submitted to
irreconcilable war, and not even so were unsettled.
Ver. 5. "Which is a manifest token of the righteous
judgment of God."
See how he gathers comfort for them. He had said, We
give thanks to God, he had said, We glory among men: these things
indeed are honorable. But that which he most seeks for, who is in
suffering, is, deliverance from evils, and vengeance upon those who are
evil entreating them. For when the soul is weak, it most seeks for
these things, for the philosophic soul does not even seek these things.
Why then does he say, "a token of the righteous Judgment of God"? Here
he has glanced at the retribution on either side, both of those who do
the ill, and of those who suffer it, as if he had said, that the
justice of God may be shown when He crowns you indeed, but punishes
them. At the same time also he comforts them, showing that from their
own labors and toils they are crowned, and according to the proportion
of righteousness. But he puts their part first. For although a person
even vehemently desires revenge, yet he first longs for reward. For
this reason he says,
"That ye may be counted worthy of the kingdom of
God, for which ye also suffer."
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This then does not come to pass from the
circumstance that those who injure them are more powerful than they,
but because it is so that they must enter into the kingdom. "For
through many tribulations," he says, "we must enter into the kingdom of
God." (Acts xiv. 22.)
Ver. 6, 7. "If so be that it is a righteous thing
with God to recompense affliction to them that afflict you, and to you
that are afflicted rest with us at the revelation of the Lord Jesus
from heaven with the Angels of His power."
The phrase "If so be that" here is put for
"because," which we also use, in speaking of things that are quite
evident and not to be denied; instead of saying, "Because it is
exceedingly righteous." "If so be," he says, "that it is a righteous
thing" with God to punish these, he will certainly punish them. As if
he had said, "If God cares for human affairs," "If God takes thought."
And he does not put it of his own opinion, but among things confessedly
true; as if one said, "If God hates the wicked," that he may compel
them to grant that He does hate them. For such sentences are above all
indisputable, inasmuch as they also themselves know that it is just.
For if this is just with men, much more with God.
"To recompense," he says, "affliction to them that
afflict you, and to you that are afflicted rest." What then? Is the
retribution equal?(1) By no means, but see by what follows how he shows
that it is more severe, and the "rest" much greater. Behold also
another consolation, in that they have their partners in the
afflictions, as partners also in the retribution. He joins them in
their crowns with those who had performed infinitely more and greater
works. Then he adds also the period, and by the description leads their
minds upward, all but opening heaven already by his word, and setting
it before their eyes; and he places around Him the angelic host, both
from the place and from the attendants amplifying the image, so that
they may be refreshed a little. "And to you that are afflicted rest
with us," he says, "at the revelation of the Lord Jesus from heaven
with the Angels of his power."
Ver. 8. "In flaming fire rendering vengeance to them
that know not God, and to them that obey not the Gospel of our Lord
Jesus."
If they that have not obeyed the Gospel suffer
vengeance, what will not they suffer who besides their disobedience
also afflict you? And see his intelligence; he says not here those who
afflict you, but those "who obey not." So that although not on your
account, yet on His own it is necessary to punish them. This then is
said in order to full assurance, that it is altogether necessary for
them to be punished: but what was said before, was said that they also
might be honored, because they suffer these things on your account. The
one causes them to believe concerning the punishment; the other to be
pleased, because for the sake of what has been done to them they suffer
these things.
All this was said to them, but it applies also to
us. When therefore we are in affliction, let us consider these things.
Let us not rejoice at the punishment of others as being avenged, but as
ourselves escaping from such punishment and vengeance. For what
advantage is it to us when others are punished? Let us not, I beseech
you, have such souls. Let us be invited to virtue by the prospect of
the kingdom. For he indeed who is exceedingly virtuous is induced
neither by fear nor by the prospect of the kingdom, but for Christ's
sake alone, as was the case with Paul. Let us, however, even thus
consider the blessings of the kingdom, the miseries of hell, and thus
regulate and school ourselves; let us in this way bring ourselves to
the things that are to be practiced. When you see anything good and
great in the present life, think of the kingdom, and you will consider
it as nothing. When you see anything terrible, think of hell, and you
will deride it. When you are possessed by carnal. desire, think of the
fire, think also of the pleasure of sin itself, that it is nothing
worth, that it has not even pleasure in it. For if the fear of the laws
that are enacted here has so great power as to withdraw us from wicked
actions, how much more should the remembrance of things future, the
vengeance that is immortal, the punishment that is everlasting? If the
fear of an earthly king withdraws us from so many evils, how much more
the fear of the King Eternal?
Whence then can we constantly have this fear? If we
continually hearken to the Scriptures. For if the sight only of a dead
body so depresses the mind, how much more must hell and the fire
unquenchable, how much more the worm that never dieth. If we always
think of hell, we shall not soon fall into it. For this reason God has
threatened punishment; if it was not attended with great advantage to
think of it, God would not have threatened it. But because the
remembrance of it is able to work great good, for this reason He has
put into our souls the terror of it, as a wholesome medicine. Let us
not then overlook the great advantage arising from it, but let us
continually advert to It, at our dinners, at our suppers. For
conversation about pleasant things profits the soul nothing, but
renders it more languid, while that about things painful and melancholy
cuts off all that is relaxed and dissolute in it, and converts it, and
braces it when unnerved. He who converses of theaters and actors does
not benefit
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the soul, but inflames it more, and renders it more careless. He who
concerns himself and is busy in other men's matters, often even
involves it in dangers by this curiosity. But he who converses about
hell incurs no dangers, and renders it more sober.
But dost thou fear the offensiveness of such words?
Hast thou then, if thou art silent, extinguished hell? or if thou
speakest of it, hast thou kindled it? Whether thou speakest of it or
not, the fire boils forth. Let it be continually spoken of, that thou
mayest never fall into it. It is not possible that a soul anxious about
hell should readily sin. For hear the most excellent advice,
"Remember," it says, "thy latter end" (Ecclus. xxviii. 6), and thou
wilt not sin for ever. A soul that is fearful of giving account cannot
but be slow to transgression. For fear being vigorous in the soul does
not permit anything worldly to exist in it. For if discourse raised
concerning hell so humbles and brings it low, does not the reflection
constantly dwelling upon the soul purify it more than any fire?
Let us not remember the kingdom so much as hell. For
fear has more power than the promise. And I know that many would
despise ten thousand blessings, if they were rid of the punishment,
inasmuch as it is even now sufficient for me to escape vengeance, and
not to be punished. No one of those who have hell before their eyes
will fall into hell. No one of those who despise hell will escape hell.
For as among us those who fear the judgment-seats will not be
apprehended by them, but those who despise them are chiefly those who
fall under them, so it is also in this case. If the Ninevites had not
feared destruction, they would have been overthrown, but because they
feared, they were not overthrown. If in the time of Noah they had
feared the deluge, they would not have been drowned. And if the
Sodomites had feared they would not have been consumed by fire. It is a
great evil to despise a threat. He who despises threatening will soon
experience its reality in the execution of it. NOthing is so profitable
as to converse concerning hell. It renders our souls purer than any
silver. For hear the prophet saying, "Thy judgments are always before
me." (From Ps. xvii. 22, Sept.) For although it pains the hearer, it
benefits him very much.
For such indeed are all things that profit. For
medicines too, and food, at first annoy the sick, and then do him good.
And if we cannot bear the severity of words, it is manifest that we
shall not be able to bear affliction in very deed. If no one endures a
discourse concerning hell, it is evident, that if persecution came on,
no one would ever stand firm against fire, against sword. Let us
exercise our ears not to be over soft and tender: for from this we
shall come to endure even the things themselves. If we be habituated to
hear of dreadful things, we shall be habituated also to endure dreadful
things. But if we be so relaxed as not to endure even words, when shall
we stand against things? Do you see how the blessed Paul despises all
things here, and dangers one after another, as not even temptations?
Wherefore? Because he had been in the practice of despising hell, for
the sake of what was God's will. He thought even the experience of hell
to be nothing for the sake of the love of Christ; while we do not even
endure a discourse concerning it for our own advantage. Now therefore
having heard a little, go your ways; but I beseech you if there is any
love in you, constantly to revert to discourses concerning these
things. They can do you no harm, even if they should not benefit, but
assuredly they will benefit you too. For according to our discourses,
the soul is qualified. For evil communications, he says, "corrupt good
manners." Therefore also good communications improve it; therefore also
fearful discourses make it sober. For the soul is a sort of wax. For if
you apply cold discourses, you harden and make it callous; but if fiery
ones, you melt it; and having melted it, you form it to what you will,
and engrave the royal image upon it. Let us therefore stop up our ears
to discourses that are vain. It is no little evil; for from it arise
all evils.
If our mind had been practiced to apply to divine
discourses, it would not apply to others; and not applying to others,
neither would it betake itself to evil actions. For words are the road
to works. First we think, then we speak, then we act. Many men, even
when before sober, have often from disgraceful words gone on to
disgraceful actions. For our soul is neither good nor evil by nature,
but becomes both the one and the other from choice. As therefore the
sail carries the ship wherever the wind may blow, or rather as the
rudder moves the ship, if the wind be favorable, so also thought will
sail without danger, if good words from a favorable quarter waft it.
But if the contrary, often they will even overwhelm the reason. For
what winds are to ships, that discourses are to souls. Wherever you
will, you may move and turn it. For this reason one exhorting says,
"Let thy whole discourse be in the law of the Most High." (Ecclus. xx.
20.) Wherefore, I exhort you, when we receive children from the nurse,
let us not accustom them to old wives' stories, but let them learn from
their first youth that there is a Judgment, that there is a punishment;
let it be infixed in their minds. This fear being rooted in them
produces great good effects. For a soul that has learnt from its first
youth to be subdued by this expectation, will not soon shake
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Off this fear. But like a horse obedient to the bridle, having the
thought of hell seated upon it, walking orderly, it will both speak and
utter things profitable; and neither youth nor riches, nor an orphan
state, nor any other thing, Will be able to injure it, having its
reason so firm and able to hold out against everything.
By these discourses let us regulate as well
ourSelves as our wives too, our servants, our children, our friends,
and, if possible, our enemies. For with these discourses we are able to
cut off the greater part of our sins, and it is better to dwell upon
things grievous than upon things agreeable, and it is manifest from
hence. For, tell me, if you should go into a house where a marriage is
celebrated, for a season you are delighted at the spectacle, but
afterwards having gone away, you pine with grief that you have not so
much. But if you enter the house of mourners, even though they are very
rich, when you go away you will be rather refreshed. For there you have
not conceived envy, but comfort and consolation in your poverty. You
have seen by facts, that riches are no good, poverty no evil, but they
are things indifferent. So also now, if you talk about luxury, you the
more vex your soul, that is not able perhaps to be luxurious. But if
you are speaking against luxury, and introduce discourse concerning
hell, the thing will cheer you, and beget much pleasure. For when you
consider that luxury will not be able to defend us at all against that
fire, you will not seek after it; but if you reflect that it is wont to
kindle it even more, you will not only not seek, but will turn from it
and reject it.
Let us not avoid discourses concerning hell, that we
may avoid hell. Let us not banish the remembrance of punishment, that
we may escape punishment. If the rich man had reflected upon that fire,
he would not have sinned; but because he never was mindful of it,
therefore he fell into it. Tell me, O man, being about to stand before
the Judgment-seat of Christ, dost thou speak of all things rather than
of that? And When you have a matter before a judge, often only relating
to words, neither day nor night, at no time or season dost thou talk of
anything else, but always of that business, and when thou art about to
give an account of thy whole life, and to submit to a trial, canst thou
not bear even with others reminding thee of that Judgment? For this
reason therefore all things are ruined and undone, because when we are
about to stand before a human tribunal concerning matters of this life,
we move everything, we solicit all men, we are constantly anxious about
it, we do everything for the sake of it: but when we are about, after
no long time, to come before the Judgment-seat of Christ, we do nothing
either by ourselves, or by others; we do not entreat the Judge. And yet
He grants to us a long season of forbearance, and does not snatch us
away in the midst of our sins, but permits us to put them off, and that
Goodness and Lovingkindness leaves nothing undone of all that belongs
to Himself. But all is of no avail; on this account the punishment will
be the heavier. But God forbid it should be so! Wherefore, I beseech
you, let us even if but now become watchful. Let us keep hell before
our eyes. Let us consider that inexorable Account, that, thinking of
those things, we may both avoid vice, and choose virtue, and may be
able to obtain the blessings promised to those who love Him, by the
grace and lovingkindness, &c.
HOMILY III.
2 Thessalonians i. 9, 10.
"Who shall suffer punishment, even eternal
destruction from the face of the Lord, and from the glory of His might,
when He shall come to be glorified in His Saints, and to be marveled at
in all them that believed."
THERE are many men, who form good hopes not by
abstaining from their sins, but by thinking that hell is not so
terrible as it is said to be, but milder than what is threatened,
and temporary, not eternal; and about this they philosophize
much. But I could show from many reasons, and conclude from the very
expressions concerning hell, that it is not only not milder, but much
more terrible than is threatened. But I do not now intend to discourse
concerning these things. For the fear even from bare words is
sufficient, though we do not fully unfold their meaning. But that it is
not temporary, hear Paul now saying, concerning those who know not God,
and who do not believe in the Gospel, that "they shall suffer
punishment, even eternal destruction. How then is that temporary which
is everlasting? "From the face of the Lord," he says. What is this? He
here wishes to say
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how easily it might be. For since they were then much puffed up, there
is no need, he says, of much trouble; it is enough that God comes and
is seen, and all are involved in punishment deed will be Light, but to
others vengeance.
"And from the glory of His might," he says "when He
shall come to be glorified in His Saints, and to be marveled at in all
them that believed."
Is God glorified? Yea; he says, in all the Saints.
How? For when they that puff so greatly see those who were scourged by
them, who were despised, who were derided, even those now near to Him,
it is His glory, or rather it is their glory, both theirs and His; His
indeed, because He did not forsake them; theirs, because they were
thought worthy of so great honor. For as it is His riches, that there
are faitful men, so also it is His glory that there are those who are
to enjoy His blessings. It is the glory of Him that is good, to have
those to whom He may impart His beneficence. "And to be marveled at,"
he says, "in all them that believed," that is, "through them that
believed." See here again, "in" is used for "through." For through them
He is shown to be admirable, when He brings to so much splendor those
who were pitiable and wretched, and who had suffered unnumbered ills,
and had believed. His power is shown then; because although they seem
to be deserted here, yet nevertheless they there enjoy great glory;
then especially is shown all the glory and the power of God. How?
"Because our testimony unto you was believed in that
day."
Ver. 11. "To which end also we pray always for you."
That is, when those are brought into public view,
who have suffered unnumbered ills, deigned to make them apostatize from
the faith, and yet have not yielded, but have believed, God is
glorified. Then is shown the glory of these men also. "Judge none
blessed," it says, "before his death." (Ecclus. xi. 28.) On this
account he says, in that day will be shown those who believed. "To
which end also we pray," he says, "always for you, that our God may
count you worthy of your calling, and fulfill every desire of goodness
and every work of faith, with power."
"That He may count you," he says, "worthy of
calling"; for they were not called. Therefore he has added, "and
fulfill every desire of goodness." Since he also who was clothed in
filthy garments, was called, but did not abide in his calling, but for
this reason was the more rejected. "Of the calling," namely that to the
bride-chamber. Since the five virgins also were called. "Arise" it
says, "the bridegroom cometh." (From Matt. xxv. 6.) And they prepared
themselves, but did not enter in. But he speaks of that other calling.
Showing therefore what calling he is speaking of, he has added, "And
fulfill every desire of goodness and every work of faith, with power."
This is the calling, he says, that we seek. See how gently he takes
them down. For that they may not be rendered vain by the excess of
commendation, as if they had done great deeds, and may not become
slothful, he shows that something still is wanting to them, so long as
they are in this life. Which also he said in his Epistle to the
Hebrews. "Ye have not yet resisted unto blood, striving against sin."
(Heb. xii. 4.) "Unto all wellpleasing," he says, that is, His
gratification, persuasion, full assurance. That is, that the
persuasion(3) of God may be fulfilled, that nothing may be wanting to
you, that you may be so, as He wills. "And every work of faith," he
says, "with power." What is this? The patient endurance of
persecutions, that we may not faint, he says.
Ver. 12. "That the name of our Lord Jesus Christ may
be glorified in you, and ye in Him, according to the grace of our God
and the Lord Jesus Christ"
He spoke there of glory, he speaks of it also here.
He said, that they are glorified, so that they might even boast. He
said, what was much more, that they also glorify God. He said, that
they will receive that glory. But here too he means; For the Master
being glorified, the servants also are glorified. For those who glorify
their Master, are much more glorified themselves, both by that very
thing, and apart from it. For tribulation for the sake of Christ is
glory, and that thing he everywhere calls glory. And by how much the
more we suffer anything dishonorable, so much the more illustrious we
become. Then again showing that this also itself is of God, he says,
"according to the grace of our God and the Lord Jesus Christ "; that
is, this grace He Himself has given us, that He may be glorified in us,
and that He may glorify us in Him. How is He glorified in us? Because
we prefer nothing before Him. How are we glorified in Him? Because we
have received power from Him, so that we do not at all yield to the
evils that are brought upon us. For when temptation happens, at the
same time God is glorified, and we too. For they glorify Him, because
He has so nerved us; they admire us, because we have rendered ourselves
worthy. And all these things are done by the grace of God.
Chap. ii. 1, 2. "Now we beseech you, brethren,
touching the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, and our gathering
together unto
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Him; to the end that ye be not quickly shaken from your mind."
When the Ressurection will be, he has not said, but
that it will not be now, he has said. "And our gathering together unto
Him." This also is no little matter. See how the exhortation also is
again accompanied with commendation and encouragement, in that He and
all the Saints will certainly appear with us. Here he is discoursing
concerning the resurrection and our gathering together. For these
things will happen at the same time. He raises up their minds. "That ye
be not quickly shaken," he says, "nor yet be troubled, either by
spirit, or by word, or by epistle as from us, as that the day of the
Lord is now present."
Here he seems to me to intimate that certain persons
went about having forged an Epistle, as if from Paul, and showing this,
said that the Day of the Lord is at hand, that thence they might lead
many into error. Therefore that they might not be deceived, Paul gives
security by the things he writes, and says, "be not troubled, either by
spirit or by word ": and this is the meaning of what he says: Though
any one having the spirit of prophecy should say this, believe it not.
For when I was with you I told you these things, so that you ought not
to change your persuasion from the things which you were taught. Or
thus, "by spirit": so he calls the false prophet, speaking what they
spoke by an unclean spirit. For these men, willing the more to be
believed, not only endeavored to deceive by persuasive words, (for this
he shows, saying, "or by word,") but they also showed a forged letter,
as from Paul, declaring the same thing. Wherefore pointing out this
also, he has added, "or by letter as from us." Having therefore secured
them on every side, he thus sets forth his own doctrine, and says:(1)
Ver. 3, 4. "Let no man beguile you in any wise: for
it will not be, except the falling away come first, and the man of sin
be revealed, the son of perdition, he that opposeth and exalteth
himself against all that is called God or that is worshiped; so that he
sitteth in the temple of God, setting himself forth as God."
Here he discourses concerning the Antichrist, and
reveals great mysteries. What is "the falling away?(2) He calls him
Apostasy, as being about to destroy many, and make them fall away. So
that if it were possible, He says, the, very Elect should be offended.
(From Matt. xxiv. 24.) And he calls him "the man of sin." For he shall
do numberless mischiefs, and shall cause others to do them. But he
calls him "the son of perdition," because he is also to be destroyed.
But who is he? Is it then Satan? By no means; but some man, that admits
his fully working in him. For he is a man. "And exalteth himself
against all that is called God or is worshiped." For he will not
introduce idolatry, but will be a kind of opponent to God; he will
abolish all the gods, and will order men to worship him instead of God,
and he will be seated in the temple of God, not that in Jerusalem only,
but also in every Church. "Setting himself forth," he says; he does not
say, saying it, but endeavoring to show it. For he will perform great
works, and will show wonderful signs.
Ver. 5. "Remember ye not, that when I was yet with
you, I told you these things?" and to enlarge upon them in the
same words? For behold, they heard him saying these things when
present, and again they had need to be reminded of them. For as when
they had heard concerning afflictions, "For verily," he says, "when we
were with you, we told you beforehand that we are to suffer affliction"
(1 Thess. iii. 4); they nevertheless forgot it, and he confirms them
again by letters; so also having heard concerning the Coming of Christ,
they again needed letters to compose them. He therefore reminds them,
showing that he speaks of nothing strange, but what he had always said.
For as in the case of husbandmen, the seeds are
indeed cast into the earth once for all, yet do not constantly remain,
but require much preparation withal, and if they do not break up the
earth, and cover over the seeds sown, they sow for the birds that
gather grain; so we also, unless by constant remembrance we cover over
what has been sown, have but cast it all into the air. For both the
devil carries it away, and our sloth destroys it, and the sun dries it
up, and the rain washes it away, and the thorns choke it: so that it is
not sufficient after once sowing it to depart, but there is need of
much assiduity, driving off the birds, roofing up the thorns, filling
up the stony ground with much each, checking, and fencing off, and
taking away everything injurious. But in the case of the earth all
depends upon the husbandman, for it is a lifeless subject, and prepared
only to be passive. But in the spiritual soil it is quite otherwise.
All is not the teachers' part, but half at least, if not more, that of
the disciples. It is our part indeed to cast the seed, but yours to do
the things spoken for your recollection, by your works to show the
fruits, to pull up the thorns by the roots.
For wealth truly is a thorn, bearing no fruit, both
uncomely to the sight, and unpleasant for
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use, injuring those that meddle with it not only not itself bearing
fruit, but even hindering that which was shooting forth. Such is
wealth. It not only does not bear eternal fruit but it even hinders
those who wish to gain it. Thorns are the food of irrational camels;
they are devoured and consumed by fire, being useful for nothing. Such
also is wealth, useful for nothing, but to kindle the furnace, to light
up The Day that burns as an oven, to nourish passions void of reason,
revenge and anger. For such is also the camel that feeds on thorns. For
it is said by those who are acquainted with such things, that
revengeful, as a camel. Such is wealth. It nourishes the unreasonable
passions of the soul but it pierces and wounds the rational, as is the
case with thorns. This plant is hard and rough, and grows up of itself.
Let us see how it grows up, that we may root it out.
It grows in places that are precipitous, stony and dry, where there is
no moisture. When therefore anyone is rough and precipitous, that is
unmerciful, the thorn grows in him. But when the sons of husbandmen
wish to root them up, they do it not with iron. How then? Having set
fire to it, they in that way extract all the bad quality of the land.
For since it is not enough to cut away the upper part, whilst the root
remains below, nor even to extirpate the root, (for it remains in the
each from its bad quality, and, as when some pestilence has assailed
the body, there are still left the remains of it,) the fire from above,
drawing up all that moisture of the thorns,(1) like some poison,
extracts it by means of the heat from the bowels of the earth. For as
the cupping glass placed upon the part draws all the disorder to
itself, so also the fire draws off all the base quality that was in the
thorns, and makes the land pure.
On what account then do I say these things? Because
it behoves you to purge off all affection for riches. With us also
there is a fire that draws this bad quality from the soul; I mean that
of the Spirit. This if we let work on them, we shall be able not only
to dry up the thorns, but also the humor from them, since if they be
deeply fixed, all is rendered vain. For mark, Has a rich man entered
here, or also a rich woman? She does not regard how she shall hear the
oracles of God, but how she shall make a show, how she shall sit with
pomp, how with much glory, how she shall surpass all other women in the
costliness of her garments, and render herself more dignified both by
her dress, and look, and gait. And all her care and concern is, Did
such a woman see me? did she admire me? Is my beauty handsomely set
off? so that her garments may not rot, nor be rent; and about this is
all her care. In like manner also the rich man enters, meaning to
exhibit himself to the poor man, and to strike him with awe by the
garments which are about him, and by the number of his slaves, who also
stand round, driving off the crowd. But he from his great pride does
not condescend even to do this but considers it a work so unworthy of a
gentleman, that although excessively puffed up, he cannot bear to do
it, but commits it to his slaves. For to do this requires truly servile
and impudent manners. Then when he is seated, the cares of his house
immediately intrude themselves, distracting him on every side. The
pride that possesses his soul overflows. He thinks that he does a favor
both to us, and to the peo thus inflamed, how shall he ever be cured?
Tell me then, if any one should go to the shop of a
physician, and not ask a favor of the physician, but think that he was
doing him a favor, and declining to request a medicine for his wound,
should concern himself about his garments; would he go away having
received any leave, I will tell you the cause of all these things. They
think when they enter in here, that they enter into our presence, they
think that what they hear they hear from us. They do not lay to heart,
they do not consider, that they are entering into the presence of God,
that it is He who addresses them. For when the Reader standing up says,
"Thus saith the Lord," and the Deacon stands and imposes silence on
all, he does not say this as doing honor to the Reader, but to Him who
speaks to all through him. If they knew that it was God who through His
prophet speaks these things, they would cast away all their pride. For
if when rulers are addressing them, they do not allow their minds to
wander, much less would they, when God is speaking. We are ministers,
beloved. We speak not our own things, but the things of God, letters
coming from heaven are every day read.
Tell me then, I beseech you, if now, when we are all
present some one entered, having a golden girdle, and drawing himself
up, and with an air of consequence said that he was sent by the king
that is on the earth, and that he brought letters to the whole city
concerning matters of importance; would you not then be all turned
towards him? Would you not, without any command from a deacon, observe
a profound silence? Truly I think so. For I have often heard letters
from kings read here. Then if any one comes from a king, you all
attend; and does a Prophet come from God, and speak from heaven, and
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no one attend? Or do you not believe that these things are messages
from God? These are letters sent from God; therefore let us enter with
becoming reverence into the Churches, and let us hearken with fear to
the things here said.
What do I come in for, you say, if I do not hear
some one discoursing? This is the ruin and destruction of all. For what
need of a person to discourse? This necessity arises from our sloth.
Wherefore any necessity for a homily? All things are dear and open that
are in the divine Scriptures; the necessary things are all plain. But
because ye are hearers for pleasure's sake, for that reason also you
seek these things. For tell me, with what pomp of words did Paul speak?
and yet he converted the world. Or with what the unlettered Peter? But
I know not, you sub the things that are contained in the Scriptures.
Why? For are they spoken in Hebrew? Are they in Latin, or in foreign
tongues? Are they not in Greek? But they are expressed obscurely, you
say: What is it that is obscure? Tell me. Are there not histories? For
(of course) you know the plain parts, in that you enquire about the
obscure. There are numberless histories in the Scriptures. Tell me one
of these. But you cannot. These things are an excuse, and mere words.
Every day, you say, one hears the same things. Tell me, then, do you
not hear the same things in the theaters? Do you not see the same
things in the race-course? Are not all things the same? Is it not
always the same sun that rises? Is it not the same food that we use? I
should like to ask you, since you say that you every day hear the same
things; tell me, from what Prophet was the passage that was read? from
what Apostle, or what Epistle? But you cannot tell me--you seem to hear
strange things. When therefore you wish to be slothful, you say that
they are the same things. But when you are questioned, you are in the
case of one who never heard them. If they are the same, you ought to
know them. But you are ignorant of them.
This state of things is worthy of lamentation--of
lamentation and complaint: for the coiner coineth but in vain.(1) For
this you ought more especially to attend, because they are the same
things, because we give you no labor, nor speak things that are
strange? variable. What then, since you say, that those are the same
things, but our discourses are not the same things, but we always speak
things that are new to you, do you pay heed to these? By no means. But
if we say, Why do you not reign even these? "We hear them but once,"
you say," and how can we retain them?" If we say, Why do ye not attend
to those other things? "The same things," you say, "are always said
"--and every way these are words of sloth and excuse. But they will not
always serve, but there will be a time when we shall lament in vain and
without effect. Which may God forbid, and grant that having repented
here, and attending with understanding and godly fear to the things
spoken, we may both be urged on to the due performance of good works,
and may amend our own lives with all diligence, that we may be able to
obtain the blessings promised to those who love Him, by the grace and
lovingkindness, &c.
HOMILY IV.
2 THESSALONIANS ii. 6--9.
"And now ye know that which restraineth, to the end that he may be
revealed in his own season. For the mystery of lawlessness doth already
work: only there is one that restraineth now, until he be taken out of
the way. And then shall be revealed the lawless one, whom the Lord
Jesus shall slay with the breath of His mouth, and bring to nought by
the manifestation of His coming: even he whose coming is according to
the working of Satan."
ONE may naturally enquire, what is that which
withholdeth, and after that would know, why Paul expresses it so
obscurely. What then is it that withholdeth, that is, hindereth him
from being revealed? Some indeed say, the grace of the Spirit, but
others the Roman empire, to whom I most of all accede. Wherefore?
Because if he meant to say the Spirit, he would not have spoken
obscurely, but plainly, that even now the grace of the Spirit, that is
the gifts, withhold him. And otherwise he ought now to have come, if he
was about to come when the gifts ceased; for they have long since
ceased. But because he said this of the Roman empire, he naturally
glanced at it, and speaks covertly and darkly. For he did not wish to
bring upon himself superfluous enmities, and useless dangers. For if he
had said that after a little while
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the Roman empire would be dissolved, they ing and warring to this end.
And he did not say that it will be quickly, although he is always
saying it--but what? "that he may be revealed in his own season," he
says,
"For the mystery of lawlessness doth already work."
He speaks here of Nero, as if he were the type of Antichrist. For he
too wished to be thought a god. And he has well said, "the mystery";
that is, it worketh not openly, as the other, nor without shame. For if
there was found a man before that time, he means, who was not much
behind Antichrist in wickedness, what wonder, if there shall now be
one? But he did not also wish to point him out plainly: and this not
from cowardice, but instructing us not to bring upon ourselves
unnecessary enmities, when there is noting to call for it. So indeed he
also says here. "Only there is one that restraineth now, until he be
taken out of the way," that is, when the Roman empire is taken out of
the way, then he shall come. And naturally. For as long as the fear of
this empire lasts, no one will willingly exit himself, but when that is
dissolved, he will attack the anarchy, and endeavor to seize upon the
government both of man and of God. For as the kingdoms before this were
destroyed, for example, that of the Medes by the Babylonians, that of
the Babylonians by the Persians, that of the Persians by the
Macedonians, that of the Macedonians by the Romans: so will this also
be by the Antichrist, and he by Christ, and it will no longer withhold.
And these things Daniel delivered to us with great clearness.
"And then," he says, "shall be revealed the lawless
one." And what after this? The consolation is at hand. "Whom the Lord
Jesus shall slay with the breath of His mouth, and bring to nought by
the manifestation of His coming, even he whose coming is according to
the working of Satan."
For as fire merry coming on even before its arrival
makes torpid and consumes the little animals that are afar off; so also
Christ, by His commandment only, and Coming. It is enough for Him to be
present, and all these things are destroyed. He will put a stop to the
deceit, by only appearing. Then who is this, whose coming is after the
working of Satan, "With all display all power, but nothing true, but
for deceit. "And lying wonder," he says, that is, false, or leading to
falsehood.
Ver. 10. "And with all deceit of unrighteousness for
them that are perishing."
Why then, you say, did God permit this to be? and
what dispensation is this? And what is the advantage of his coming, if
it takes place for the ruin of our race? Fear not, beloved, but hear
Him saying, "In them that are perishing," he hath strength, who, even
if he had not come, would not have believed. What then is the
advantage? That these very men who are perishing will be put to
silence. How? Because both if he had come, and if he had not come, they
would not have believed in Christ; He comes therefore to convict them.
For that they may not have occasion to say, that since Christ said that
He was God,--although He nowhere said this openly,--but since those who
came after proclaimed it, we have not believed. Because we have heard
that there is One God from whom are all things, therefore we have not
believed. This their pretext then Antichrist will take away. For when
he comes, and comes commanding nothing good, but all things unlawful,
and is yet believed from false signs alone, he will stop their mouths.
For if thou believest not in Christ, much more oughtest thou not to
believe in Antichrist. For the former said that He was sent from the
Father, but the latter the contrary. For this reason Christ said, "I am
come in My Fathers name, and ye receive Me not: if another shall come
in his own name. him ye will receive" (John v. 43.) But we have seen
signs, you say. But many and great signs were also wrought in the case
of Christ; much more therefore ought ye to have believed in Him. And
yet many things were predicted concerning this one, that he is the
lawless one, that he is the son of perdition, that his coming is after
the working of Satan, But the contrary concerning the other, that He is
the Saviour, that He brings with Him unnumbered blessings.
Ver. 10, 11, 12. "For because they received not the
love of the truth, that they might be saved; for this cause God will
send them a working of error, that they should believe a lie: that they
all might be judged who believed not the truth, but had pleasure in
unrighteousness."
"That they might be judged." He does not say, that
they might be punished; for even before this they were about to be
punished; but "that they might be condemned," that is, at the dreadful
Seat of Judgment, in order that they might be without excuse. "Who
believed not the truth, but had pleasure in unrighteousness." He calls
Christ, "the Love of the Truth." "For because," says he, "they received
not the love of the truth," For He was both, and came for the sake of
both, both as loving men, and on behalf of things that were true.(1)
"But had pleasure," he says, "in unrighteous-
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ness." For he came to the destruction of men and to injure them. For
what will he not then work? He will change and confound all things,
both by his commandments, and by the fear of him. He will be terrible
in every way, from his power, from his cruelty, from his unlawful
commandments.
But fear not. "In those that perish" he will have
his strength.(1) For Elijah too will then come to give confidence to
the faithful, and this Christ says; "Elijah cometh, and shall restore
all things." (Matt. xvii. 11.) Therefore it is said, "In the spirit and
power of Elijah." (Luke i. 17.) For he neither wrought signs nor
wonders, as Elijah did. For "John," it is said, "did no miracle, but
alI things which John spake of this Man were true." How then was it "in
the spirit and power of Elijah"? That is, he will take upon him the
same ministry. As the one was the forerunner of His first Coming, so
will the other be of His second and glorious Coming, and for this he is
reserved. Let us not therefore fear. He has calmed the minds of the
hearers. He causes them no longer to think present things dreadful but
worthy of thankfulness. Wherefore he has added,
Ver. 13. "But we are bound to give thanks alway to
God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, for that God chose you from
the beginning unto salvation, in sanctification of the Spirit and
belief of the truth."
How unto salvation? By sanctifying you through the
Spirit. For these are the things that are the efficient causes(2) of
our salvation. It is nowhere of works, nowhere of righteous of the
Spirit," he says,
Ver. 14. "Whereunto He called you through our Gospel
to the obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ."
This too is no little thing, if Christ considers our
salvation His glory. For it is the glory of the Friend of man that they
that are saved should be many. Great then is our Lord, if the Holy
Spirit so desires our salvation. Why did he not say faith first?
Because even after sanctification we have yet need of much faith, that
we may not be shaken. Seest thou how He shows that nothing is of
themselves, but all of God?
Ver. 15. "So then, brethren, stand fast, and hold
the traditions which ye were taught, whether by word, or by Epistle of
ours."
Hence it is manifest, that they did not deliver all
things by Epistle, but many things also unwritten, and in like manner
both the one and the other are worthy of credit. Therefore let us think
the tradition of the Church also worthy of credit. It is a tradition,
seek no farther. Here he shows that there were many who were shaken.
Ver. 16, 17. "Now our Lord Jesus Christ Himself, and
God our Father, which loved us, and gave us eternal comfort and good
hope through grace, comfort your hearts, and stablish them in every
good work and word."
Again a prayer after an admonition. For this is
truly to benefit. "Which loved us," he says, "and gave us eternal
comfort and good hope through grace." Where now are those who lessen
the Son, because He is named in the grace of the Layer after the
Father? For, lo, here it is the contrary. "Which loved us," he says,
"and gave us eternal comfort." Of what sort then is this? Even the hope
of things future. Seest thou how by the method of prayer he stirs up
their mind, giving them the unspeakable care of God for pledges and
signs. "Comfort your heart," he says, "in every good work and word,"
that is, through every good work and word. For this is the comfort of
Christians, to do something good and pleasing to God. See how he brings
down their spirit. "Which gave us comfort," he says, "and good hope
through grace." At the same time he makes them also full of good hopes
with respect to future things. For if He has given so many things by
grace, much more things future. I indeed, he says, have spoken, but the
whole is of God. "Stablish" confirm you, that you be not shaken,
nor turned aside. For this is both His work and ours, so that it is in
the way both of doctrines, and of actions. For this is comfort, to be
stablished. For when any one is not turned aside, he bears all things,
whatever may happen to him, with much longsuffering; whereas if his
mind be shaken, he will no longer perform any good or noble action, but
like one whose hands are paralyzed, so also his soul is shaken, when it
is not fully persuaded that it is advancing to some good end.
Chap. iii. I. "Finally, brethren, pray for us, that
the word of the Lord may run and be glorified, even as also it is with
you."
He indeed had prayed for them, that they might be
stablished; and now he asks of them, entreating them to pray for him,
not that he may not incur danger, for to this he was appointed, but
that "the word of the Lord may run and be glorified, even as also it is
with you." And the request is accompanied with commendation. "Even as
also it is with you."
Ver. 2. "And that we may be delivered from
unreasonable and evil men; for all have not faith."
This is the manner of one showing also his dangers
as to which especially he besought
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them. "From unreasonable and evil men," he says," for all have not
faith?' Thus he is speaking of those who contradict the Preaching, who
oppose and contend against the doctrines For this he has intimated by
saying, "For all men have not faith." And here he seems to me not to
glance at dangers, but at the men who contradicted and hindered his
word, as did Alexander the copper-smith. For he says, "he greatly
withstood our words." (2 Tim. iv. 15.) That is, there are some to whom
it is given. As if he were speaking of a paternal inheritance, that "it
is not for all to serve in the Palace." And at the same time he also
excites them, as already having such ground of confidence as to be able
both to deliver their Teacher from dangers, and to facilitate his
preaching.
Therefore we also say the same things. Let no one
condemn us of arrogance, nor from an excessive humility deprive us of
so great an assistance. For neither do we speak from the same motive
from which Paul spoke. For he indeed said these things from a wish to
comfort his disciples; but we to reap some great and good fruit. And we
are very confident, if ye all be willing with one mind to stretch forth
your hands to God in behalf of our littleness, that you will succeed in
all things. Thus let us make war with our enemies with prayers and
supplications. For if thus the ancients made war with men in arms, much
more ought we so to make war with men without arms. So Hezekiah
triumphed over the Assyrian king, so Moses over Amalek, so Samuel over
the men of Ascalon, so Israel(1) over the thirty-two kings. If where
there was need of arms, and of battle array, and of fighting, they,
leaving their arms. had recourse to prayer; here where the matter has
to be accomplished by prayers alone, does it not much more behove us to
pray?
But there, you say, the rulers entreated for the
people, but you request the people to entreat for the ruler. I also
know it. For those under rule at that time were wretched and mean
persons. Wherefore they were saved by the and we shall find among those
who are ruled many or rather the greater part excelling their ruler in
a great degree; do not deprive us of this succor, raise up our hands
that they may not be faint, open our mouth for us, that it may not be
closed. Entreat God--for this cause entreat Him. It is in our behalf
indeed that it is done, but it is wholly for your sakes. For we are
appointed for your advantage, and for your interests we are concerned.
Entreat every one of you, both privately and publicly. Mark Paul
saying, "That for the gift bestowed upon us by means of many, thanks
may be given by many persons on our behalf" (2 COR. i. II); that is,
that He may give grace to many. If in the case of men, the people
coming forward ask a pardon for persons condemned and led away to
execution, and the king from regard to the multitude revokes the
sentence, much more will God be influenced by regard to you, not by
your multitude but your virtue.
For violent is the enemy we have. For each of you
indeed anxiously thinks of his own interests, but we the concerns of
all together. We stand in the part of the battle that is pressed on.
The devil is more violently armed against us. For in wars too, he that
is on the opposite side endeavors before all others to overthrow the
general. For this reason all his fellow-combatants hasten there. For
this reason there is much tumult, every one endeavoring to rescue him;
they surround him with their shields, wishing to preserve his person.
Hear what all the because I wish to show the affection of the people
for their ruler.) "Thou shalt go no more quench not the lamp of
Israel." (2 Sam. xxi. 17.) See how anxious they were to spare the old
man. I am greatly in need of your prayers. Let no one, as I have said,
from an excessive humility deprive me of this alliance and succor. If
our part be well approved, your own also will be more honorable. If our
teaching flow abundantly, the riches will redound to you. Hear the
prophet saying, "Do the shepherds feed themselves?" (From Ezek. xxxiv.
2, Sept.)
Do you observe Paul constantly seeking these
prayers? Do you hear that thus Peter was delivered from prison, when
fervent prayer was made for him? (Acts xii. 5.) I verily believe that
your prayer will have great effect, offered with so great unanimity. Do
you not think that it is a matter much too great for my littleness to
draw nigh to God, and entreat Him for so numerous a people? For if I
have not confidence to pray for myself, much less for others. For it
belongs to men of high estimation, to beseech God to be merciful to
others; it is for those who have rendered Him favorable to themselves.
But he who is himself an offender, how shall he entreat for another?
But nevertheless, because I embrace you with a father's heart, because
love dares everything, not only in the Church, but in the house
also, I make my prayer above all other things for your health both in
soul and in body. For there is no other people, before his own. For if
Job rising up
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immediately made so many offerings for his children in the flesh, how
much more ought we to do this for our spiritual children?
Why do I say these things? Because if we who are so
far removed from the greatness of the work, offer supplications and
prayers for you, much more is it just that you should do it. For that
one should entreat for many, is exceedingly bold, and requires much
confidence: but that many having met together should offer supplication
for one, is nothing burdensome. For every one does this not trusting to
his own virtue, but to the multitude, and to their unanimity, to which
God everywhere has much respect. For He says, "where two or three are
gathered together in My Name, there am I in the much more is He among
you. For that which a man praying by himself is not able to receive,
that he shall receive praying with a multitude. Why? Because although
his own virtue has not, yet the common consent has much power.
"Where two or three," it is said, "are gathered
together." Why didst thou say, "Two"? For if there be one in Thy Name,
why art Thou not there? Because I wish all to be together, and not to
be separated. Let us therefore close up together; let us bind one
another together in love, let no one separate us. If any one accuses,
or is offended, let him not retain it in his mind, whether against his
neighbor, or against us. This favor I ask of you, to come to us, and
bring the accusation, and receive our defense. "Reprove him," it says,
"lest haply he hath not said it. Reprove him, lest haply he hath not
done it" (Ecclus. xix. 14, 15); and if he hath done it, that he add not
thereto. For we have either defended ourselves, or being condemned have
asked pardon, and henceforth endeavor not to fall into the same faults.
This is expedient both for you and for us. For you indeed having
accused us perhaps without reason, when you have learned the truth of
the matter, will stand corrected, and we have offended unawares and are
corrected. For you indeed it is not expedient.(1) For punishment is
appointed for those who utter any idle word. But we put off
accusations, whether false or true. The false, by showing that they are
false; the true, by not again doing the same things. For it must needs
happen that he who has the care of so many things should be ignorant,
and through ignorance commit errors. For if every one of you having a
house, and presiding over wife and children, and slaves, one more and
another fewer, among souls that are so easily numbered, is nevertheless
compelled to commit many errors involuntarily, or from ignorance, or
when wishing to set something right; much more must it be so with us
who preside over so many people.
And may God still multiply you and bless you, the
little with the great! For although the care becomes greater from the
increase of numbers, we do not cease praying that this our care may be
increased, and that this number may be added to, and be many times as
great and without limit. For fathers, although often harassed by the
number of their children, nevertheless do not wish to lose any one. All
things are equal between us and you, even the very chief of our
blessings. I do not partake of the holy Table with greater abundance,
and you with less, but both equally participate of the same. And if I
take it first, it is no great privilege, since even among children, the
elder first extends his hand to the feast, but nevertheless no
advantage is gained thereby. But with us all things are equal. The
saving life that sustains our souls is given with equal honor to both.
I do not indeed partake of one Lamb(2) and you of another, but we
partake of the same. We both have the same Baptism. We have been
vouchsafed the same Spirit. We are both hastening to the same kingdom.
We are alike brethren of Christ, we have all things in common.
Where then is my advantage? In cares, in labors, in
anxieties, in grieving for you. But nothing is sweeter than this grief,
since even a mother grieving for her child is delighted with her grief,
she thinks carefully of those whom she has brought forth, she is
delighted at her cares. And yet care in itself is bitter, but when it
is for children, at least it has in it much pleasure. Many of you have
I begotten, but after this are my pangs. For in the case of mothers in
the flesh the pangs are first, and then the birth. But here the pangs
last till the latest breath, lest there should be anywhere some
abortion even after the birth. And I indeed have a further longing; for
although perchance another has begotten you, yet I nevertheless am
harassed with cares. For we do not of ourselves beget you, but it is
all of the grace of God. But if we both through the Spirit beget, he
will not err who calls those begotten by me, his children, and those
begotten by him, mine. All these things then consider, and stretch
forth your hand, that you may be our boast and we yours, in the day of
our Lord Jesus Christ, which God grant that we may all see with
confidence, through Jesus Christ our Lord, with whom, &c.
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HOMILY V.
2 THESSALONIANS iii. 3-5.
" But the Lord is faithful, who shall stablish you, and guard you from
the evil one. And we have confidence in the Lord touching you that ye
both do and will do the things which we command you. And the Lord
direct your hearts into the love of God, and into the patience of
Christ."
NEITHER ought we, having committed everything to the
prayers of the Saints, to be idle ourselves, and run into wickedness,
and to lay hold of nothing; nor again when working good to despise that
succor. For great indeed are the things which prayer for us can effect,
but it is when we ourselves also work. For this reason Paul also,
praying for them, and again giving them assurance from the promise,
says, "But the Lord is faithful, who shall stablish you, and guard you
from the evil one" For if He has chosen you to salvation, He does not
deceive you, nor suffer you utterly to perish. But that should
themselves sleep, see how he also demands cooperation from them,
saying, "And we have confidence in the Lord touching you, "is
faithful," and having promised to save will certainly save; but as He
promised. And how did He promise? If we be willing, and hear Him; not
simply (hearing), nor like stocks and stones, bring inactive.
And he has well introduced the words, "We have
confidence in the Lord," that is, we trust to His lovingkindness. Again
he brings them down, making everything depend thereupon. For if he had
said, We have confidence in you, the commendation indeed was great, but
it would not have taught them to make all things dependent upon God.
And if he had said, We have confidence in the Lord, that He will
preserve you, and had not added "as touching you," and, "that ye do and
will do the things which we command you," he would have made them more
slothful, by casting everything upon the power of God. For it becomes
us indeed to cast everything upon Him, yet working also ourselves,
embarked in the labors and the conflicts. And he shows that even if our
virtue alone were sufficient to save, yet nevertheless it ought to be
persevering, and to abide with us until we come to our latest breath.
"But the Lord," he says, "direct your hearts into
the love of God, and the patience of Christ."
Again he commends them, and prays, showing his
concern for them. For when he is about to enter upon reproof, he
previously smooths down their minds, by saying, "I am confident that ye
will hear," and by requesting prayers from them, and by again invoking
upon them infinite blessings.
"But the Lord," he says, "direct your hearts into
the love of God." For there are many things that turn us aside from
love, and there are many paths that draw us away from thence. In the
first place the path of Mammon, laying, as it were, certain shameless
hands upon our soul, and tenaciously holding it in its grasp, draws and
drags us thence even against our will. Then vainglory and often
afflictions and temptations, turn us aside. For this reason we need, as
a certain wind, the assistance of God, that our sail may be impelled,
as by some strong wind, to the love of God. For tell me not, "I love
Him, even more than myself." These are words. Show it to me by thy
works, if thou lovest Him more than thyself. Love Him more than money,
and then I shall believe that thou lovest Him even more than thyself.
But thou who despisest not riches for the sake of God, how wilt thou
despise thyself? But why do I say riches? Thou who despisest not
covetousness, which thou oughtest to do even without the commandments
of God, how wilt thou despise thyself?
"And into the patience of Christ," he says. What is
"into the patience"? That we should endure even as He endured, or that
we should do those things, or that with patience also we should wait
for Him, that is, that we should be prepared. For since He has promised
many things, and Himself is coming to judge the quick and the dead, let
us wait for Him, and let us be patient. But wherever he speaks of
patience, he of course implies affliction. For this is to love God; to
endure, and not to be troubled.
Ver. 6. "Now we command you, brethren, in the name
of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye withdraw yourselves from every
brother that walketh disorderly and not after the tradition which they
received of us."
That is, it is not we that say these things, but
Christ, for that is the meaning of "in the name of our Lord Jesus
Christ"; equivalent to "through Christ." Showing the fearfulness of the
message, he says, through Christ. Christ
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therefore commanded us in no case to be idle. "That ye withdraw
yourselves," he says, "from every brother." Tell me not of the rich,
tell me not of the poor, tell me not of the holy. This is disorder.
"That walketh," he says, that is, liveth. "And not after the tradition
which they received from me." Tradition, he says, which is through
works.And this he always calls properly(1) tradition.
Yen 7, 8. "For yourselves know how ye ought to
imitate us: for we behaved not ourselves disorderly among you; neither
did we eat bread for nought at any man's hand."
And yet even if they had eaten, it would not have
been for nought. "For the laborer," he says, "is worthy of his hire."
(Luke x. 7.)
"But in labor and travail, working night and day,
that we might not burden any of you. Not because we have not the right,
but to make ourselves an ensample unto you that ye should imitate us.
For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, If any will not
work, neither let him eat."
See how in the former Epistle indeed he discourses
somewhat more mildly concerning these things; as when he says, "We
beseech you, brethren,--that ye would abound more and more--and that ye
study"((1) Thess. iv. I-II)--and nowhere does he say, "we command," nor
"in the Name of our Lord Jesus Christ," which was fearful and implied
danger, but that "ye abound," he says, and "study," which are the words
of one exhorting to virtue; "that ye may walk honestly" (becomingly),
he says. (x Thess. iv. 12.) But here is nothing of this kind, but "if
any one will not work," says he, "neither let him eat." For if Paul,
not being under a necessity, and having a right to be idle, and having
undertaken so great a work, did nevertheless work, and not merely work,
but "night and day," so that he was able even to assist others,--much
more ought others to do this.
Ver. II. "For we hear of some that walk among
you disorderly, that work not at all, but are busybodies."
This indeed he says here; but there, in the first
Epistle, he says, "that ye may walk honestly towards them that are
without." On what account? Perhaps there was as yet no such thing. For
upon another occasion also admonishing, he says, "It is more blessed to
give than to receive." (Acts xx. 35.) But the expression, "walk
honestly" has no reference to disorder; wherefore he added, "that ye
may have need of nothing." (I Thess. iv. 12.) And here he sets down
another necessity, for thus doing what was honorable and good towards
all. (For as he proceeds, he says, "be not weary in well doing.") For
certainly he that is idle and yet able to work must needs be a
busybody. But alms are given to those only who are not able to support
themselves by the work of their own hands, or who teach, and are wholly
occupied in the business of teaching. "For thou shalt not muzzle the
ox," he says, "when he treadeth out the corn." (Deut. xxv. 4.) "And the
laborer is worthy of his hire." (1 Tim. v. 18, and Luke x. 7.) So that
neither is he idle, but receives the reward of work and great work too.
But to pray and fast being idle,(2) is not the work of the hands. For
the work that he is here speaking of is the work of the hands. And that
you may not suspect any such thing, he has added,
"That work not at all, but are busybodies. Now them
that are such we command and exhort through our Lord Jesus Christ."
Because he had touched them severely, wishing to
render his discourse more mild, he adds, "through the Lord," again what
is authoritivate and fearful.
"That with quietness," he says, "they work, and eat
their own bread."
For why has he not said, But if they are not
disorderly let them be maintained by you; but requires both, that they
be quiet, and that they work? "That they may eat their own bread," says
he, not that of another.
Ver. 13. "But ye, brethren, be not weary in well
doing."
See how immediately the fatherly heart was overcome.
He was not able to carry out his reproof farther, but again pitied
them. And see with what discretion! He has not said, But pardon them,
until they are amended; but what? "But ye, be not weary in well doing."
Withdraw yourselves, he says, from them, and reprove them; do not,
however, suffer them to idle? In that case, he says, I have spoken of a
mild remedy, that you withdraw yourselves from him, that is, do not
partake with him in free conversation; show that you are angry. This is
no little matter. For such is the reproof that is given to a brother,
if we wish really to amend him. We are not ignorant of the methods of
reproof. For tell me, if you had a brother in the flesh, would you then
overlook him pining with hunger? Truly I think not; but perhaps you
would even correct him.
Ver. 14. "And if any man obeyeth not our word by
this Epistle." He has not said, He that disobeys, disobeys
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me, but "note that man." This is no slight chastisement. "Have no
company with him." Then again he says, "that he may be ashamed." And he
does not permit them to proceed farther. For as he had said, "if any
does not work neither let him eat" fearing lest they should perish by
hunger, he has added, "But in doing good, be not ye weary." Thus having
said, "Withdraw yourselves, and have no company with him," then fearing
lest this very thing might cut him off from the brotherhood--for he who
gives himself up to despair will quickly. be lost if he is not admitted
to freedom of conversation--he has added.
Ver. 15. "Yet count him not as an enemy, but
admonish him as a brother."
By this he shows that he has assigned a heavy
punishment against him, in depriving him of freedom of conversation.
For if to be a receiver even with many others is
worthy of disgrace, when they even reprove whilst they offer it, and
withdraw themselves, how great is the reproach, quite sufficient to
sting the soul. For if only giving rather tardily, and with murmuring,
they inflame the receivers--for tell me not of impudent beggars, but of
the faithful--if they were to reprove whilst they give, what would they
not do? to what punishment would it not be equal? We do not do so, but
as if we had been greatly injured, we so insult and turn away from
those who beg of us. Thou dost not give, but why dost thou also grieve
him? "Admonish them," he says, "as brethren," do not insult them as
enemies. He who admonishes his brother, does it not publicly. He does
not make an open show of the insult, but he does it privately and with
much address, and grieving, as hurt, and weeping and lamenting. Let us
below therefore with the disposition of a brother, let us admonish with
the good will of a brother, not as if we grieved at giving, but as if
we grieved for his transgressing the commandment. Since what is the
advantage? For if, even after giving, you insult, you destroy the
pleasure of giving. But when you do not give and yet insult, what wrong
do you not do to that wretched and unfortunate man? He came to you, to
receive pity from you, but he goes away having received a deadly blow,
and weeps the more. For when by reason of his poverty he is compelled
to beg, and is insulted on account of his begging, think how great will
be the punishment of those who insult him. "He that dishonoreth the
poor," it says, "provoketh his Maker." (Prov. xiv. 12, 31, Sept) For
tell me, did He suffer him to be poor for thy sake, that thou mightest
be able to heal thyself--and dost thou insult him who for thy sake is
poor? What obstinacy is this! what an act of ingratitude is it!
"Admonish him as a brother," he says, and after having given, he orders
you to admonish him. But if even without giving we insult him, what
excuse shall we have?
Ver. 16. "Now the Lord of peace Himself give you
peace at all times in all ways."
See how, when he mentions the things that are to be
done, he sets his mark upon them by prayer, adding prayer and
supplication, like certain marks set upon things that are laid up.
"Give you peace," he says, "at all times, in all ways." For since it
was likely that contentions would arise from these things, those men
becoming exasperated, and the others not supplying such persons so
readily as formerly, he with good reason now offered this prayer for
them, saying, "Give you peace at all times." For this is what is
sought, that they may ever have it. "In every way," says he. What is,
"in every"? So that they may have no occasion of contention from any
quarter. For everywhere peace is a good thing, even towards those who
are without. For hear him elsewhere saying, "If it be possible, as much
as in you lieth, be at peace with all men." (Rom. xii. 18.) For nothing
is so conducive to the right performance of the things which we wish,
as to be peaceable and undisturbed, and to be flee from all hatred, and
to have no enemy.
"The Lord be with you all."
Ver. 17, 18. "The salutation of me Paul with mine
own hand, which is the token in every Epistle: so I write. The grace of
our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all."
This he says that he writes in every Epistle, that
no one may be able to counterfeit them, his subscription being
subjoined as a great token. And he calls the prayer a salutation,
showing that everything they then did was spiritual; even when it was
proper to offer salutation, the thing was attended with advantage; and
it was prayer, not merely a symbol of friendship. With this he began,
and with it he ended, guarding with strong walls what he had said
elsewhere, and laying safe foundations, he brought it also to a safe
end. "Grace be unto you and peace," he says; and again, "The grace of
our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen." This the Lord also
promised, saying to His disciples, "Lo, I am with you alway, even unto
the end of the world." (Matt. xxviii. 20.) But this takes place when we
are willing. For He will not be altogether with us, if we place
ourselves at a distance. "I will be with you," He says, "always." Let
us not therefore drive away grace. He tells us to withdraw from every
brother that walketh disorderly. This was then a great evil, to be
separated from the
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Corinthians he said, "With such a one no, not to eat." (I COR. v. II.)
But now the majority do not think this a great evil. But all things are
confounded and corrupted. With adulterers, with fornicators, with
covetous persons, we mix freely, and as a matter of course. If we ought
to withdraw ourselves from one who was only supported in idleness, how
much more from the others. And that you may know how fearful a thing it
was to be separated from the company of the brethren, and what
advantage it produces to those who receive reproof with a right mind,
hear how that man, who was puffed up with sin, who had proceeded to the
extreme of wickedness, who had committed such fornication the excess of
perversion--he after all, though such an one, was so bent down and
humbled that Paul said, "Sufficient to such a one is this punishment
which was inflicted by the many. Wherefore confirm your love toward
him." (2 COR. ii. 6, 8.) For as a member separated from the rest of the
body, so was he at that time.
But the cause, and that from which this was then so
terrible, was, because even the being with them was thought by them a
great blessing. For like men who inhabit one house, and are under one
father, and partake of one table, so did they then dwell in every
Church. How great an evil therefore was it to fall from so great
love ! But now it is not even thought to be a great evil, because
neither is it considered any great thing when we are united with one
another. What was then in the order of punishment, this, on account of
the great coldness of love, now takes place even apart from punishment,
and we withdraw from one another causelessly, and from coldness. For it
is the cause of all evils that there is no love. This has dissolved all
ties, and has disfigured all that was venerable and splendid in the
Church, in which we ought to have gloried.
Great is the confidence of the Teacher, when from
his own good actions he is entitled to us." (2 Thess. iii. 7.) And he
ought to be a Teacher more of life than of the word. And let no one
think that this is said from a spirit of boasting. For it was as
reduced to necessity that he spoke it, and with a view to general
advantage. "For we behaved not ourselves," he says, "disorderly among
you." From this do you not see his humility, in that he calls ff, "for
nought," and "disorderly behavior"? "We did not behave ourselves
disorderly among you," he says, "neither did we eat any man's bread for
nought." Here he shows that perhaps also they were poor; and tell me
not, that they were poor. For he is discoursing concerning the poor,
and those who obtained their necessary subsistence from no other source
than from the work of their hands. For he has not said, that they may
have it from their fathers, but that by working they should eat their
own bread. For if I, he says, a herald of the word of doctrine, was
afraid to burden you, much more he who does you no service. For this is
truly a burden. And it is a burden too, when one does not give with
much alacrity; but this is not what he hints at, but as if they were
not able to do it easily. For why dost thou not work? For God hath
given thee hands for this pur-
But "the Lord," he says, "be with you." This prayer
also we may offer for ourselves, if we do the things of the Lord. For
hear Christ saying to His disciples, "Go ye and make disciples of all
the nations, baptizing them into the Name of the Father, and of the
Son, and of the Holy Ghost: teaching them to observe all things
whatsoever I commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the
end of the world." (Matt. xxviii. 19, 20.) If ye do these things,
assuredly. For that the promise is not made to them only, but to those
also who walk in their steps, is manifest from His saying "to the end
of the world."
What then does He say to those who are not teachers?
Each of you, if he will, is a teacher, although not of another, yet of
himself. Teach thyself first. If thou teachest to observe all things
whatsoever He commanded, even by this means thou wilt have many
emulating thee. For as a lamp, when it is shining, is able to light ten
thousand others, but being extinguished will not give light even to
itself, nor can it lighten other lamps; so also in the case of a pure
life, if the light that is in us be shining, we shall make both
disciples and teachers numberless, being set before them as a pattern
to copy. For neither will the words proceeding from me be able so to
benefit the hearers, as your life. For let a man, tell me, be dear to
God, and shining in virtue, and having a wife; (for it is possible for
a man having a wife and children and servants and friends to please God
;) will he not be able much more than I to benefit them all? For me
they will hear once or twice in a month, or not even once, and even
though they have kept what they have heard as far as the threshold of
the Church, they presently let it drop away from them: but seeing the
life of that man constantly, they receive great advantage. For when
being insulted he insults not again, does he not almost infix and
engrave upon the soul of the insulter the reverence of his meekness?
And though he does not immediately confess the
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benefit being ashamed from anger, or put to confusion, yet nevertheless
he immediately is made sensible of it. And it is impossible for a man
that is insolent, though he be a very beast, to associate with one who
is patient of evil, without going away much benefited. For although we
do not what is good, we however all praise it and admire it. Again, the
wife, if she see her husband gentle, being always with him receives
great advantage, and the child also. It is therefore in the power of
every one to be a teacher. For he says, "Build each other up, even as
also ye do." (1 Thess. v. II.) For tell me, has any loss befallen the
family? The wife is disturbed, as being weaker, and more extravagant,
and fond of ornament; the man if he be a philosopher, and a derider of
loss, both consoles her, and persuades her to bear it with fortitude.
Tell me, then, will he not benefit her much more than our words? For it
is easy to talk, but to act, when we are reduced to the necessity, is
in every way difficult. On this account human nature is wont rather to
be regulated by deeds. And such is the superiority of virtue, that even
a slave often benefits a whole family together with the master.
For not in vain, nor without reason, does Paul
constantly command them to practice virtue, and to be obedient to their
master, not so much regarding the service of their masters, as that the
word of God and the doctrine be not blasphemed. But when it is not
blasphemed, it will soon also be admired. And I know of many families,
that they have greatly benefited by the virtue of their slaves. But if
a servant placed under authority can improve his master, much more can
the master his servants. Divide then with me, I beseech you, this
ministry. I address all generally, do you each individual privately and
let each charge himself with the salvation of his neighbors. For that
it becomes one to preside over those of his household in these matters,
hear where Paul sends women for instruction; "And if they would learn
anything, let them ask their own husbands at home" (1 Cor. xiv. 35);
and he does not lead them to the Teacher. For as in the schools of
learning, there are teachers even among the disciples, so also in the
Church. For he wishes the Teacher not to be troubled by all. Wherefore?
Because then there will be great advantages, not only that the labor
will be light to the Teacher, but that each of the disciples also,
having taken pains, is soon able to become a teacher, making this his
concern.
For see how great a service the wife contributes.
She keeps the house, and takes care of all things in the house, she
presides over her handmaids, she clothes them with her own hands, she
causes thee to be called the father of children, she delivers thee from
brothels, she aids thee to live chastely, she puts a stop to the strong
desire of nature. And do thou also benefit her. How? In spiritual
things stretch forth thy hand. Whatever useful things thou hast heard,
these, like the swallows, bearing off in thy mouth, carry away and
place them in the mouth of the mother and the young ones. For how is it
not absurd, in other things to think thyself worthy of the preeminence,
and to occupy the place of the head, but in teaching to quit thy
station. The ruler ought not to excel the ruled in honors, so much as
in virtues. For this is the duty of a ruler, for the other is the part
of the ruled, but this is the achievement of the ruler himself. If thou
enjoy-est much honor, it is nothing to thee, for thou receivedst it
from others. If thou shinest in much virtue, this is all thine own.
Thou art the head of the woman, let then the head
relate the rest of the body. Dost thou not see that it is not so much
above the rest of the body in situation, as in forethought, directing
like a steersman the whole of it? For in the head are the eyes both of
the body, and of the soul. Hence flows to them both the faculty of
seeing, and the power of directing. And the rest of the body is
appointed for service, but this is set to command. All the senses have
thence their origin and their source. Thence are sent forth the organs
of speech, the power of seeing, and of smelling, and all touch. For
thence is derived the root of the nerves and of the bones. Seest thou
not that it is superior in forethought more than in honor? So let us
role the women; let us surpass them, not by seeking greater honor
from them, but by their being more benefited by us.
I have shown that they afford us no little benefit,
but if we are willing to make them a return in spiritual things, we
surpass them. For it is not possible in bodily things to offer an
equivalent. For what? dost thou contribute much wealth? but it is she
who preserves it, and this care of hers is an equivalent, and thus
there is need of her, because many, who had great possessions, have
lost all because they had not one to take care of them. But as for the
children, you both communicate, and the benefit from each is equal. She
indeed in these things rather has the more laborious service, always
bearing the offspring, and being afflicted with the pains of
childbirth; so that in spiritual things only wilt thou be able to
surpass her.
Let us not therefore regard how we shall have
wealth, but how we shall present with confidence to God the souls with
which we are entrusted. For by regulating them we shall also most
highly benefit ourselves. For he who teaches another, although he does
nothing rise, yet in speaking is affected with compunction, when he
sees him-
398
self responsible for those things, on account of which he reproves
others. Since therefore we benefit both ourselves and them, and through
them the household, and this is preëminently pleasing to God; let
us not be weary of taking care both of our own souls and of those who
minister to us, that for all we may receive a recompense, and with much
riches may arrive at the holy City our mother, the Jerusalem that is
above, from which God grant that we may never fall, but that having
shone in the most excellent course of life, we may be thought worthy
with much confidence to see our Lord Jesus Christ; with whom to the
Father, together with the Holy Ghost, be glory, power, and honor, now
and ever, and world without end. Amen.
HOMILIES OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM,
ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
ON THE
FIRST EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE
TO
TIMOTHY
ARGUMENT.
1. TIMOTHY too(1) was one of the disciples of the
Apostle Paul. To the extraordinary qualities of this youth testimony is
borne by Luke, who informs us, that he was "well reported of by the
brethren that were at Lystra and Iconium." (Acts xvi. 2.) He became at
once a disciple and a teacher, and gave this singular instance of his
prudence, that hearing Paul preach without insisting upon circumcision,
and understanding that he had formerly withstood Peter upon that point,
he chose not only not to preach against it, but to submit to that rite.
For Paul, it is said, "took and circumcised him" (Acts xvi. 3), though
he was of adult age, and so trusted him with his whole economy.(2)
The affection of Paul for him is a sufficient
evidence of his character. For he elsewhere says of him, "Ye know the
proof of him, that as a son with a father, he hath served with me in
the Gospel." (Phil. ii. 22.) And to the Corinthians again he writes: "I
have sent unto you Timothy, who is my beloved son, and faithful in the
Lord." (1 Cor. iv. 17.) And again: "Let no man despise him, for he
worketh the work of the Lord, as I also do." (1 Cor. xvi. 10, 11.) And
to the Hebrews he writes, "Know that our brother Timothy is set at
liberty." (Heb. xiii. 23.) Indeed his love for him is everywhere
apparent, and the miracles(3) that are now wrought still attest his
claims.(4)
2. If it should be asked why he addresses Epistles
to Titus and Timothy alone, though Silas was approved, as also was
Luke, for he writes, "Only Luke is with me" (2 Tim. iv. 11), and
Clement was one of his associates, of whom he says, "with Clement and
other my fellow-laborers" (Phil. iv. 3), for what reason then does he
write only to Titus and Timothy? It is because he had already committed
the care of churches to these, and certain marked(5) places had been
assigned to them, but the others were in attendance upon him. For so
preëminent in virtue was Timothy, that his youth was no impediment
to his promotion; therefore he writes, "Let no man despise thy youth"
(1 Tim. iv. 12, and v. 2); and again, "The younger women as
sisters."(6) For where there is virtue, all other things are
superfluous, and there can be no impediment. Therefore when the Apostle
discourses of Bishops, among the many things he requires of them, he
makes no particular mention of age. And if he speaks of a Bishop "being
the husband of one wife," and "having his children in subjection" (1
Tim. iii. 2, 4), this is not said, as if it were necessary he should
have a wife and children; but that if any should
408
happen from a secular life to be advanced to that office, they might be
such as knew how to preside over their household and children, and all
others committed to them. For if a man were both secular and deficient
in these points, how should he be(1) intrusted with the care of the
Church?
3. But why, you will say, does he address an Epistle
to a disciple already appointed to the office of a Teacher? Ought he
not to have been made perfect for his office, before he was sent? Yes;
but the instruction which he needed was not that which was suited to a
disciple, but that which was proper for a Teacher. You will perceive
him therefore through the whole Epistle adapting his instructions to a
Teacher. Thus at the very beginning he does not say, "Do not attend to
those who teach otherwise," but, "Charge them that they teach no other
doctrine." (1 Tim. i. 3.)
HOMILY I.
1 TIMOTHY i, 1, 2.
"Paul, an Apostle of Jesus Christ by the commandment of God our
Saviour, and Lord Jesus Christ, which is our hope; unto Timothy, my own
son in the faith: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God our Father and
Jesus Christ our Lord." [The R. V. omits
<greek>kuriou</greek> and translates: Christ Jesus our
hope, <greek>ths</greek> <greek>elpidos</greek>
<greek>hmpn</greek>
I. GREAT and admirable is the dignity of an Apostle,
and we find Paul constantly setting forth the causes of it, not as if
he took the honor to himself, but as intrusted with it, and being under
the necessity of so doing. For when he speaks of himself as "called,"
and that "by the will of God," and again elsewhere, "a necessity is
laid upon me" (1 Cor. ix. 16), and when he says, "for this I was
separated," by these expressions all idea of arrogance and ambition is
removed. For as he deserves the severest blame, who intrudes into an
office which is not given him of God, so he who refuses, and shrinks
from it when offered to him, incurs blame of another kind, that of
rebellion and disobedience. Therefore Paul, in the beginning of this
Epistle, thus expresses himself, "Paul, an Apostle of Jesus Christ by
the commandment of God." He does not say here, "Paul called," but "by
commandment." He begins in this manner, that Timothy may not feel any
human infirmity from supposing that Paul addresses him on the same
terms as his disciples. But where is this commandment given? We read in
the Acts of the Apostles: "The Spirit said, Separate me Paul and
Barnabas." (Acts xiii. 2.) And everywhere in his writings Paul adds the
name of Apostle, to instruct his hearers not to consider the doctrines
he delivered as proceeding from man. For an Apostle(2) can say nothing
of his own, and by calling himself an Apostle, he at once refers his
hearers to Him that sent him. In all his Epistles therefore he begins
by assuming this title, thus giving authority to his words, as here he
says, "Paul, an Apostle of Jesus Christ according to the commandment of
God our Saviour." Now it does not appear that the Father anywhere
commanded him. It is everywhere Christ who addresses him. Thus, "He
said unto me, Depart, for I will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles"
(Acts xxii. 21); and again, "Thou must be brought before Cæsar."
(Acts xxvii. 24.) But whatever the Son commands, this he considers to
be the commandment of the Father, as those of the Spirit are the
commandments of the Son. For he was sent by the Spirit, he was
separated by the Spirit, and this he says was the commandment of God.
What then? does it derogate from the power of the Son, that His Apostle
was sent forth by the commandment of the Father? By no means. For
observe, how he represents the power as common to both. For having
said, "according to the commandment of God our Saviour"; he adds, "and
Lord Jesus Christ, our hope." And observe, with what propriety he
applies the titles.(3) And indeed, the Psalmist applies this to the
Father, saying, "The hope of all the ends of the earth." (Ps. lxiv. 5.)
And again, the blessed Paul in another place writes, "For therefore we
both labor, and suffer reproach, because we have hope in the living
God." The teacher must suffer dangers even more than the disciple. "For
I will smite the shepherd, (he says,) "and the sheep shall be scattered
abroad." (Zech. xiii. 7.) Therefore the devil rages with greater
violence against teachers, because by their destruction the flock also
is scattered. For by slaying the sheep, he has lessened the flock, but
when he has made away with the shepherd, he has ruined the whole flock,
so that he the
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rather assaults him, as working greater mischief by a less effort; and
in one soul effecting the ruin of all. For this reason Paul, at the
beginning, elevates and encourages the soul of Timothy, by saying, We
have God for our Saviour and Christ for our hope. We suffer much, but
our hopes are great; we are exposed to snares and perils, but to save
us we have not man but God. Our Saviour is not weak, for He is God, and
whatever be our dangers they will not overcome us; nor is our hope made
ashamed, for it is Christ.(1) For in two ways we are enabled to bear up
against dangers, when we are either speedily delivered from them, or
supposed by good hopes under them.
But Paul never calls himself the Apostle of the
Father, but always of Christ. Because he makes everything common to
both. The Gospel itself he calls "the Gospel of God."(2) And ent are as
nothing.
"Unto Timothy, my own son in the faith."
This too is encouraging. For if he evinced such
faith as to be called peculiarly Paul's "own" son, he might be
confident also with respect to the future. For it is the part of faith
not to be cast down or disturbed, though circumstances occur that seem
contrary to the promises. But observe he says, "my son," and even "mine
own son," and yet he is not of the same substance. But what? was he of
irrational kind? "Well," says one, "he was not of Paul, so this does
not imply 'being of' another." What then? was he of another substance
neither was it so, for after saying "mine own son," he adds, "in the
faith," to show that he was really "his own son," and truly from him.
There was no difference. The likeness he bore to him was in respect to
his faith, as in human births there is a likeness in respect of
substance The son is like the father in human beings, but with respect
to God the proximity is greater.(3) For here a father and a son, though
of the same substance, differ in many particulars, as in color, figure,
understanding, age, bent of mind, endowments of soul and body, and in
many other things they may be like or unlike, but there is no such
dissimilarity in the divine Essence. "By commandment." This is a
stronger ex- son," in like manner he says to the Corinthians, "in
Christ Jesus I have begotten you," i.e. in faith; but he adds the word
"own,"(4) to show his particular likeness to himself, as well as his
own love and great affection for him. Notice again the "in" applied to
the faith. "My own son," he says, "in the faith." See what an honorable
distinction, in that he calls him not only his "son," but his "own" son.
Ver. 2. "Grace, mercy, and peace from God our Father
and Jesus Christ our Lord."
Why is mercy mentioned here, and not in the other
Epistles? This is a further mark of his affection. Upon his son he
invokes greater blessings, with the anxious apprehension of a parent.
For such was his anxiety, that he gives directions to Timothy, which he
has done in no other case, to attend to his bodily health; where he
says, "Use a little wine for thy stomach's sake, and thine often
infirmities" (1 Tim. v. 23.) Teachers indeed stand more in need of
mercy.
"From God our Father," he says, "and Jesus Christ
our Lord."
Here too is consolation. For if God is our Father,
He cares for us as sons, as Christ says, "What man is there of you,
whom if his son ask bread, will he give him a stone?" (Matt. vii. 9.)
Ver. 3. "As I besought thee to abide still at
Ephesus, when I went into Macedonia."
Observe the gentleness of the expression, more like
that of a servant than of a master. For he does not say "I commanded,"
or "bade" or even "exhorted," but "I besought thee." But this tone is
not for all: only meek and virtuous disciples are to be treated thus.
The corrupt and insincere are to be dealt with in a different manner,
as Paul himself elsewhere directs, "Rebuke them with all authority"
(Tit. ii. 15); and here he says "charge," not "beseech," but "charge
some that they teach no other doctrine" What means this? That Paul's
Epistle which he sent them was not sufficient? Nay, it was sufficient;
but men are apt sometimes to slight Epistles, or perhaps this may have
been before the Epistles were written. He had himself passed some time
in that city. There was the temple of Diana, and there he had been
exposed to those great sufferings. For after the assembly in the
Theater had been dissolved, and he had called to him and exhorted the
disciples, he found it necessary to sail away, though afterwards he
returned to them. It were worth enquiry, whether he stationed Timothy
there at that time.(5) For he says, that "thou
410
mightest charge some that they teach no other doctrine": he does not
mention the persons by name, that he might not, by the openness of his
rebuke, render them more shameless. There were in that city certain
false Apostles of the Jews, who wished to oblige the faithful to
observe the Jewish law, a fault he is everywhere position to him. This
is meant by "teaching another doctrine."
Ver. 4. "Neither give heed to fables and endless
genealogies."
By "fables" he does not mean the law; far from it;
but inventions and forgeries and counterfeit doctrines. For, it seems,
the Jews wasted their whole discourse on these unprofitable points.
knowledge and research. "That thou mightest charge some," he says,
"that they teach no other doctrine, neither give heed to fables and
endless genealogies." Why does he call them "endless"? It is because
they had no end, or none of any use, or none easy for us to apprehend.
Mark how he disapproves of questioning. For where faith exists, there
is no need of question. Where there is no room for curiosity, questions
are superfluous. Questioning is the subversion of faith.(1) For he that
seeks has not yet found. He who questions cannot believe. Therefore it
is his advice that we should not be occupied with questions, since if
we question, it is not faith; for faith sets reasoning at rest. But why
then does Christ say, "Seek and ye shall find, knock and it shall be
opened unto you" (Matt. vii. 7); and, "Search the Scriptures, for in
them ye think ye have eternal life"? (John v. 39.) The seeking there is
meant of prayer and vehement desire, and He bids "search the
Scriptures," not to introduce the labors of questioning, but to end
them, that we may ascertain and settle their true meaning, not that we
may be ever questioning, but that we may have done with it. And he
justly said, "Charge some that they teach no other doctrine, neither
give heed to fables, and endless genealogies, which minister questions
rather than the dispensation of God in faith."(2) Justly has he which
is the best medicine of our souls. This questioning therefore is
opposed to the dispensation of God. For what is dispensed by faith? To
recede His mercies and become better men; to doubt and dispute of
nothing; but to repose in confidence. For what "ministers questions"
displaces faith and that which faith hath wrought and builded. Christ
has said that we must be saved by faith; this these teachers questioned
and even denied. For since the announcement was present, but the issue
of it future, faith was required. But they bring preoccupied by legal
observances threw impediments in the way of faith. He seems also here
to glance at the Greeks, where he speaks of "fables and genealogies,"
for they enumerated their Gods.
MORAL. Let us not then give heed to questions. For
we were called Faithful, that we might unhesitatingly believe
what is delivered to us, and entertain no doubt. For if the things
asserted were human, we ought to examine them; but since they are of
God, they are only to be revered and believed. If we believe not, how
shall we be persuaded of the existence of a God? For how knowest thou
that there is a God, when thou callest Him to account? The Him without
proofs and demonstrations. Even the Greeks know this; for they believed
their Gods telling them, saith one, even without proof; and
what?--That(3) they were the off- sorcerer,(4) (I speak of Pythagoras,)
they acted in like manner, for of him it was said,(5) He said it.(6)
And over their temples was an image of Silence, and her finger on her
mouth, compressing her lips, and significantly exhorting all that
passed by to be silent. And were their doctrines so sacred, and are
ours less so? and even to be ridiculed? What extreme madness is this!
The tenets of the Greeks indeed are rightly questioned. For they were
of that nature, being but disputes, conflicts of reasonings, and
doubts, and conclusions. But ours are far from all these. For human
wisdom invented theirs, but ours were taught by the grace of the
Spirit. Their doctrines are madness and folly, ours are true wisdom. In
their case there is neither teacher nor scholar; but all alike are
disputants. Here whether teacher or scholar, each is to learn(7) of him
from whom he ought to learn, and not to doubt, but obey; not to
dispute, but be-
411
lieve. For all the ancients obtained a good report through faith, and
without this everything is subverted. And why do I speak of it in
heavenly things? We shall find upon examination that earthly things
depend upon it no less. For without this there would be no trade nor
contracts, nor anything of the sort. And if it be so necessary here in
things that are false, how much more in those.(1) doctrines, such, for
instance, as relate to nativity(2) and fate.(3) If you believe that
there is a resurrection and a judgment, you will be able to expel from
your mind all those false opinions. Believe that there is a just God,
and you will not believe that there can be an unjust nativity. Believe
that there is a God, and a Providence,(4) and you will not believe that
there can be a nativity, that holds alI things together.(5) Believe
that there is a place of punishment, and a Kingdom, and you will not
brave in a nativity that takes away our free agency, and subjects us to
necessity and force. Neither sow, nor plant, nor according to the
course of nativity ! What need have we more of Prayer? And why should
you deserve to be a Christian, if there be this nativity? for you will
not then be responsible. And whence proceed the arts of life? are these
too from nativity? Yes, you say, and it is fated to one to become wise
with labor. But can you show me one who has learnt an art without
labor? You cannot. It is not then from nativity but from labor that he
derives his skill.
But why does a man who is corrupt and wicked become
rich, without inheriting it from raise, always arguing upon wealth and
poverty, and never taking the case of vice and virtue. Now in this
question talk not of that, but show me a man who has become bad, whilst
he was striving to be good; or one that, without striving, has become
good. For if Fate has any power, its power should be shown in the most
important things; in vice and virtue, not in poverty and riches. Again
you ask, why is one man sickly and another healthy? why is one honored,
another disgraced? Why does ever thing succeed well with this man,
whilst another meets with nothing but failure and impediments? Lay
aside the notion of nativity, and you will know. Believe firmly that
there is a God and a Providence, and all these things will be cleared
up. "But I cannot," you say, "conceive that honest man, and not to the
virtuous? How can I believe this? for there must be facts to ground
belief." Well then, do these cases proceed from a nativity that was
just, or unjust? "Unjust," you say. Who then made it? "Not God," you
say, "it was unbegotten." But how can the unbegotten produce these
things? for they are contradictions. "These things are not then in any
wise the works of God." Shall we then enquire who made the earth, the
sea, the heavens, the seasons? "Nativity," you answer. Did
nativity then produce in things inanimate such order and harmony, but
in us, for whom these things were made, so much disorder? As if one, in
building a house, should be careful to make it magnificent, but bestow
not a thought upon his household. But who preserves the succession of
the seasons? Who established the regular laws of nature? Who appointed
the courses of day and night? These things are superior to any such
nativity. "But these," you say, "came to be of themselves." And yet how
can such a well-ordered system spring up of itself?
"But whence" you say "come the rich, the healthy,
the renowned, and how are some made rich by covetousness, some by
inheritance, some by violence? and why does God suffer the wicked to be
prosperous?" We answer, Because the retribution, according to the
desert of each, does not take place here, but is reserved for
hereafter. Show me any such thing taking place Then ! "Well," say you,
"give me here, and I do not look for hereafter."(6) But it is because
you seek here, that you receive not. For if when earthly enjoyment is
not within your reach, you seek present things so eagerly as to prefer
them to future, what would you do if you were in possession of unmixed
pleasure? God therefore shows you that these things are nothing, and
indifferent; for if they were not indifferent, He would not below them
on such men. You will own that it is a matter of indifference whether
one be tall or short, black or white; so is it whether one be rich or
poor. For, tell me, are not things necessary bestowed on all equally,
as the capacity for virtue, the distribution of spiritual gifts? If you
understood aright the mercies of God, you would not complain of wanting
worldly things, whilst you enjoyed these best gifts equally with
others; and knowing that equal distribution you would not desire superi-
412
ority in the rest. As if a servant enjoying from his master's bounty
food, clothing, and lodging, and all other necessaries equally with his
fellow- this reason it is, that God withdraws those things fore us, to
extinguish this madness, and transfer our affections from them to
heaven. But nevertheless we do not learn wisdom. As if a child
possessing a toy, should prefer it to things necessary, and his father,
to lead him against his will to what was better for him, should deprive
him of his toy; so God takes these things from us, that He may lead us
to heaven. If you ask then why He permits the wicked to be rich, it is
because they are not high in His esteem. And if the righteous too are
rich, it is rather that He allows it to be, than that He makes them so.
they might gain wealth, do not seek wealth; when they might enjoy
health, mortify their bodies; when they might rise to glory, make it
their aim to be despised. But there is no good man, who ever studied to
be bad. Let us therefore desist from seeking things below, and let us
seek heavenly things; for so we shall be able to attain them, and we
shall enjoy eternal delights,(2) by the grace and lovingkindness of our
Lord Jesus Christ. To Whom with the Father and the Holy Ghost be glory,
power, and honor, now, and ever, and world without end. Amen.
HOMILY II.
I TIMOTHY i. 5--7.
"Now the end of the commandment is charity out of a pure heart, and of
a good conscience, and of faith unfeigned:: From which some having
swerved have turned aside unto vain jangling; Desiring to be teachers
of the law; understanding neither what they say, nor whereof they
affirm."
NOTHING iS so injurious to mankind as to undervalue
friendship(1); and not to cultivate it with the greatest care; as
nothing, on the other hand, is so beneficial, as to pursue it to the
utmost of our power. This Christ has shown, where He says, "If two of
you shall agree on earth, as touching anything that they shall ask, it
shall be done for them of My Father" (Matt. xviii. 19); and again,
"Because iniquity shall abound, love shall wax cold." (Matt. xxiv. 12.)
It is this that has been the occasion of all heresies. For men, because
they loved not their brethren, have envied those who were in high
repute, and from envying, they have become eager for power, and from a
love of power have introduced heresies. On this account Paul having
said, "that thou mightest charge some that they teach no other
doctrine," now shows that the manner in which this may be effected is
by charity. As therefore when he says, "Christ is the end of the Law"
(Rom. x. 4), that is, its fulfillment, and this is connected with the
former, so this(3) a commandment implied in love. The end of
medicine is health, but where there is health, there is no need to make
much ado; so where there is love, there is no need of much commanding.
But what sort of love does he speak of? That which is sincere, which is
not merely in words but which flows from the disposition, from
sentiment, and sympathy. "From a pure heart," he says, either with
respect to a right conversation, or sincere affection. For an impure
life too produces divisions. "For every one that doeth evil, hateth the
light." (John iii. 20.) There is indeed a friendship even among the
wicked. Robbers and murderers may love one another, but this is not
"from a good conscience," not "from a pure" but from an impure "heart,"
not from "faith unfeigned," but from that which is false and
hypocritical. For faith points out the truth, and a sincere faith
produces love, which he who truly believes in God cannot endure to lay
aside.
Ver. 6. "From which some having swerved have turned
aside to vain jangling."
He has well said, "swerved," for it requires
skill,(4) to shoot straight and not beside the mark,
413
to have(1) the direction of the Spirit. For there are many things to
turn us aside from the right course, and we should look but to one
object.
Ver. 7. "Desiring to be teachers of the law."
Here we see another cause of evil, the love of
power. Wherefore Christ said, "Be not ye called Rabbi" (Matt. xxiii.
8); and the Apostle again, "For neither do they keep the law, but that
they may glory in your flesh." (Gal. vi. 13.) They desire
preëminence, he means, and on that account disregard truth.
"Understanding neither what they say, nor whereof
they affirm."
Here he censures them, because they know not the end
and aim of the Law, nor the period for which it was to have authority.
But if it was from ignorance, why is it called a sin? Because it was
incurred not only from their desiring to be teachers of the law,(2) but
from their not retaining love. Nay, and their very ignorance arose from
these causes. For when the soul abandons itself to carnal things, the
clearness of its vision is dimmed, and falling from love it drops into
contentiousness, and the eye of the mind is blinded. For he that is
possessed by any desire for these temporal things intoxicated, as he
is, with passion, cannot be an impartial judge of truth.(3)
"Not knowing whereof they affirm."
For it is probable that they spoke of the law, and
enlarged on its purifications and other bodily rites. The Apostle then
forbearing to censure these, as either nothing, or at best a shadow and
figure of spiritual things, proceeds in a more engaging way to praise
the law, calling the Decalogue here the law, and by means of it
discarding the rest. For if even these precepts punish transgressors,
and become useless to us, much more the others.
Ver. 8, 9. ".But we know that the law is good, if a
man use it lawfully. Knowing this, that the law is not made for a
righteous man."
The law, he seems to say, is good, and again, not
good. What then? if one use it not lawfully, is it not good? Nay even
so it is good. But what he means is this; if any one fulfills it in his
actions; for that is to "use it lawfully" as here intended. But when
they expound it in their words, and neglect it in their deeds, that is
using it unlawfully. For such an one uses it, but not to his own
profit. And another way may be named besides. What is it? that the law,
if thou use it aright, sends thee to Christ. For since its aim is to
justify man, and it fails to effect this, it remits us to Him who can
do so. Another way again of using the law lawfully, is when we keep it,
but as a thing superfluous. And how as a thing superfluous? As the
bridle is properly used, not by the prancing horse that champs it, but
by that which wears it only for the sake of appearance, so he uses the
law lawfully, who governs himself, though not as constrained by the
letter of it. He uses the law lawfully who is conscious that he does
not need it, for he who is already so virtuous that he fulfills it not
from fear of it, but from a principle of virtue,(4) uses it lawfully
and safely: that is, if one so use it, not as being in fear of it, but
having before his eyes rather the condemnation of conscience than the
punishment hereafter. Moreover he calls him a righteous man, who has
attained unto virtue. He therefore uses the law lawfully, who does not
require to be instructed by it. For as points in reading are set before
children; but he who does what they direct, without their aid, from
other knowledge, shows more skill, and is a better reader; so he who is
above the law, is not under the schooling of the law. For he keeps it
in a much higher degree, who fulfills it not from fear, but from a
virtuous inclination; since he that fears punishment does not fulfill
it in the same manner as he that aims at reward. He that is under the
law doth it not as he that is above the law. For to live above the law
is to use it lawfully. He uses it lawfully, and keeps it, who achieves
things beyond the law, and who does not need its instructions. For the
law, for the most part, is prohibition of evil; now this alone does not
make a man righteous, but the performance of good actions besides.
Hence those, who abstain from evil like slaves, do not come up to the
mark of the law. For it was appointed for the punishment of
transgression. Such men indeed use it, but it is to dread its
punishment. It is said, "Wilt thou not be afraid of the power? do that
which is good" (Rom. xiii. 3): which implies, that the law threatens
punishment only to the wicked. But of what use is the law to him whose
actions deserve a crown? as the surgeon is of use only to him who hath
some hurt, and not to the sound and healthy man. "But for the lawless
and disobedient, for the ungodly and for sinners." He calls the Jews
"lawless and disobedient" too. "The law (he says) worketh wrath," that
is, to the evil doers. But what to him who is deserving of reward? "By
the law is the knowledge of sin." (Rom. iii. 20.) What then with
respect to the righteous? "the law is not made," he says, "for a
righteous man." Wherefore? Because he is exempted from its punishment,
and
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he waits not to learn from it what is his duty, since he has the grace
of the Spirit within to direct him. For the law was given that men
might be chastened by fear of its threatenings. But the tractable horse
needs not the curb, nor the man that can dispense with instruction the
schoolmaster.
"But for the lawless and disobedient, for the
ungodly and for sinners, for the unholy and profane, for murderers of
fathers and murderers of mothers." Thus he does not stop at the mention
of sins in general, nor of these only, but goes over the several kinds
of sin, to shame men, as it were, of being under the direction of the
law; and having thus particularized some, he adds a reference to those
omitted, though what he had enumerated were sufficient to withdraw men.
Of whom then does he say these things? Of the Jews, for they were
"murderers of fathers and murderers of mothers": they were "profane and
unholy," for these too he means when he says, "ungodly and sinners,"
and being such, the law was necessarily given to them. For did they not
repeatedly worship idols? did they not stone Moses? were not their
hands imbrued in the blood of their kindred? Do not the prophets
constantly accuse them of these things? But to those who are instructed
by a heavenly philosophy, these commandments are superfluous. "For
murderers of fathers and murderers of mothers, for manslayers, for
whoremongers, for them that defile themselves with mankind, for
menstealers, for liers, for perjured persons, and if there be any other
thing that is contrary to sound doctrine"; for all the things which he
had mentioned were the passions of a corrupted soul, and contrary,
therefore, to sound doctrine.
Ver. 11. "According to the glorious Gospel of the
blessed God, which was committed to my true."
Thus the Law is still necessary for the confirmation
of the Gospel, yet to those who obey it is unnecessary. And he calls
the Gospel "glorious." There were some who were ashamed of its
persecutions, and of the sufferings of Christ, and so for the sake of
these, as well as for others, he has called it "the glorious Gospel,"
thus showing that the sufferings of Christ are our glory. And perhaps
he glances too at the future. For if our present state is exposed to
shame and reproach, it will not be so hereafter; and it is to things
future, and not to things present, that the Gospel belongs. Why then
did the Angel say, "Behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, for
unto you is born a Saviour "? (Luke ii. 10.) Because He was born to be
their Saviour, though His miracles did not commence from His birth.
"According to the Gospel," he saith, "of the blessed God." The glory(1)
he means is either that of the service of God, or, in that if present
things are filled with its glory, yet much more will things future be
so; when "His enemies shall be put under His feet" (1 COR. xv. 25),
when there shall be nothing opposed, when the just shall behold all
those blessed things, which "eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, and
which hath not entered into the heart of man." (1 COR. ii. 9.) "For I
will" says our Saviour, "that they also may be with Me, where I am,
that they may behold My glory, which Thou hast given Me." (John xvii.
24.)
MORAL. Let us then learn who these are, and let us
esteem them blessed, considering what felicities they will then enjoy,
of what light and glory they will then participate. The glory of this
world is worthless and not enduring, or if it abides, it abides but
till death, and after that is wholly extinguished. For "his glory," it
says, "shall not descend after him." (Ps. xlix. 17.) And with many it
lasts not even to the end of life. But no such thing is to be thought
of in that glory; it abides, and will have no end. For such are the
things of God, enduring, and above all change or end. For the glory of
that state is not from without, but from within. I mean, it consists
not in a multitude of servant, or of chariot, nor in costly garments.
Independently of these things, the man himself is clothed with glory.
Here, without these things, the man appears naked. In the baths, we see
the illustrious the undistinguished, and the base, alike bare. Often
have the great been exposed to danger in public, being left on some
occasion by their servants. But in that world men carry their glory
about with them, and the Saints, like the Angels, wherever they appear,
have their glory in themselves. Yea rather as the sun needs no
vestures, and requires no foreign aid, but wherever he appears, his
glory at once shines forth; so shall it then be.
Let us then pursue that glory, than which nothing is
more venerable; and leave the glory of the world, as beyond anything
worthless. "Boast not of thy clothing and raiment." (Ecclus. xi. 4.)
This was the advice given of old to the simple. Indeed the dancer, the
harlot, the player, are arrayed in a gayer and more costly robe than
thou. And besides, this boasting were of that, which if but moths
attack, they can rob thee of its enjoyment. Dost thou see what an
unstable thing it is, this glory of the present life? Thou pridest
thyself upon that which insects make and destroy. For Indian insects,,
it is said, spin those fine threads of which your robes are made. But
rather seek a clothing woven from things above, an admirable and
radiant vesture, raiment of real gold; of gold not dug
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by malefactors' hands out of the mine, but the produce of virtue. Let
us clothe ourselves with a robe not the manufacture of poor men or
slaves, but wrought by our Lord Himself. But your garments, you say,
are in-wrought with gold! And what is that to thee? He that wrought it,
not he that wears it, is the object of admiration, for there it is
really due. It is not the frame on which the garment is stretched at
the fuller's, but the maker of it, that is admired. Yet the block wears
it, and has it bound on itself. And as that wears it, but not for use,
even so do some of these women, for the benefit of the garment, to air
it, they say, that it may not be moth-eaten! Is it not then the extreme
of folly to be solicitous about a thing so worthless, to do anything
whatever, to risk your salvation for it, to make a mock at Hell, to set
God at defiance, to overlook Christ hungering? Talk not of the precious
spices of India, Arabia, and Persia, the moist and the dry, the
perfumes and unguents, so costly and so useless. Why, O woman, dost
thou lavish perfumes upon a body full of impurity within? why spend on
what is offensive, as if one should waste perfumes upon dirt, or
distill balms upon a brick. There is, if you desire it, a precious
ointment and a fragrance, with which you might anoint your soul; not
brought from Arabia, or Ethiopia, nor from Persia, but from heaven
itself; purchased not by gold, but by a virtuous will, and by faith
unfeigned. Buy this perfume, the odor of which is able to fill the
world. It was of this the Apostles savored. "For we are (he says) a
sweet savor, to some of death, to others of life." (2 Cor. ii. 15, 16.)
And what means this? That it is as they say, that the swine is
suffocated by perfumes! But this spiritual fragrance scented not only
the bodies but the garments of the Apostles; and Paul's garments were
so impregnated with it, that they cast out devils. What balmy leaf,
what cassia, what myrrh so sweet or so efficacious as this perfume? For
if it put devils to flight, what could it not effect? With this
ointment let us furnish ourselves. And the grace of the Spirit will
provide it through almsgiving. Of these we shall savor, when we go into
the other world. And as here, he(1) that is perfumed with sweet odors
draws upon himself, the notice of all, and whether at the bath, or the
assembly, or any other concourse of men, all follow him, and observe
him; so, in that world, when souls come in that are fragrant with this
spiritual savor, all arise and make room. And even here devils and all
vices are afraid to approach it, and cannot endure it, for it chokes
them. Let us then not bear about us that perfume which is a mark of
effeminacy, but this, which is a mark of manhood, which is truly
admirable, which fills us with a holy confidence. This is a spice which
is not the produce of the earth, but springs from virtue, which withers
not, but blooms for ever. This is it that renders those who possess it
honorable. With this we are anointed at our Baptism, then we savor
sweetly of it; but it must be by our care afterwards that we retain the
savor. Of old the Priests were anointed with ointment, as an emblem of
the virtue, the fragrance of which a Priest should diffuse around him.
But nothing is more offensive than the savor of sin,
which made the Psalmist say, "My wounds stink and are corrupt." (Ps.
xxxviii. 5.) For sin is more foul than putrefaction itself. What, for
instance, is more offensive than fornication? And if this is not
perceived at the time of its commission, yet, after it is committed,
its offensive nature, the impurity contracted in it, and the curse,(2)
and the abomination of it is perceived. So it is with all sin. Before
it is committed it has something of pleasure, but after its commission,
the pleasure ceases and fades away, and pain and shame succeed. But
with righteousness it is the reverse. At the beginning it is attended
with toil, but in the end with pleasure and repose. But even here, as
in the one case the pleasure of sin is no pleasure, because of the
expectation of disgrace and punishment, so in the other the toil is not
felt as toil, by reason of the hope of reward. And what is the pleasure
of drunkenness? The poor gratification of drinking, and hardly that.
For when insensibility follows, and the man sees nothing that is before
him, and is in a worse state than a madman, what enjoyment remains?
Nay, one might well say there is no pleasure in fornication itself. For
when passion has deprived the soul of its judgment, can there be any
real delights? As well might we say that the itch is a pleasure! I
should call that true pleasure, when the soul is not affected by
passion, not agitated nor overpowered by the body. For what pleasure
can it be to grind the teeth, to distort the eyes, to be irritated and
inflamed beyond decency? But so far is it from being pleasant, that men
hasten to escape from it, and when it is over are in pain. But if it
were pleasure, they would wish not to escape from it, but to continue
it. It has therefore only the name of pleasure.
But not such are the pleasures enjoyed by us; they
are truly delightful, they do not agitate nor inflame. They leave the
soul free, and cheer and expand it. Such was the pleasure of Paul when
he said, "In this I rejoice, yea, and I will rejoice"; and again,
"Rejoice in the Lord always." (Phil. i. 18, and iv. 4.) For sinful
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pleasure is attended with shame and condemnation; it is indulged in
secret, and is attended with infinite uneasiness. But from all these
the true pleasure is exempt. This then let us pursue, that we may
attain those good things to come, through the grace and mercy of our
Lord Jesus Christ, to whom, &c.
HOMILY III.
1 TIMOTHY i. 12--14.
"And I thank Christ Jesus our Lord, who hath enabled me, for that he
counted me faithful, putting me into the ministry [R. V.: to his
service, <greek>eis</greek>
<greek>diakonian</greek>]; who was before a blasphemer, and
a persecutor, and injurious: but I obtained mercy, because I did it
ignorantly in unbelief. And the grace of our Lord was exceeding
abundant, with faith and love which is in Christ Jesus."
THE advantages arising from humility are generally
acknowledged, and yet it is a thing not easily to be met with. There is
affectation of humble talking enough and to spare, but humbleness of
mind is nowhere to be found. This quality was so cultivated by the
blessed Paul, that he is ever looking out for inducements to be humble.
They who are conscious to themselves of great merits must struggle much
with themselves if they would be humble. And he too was one likely to
be under violent temptations, his own good conscience swelling him up
like a gathering humor. Observe therefore his method in this place. "I
was intrusted," he had said, "with the glorious Gospel of God, of which
they who still adhere to the law have no right to partake; for it is
now opposed to the Gospel, and their difference is such, that those who
are actuated by the one, are as yet unworthy to partake of the other;
as we should say, that those who require punishments, and chains, have
no right to be admitted into the train of philosophers." Being filled
therefore with high thoughts, and having used magnificent expressions,
he at once depresses himself, and engages others also to do the like.
Having said therefore that "the Gospel was committed to his trust";
lest this should seem to be said from pride, he checks himself at once,
adding by way of correction, "I thank Christ Jesus our Lord, who hath
enabled me, for that He counted me faithful, putting me into the
ministry." Thus everywhere, we see, he conceals his own merit, and
ascribes everything to God, yet so far only, as not to take away free
will. For the unbeliever might perhaps say, If everything is of God,
and we contribute nothing of ourselves, while He turns us, as if we
were mere wood and stone, from wickedness to the love of wisdom, why
then did He make Paul such as he was, and not Judas? To remove this
objection, mark the prudence of his expression, "Which was committed,"
he says, "to my trust." This was his own excellence and merit, but not
wholly his own; for he says, "I thank Christ Jesus, who enabled me."
This is God's part: then his own again, "Because He counted me
faithful." Surely because he would be serviceable of his own part.
Ver. 13. "Putting me into his service, who was
before a blasphemer, and a persecutor, and injurious; but I obtained
mercy, because I did it ignorantly in unbelief."
Thus we see him acknowledge both his own part and
that of God, and whilst he ascribes the greater part to the providence
of God, he extenuates his own, yet so far only, as we said before, as
was consistent with free will. And what is this, "Who enabled me"? I
will tell you. He had so heavy a burden to sustain, that he needed much
aid from above. For think what it was to be exposed to daily insults,
and mockeries, and snares, and dangers, scoffs, and reproaches, and
deaths; and not to faint, or slip, or turn backward, but though
assaulted every day with darts innumerable, to bear up manfully, and
remain firm and imperturbable. This was the effect of no human power,
and yet not of Divine influence alone, but of his own resolution also.
For that Christ chose him with a foreknowledge of what he would be, is
plain from the testimony He bore to him before the commencement of his
preaching. "He is a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the
Gentiles and kings." (Acts ix. 15.) For as those who bear the royal
standard in war(1) require both strength and address, that they may not
let it fall into the hands of the enemy; so those who sustain the name
of Christ, not only in war but in peace, need a mighty strength, to
presence it uninjured from the attacks of accusers. Great indeed is
417
the strength required to bear the name of Christ, and to sustain it
well, and bear the Cross. For he who in action, or word, or thought,
does anything unworthy of Christ, does not sustain His name, and has
not Christ dwelling in him. For he that sustains that name bears it in
triumph, not in the concourse of men, but through the very heavens,
while all angels stand in awe, and attend upon him, and admire him.
"I thank the Lord, who hath enabled me." Observe how
he thanks God even for that which was his own part. For he acknowledges
it as a favor from Him that he was "a chosen vessel." For this, O
blessed Paul, was thy own part. "For God is no respecter of
persons."(1) But I thank Him that he "thought me worthy of this
ministry." For this is a proof that He esteemed me faithful. The
steward in a house is not only thankful to his master that he is
trusted, but considers it as a sign that he holds him more faithful
than others: so it is here. Then observe how he magnifies the mercy and
loving-kindness of God, in describing his former life, "who was
formerly," he says, "a blasphemer, and a persecutor, and injurious."
And when he speaks of the still unbelieving Jews, he rather extenuates
their guilt. "For I bear them record that they have a zeal for God, but
not according to knowledge." (Rom. x. 2.) But of himself he says, "Who
was a blasphemer and a persecutor." Observe his lowering of himself! So
free was he from self-love, so full of humility, that he is not
satisfied to call himself a persecutor and a blasphemer, but he
aggravates his guilt, showing that it did not stop with himself, that
it was not enough that he Gas a blasphemer, but in the madness of his
blasphemy he persecuted those who were willing to be godly.(2)
"But I obtained mercy because I did it ignorantly in
unbelief."
Why then did other Jews not obtain mercy? Because
what they did, they did not ignorantly, but willfully, well knowing
what they did. For this we have the testimony of the Evangelist. "Many
of the Jews believed on Him, but because of the Pharisees they did not
confess Him. For they loved the praise of men more than the praise of
God." (John xii. 42, 43.) And Christ again said to them, "How can ye
believe, who receive honor one of another" (John v. 44)? and the
parents of the blind man "said these things for fear of the Jews, lest
they should be put out of the synagogue." (John ix. 22.) Nay the Jews
themselves said, "Perceive ye how we avail nothing? behold, the world
is gone after Him." (John xii. 19.) Thus their love of power was
everywhere in their way. When they admitted that no one can forgive
sins but God only, and Christ immediately did that very thing,(3) which
they had confessed to be a sign of divinity, this Could not be a case
of ignorance. But where was Paul then? Perhaps one should say he was
sitting at the feet of Gamaliel, and took no part with the multitude
who conspired against Jesus: for Gamaliel does not appear to have been
an ambitious man. Then how is it that afterwards Paul was found joining
with the multitude? He saw the doctrine growing, and on the point of
prevailing, and being generally embraced. For in the lifetime of
Christ, the disciples consorted with Him, and afterwards with their
teachers,(4) but when they were completely separated, Paul did not act
as the other Jews did, from the love of power, but from zeal. For what
was the motive of his journey to Damascus? He thought the doctrine
pernicious, and was afraid that the preaching of it would spread
everywhere. But with the Jews it was no concern for the multitude, but
the love of power, that influenced their actions. Hence they say, "The
Romans will come and take away both our place and nation." (John xi.
48.) What fear was this that agitated them, but that of man? But it is
worthy of enquiry, how one so skillful in the law as Paul could be
ignorant? For it is he who says, "which He had promised before by His
holy prophets." (Rom. iv. 2.) How is it then that thou knowest not,
thou who art zealous of the law of their fathers, who wert brought up
at the feet of Gamaliel? Yet they who spent their days on lakes and
rivers, and the very publicans, have embraced the Gospel, whilst thou
that studiest the law art persecuting it! It is for this he condemns
himself, saying, "I am not meet to be called an Apostle." (1 Cor. ix.
9.) It is for this he confesses his ignorance, which was produced by
unbelief. For this cause, he says, that he obtained "mercy." What then
does he mean when he says," He counted me faithful"? He would give up
no right of his Master's: even his own part he ascribed to Him, and
assumed nothing to himself, nor claimed for his own the glory which was
due to God. Hence in another place we find him exclaiming, "Sirs, why
do ye these things to us? we also are men of like passions with you."
(Acts xiv. 15.) So again, "He counted me faithful." And again, "I
labored more abundantly than they all, yet not I, but the grace of God
which was with me." (1 Cor. xv. 10.) And again, "It is He that worketh
in us both to will and to do." (Phil. ii. 13.) Thus in acknowledging
that he "obtained mercy," he owns that he deserved pun-
418
ishment, since mercy is for such. And again in another place he says of
the Jews, "Blindness in part is happened to Israel." (Rom. xi. 25.)
Ver. 14. "And the grace of our Lord was exceeding
abundant with faith and love which is in Christ Jesus."
This is added, lest hearing that he obtained mercy,
we should understand by it only, that being deserving of punishment, as
a persecutor and blasphemer, nevertheless he was not punished. But
mercy was not confined to this, that punishment was not inflicted; many
other great favors are implied by it. For not only has God released us
from the impending punishment, but He has made us "righteous" too, and
"sons," and "brethren," and "heirs," and "joint-heirs." Therefore it is
he says, that "grace was exceeding abundant." For the gifts bestowed
were beyond mercy, since they are not such as would come of mercy only,
but of affection and excessive love. Having thus enlarged upon the love
of God which, not content with showing mercy to a blasphemer and
persecutor, conferred upon him other blessings in abundance, he has
guarded against that error of the unbelievers which takes away free
will, by adding, "with faith and love which is in Christ Jesus." Thus
much only, he says, did we contribute. We have believed that He is able
to save us.
MORAL. Let us then love God through Christ. What
means "through Christ"? That it is He, and not the Law, who has enabled
us to do this. Observe what blessings we owe to Christ, and what to the
Law. And he says not merely that grace has abounded, but "abounded
exceedingly," in bringing at once to the adoption those who deserved
infinite punishment.
And observe again that "in"(1) is used for
"through."(1) For not only faith is necessary, but love. Since there
are many still who believe that Christ is God, who yet love Him not,
nor act like those who love Him. For how is it when they prefer
everything to Him, money, nativity, fate, augury, divinations, omens?
When we live in defiance of Him, pray, where is our love? Has any one a
warm and affectionate friend? Let him love Christ but equally. So, if
no more, let him love Him who gave His Son for us His enemies, who had
no merits of our own. Merits did I say? who had committed numberless
sins, who had dared Him beyond all daring, and without cause! yet He,
after numberless instances of goodness and care, did not even then cast
us off. At the very time when we did Him the greatest wrong, then did
He give His Son for us. And still we, after so great benefits, after
being made His friends, and counted worthy through Him of all
blessings, have not loved Him as our friend!(2) What hope then can be
ours? You shudder perhaps at the word, but I would that you shuddered
at the fact! What? How shall it appear that we do not love God even as
our friends, you say? I will endeavor to show you--and would that my
words were groundless, and to no purpose! but I am afraid they are
borne out by facts. For consider: friends, that are truly friends, will
often suffer loss for those they love. But for Christ, no one will
suffer loss, or even be content with his present state. For a friend we
can readily submit to insults, and undertake quarrels; but for Christ,
no one can endure enmity: and the saying is, "Be loved for nothing--but
be not hated for nothing."
None of us would fail to relieve a friend who was
hungering, but when Christ comes to us from day to day, and asks no
great matter, but only bread, we do not even regard him, yea though we
are nauseously over full, and swollen with gluttony: though our breath
betrays the wine of yesterday, and we live in luxury, and waste our
substance on harlots and parasites and flatterers, and even on
monsters, idiots, and dwarfs; for men convert the natural defects of
such into matter for amusement. Again, friends, that are truly such, we
do not envy, nor are mortified at their success, yet we feel this
toward (the minister of)(3) Christ, and our friendship for men is seen
to be more powerful than the fear of God, for the envious and the
insincere plainly respect men more than God. And how is this? God sees
the heart, yet man does not forbear to practice deceit in His sight;
yet if the same man were detected in deceit by men, he thinks himself
undone, and blushes for shame. And why speak of this? If a friend be in
distress, we visit him, and should fear to be condemned, if we deferred
it for a little time. But we do not visit Christ, though He die again
and again in prison; nay, if we have friends among the faithful, we
visit them, not because they are Christians, but because they are our
friends. Thus we do nothing from the fear or the love of God, but some
things from friendship, some from custom. When we see a friend depart
on travel, we weep and are troubled, and if we see his death, we bewail
him, though we know that we shall not be long separated, that he will
be restored to us at the Resurrection. But though Christ departs from
us, or rather we reject Him daily, we do not grieve, nor think it
strange, to injure, to offend, to provoke Him by doing what is
displeasing to Him; and the fearful thing is not that we do not treat
Him as a friend; for I will show that we even treat Him as
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an enemy. How, do you ask? because "the carnal mind is enmity against
God," as Paul has said, and this we always carry about us. And we
persecute Christ, when He advances toward us, and comes to our very
doors.(1) For wicked actions in effect do this, and every day we
subject him to insults by our covetousness and our rapacity. And does
any one by preaching His word, and benefiting His Church, obtain a good
reputation? Then he is the object of envy, because he does the work of
God. And we think that we envy him, but our envy passes on to Christ.
We affect to wish the benefit to come not from others, but from
ourselves. But this cannot be for Christ's sake, but for our own:
otherwise, it would be a matter of indifference, whether the good were
done by others or ourselves. If a physician found himself unable to
cure his son, who was threatened with blindness, would he reject the
aid of another, who was able to effect the cure? Far from it! "Let my
son be restored," he would almost say to him, "whether it is to be by
you or by me." And why? Because he would not consider himself, but what
was beneficial to his son. So, were our regard "to Christ," it would
lead us to say, "Let good be done, whether by ourselves or by any
other." As Paul said, "Whether in pretense or in truth Christ is
preached." (Phil. i. 18). In the same spirit Moses answered, when some
would have excited his displeasure against Eldad and Modad, because
they prophesied, "Enviest thou for my sake? Would God that all the
Lord's people were prophets!" (Num. xi. 29.) These jealous feelings
proceed from vainglory; and are they not those of opponents and
enemies? Doth any one speak ill of you? Love him! It is impossible, you
say. Nay, if you will, it is quite possible. For if you love him only
who speaks well of you, what thanks have you? It is not for the Lord's
sake, but for the sake of the man's kind speech that you do it. Has any
one injured you? Do him good! For in benefiting him who has benefited
you there is little merit. Have you been deeply wronged and suffered
loss? Make a point of requiting it with the contrary. Yes, I entreat
you. Let this be the way we do our own part. Let us cease from hating
and injuring our enemies. He commands us "to love our enemies" (Matt.
v. 44): but we persecute Him while He loves us. God forbid! we all say
in words, but not so in deeds. So darkened are our minds by sin, that
we tolerate in our actions what in words we think intolerable. Let us
desist then from things that are injurious and ruinous to our
salvation, that we may obtain those blessings which as His friends we
may obtain. For Christ says, "I will that where I am, there My
disciples may be also, that they may behold My glory" (John xvii. 24),
which may we all attain, through the grace and love of Jesus Christ.
HOMILY IV.
1 TIMOTHY i. 15, 16.
"This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all acceptation, that Christ
Jesus came into the world to save sinners; of whom I am chief. Howbeit
for this cause I obtained mercy, that in me first Jesus Christ might
show forth all longsuffering, for a pattern to them which should
hereafter believe on Him to life everlasting."
THE favors of God so far exceed human hope and
expectation, that often they are not believed. For God has bestowed
upon us such things as the mind of man never looked for, never thought
of. It is for this reason that the Apostles spend much discourse in
securing a belief of the gifts that are granted us of God. For as men,
upon receiving some great good, ask themselves if it is not a dream, as
not believing it; so it is with respect to the gifts of God. What then
was it that was thought incredible? That those who were enemies, and
sinners, neither justified by the law, nor by works, should immediately
through faith alone be advanced to the highest favor. Upon this head
accordingly Paul has discoursed at length in his Epistle to the Romans,
and here again at length. "This is a faithful saying," he says, "and
worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to
save sinners."
As the Jews were chiefly attracted by this, he
persuades them not(2) to give heed to the law, since they could not
attain salvation by it without faith. Against this he contends; for it
seemed to them incredible, that a man who had mis-spent all his former
life in vain and wicked actions, should afterwards be saved by his faith
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alone. On this account he says, "It is a saying to be believed." But
some not only disbelieved but even objected, as the Greeks do now. "Let
us then do evil, that good may come." This was the consequence they
drew in derision of our faith, from his words, "Where sin abounded
grace did much more abound." (Rom. iii. 8, and v. 20.) So when we
discourse to them of Hell they say, How can this be worthy of God? When
man has found his servant offending, he forgives it, and thinks him
worthy of pardon and does God punish eternally? And when we speak of
the Layer, and of the remission of sins through it, this too they say
is unworthy of God, that he who has committed offenses without number
should have his sins remitted. What perverseness of mind is this, what
a spirit of contention does it manifest! Surely if forgiveness is an
evil, punishment is a good; but if punishment is an evil, remission of
it is a good. I speak according to their notions, for according to
ours, both are good. This I shall show at another time, for the present
would not suffice for a matter so deep, and which requires to be
elaborately argued. I must lay it before your Charity at a fitting
season. At present let us proceed with our proposed subject. "This is a
faithful saying," he says. But why is it to be believed?
This appears both from what precedes and from what
follows. Observe how he prepares us(1) for this assertion, and how he
then dwells upon it. For he hath previously declared that He showed
mercy to me "a blasphemer and a persecutor"; this was in the way of
preparation. And not only did He show mercy, but "He accounted me
faithful." So far should we be he means, from disbelieving that He
showed mercy. For no one, who should see a prisoner admitted into a
palace, could doubt whether he obtained mercy. And this was visibly the
situation of Paul, for he makes himself the example. Nor is he ashamed
to call himself a sinner, but rather delights in it, as he thus can
best demonstrate the miracle of God's regard for him, and that He had
thought him worthy of such extraordinary kindness.
But how is it, that he here calls himself a sinner,
nay, the chief of sinners, whereas he elsewhere asserts that he was
"touching the righteousness which is in the law blameless"? (Phil. iii.
6.) Because with respect to the righteousness which God has wrought,
the justification which is really sought, even those who are
righteous(2) in the law are sinners, "for all have sinned, and come
short of the glory of God." (Rom. iii. 23.) Therefore he does not say
righteousness simply, but "the righteousness which is in the law." As a
man that has acquired wealth, with respect to himself appears rich, but
upon a comparison with the treasures of kings is very poor and the
chief of the poor; so it is in this case. Compared with Angels, even
righteous men are sinners; and if Paul, who wrought the righteousness
that is in the law, was the chief of sinners, what other man can be
called righteous? For he says not this to condemn his own life as
impure, let not this be imagined; but comparing his own legal
righteousness with the righteousness of God, he shows it to be nothing
worth, and not only so, but he proves those who possess it to be
sinners.
Ver. 16. "Howbeit for this cause I obtained mercy,
that in me first Jesus Christ might show forth all longsuffering, for a
pattern to them which should hereafter believe on Him to life
everlasting:"
See how he further humbles and depreciates himself,
by naming a fresh and less creditable reason. For that he obtained
mercy on account of his ignorance, does not so much imply that he who
obtained mercy was a sinner, or under deep condemnation; but to say
that he obtained mercy in order that no sinner hereafter might despair
of finding mercy, but that each might feel sure of obtaining the like
favor, this is an excess of humiliation, such that even in calling
himself the chief of sinners, "a blasphemer and a persecutor, and one
not meet to be called an Apostle," he had said nothing like it. This
will appear by an example. Suppose a populous city, all whose
inhabitants were wicked, some more so, and some less, but all deserving
of condemnation; and let one among that multitude be more deserving of
punishment than all the rest, and guilty of every kind of wickedness.
If it were declared that the king was willing to pardon all, it would
not be so readily believed, as if they were to see this most wicked
wretch actually pardoned. There could then be no longer any doubt. This
is what Paul says, that God, willing to give men full assurance that He
pardons all their transgressions, chose, as the object of His mercy,
him who was more a sinner than any; for when I obtained mercy, he
argues, there could be no doubt of others: as familiarly speaking we
might say, "If God pardons such an one, he will never punish anybody";
and thus he shows that he himself, though unworthy of pardon, for the
sake of others' salvation, first obtained that pardon. Therefore, he
says, since I am saved, let no one doubt of salvation. And observe the
humility of this blessed man; he says not, "that in me he might show
forth" His "longsuffering," but "all longsuffering"; as if he had said,
greater longsuffering He could not
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show in any case than in mine, nor find a sinner that so required all
His pardon, all His long-suffering; not a part only, like those who are
only partially sinners, but "all" His longsuffering.
"For a pattern to those who should hereafter
believe." This is said for comfort, for encouragement.(1) But because
he had spoken highly of the Son, and of the great love which He hath
manifested, lest he should be thought to exclude the Father from this,
he ascribes the glory to Him also.
Ver. 17. "Now unto the King eternal, immortal,
invisible, the only wise God, be honor and glory for ever and ever.
Amen."
For these things, then, we glorify not the Son only,
but the Father. Here let us argue with the heretics. Speaking of the
Father, he says, "To the only God." Is the Son then not God? "The only
immortal."(2) Is the Son then not immortal? Or does He not possess that
Himself, which hereafter He will give to us? Yes, they say, He is God
and immortal, but not such as the Father. What then? is He of inferior
essence, and therefore of inferior immortality? What then is a greater
and a less immortality? For immortality is nothing else than the not
being subject to destruction. For there is a greater and a less glory;
but immortality does not admit of being greater or less: as neither is
there a greater and a less health. For a thing must either be
destructible, or altogether indestructible. Are we men then immortal
even as He? God forbid! Surely not! Why? because He has it by nature,
but we adventitiously. Why then do you make the difference? Because the
Father, he says, is made such as He is by no other: but the Son is what
He is, from the Father. This we also confess, not denying that the Son
is generated from the Father incorruptibly.(3) And we glorify the
Father, he means, for having generated the Son, such as He is. Thus you
see the Father is most glorified, when the Son hath done great things.
For the glory of the Son is referred again to Him. And since He
generated Him omnipotent and such as He is in Himself, it is not(4)
more the glory of the Son than of the Father, that He is
self-sufficient, and self-maintained, and free from infirmity. It has
been said of the Son, "By whom He made the worlds." (Heb. i. 2.) Now
there is a distinction observed among us between creation and
workmanship.(5) For one works and toils and executes, another rules;
and why? because he that executes is the inferior. But it is not so
there; nor is the sovereignty with One, the workmanship with the Other.
For when we hear, "By whom He made the worlds,"(6) we do not exclude
the Father from creation. Nor when we say, "To the King immortal,"(7)
do we deny dominion to the Son. For these are common to the One and the
Other, and each belongs to Both. The Father created, in that He begat
the creating Son; the Son rules, as being Lord of all things created.
For He does not work for hire, nor in obedience to others, as workmen
do among us, but from His own goodness and love for mankind. But has
the Son(8) ever been seen? No one can affirm this. What means then, "To
the King immortal, invisible, the only wise(9) God? Or when it is said,
"There is no other name whereby we must be saved": and again, "There is
salvation in no other? (Acts iv. 12.)
"To Him be honor and glory forever. Amen."
Now honor and glory are not mere words; and since He
has honored us not by words only, but by what He has done for us, so
let us honor Him by works and deeds. Yet this honor touches us, while
that reaches not Him, for He needs not the honor that comes from us, we
do need that which is from Him.
In honoring Him, therefore, we do honor to
ourselves. He who opens his eyes to gaze on the light of the sun,
receives delight himself, as he admires the beauty of the star, but
does no favor to that luminary, nor increases its splendor, for it
continues what it was; much more is this true with respect to God. He
who admires and honors God does so to his own salvation, and highest
benefit; and how? Because he follows after virtue, and is honored by
Him. For "them that honor Me," He says, "I will honor." ( 1 Sam. iv.
30.) How then is He honored, if He enjoys no advantage from our honor?
Just as He is said to hunger and thirst. For He assumes everything that
is ours, that He may in anywise attract us to Him. He is said to
receive honors, and even insults, that we may be afraid. But with all
this we are not attracted towards Him!
MORAL. Let us then "glorify God," and bear God(10)
both "in our body and in our spirit." (1 Cor. vi. 20.) And how is one
to glorify Him in the body? saith one, and how in the spirit? The soul
is here called the spirit to distinguish it from the body. But how may
we glorify Him
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in the body and in the spirit? He glorifies Him in the body, who does
not commit adultery or fornication, who avoids gluttony and
drunkenness, who does not affect a showy exterior, who makes such
provision for himself as is sufficient for health only: and so the
woman, who does not perfume nor paint her person, but is satisfied to
be such as God made her, and adds no device of her own. For why dost
thou add thy own embellishments to the work which God made? Is not His
workmanship sufficient for thee? or dost thou endeavor to add grace to
it, as if forsooth thou wert the better artist?(1) It is not for
thyself, but to attract crowds of lovers, that thou thus adornest thy
person, and insultest thy Creator. And do not say, "What can I do? It
is no wish of my own, but I must do it for my husband. I cannot win his
love except I consent to this." God made thee beautiful, that He might
be admired even in thy beauty, and not that He might be insulted. Do
not therefore make Him so ill a return, but requite Him with modesty
and chastity. God made thee beautiful, that He might increase the
trials of thy modesty. For it is much harder for one that is lovely to
be modest, than for one who has no such attractions, for which to be
courted. Why does the Scripture tell us, that "Joseph was a goodly
person, and wall favored" (Gen. xxxix. 6), but that we might the more
admire his modesty coupled with beauty? Has God made thee beautiful?
Why dost thou make thyself otherwise? For as though one should overlay
a golden statue with a daubing of mire, so it is with those women that
use paints. Thou besmearest thyself with red and white earth! But the
homely, you say, may fairly have recourse to this. And why? To hide
their ugliness? It is a vain attempt. For when was the natural
appearance improved upon by that which is studied and artificial? And
why shouldest thou be troubled at thy want of beauty, since it is no
reproach? For hear the saying of the Wise Man, "Commend not a man for
his beauty, neither abhor a man for his outward appearance." (Ecclus.
xi. 2.) Let God be rather admired, the best Artificer, and not man, who
has no merit in being made such as he is. What are the advantages, tell
me, of beauty? None. It exposes its possessor to greater trials,
mishaps, perils, and suspicions. She that wants it escapes suspicion;
she that possesses it, except she practice a great and extraordinary
reserve, incurs an evil report, and what is worse than all, the
suspicion of her husband, who takes less pleasure in beholding her
beauty, than he suffers pain from jealousy. And her beauty fades in his
sight from familiarity, whilst she suffers in her character from the
imputation of weakness, dissipation, and wantonness, and her very
soul(2) becomes degraded and full of haughtiness. To these evils
personal beauty is exposed. But she who has not this attraction,
escapes unmolested. The dogs do not assail her; she is like a lamb,
reposing in a secure pasture, where no wolf intrudes to harass her,
because the shepherd is at hand to protect her.
The real superiority(3) is, not that one is fair,
and the other homely, but it is a superiority that one, even if she is
not fair, is unchaste, and the other is not wicked. Tell me wherein is
the perfection of eyes? Is it in their being soft, and rolling, and
round, and dark, or in their clearness and quicksightedness. Is it the
perfection of a lamp to be elegantly formed, and finely turned, or to
shine brightly, and to enlighten the whole house? We cannot say it is
not this, for the other is indifferent, and this the real object.
Accordingly we often say to the maid whose charge it is, "You have made
a bad lamp of it." So entirely is it the use of a lamp to give light.
So it matters not what is the appearance of the eye, whilst it performs
its office with full efficiency. We call the eye bad, which is dim or
disordered, and which, when open, does not see. For that is bad, which
does not perform its proper office--and this is the fault of eyes. And
for a nose, tell me, when is it a good one? When it is straight, and
polished on either side, and finely proportioned? or when it is quick
to receive odors, and transmit them to the brain? Any one can answer
this.
Come now, let us illustrate this by an example--as
of gripers, I mean the instruments so called; we say those are
well-made, which are able to take up and hold things, not those which
are only handsomely and elegantly shaped. So those are good teeth which
are fit for the service of dividing and chewing our food, not those
which are beautifully set. And applying the same reasoning to other
parts of the body, we shall call those members beautiful, which are
sound, and perform their proper functions aright. So we think any
instrument, or plant, or animal good, not because of its form or color,
but because it answers its purpose. And he is thought a good(4)
servant, who is useful and ready for our service, not one who is comely
but dissolute. I trust ye now understand how it is in your power to be
beautiful.
And since the greatest and most important benefits
are equally enjoyed by all, we are under no disadvantage. Whether we
are beautiful or not, we alike behold this universe, the sun, the
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moon, and the stars; we breathe the same air, we partake alike of
water, and the fruits of the earth. And if we may say what will sound
strange, the homely are more healthy than the beautiful. For these, to
preserve their beauty, engage in no labor, but give themselves up to
indolence and delicate living, by which their bodily energies are
impaired; whilst the others, having no such care, spend all their
attention simply and entirely on active pursuits.
Let us then "glorify God, and take and bear Him in
our body." (1 Cor. vi. 20.) Let us not affect a beautiful appearance;
that care is vain and unprofitable. Let us not teach our husbands to
admire the mere outward form; for if such be thy adornment, his very
habit of viewing thy face will make him easy to be captivated by a
harlot. But if thou teachest him to love good manners, and modesty, he
will not be ready to wander, for he will see no attractions in a
harlot, in whom those qualities are not found, but the reverse. Neither
teach him to be captivated by laughter, nor by a loose dress, test thou
prepare a poison against thyself. Accustom him to delight in modesty,
and this thou wilt do, if thy attire be modest. But if thou hast a
flaunting air, an unsteady manner, how canst thou address(1) him in a
serious strain? and who will not hold thee in contempt and derision?
But how is it possible to glorify God in our
spirit?(2) By practicing virtue, by adorning the soul. For such
embellishment is not forbidden. Thus we glorify God, when we are good
in every respect, and we shall be glorified by Him in a much higher
degree in that great day. For "I reckon that the sufferings of this
present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory that shall be
revealed in us." (Rom. viii. 18.) Of which that we may all be
partakers, God grant, by the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus
Christ.
HOMILY V.
1 TIMOTHY i. 18, 19.
"This charge I commit unto thee, son [my child,
<greek>teknon</greek>] Timothy, according to the prophecies
which went before on thee, that thou by them mightest [mayest] war a
good warfare; holding faith, and a good conscience; which some having
put away have made shipwreck concerning the faith."
THE office of a Teacher and that of a Priest is of
great dignity, and to bring forward one that is worthy requires a
divine election. So it was of old, and so it is now, when we make a
choice without human passion, not looking to any temporal
consideration, swayed neither by friendship, nor enmity. For though we
be not partakers of so great a measure of the Spirit as they, yet a
good purpose is sufficient to draw unto us the election of God. For the
Apostles, when they elected Matthias, had not yet received the Holy
Spirit, but having committed the matter to prayer, they chose him into
the number of the Apostles. For they looked not to human friendships.
And so now too it ought to be with us. But we have advanced to the
extreme of negligence; and even what is clearly evident, we let pass.
Now when we overlook what is manifest, how will God reveal to us what
is unseen? as it is said, "If ye have not been faithful in that which
is little, who will commit to you that which is great and true?" (Luke
xvi. 11.) But then, when nothing human was done, the appointment of
Priests too was by prophecy. What is "by prophecy"? By the Holy Spirit.
For prophecy is not only the telling of things future, but also of the
present. It was by prophecy that Saul was discovered "hidden among the
stuff." (1 Sam. x. 22.) For God reveals things to the righteous. So it
was said by prophecy, "Separate me Barnabas and Saul." (Acts xiii. 2.)
In this way Timothy also was chosen, concerning whom he speaks of
prophecies in the plural; that, perhaps, upon which(3) he "took and
circumcised him," and when he ordained him, as he himself says in his
Epistle to him, "Neglect not the gift that is in thee." (1 Tim. iv:
14.) Therefore to elevate him, and prepare him to be sober and
watchful, he reminds him by whom he was chosen and ordained, as if he
had said, "God hath chosen thee. He gave thee thy commission, thou wast
not made by human vote. Do not therefore abuse or bring into disgrace
the appointment of God." When again he speaks of a charge, which
implies something burdensome,(4) he adds, "This charge I commit to
thee, son Timothy." He charges him as
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his son, his own son, not so much with arbitrary or despotic authority
as like a father, he says, "my son Timothy." The "committing," however,
implies that it is to be diligently kept, and that it is not our own.
For we did not obtain it for ourselves, but God conferred it upon us;
and not it only, but also "faith and a good conscience." What He hath
given us then, let us keep. For if He had not come, the faith had not
been to be found, nor that pure life which we learn by education. As if
he had said, "It is not I that charge thee, but He who chose thee," and
this is meant by "the prophecies that went before on thee." Listen to
them, obey them.
And say; what chargest thou? "That by them thou
shouldest war a good warfare." They chose thee, that then for which
they chose thee do thou, "war a good warfare." He named "a good
warfare," since there is a bad warfare, of which he says, "As ye have
yielded your members instruments(1) to uncleanness and to iniquity."
(Rom. vi. 19.) Those men serve under a tyrant, but thou servest under a
King. And why calls he it a warfare? To show how mighty a contest is to
be maintained by all, but especially by a Teacher; that we require
strong arms, and sobriety, and awakenedness, and continual vigilance:
that we must prepare ourselves for blood and conflicts, must be in
battle array, and have nothing relaxed. "That thou shouldest war in
them," he says. For as in an army all do not serve in the same
capacity, but in their different stations; so also in the Church one
has the office of a Teacher, another that of a disciple, another that
of a private man. But thou art in this. And, because this is not
sufficient he adds,
Ver. 19. "Holding faith, and a good conscience."
For he that would be a Teacher must first teach
himself. For as he who has not first been a good soldier, will never be
a general, so it is with the Teacher; wherefore he says elsewhere,
"Lest when I have preached to others, I myself should be a cast-away."
(1 Cor. ix. 27.) "Holding faith," he says, "and a good conscience,"
that so thou mayest preside over others. When we hear this, let us not
disdain the exhortations of our superiors, though we be Teachers. For
if Timothy, to whom all of us together are not worthy to be compared,
receives commands and is instructed, and that being himself in the
Teacher's office, much more should we. "Which some having put away,
have made shipwreck concerning the faith."(2) And this follows
naturally. For when the life is corrupt, it engenders a doctrine
congenial to it, and from this circumstance many are seen to fall into
a gulf of evil, and to turn aside into Heathenism. For that they may
not be tormented with the fear of futurity, they endeavor to persuade
their souls, that what we preach is false. And some turn aside from the
faith, who seek out everything by reasoning; for reasoning produces
shipwreck, while faith is as a safe ship.
They then who turn aside from the faith must suffer
shipwreck; and this he shows by an example.
Ver. 20. "Of whom are Hymenaeus and Alexander."
And from them he would instruct us. You see how even
from those times there have been seducing Teachers, curious enquirers,
and men holding off from the faith, and searching out(3) by their own
reasonings. As the shipwrecked man is naked and destitute of all
things, so is he that fails away from the faith without resource, he
knows not where to stand or where to stay himself, nor has he the
advantage of a good life so as to gain anything from that quarter. For
when the head is disordered, what avails the rest of the body? and if
faith without a good life is unavailing, much more is the converse
true. If God despises His own for our sakes, much more ought we to
despise our own for His sake.(4) For so it is, where any one fails away
from the faith, he has no steadiness, he swims this way and that, till
at last he is lost in the deep.
"Whom I delivered to Satan, that they might be
taught not to blaspheme!" Thus it is blasphemy to search into divine
things by our own reasonings. For what have human reasonings m common
with them? But how does Satan instruct them not to blaspheme? can he
instruct others, who has not yet taught himself, but is a blasphemer
still? It is not that "he should instruct," but that they should be
instructed. It is not he that does it, though such is the result. As
elsewhere he says in the case of the fornicator: "To deliver such an
one to Satan for the destruction of the flesh." Not that he may save
the body, but "that the spirit may be saved." (1 Cor. v. 5.) Therefore
it is spoken impersonally. How then is this effected? As executioners,
though themselves laden with numberless crimes, are made the correctors
of others; so it is here with the evil spirit. But why didst thou not
punish them thyself, as thou didst that Bar-Jesus, and as Peter did
Ananias, instead of delivering them to Satan? It was not that they
might be punished, but that they might
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be instructed. For that he had the power appears from other passages,
"What will ye? Shall I come unto you with a rod?" (1 Cor. iv. 21.) And
again, "Lest I should use sharpness, according to the power which the
Lord hath given me to edification, and not to destruction." (2 Cor.
xiii. 10.) Why did he then call upon Satan to punish them? That the
disgrace might be greater, as the severity and the punishment was more
striking. Or rather, they themselves chastised those who did not yet
believe, but those who turned aside, they delivered to Satan. Why then
did Peter punish Ananias? Because whilst he was tempting the Holy
Ghost, he was still an unbeliever. That the unbelieving therefore might
learn that they could not escape, they themselves inflicted punishment
upon them; but those who had learnt this, yet afterwards turned aside,
they delivered to Satan; showing that they were sustained not by their
own power, but by their care for them; and as many as were lifted up
into arrogance were delivered to him. For as kings with their own hands
slay their enemies, but deliver their subjects to executioners for
punishment, so it is in this case. And these acts were done to show the
authority committed to the Apostles. Nor was it a slight power, to be
able thus to subject the devil to their commands. For this shows that
he served and obeyed them even against his will, and this was no little
proof of the power of grace. And listen how he delivered them: "When ye
are gathered together, and my spirit, with the power of our Lord Jesus
Christ, to deliver such an one unto Satan." (1 Cor. v. 4.) He was then
immediately expelled from the common assembly, he was separated from
the fold, he became deserted and destitute; he was delivered to the
wolf. For as the cloud designated the camp of the Hebrews, so the
Spirit distinguished the Church. If any one therefore was without, he
was consumed,(1) and it was by the judgment of the Apostles that he was
cast out of the pale. So also the Lord delivered Judas to Satan. For
immediately "after the sop Satan entered into him." (John xiii. 27.) Or
this may be said; that those whom they wished to amend, they did not
themselves punish, but reserved their punishments for those who were
incorrigible. Or otherwise, that they were the more dreaded for
delivering them up to others. Job also was delivered to Satan, but not
for his sins, but for fuller proof of his worth.
Many such instances still occur. For since the
Priests cannot know who are sinners, and unworthy partakers of the holy
Mysteries, God often in this way delivers them to Satan. For when
diseases, and attacks,(2) and sorrows, and calamities, and the like
occur, it is on this account that they are inflicted. This is shown by
Paul. "For this cause many are weak and sickly among you, and many
sleep." (1 Cor. xi. 30.) But how? saith one, when we approach but once
a year! But this is indeed the evil, that you determine the worthiness
of your approach, not by the purity of your minds, but by the interval
of time. You think it a proper caution not to communicate often; not
considering that you are seared by partaking unworthily, though only
once, but to receive worthily, though often, is salutary. It is not
presumptuous to receive often, but to receive unworthily, though but
once in a whole life. But we are so miserably foolish, that, though we
commit numberless offenses in the course of a year, we are not anxious
to be absolved from them, but are satisfied, that we do not often make
bold impudently to insult the Body of Christ, not remembering that
those who crucified Christ, crucified Him but once. Is the offense then
the less, because committed but once? Judas betrayed his Master but
once. What then, did that exempt him from punishment? Why indeed is
time to be considered in this matter? let our time of coming be when
our conscience is pure. The Mystery at Easter is not of more efficacy
than that which is now celebrated. It is one and the same. There is the
same grace of the Spirit, it is always a Passover.(3) You who are
initiated know this. On the Preparation,(4) on the Sabbath, on the
Lord's day, and on the day of Martyrs, it is the same Sacrifice that is
performed. "For as often," he saith, "as ye eat this bread and drink
this cup, ye do show the Lord's death." (1 Cor. xi. 26.) No time is
limited for the performance of this Sacrifice, why then is it then
called the Paschal feast?(5) Because Christ suffered for us then. Let
not the time, therefore, make any difference in your approach. There is
at all times the same power, the same dignity, the same grace, one and
the same body; nor is one celebration of it more or less holy than
another. And this you know, who see upon these occasions nothing new,
save these worldly veils, and a more splendid attendance. The only
thing that these days have more is that from them commenced the day of
our salvation when Christ was sacrificed. But with respect to these
mysteries, those days have no further preëminence.
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When you approach to take bodily food, you wash your
hands and your mouth, but when you draw nigh to this spiritual food,
you do not cleanse your soul, but approach full of uncleanness. But you
say, Are not the forty days' fastings sufficient to cleanse the huge
heap of our sins? But of what use is it, tell me? If wishing to store
up some precious unguent, you should make clean a place to receive it,
and a little after having laid it up, should throw dung upon it, would
not the fine odor vanish? This takes place with us too. We make
ourselves to the best of our power worthy to approach; then we defile
ourselves again! What then is the good of it? This we say even of those
who are able in those forty days to wash themselves clean.
Let us then, I beseech you, not neglect our
salvation, that our labor may not be in vain. For he who turns from his
sins, and goes and commits the same again, is "like a dog that
returneth to his vomit." (Prov. xxvi. 11.) But if we act as we ought,
and take heed to our ways, we shall be thought worthy of those high
rewards, which that we may all obtain, God grant through the grace and
lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.
HOMILY VI.
1 TIMOTHY ii. 1--4.
"I exhort therefore that, first of all, supplications, prayers,
intercessions, and giving of thanks be made for all men; for kings, and
for all that are in authority; that we may lead a quiet and peaceable
life in all godliness and honesty. For this is good and acceptable in
the sight of God our Saviour; who will have all men to be saved, and to
come unto the knowledge of the truth." [R. V.: who willeth that all men
should be saved, &c.]
THE Priest is the common father, as it were, of all
the world; it is proper therefore that he should care for all, even as
God, Whom he serves.(1) For this reason he says, "I exhort therefore
that, first of all, supplications, prayers, intercessions, and giving
of thanks be made for all men." From this, two advantages result.
First, hatred towards those who are without is done away; for no one
can feel hatred towards those for whom he prays: and they again are
made better by the prayers that are offered for them, and by losing
their ferocious disposition towards us. For nothing is so apt to draw
men under teaching, as to love, and be loved. Think what it was for
those who persecuted, scourged, banished, and slaughtered the
Christians, to hear that those whom they treated so barbarously offered
fervent prayers to God for them.(2) Observe how he wishes a Christian
to be superior to all ill-treatment. As a father who was struck on the
face by a little child which he was carrying, would not lose anything
of his affection for it; so we ought not to abate in our good will
towards those who are without, even when we are stricken by them. What
is "first of all"? It means in the daily Service; and the initiated
know how this is done every day both in the evening and the morning,
how we offer prayers for the whole world, for kings and all that are in
authority. But some one perhaps will say, he meant not for all men, but
for all the faithful. How then does he speak of kings? for kings were
not then worshipers of God, for there was a long succession of ungodly
princes. And that he might not seem to flatter them, he says first,
"for all men," then "for kings"; for if he had only mentioned kings,
that might have been suspected. And then since the soul of some
Christians might be slow(3) at hearing this, and reject the
exhortation, if at the celebration of the holy Mysteries it was
necessary to offer prayers for a heathen king, he shows them the
advantage of it, thus at least to reconcile them to the advice, "that
we may lead a quiet and peaceable life"; as much as to say, Their
safety is a security to us;(4) as also in his Epistle to the Romans, he
exhorts them to obey their rulers, "not for wrath but for conscience'
sake." (Rom. xiii. 5.) For God has appointed government for the public
good. When therefore they make war for this end, and stand on guard for
our security, were it not unreasonable that we should not offer prayers
for their safety in wars and dangers? It is not therefore flattery, but
agreeable to the rules of justice. For if they were not preserved, and
prospered in their wars, our affairs must necessarily be involved in
confusion and trouble; and if they were cut off, we must either serve
ourselves, or be scattered up and down as fugitives. For they are a
sort of bul-
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warks thrown up before us, within which those who are inclosed are in
peace and safety.
He says, "supplications, prayers, intercessions, and
giving of thanks." For we must give thanks to God for the good that
befalls others, as that He maketh the sun to shine upon the evil and
the good, and sendeth His rain both upon the just and the unjust.
Observe how he would unite and bind us together, not only by prayer but
by thanksgiving. For he who is urged to thank God for his neighbor's
good, is also bound to love him, and be kindly disposed towards him.
And if we must give thanks for our neighbor's good, much more for what
happens to ourselves, and for what is unknown, and even for things
against our will, and such as appear grievous to us, since God
dispenses all things for our good.
MORAL. Let every prayer of ours, then, be
accompanied with thanksgiving. And if we are commanded to pray for our
neighbors, not only for the faithful, but for the unbelieving also,
consider how wrong it is to pray against your brethren. What? Has He
commanded you to pray for your enemies, and do you pray against your
brother? But your prayer is not against him, but against yourself. For
you provoke God by uttering those impious words, "Show him the same!"
"So do to him!" "Smite him!" "Recompense him!" Far be such words from
the disciple of Christ, who should be meek and mild. From the mouth
that has been vouch-safed such holy Mysteries, let nothing bitter
proceed.(1) Let not the tongue that has touched the Lord's Body utter
anything offensive, let it be kept pure, let not curses be borne upon
it. For if "revilers shall not inherit the kingdom of God" (1 Cor. vi.
10), much less those who curse. For he that curses must be injurious;
and injuriousness and prayer are at variance with each other, cursing
and praying are far apart, accusation and prayer are wide asunder. Do
you propitiate God with prayer, and then utter imprecations? If you
forgive not, you will not be forgiven. (Matt. vi. 15.) But instead of
forgiving, you beseech God not to forgive; what excessive wickedness in
this! If the unforgiving is not forgiven, he that prays his Lord not to
forgive, how shall he be forgiven? The harm is to yourself, not him.
For though your prayers were on the point of being heard for yourself,
they would never be accepted in such a case, as offered with a polluted
mouth. For surely the mouth that curses is polluted with all that is
offensive and unclean.
When you ought to tremble for your own sins, to
wrestle earnestly for the pardon of them, you come to move God against
your brother--do you not fear, nor think of what concerns yourself? do
you not see what you are doing? Imitate even the conduct of children at
school. If they see their own class within giving account of their
lessons, and all beaten for their idleness, and one by one severely
examined and chastised with blows, they are frightened to death, and if
one of their companions strikes them, and that severely, they cannot
have while to be angry, nor complain to their master; so is their soul
possessed with fear. They only look to one thing, that they may go in
and come out without stripes, and their thoughts are on that time. And
when they come out, whether beaten or not, the blows they have received
from their play-fellows never enter their minds for the delight. And
you, when you stand anxiously concerned for your own sins, how can you
but shudder at making mention of others' faults?(2) How can you implore
pardon of God? For your own case is made worse on the terms of your
imprecations against another, and you forbid Him to make allowance for
your own faults. Might He not say, "If thou wouldest have Me so severe
in exacting offenses against thee, how canst thou expect Me to pardon
thy offenses against Me?" Let us learn at last to be Christians! If we
know not how to pray, which is a very simple and easy thing, what else
shall we know? Let us learn to pray like Christians. Those are the
prayers of Gentiles, the supplications of Jews. The Christian's are the
reverse, for the forgiveness and forgetting of offenses against us.
"Being reviled," it is said, "we bless; being persecuted, we suffer it;
being defamed, we entreat." (1 Cor. iv. 12, 13.) Hear Stephen saying,
"Lord, lay not this sin to their charge." (Acts vi. 60.) Instead of
praying against them, he prayed for them. You, instead of praying for
them, utter imprecations against them. You then are wicked in the
degree that he was excellent. Whom do we admire, tell me; those for
whom he prayed, or him who prayed for them? Him certainly! and if we,
much more then God. Would you have your enemy stricken? pray for him:
yet not with such intention, not to strike him. That will indeed be the
effect, but let it not be your object. That blessed martyr suffered all
unjustly, yet he prayed for them: we suffer many things justly from our
enemies. And if he who suffered unjustly durst not forbear to pray for
his enemies, what punishment do we deserve, who suffer justly, and yet
do not pray for them, nay, pray against them? Thou thinkest indeed that
thou art inflicting a blow upon another, but in truth thou art thrust-
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ing the sword against thyself. Thou sufferest not the Judge to be
lenient to thy own offenses, by this way of urging Him to anger against
others. For, "with what measure ye mete," He saith, "it shall be
measured to you again; and with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be
judged." (Matt. vii. 2.) Let us therefore be disposed to pardon, that
God may be so disposed towards us.
These things I wish you not only to hear, but to
observe. For now the memory retains only the words, and perhaps hardly
those. And after we are separated, if any one who was not present were
to ask you, what had been our discourse, some could not tell: others
would know merely the subject we had spoken of, and answer that there
had been a Homily upon the subject of forgiving injuries, and praying
for our enemies, but would omit all that had been said, as they could
not remember: others remember a little, but still somewhat. If
therefore you gain nothing by what you hear, I entreat you not even to
attend at the discourse. For of what use is it? The condemnation is
greater, the punishment more severe, if after so many exhortations, we
continue in the same course. For this reason God has given us a
definite form of prayer, that we might ask for nothing human, nothing
worldly. And you that are faithful know what you ought to pray for, how
the whole Prayer is common. But one says, "It is not commanded there to
pray for unbelievers." This you would not say, if you understood the
force, the depth, the hidden treasure of that(1) Prayer. Only unfold
it, and you find this also comprised within it. For it is implied, when
one says in prayer, "Thy will be done on earth, as it is in Heaven."
Now, because in heaven there is no unbeliever nor offender; if
therefore it was for the faithful alone, there would be no reason in
that expression. If the faithful were to do the will of God and the
unbelievers not to do it, His will were not done in earth as it is in
heaven. But it means; As there is none wicked in heaven, so let there
be none on earth; but draw all men to the fear of Thee, make all men
angels, even those who hate us, and are our enemies. Dost thou not see
how God is daily blasphemed and mocked by believers and unbelievers,
both in word and in deed? What then? Has He for this extinguished the
sun? or stayed the course of the moon? Has He crushed the heavens and
uprooted the earth? Has He dried up the sea? Has He shut up the
fountains of waters? or confounded the air? Nay, on the contrary, He
makes His sun to rise, His rain to descend, gives the fruits of the
earth in their seasons, and thus supplies yearly nourishment to the
blasphemers, to the insensible, to the polluted, to persecutors; not
for one day or two, but for their whole life. Imitate Him then, emulate
Him as far as human powers admit. Canst thou not make the sun arise?
Abstain from evil speaking. Canst thou not send rain? Forbear reviling.
Canst thou not give food? Refrain from insolence. Such gifts from thee
are sufficient. The goodness of God to His enemies is shown by His
works. Do thou so at least by words: pray for thine enemies, so wilt
thou be like thy Father who is in heaven. How many times have we
discoursed upon this subject! nor shall we cease to discourse; only let
something come of it. It is not that we are drowsy, and weary of
speaking; only do not you that hear be annoyed. Now a person seems to
be annoyed, when he will not do what one says. For he who practices,
loves often to hear the same thing, and is not annoyed by it; for it is
his own commendation. But annoyance arises simply from not doing what
is prescribed. Hence the speaker is troublesome. If a man practices
almsgiving, and hears another speak of alms-giving, he is not
wearied,(2) but pleased, for he hears his own good actions recommended
and proclaimed. So that when we are displeased at hearing a discourse
upon the forgiveness of injuries, it is because we have no interest in
forbearance, it is not practiced by us; for if we had the reality, we
should not be pained at its being named. If therefore you would not
have us wearisome or annoying, practice as we preach, exhibit in your
actions the subject of our discourses. For we shall never cease
discoursing upon these things till your conduct is agreeable to them.
And this we do more especially from our concern and affection for you.
For the trumpeter must sound his trumpet, though no one should go out
to war; he must fulfill his part. We do it, not as wishing to, bring
heavier condemnation upon you, but to avert it from ourselves. And
besides this, love for you constrains us, for it would tear and torture
our hearts if that should befall you, which God avert! It is not any
costly process that we recommend to you: it does not require the
spoiling of goods, nor a long and toilsome journey. It is only to will.
It is a word, it is a purpose of the mind. Let us only set a guard on
our tongues, a door and a bar upon our lips, that we may utter nothing
offensive to God. It is for our own advantage, not for theirs for whom
we pray, to act thus. For let us ever consider, that he who blesses his
enemy, blesses himself, he who curses his enemy, curses himself, and he
who prays for his enemy, prays not for him, but
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for himself. If we thus act, we shall be able to reduce to practice
this excellent virtue,(1) and so to obtain the promised blessings,
through the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ.
HOMILY VII.
1 TIMOTHY ii. 2-4.
"That we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and
honesty. For this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our
Saviour; who willeth that all men should be saved, and come unto the
knowledge of the truth."
IF in order to put an end to public wars, and
tumults, and battles, the Priest is exhorted to offer prayers for kings
and governors, much more ought private individuals to do it. For there
are three very grievous kinds of war. The one is public, when our
soldiers are attacked by foreign armies: The second is, when even in
time of peace, we are at war with one another: The third is, when the
individual is at war with himself, which is the worst of all. For
foreign war will not be able to hurt us greatly. What, I pray, though
it slaughters and cuts us off? It injures not the soul. Neither will
the second have power to harm us against our will; for though others be
at war with us, we may be peaceable ourselves. For so says the Prophet,
"For my love they are my adversaries, but I give myself unto prayer"
(Ps. cix. 4); and again, "I was at peace with them that hate peace";
and, "I am for peace; but when I speak, they are for war. (Ps. cxx. 6,
7, Sept.) But from the third, we cannot escape without danger. For when
the body is at variance with the soul, and raises up evil desires, and
arms against it sensual pleasures, or the bad passions of anger, and
envy; we cannot attain the promised blessings, till this war is brought
to an end; whoever does not still this tumult, must fall pierced by
wounds that will bring that death that is in hell. We have daily need
therefore of care and great anxiety, that this war may not be stirred
up within us, or that, if stirred up, it may not last, but be quelled
and laid asleep. For what advantage is it, that the world enjoys
profound peace, if thou art at war with thyself? This then is the peace
we should keep. If we have it, nothing from without will be able to
harm us. And to this end the public peace contributes no little: whence
it is said, "That we may lead a quiet and peaceable life." But if any
one is disturbed when there is quiet, he is a miserable creature. Seest
thou that He speaks of this peace which I call the third kind?
Therefore when he has said, that we may lead a quiet and peaceable
life," he does not stop there, but adds "in all godliness and honesty."
But we cannot live in godliness and honesty, unless that peace be
established. For when curious reasonings disturb our faith, what peace
is there? or when spirits of uncleanness, what peace is there?
For that we may not suppose that he speaks of that
sort of life which all men live, when he says, "that we may lead a
quiet and peaceable life," he adds, "in all godliness and honesty,"
since a quiet and peaceable life may be led by heathens, and
profligates, and voluptuous and wanton persons may be found living such
a life. That this cannot be meant, is plain, from what he adds, "in all
godliness and honesty." Such a life is exposed to snares, and
conflicts, and the soul is daily wounded by the tumults of its own
thoughts. But what sort of life he really means is plain from the
sequel, and plain too, in that he speaks not simply of godliness, but
adds, of "all godliness." For in saying this he seems to insist on a
godliness not only of doctrine, but such as is supported by life, for
in both surely must godliness be required. For of what advantage is it
to be godly as to doctrine, but ungodly in life? and that it is very
possible to be ungodly in life, hear this same blessed Apostle saying
elsewhere, "They profess that they know God, but in works they deny
Him." (Tit. i. 16.) And again, "He hath denied the faith, and is worse
than an infidel." (1 Tim. v. 8.) And, "If any man that is called a
brother be a fornicator, or covetous, or an idolater" (1 Cor. v. 11),
such a man honors not God. And, "He that hateth his brother, knoweth
not God." (1 John ii. 9.) Such are the various ways of ungodliness.
Therefore he says, "All godliness and good order."(2) For not only is
the fornicator not honest, but
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the covetous man may be called disorderly and intemperate. For avarice
is a lust no less than the bodily appetites, which he who does not
chastise, is called dissolute.(1) For men are called dissolute from not
restraining their desires, so that the passionate, the envious, the
covetous, the deceitful, and every one that lives in sin, may be called
dissolute, disorderly, and licentious.
Ver. 3. "For this is good and acceptable in the
sight of God our Saviour."
What is said to be "acceptable"? The praying for all
men. This God accepts, this He wills.
Ver. 4. "Who willeth that all men should be saved,
and come to the knowledge of the truth."
Imitate God! if He willeth that all men should be
saved, there is reason why one should pray for all, if He hath willed
that all should be saved, be thou willing also; and if thou wishest it,
pray for it, for wishes lead to prayers. Observe how from every quarter
He urges this upon the soul, to pray for the Heathen, showing how great
advantage springs from it; "that we may lead a quiet and peaceable
life"; and what is much more than this, that it is pleasing to God, and
thus men become like Him, in that they will the same that He does. This
is enough to shame a very brute. Fear not therefore to pray for the
Gentiles, for God Himself wills it; but fear only to pray against any,
for that He wills not. And if you pray for the Heathens, you ought of
course to pray for Heretics also, for we are to pray for all men, and
not to persecute.(2) And this is good also for another reason, as we
are partakers of the same nature, and God commands and accepts
benevolence and affection towards one another.
But if the Lord Himself wills to give, you say, what
need of my prayer? It is of great benefit both to them and to thyself.
It draws them to love, and it inclines thee to humanity. It has the
power of attracting others to the faith; (for many men have fallen away
from God, from contentiousness towards one another;) and this(3) is
what he now calls the salvation of God, "who will have all men to be
saved"; without this all other is nothing great, a mere nominal
salvation,(4) and only in words. "And to come to the knowledge of the
truth." The truth: what truth? Faith in Him. And indeed he had
previously said, "Charge some that they teach no other doctrine." But
that no one may consider such as enemies, and on that account raise
troubles(5) against them; he says that" He willeth that all men should
be saved, and come to the knowledge of the truth"; and having said
this, he adds,
Ver. 5. "For there is one God, and one Mediator
between God and men."
He had before said, "to come to the knowledge of the
truth," implying that the world is not in the truth. Now he says, "that
there is one God," that is, not as some say, many, and that He has sent
His Son as Mediator, thus giving proof that He will have all men to be
saved. But is not the Son God? Most truly He is; why then does he say,
"One God"? In contradistinction to the idols; not to the Son. For he is
discoursing about truth and error. Now a mediator ought to have
communion with both parties, between whom he is to mediate. For this is
the property of a mediator, to be in close communion with each of those
whose mediator he is. For he would be no longer a mediator, if he were
connected with one but separated from the other.(6) If therefore He
partakes not of the nature of the Father, He is not a Mediator, but is
separated. For as He is partaker of the nature of men, because He came
to men, so is He partaker of the nature of God, because He came from
God. Because He was to mediate between two natures, He must approximate
to the two natures; for as the place situated between two others is
joined to each place, so must that between natures be joined to either
nature. As therefore He became Man, so was He also God. A man could not
have become a mediator, because he must also plead with God. God could
not have been mediator, since those could not receive Him, toward whom
He should have mediated. And as elsewhere he says, "There is one God
the Father, ... and one Lord Jesus Christ" (1 Cor. viii. 6); so also
here "One" God, and "One" Mediator; he does not say two; for he would
not have that number wrested to Polytheism, of which he was speaking.
So he wrote "One" and "One." You see how accurate are the expressions
of Scripture! For though one and one are two, we are not to say this,
though reason suggests it. And here thou sayest not one and one are
two, and yet thou sayest what reason does not suggest. "If He begat He
also suffered."(7) "For there is one God," he says, "and one Mediator
between God and men, the Man Christ Jesus."
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Ver. 6. "Who gave Himself a ransom for all to be
testified(1) in due time."
Was Christ then a ransom for the Heathen?
Undoubtedly Christ died even for Heathen; and you cannot bear to pray
for them. Why then, you ask, did they not believe? Because they would
not: but His part was done. His suffering was a "Testimony," he says;
for He came, it is meant, "to bear witness to the truth" of the Father,
and was slain.(2) Thus not only the Father bore witness to Him, but He
to the Father. "For I came," He saith, "in my Father's name." (John v.
43.) And again, "No man hath seen God at any time." (John i. 18.) And
again, "That they might know Thee, the only true God." (John xvii. 3.)
And, "God is a Spirit," (John iv, 24.) And He bore witness even to the
death. But this, "in due time," means, In the fittest time.
Ver. 7. "Whereunto I am ordained a preacher and an
Apostle, (I speak the truth in Christ, and lie not:) a teacher of the
Gentiles in faith and verity."
Since therefore Christ suffered for the Gentiles,
and I was separated to be a "teacher of the Gentiles," why dost thou
refuse to pray for them? He fully shows his own credibility, by saying
that he was "ordained" (Acts xiii. 2), that is, separated, for this
purpose, the other Apostles being backward(3) in teaching the Gentiles;
he adds, "in faith and verity," to show that in that faith there was no
deceit. Here is observable the extension of grace. For the Jews had no
prayers for the Gentiles; but now grace is extended to them: and when
he says that he was separated to be a Teacher of the Gentiles, he
intimates that grace was now shed over every part of the world.
"He gave himself a ransom," he saith, how then was
He delivered up by the Father? Because it was of His goodness. And what
means "ransom"? God was about to punish them, but He forbore to do it.
They were about to perish, but in their stead He gave His own Son, and
sent us as heralds to proclaim the Cross. These things are sufficient
to attract all, and to demonstrate the love of Christ. MORAL. So truly,
so inexpressibly great are the benefits which God has bestowed upon us.
He sacrificed Himself for His enemies, who hated and rejected Him. What
no one would do for friends, for brethren, for children, that the Lord
hath done for His servants; a Lord not Himself such an one as His
servants, but God for men; for men not deserving. For had they been
deserving, had they done His pleasure, it would have been less
wonderful; but that He died for such ungrateful, such obstinate
creatures, this it is which strikes every mind with amazement. For what
men would not do for their fellow-men, that has God done for us! Yet
after such a display of love towards us, we hold back,(4) and are not
in earnest in our love of Christ. He has sacrificed Himself for us; for
Him we make no sacrifice. We neglect Him when He wants necessary food;
sick and naked we visit Him not. What do we not deserve, what wrath,
what punishment, what hell? Were there no other inducement, it should
be sufficient to prevail with every one that He condescended to make
human sufferings His own, to say I hunger, I thirst.
O the tyranny of wealth! or rather the wickedness of
those who are its willing slaves! for it has no great power of itself,
but through our weakness and servility:(5) it is we that are mean and
groveling, that are carnal and without understanding. For what power
has money? It is mute and insensible. If the devil, that wicked spirit,
that crafty confounder of all things, has no power,(6) what power has
money? When you look upon silver, fancy it is tin! Cannot you? Then
hold it for what it really is; for earth it is. But if you cannot
reason thus, consider that we too shall perish, that many of those who
have possessed it have gained scarce any advantage by it, that
thousands who gloried in it are now dust and ashes. That they are
suffering extreme punishment, and far more beggarly than they that fed
from glass and earthenware; that those who once reclined on ivory
couches, are poorer now than those who are lying on the dunghill. But
it delights the eyes! How many other things delight them more! The
flowers, the pure sky, the firmament, the bright sun, are far more
grateful to the eye. For it hath much of rust, whence some have
asserted that it was black, which appears from the images that turn
black. But there is no blackness in the sun, the heaven, the stars.
Much greater delight is there in these brilliants(7) than in its color.
It is not therefore its brilliancy(8) that makes it please, but
covetousness and iniquity; these, and not money, give the pleasure.
Cast these from thy soul, and what appeared so precious will seem to
thee more worthless than clay. Those who are in a fever long for mud
when they see it, as if it were spring water; but those in sound health
seldom wish even for water. Cast off this morbid longing, and thou wilt
see things as they are. And to prove that I do not speak falsely, know,
that I can point out many who
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have done so. Quench this flame, and thou wilt see that these things
are of less worth than flowers.
Is gold good? Yes, it is good for almsgiving, for
the relief of the poor; it is good, not for unprofitable use, to be
hoarded up or buried in the earth, to be worn on the hands or the feet
or the head. It was discovered for this end, that with it we should
loose the captives, not form it into a chain for the image of God. Use
thy gold for this, to loose him that is bound, not to chain her that is
free. Tell me, why dost thou value above all things what is of so
little worth? Is it the less a chain, because it is of gold? does the
material make any difference?(1) whether it be gold or iron, it is
still a chain; nay the gold is the heavier. What then makes it light,
but vainglory, and the pleasure of being seen to wear a chain, of which
you ought rather to be ashamed? To make this evident, fasten it, and
place the wearer in a wilderness or where there is no one to see, and
the chain will at once be felt heavy, and thought burdensome.
Beloved, let us fear, lest we be doomed to hear
those terrible words, "Bind him hand and foot." (Matt. xxii. 13.) And
why, O woman, dost thou now do so to thyself? No prisoner has both his
hands and his feet bound. Why bindest thou thy head too? For thou art
not content with hands and feet, but bindest thy head and thy neck with
many chains. I pass over the care that comes of these things, the fear,
the alarm, the strife occasioned by them with thy husband if ever he
wants them, the death it is to people when they lose any of them. Canst
thou call this a pleasure? To gratify the eyes of others, dost thou
subject thyself to chains, and cares, and perils, and uneasiness, and
daily quarrels? This is deserving of every censure and condemnation.
Nay, I entreat you, let us not do thus, let us burst every "bond of
iniquity" (Acts viii. 23); let us break our bread to the hungry, and
let us do all other things, which may ensure to us confidence before
God, that we may obtain the blessings promised through Jesus Christ our
Lord, with whom, &c.
HOMILY VIII.
1 TIMOTHY ii. 8-10.
"I will therefore that men pray everywhere, lifting up holy hands,
without wrath and doubting. In like manner also, that women adorn
themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not
with broidered hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array; but (which
becometh women professing godliness) with good works."
"WHEN thou prayest," saith Christ, "thou shalt not
be as the hypocrites are; for they love to pray standing in the
synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of
men. Verily I say unto you, they have their reward. But thou, when thou
prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray
to thy Father, which is in secret; and thy Father, which seeth in
secret, shall reward thee openly." (Matt. vi. 5, 6.) What then says
Paul? "I will therefore that men pray everywhere, lifting up holy
hands, without wrath and doubting." This is not contrary to the other,
God forbid, but quite in harmony with it. But how, and in what way? We
must first consider what means, "enter into thy closet, and why Christ
commands this, if we are to pray in every place? or whether we may not
pray in the church, nor in any other part of the house, but the closet?
What then means that saying? Christ is recommending us to avoid
ostentation, when He bids us offer our prayers not only privately, but
secretly. For, when He says, "Let not thy left hand know what thy right
hand doeth" (Matt. vi. 3), it is not the hands that He. considers, but
He is bidding them use the utmost caution against ostentation: and He
is doing the like here; He did not limit prayer to one place, but
required one thing alone, the absence of vainglory. The object of Paul
is to distinguish the Christian from the Jewish prayers, therefore
observe what he says: "In every place lifting up holy hands," which was
not permitted the Jews, for they were not allowed to approach God, to
sacrifice and perform their services, elsewhere, but assembling from
all parts of the world in one place, they were bound to perform all
their worship(2) in the temple. In opposition to this he introduces his
precept, and freeing them from this necessity, he says in effect, Our
ways are not like the Jewish; for as Christ commanded us to pray for
all men because He died for all men, and I preach these things for all
men, so it is good to "pray everywhere." Henceforth the consider-
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ation is not of the place but of the manner of the prayer; "pray
everywhere," but "everywhere lift up holy hands." That is the thing
required. And what is "holy"?(1) Pure. And what is pure? Not washed
with water, but free from covetousness, murder, rapacity, violence,
"without wrath and doubting." What means this? Who is angry when he
prays? It means, without bearing malice. Let the mind of him that prays
be pure, freed from all passion. Let no one approach God in enmity, or
in an unamiable temper, or with "doubting." What is "without doubting"?
Let us hear. It implies that we should have no misgiving but that we
shall be heard. For it is said, "whatever ye ask believing ye shall
receive." (Matt. xxi. 22.) And again, "when ye stand praying forgive,
if ye have aught against any one." (Mark xi. 25.) This is to pray
without wrath and doubting. But how can I believe that I shall obtain
my request? By asking nothing opposed to that which He is ready to
grant, nothing unworthy of the great King, nothing worldly, but
all spiritual blessings; if you approach Him "without wrath," having
pure hands, "holy hands": hands employed in almsgiving are holy.
Approach Him thus, and you will certainly obtain your request. "For if
ye being evil know how to give good gifts to your children, how much
more shall your Father which is in Heaven give good things to them that
ask Him?" (Matt. vii. II.) By doubting he means misgiving. In like
manner he says, I will that women approach God without wrath and
doubting, lifting up holy hands: that they should not follow their own
desires, nor be covetous or rapacious. For what if a woman does not rob
or steal herself, but does it through means of her husband? Paul
however requires something more of women, that they adorn themselves
"in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with
broidered hair or gold or pearls or costly array; But (which becometh
women professing godliness) with good works." But what is this "modest
apparel"? Such attire as covers them completely, and decently, not with
superfluous ornaments, for the one is becoming, the other is not.
MORAL. What? Dost thou approach God to pray, with
broidered hair and ornaments of gold? Art thou come to a dance? to a
marriage? to a gay procession? There such a broidery, such costly
garments, had been seasonable, here not one of them is wanted. Thou art
come to pray, to supplicate for pardon of thy sins, to plead for thine
offenses, beseeching the Lord, and hoping to render Him propitious to
thee. Why dost thou adorn thyself? This is not the dress of a
suppliant. How canst thou groan? How canst thou weep? How pray with
fervency, when thus attired? Shouldest thou weep, thy tears will be the
ridicule of the beholders. She that weeps ought not to be wearing gold.
It were but acting, and hypocrisy. For is it not acting to pour forth
tears from a soul so overgrown with extravagance and ambition? Away
with such hypocrisy! God is not mocked! This is the attire of actors
and dancers, that live upon the stage. Nothing of this sort becomes a
modest woman, who should be adorned "with shamefacedness and sobriety."
Imitate not therefore the courtesans. For by such a
dress they allure their many lovers; and hence many have incurred a
disgraceful suspicion, and, instead of gaining any advantage from their
ornaments, have injured many(2) by bearing this character. For as the
adulteress, though she may have a character for modesty, derives no
benefit from that character, in the Day, when He who judges the secrets
of men shall make all things manifest; so the modest woman, if she
contrive by this dress to pass for an adulteress, will lose the
advantage of her chastity. For many have suffered harm by this opinion.
"What can I do," thou sayest, "if another suspects me?" But thou givest
the occasion by thy dress, thy looks, thy gestures. It is for this
reason that Paul discourses much of dress and much of modesty. And if
be would remove those things which are only the indications of wealth,
as gold, and pearls, and costly array; how much more those things which
imply studied ornament, as painting, coloring the eyes, a mincing gait,
the affected voice, a languishing and wanton look; the exquisite care
in putting on the cloak and bodice, the nicely wrought girdle, and the
closely-fitted shoes? For he glances at all these things, in speaking
of "modest apparel" and "shamefacedness." For such things are shameless
and indecent.
Bear with me, I beseech you, for it is not my aim by
this plain reproof to wound or pain you, but to remove from my flock
all that is unbecoming to them. But if these prohibitions are addressed
to those who have husbands, who are rich, and live luxuriously; much
more to those who have professed virginity. But what virgin, you say,
wears gold, or broidered hair? Yet there may be such a studied nicety
in a simple dress, as that these are nothing to it. You may study
appearance in a common garment more than those who wear gold. For when
a very dark colored robe is drawn closely round the breast with the
girdle(as dancers on the stage are attired), with such nicety that it
may neither
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spread into breadth nor shrink into scantiness, but be between both;
and when the bosom is set off with many folds, is not this more
alluring than any silken robes? and when the shoe, shining through its
blackness, ends in a sharp point, and imitates the elegance of
painting, so that even the breadth of the sole is scarce visible--or
when, though you do not indeed paint the face, you spend much time and
pains on washing it, and spread a veil across the forehead,(1) whiter
than the face itself--and above that put on a hood,(2) of which the
blackness may set off the white by contrast--is there not in all this
the vanity of dress? What can one say to the perpetual rolling of the
eyes? to the putting on of the stomacher; so artfully as sometimes to
conceal, sometimes to disclose, the fastening? For this too they
sometimes expose, so as to show the exquisiteness of the cincture,
winding the hood entirely round the head. Then like the players, they
wear gloves so closely fitted, that they seem to grow upon the hands:
and we might speak of their walk, and other artifices more alluring
than any ornament of gold. Let us fear, beloved, lest we also hear what
the Prophet said to the Hebrew women who were so studious of outward
ornament; "Instead of a girdle, thou shalt be girded with a halter,
instead of well-set hair, baldness." (Isa. iii. 24, Sept.) These things
and many others, invented only to be seen and to attract beholders, are
more alluring than golden ornaments. These are no trifling faults, but
displeasing to God, and enough to mar all the self-denial of virginity.
Thou hast Christ for thy Bridegroom, O virgin, why
dost thou seek to attract human lovers? He will judge thee as an
adulteress. Why dost thou not wear the ornament that is pleasing to
Him; modesty, chastity, orderliness, and sober apparel? This is
meretricious, and disgraceful. We can no longer distinguish harlots and
virgins, to such indecency have they advanced. A virgin's dress should
not be studied, but plain, and without labor; but now they have many
artifices to make their dress conspicuous. O woman, cease from this
folly. Transfer this care to thy soul, to the inward adorning. For the
outward ornament that invests thee, suffers not that within to become
beautiful. He that is concerned for that which is without, despises
that which is within, even as he that is unconcerned about the
exterior, bestows all his care upon the interior. Say not, "Alas! I
wear a threadbare garment, mean shoes, a worthless veil; what is there
of ornament in these?" Do not deceive thyself. It is impossible, as I
said, to study appearance more by these than by costlier dresses;
especially when they are close-fitted to the body, fashioned to an
immodest show, and of shining neatness.(3) Thou excusest thyself to me,
but what canst thou say to God, who knows the heart and the spirit with
which thou doest these things? "It is not done for fornication!"
Perhaps not, but for admiration; and dost thou not blush for shame to
be admired for such things? But thou sayest, "It is but chance I am so
dressed, and for no motive of this kind." God knoweth what thou sayest
to me: is it to me thou must give account? Nay, it is to Him who is
present at thy actions, and will one day require into them, to whom all
things are naked and open. It is on this account that we now urge these
things, that we may not let you be amenable to those severe judgments.
Let us fear, therefore, lest He reprove you in the words of the Prophet
to the Jewish women. "They come to be seen of me wantoning and mincing
as they go, and making a tinkling with their feet." (Isa. iii. 16.)
Ye have taken upon you a great contest, where
wrestling, not ornament is required; where the battle awaits you, not
sloth and ease. Observe the combatants and wrestlers in the games. Do
they concern themselves about their walk or their dress? No, but
scorning all these, and throwing about them a garment(4) dripping with
oil, they look only to one thing, to wound, and not be wounded. The
devil stands grinding his teeth, watching to destroy thee every way,
and thou remainest unconcerned, or concerned only about this satanic
ornament. I say nothing about the voice, though much affectation is
shown in this also, nor about perfumes, and other such luxuries. It is
for these things we are ridiculed by the women of the world. The
respect for virginity is lost. No one honors a virgin as she ought to
be honored. They have given occasion to their own dishonor. Ought not
they to be looked up to in the Church of God, as women coming from
heaven? but now they are despised, and deservedly, though not those
among them who are discreet. But when one who has a husband and
children, and presides over a household, sees thee, who ought to be
crucified to the world, more devoted to the world than herself, will
she not ridicule and despise thee? See what care! what pains! In thy
humble dress, thou exceedest her who wears the costliest ornament, and
art more studious of appearance than she who is arrayed in gold. What
is becoming to thee thou seekest not; that which misbecomes thee thou
pursuest, when thou oughtest to be occupied in good works. On this
account virgins are less honored than women of the world. For they do
not perform
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works worthy of their virgin profession. This is not said to all; or
rather it is said to all; to those who are in fault, that they may
learn modesty; to those who are free from blame, that they may teach
modesty to others. But beware lest this rebuke be verified in deed. For
we have not said these things that we may grieve, but that we may
correct you, that we may glory in you. And may we all do those things
which are acceptable to God, and live to His glory, that we may obtain
the blessings promised by the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord
Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.
HOMILY IX.
1 TIMOTHY ii. 11-15.
"Let the women learn in silence with all subjection. But I suffer not a
woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in
silence. For Adam was first formed, then Eve. And Adam was not
deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression.
Notwithstanding she shall be saved in [through the] child-bearing, if
they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety."
GREAT modesty and great propriety does the blessed
Paul require of women, and that not only with respect to their dress
and appearance: he proceeds even to regulate their speech. And what
says he? "Let the woman learn in silence"; that is, let her not speak
at all in the church; which rule he has also given in his Epistle to
the Corinthians, where he says," It is a shame for women to speak in
the church" (1 Cor. xiv. 35); and the reason is, that the law has made
them subject to men. And again elsewhere, "And if they will learn
anything, let them ask their husbands at home." (Ibid.) Then indeed the
women, from such teaching, kept silence; but now there is apt to be
great noise among them, much clamor and talking, and nowhere so much as
in this place. They may all be seen here talking more than in the
market, or at the bath. For, as if they came hither for recreation,
they are all engaged in conversing upon unprofitable subjects. Thus all
is confusion, and they seem not to understand, that unless they are
quiet, they cannot learn anything that is useful. For when our
discourse strains against the talking, and no one minds what is said,
what good can it do to them? To such a degree should women be silent,
that they are not allowed to speak not only about worldly matters, but
not even about spiritual things, in the church. This is order, this is
modesty, this will adorn her more than any garments. Thus clothed, she
will be able to offer her prayers in the manner most becoming.
"But I suffer not a woman to teach." "I do not
suffer," he says. What place has this command here? The fittest. He was
speaking of quietness, of propriety, of modesty, so having said that he
wished them not to speak in the church, to cut off all occasion of
conversation, he says, let them not teach, but occupy the station of
learners. For thus they will show submission by their silence. For the
sex is naturally somewhat talkative: and for this reason he restrains
them on all sides. "For Adam," says he, "was first formed, then Eve.
And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the
transgression."
If it be asked, what has this to do with women of
the present day? it shows that the male sex enjoyed the higher honor.
Man was first formed; and elsewhere he shows their superiority.
"Neither was the man created for the woman, but the woman for the man."
(1 Cor. xi. 9.) Why then does he say this? He wishes the man to have
the preeminence in every way; both for the reason given above, he
means, let him have precedence, and on account of what occurred
afterwards. For the woman taught the man once, and made him guilty of
disobedience, and wrought our ruin. Therefore because she made a bad
use of her power over the man, or rather her equality with him, God
made her subject to her husband. "Thy desire shall be to thy husband?"
(Gen. iii. 16.) This had not been said to her before.
But how was Adam not deceived? If he was not
deceived, he did not then transgress? Attend carefully. The woman said,
"The serpent beguiled me." But the man did not say, The woman deceived
me, but, "she gave me of the tree, and I did eat." Now it is not the
same thing to be deceived by a fellow-creature, one of the same kind,
as by an inferior and subordinate animal. This is truly to be deceived.
Compared therefore with the woman, he is spoken of as "not deceived."
For she was beguiled by an inferior and subject, he by an equal. Again,
it is not said of the man, that he "saw the tree was good for food,"
but of the woman, and that she "did eat, and gave it to her hus-
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band": so that he transgressed, not captivated by appetite, but merely
from the persuasion of his wife. The woman taught once, and ruined all.
On this account therefore he saith, let her not teach. But what is it
to other women, that she suffered this? It certainly concerns them; for
the sex is weak and fickle, and he is speaking of the sex collectively.
For he says not Eve, but "the woman," which is the common name of the
whole sex, not her proper name. Was then the whole sex included in the
transgression for her fault? As he said of Adam, "After the similitude
of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of Him that was to come"
(Rom. v. 14); so here the female sex transgressed, and not the male.
Shall not women then be saved? Yes, by means of children. For it
is not of Eve that he says, "If they continue in faith and charity and
holiness with sobriety." What faith? what charity? what holiness with
sobriety? It is as if he had said, "Ye women, be not cast down, because
your sex has incurred blame. God has granted you another opportunity of
salvation, by the bringing up of children, so that you are saved, not
only by yourselves, but by others." See how many questions are involved
in this matter. "The woman," he says, "being deceived was in the
transgression." What woman? Eve. Shall she then be saved by
child-bearing? He does not say that, but, the race of women shall be
saved. Was not it then involved in transgression? Yes, it was, still
Eve transgressed, but the whole sex shall be saved, notwithstanding,
"by childbearing." And why not by their own personal virtue? For has
she excluded others from this salvation? And what will be the case with
virgins, with the barren, with widows who have lost their husbands,
before they had children? will they perish? is there no hope for them?
yet virgins are held in the highest estimation. What then does he mean
to say?
Some interpret his meaning thus. As what happened to
the first woman occasioned the subjection of the whole sex, (for since
Eve was formed second and made subject, he says, let the rest of the
sex be in subjection,) so because she transgressed, the rest of the sex
are also in transgression. But this is not fair reasoning; for at the
creation all was the gift of God, but in this case, it is the
consequence of the woman's sin. But this is the amount of what he says.
As all men died through one, because that one sinned, so the whole
female race transgressed, because the woman was in the transgression.
Let her not however grieve. God hath given her no small consolation,
that of childbearing. And if it be said that this is of nature, so is
that(1) also of nature; for not only that which is of nature has been
granted, but also the bringing up of children. "If they continue in
faith and charity and holiness with sobriety"; that is, if after
childbearing, they keep them(2) in charity and purity. By these means
they will have no small reward on their account, because they have
trained up wrestlers for the service of Christ. By holiness he means
good life, modesty, and sobriety.
Chap. iii. ver. 1. "This is a faithful saying."
This relates to the present subject, not to what
follows, respecting the office of a Bishop. For as it was doubted, he
affirms it to be a true saying, that fathers may be benefited by the
virtue of their children, and mothers also, when they have brought them
up well. But what if she be herself addicted to wickedness and vice?
Will she then be benefited by the bringing up of children? Is it not
probable that she will bring them up to be like herself? It is not
therefore of any woman, but of the virtuous woman, that it is said she
shall receive a great recompense for this also.
MORAL. Hear this, ye fathers and mothers, that your
bringing up of children shall not lose its reward. This also he says,
as he proceeds, "Well reported of for good works; if she have brought
up children." (1 Tim. v. 10.) Among other commendations he reckons this
one, for it is no light praise to devote to God those children which
are given them of God. For if the basis, the foundation which they lay
be good, great will be their reward; as great, if they neglect
it, will be their punishment. It was on account of his children that
Eli perished. For he ought to have admonished them, and indeed he did
admonish them, but not as he ought; but from his unwillingness to give
them pain he destroyed both himself and them. Hear this, ye fathers,
bring your children up with great care "in the nurture and admonition
of the Lord." (Eph. vi. 4.) Youth is wild, and requires many governors,
teachers, directors, attendants, and tutors; and after all these, it is
a happiness if it be restrained. For as a horse not broken in, or a
wild beast untamed, such is youth. But if from the beginning, from the
earliest age, we fix it in good rules, much pains will not be required
afterwards; for good habits formed will be to them as a law. Let us not
suffer them to do anything which is agreeable, but injurious; nor let
us indulge them, as forsooth but children. Especially let us train them
in chastity, for there is the very bane of youth. For this many
struggles, much attention will be necessary. Let us take wives for them
early, so that their brides
437
may receive their bodies pure and unpolluted, so their loves will be
more ardent. He that is chaste before marriage, much more will he be
chaste after it; and he that practiced fornication before, will
practice it after marriage. "All bread," it is said, "is sweet to the
fornicator." (Ecclus. xxiii. 17.) Garlands are wont to be worn on the
heads of bridegrooms, as a symbol of victory, betokening that they
approach the marriage bed unconquered by pleasure. But if captivated by
pleasure he has given himself up to harlots, why does he wear the
garland, since he has been subdued?
Let us admonish them of these things. Let us employ
sometimes advice, sometimes warnings, sometimes threatening. In
children we have a great charge committed to us. Let us bestow great
care upon them, and do everything that the Evil One may not rob us of
them. But now our practice is the very reverse of this. We take all
care indeed to have our farm in good order, and to commit it to a
faithful manager, we look out for it an ass-driver, and muleteer, and
bailiff, and a clever accomptant. But we do not look out for what is
much more important, for a person to whom we may commit our son as the
guardian of his morals, though this is a possession much more valuable
than all others. It is for him indeed that we take such care of our
estate. We take care of our possessions for our children, but of the
children themselves we take no care at all. What an absurdity is this!
Form the soul of thy son aright, and all the rest will be added
hereafter. If that is not good, he will derive no advantage from his
wealth, and if it is formed to goodness he will suffer no harm from
poverty. Wouldest thou leave him rich? teach him to be good: for so he
will be able to acquire wealth, or if not, he will not fare worse than
they who possess it. But if he be wicked, though you leave him
boundless wealth, you leave him no one to take care of it, and you
render him worse than those who are reduced to extreme poverty. For
poverty is better than riches for those children who are not
well-disposed. For it retains them in some degree of virtue even
against their will. Whereas money does not suffer those who would be
sober to continue so, it leads them away, ruins them, and plunges them
into infinite dangers.
Mothers, be specially careful to regulate your
daughters well; for the management of them is easy. Be watchful over
them, that they may be keepers at home. Above all, instruct them to be
pious, modest, despisers of wealth, indifferent to ornament. In this
way dispose of them in marriage. For if you form them in this way, you
will save not only them, but the husband who is destined to marry
them, and not the husband only, but the children, not the children
only, but the grandchildren. For the root being made good, good
branches will shoot forth, and still become better, and for all these
you will receive a reward. Let us do all things therefore, as
benefiting not only one soul, but many through that one. For they ought
to go from their father's house to marriage, as combatants from the
school of exercise, furnished with all necessary knowledge, and to be
as leaven able to transform the whole lump to its own virtue. And let
your sons be so modest, as to be distinguished for their steadiness and
sobriety, that they may receive great praise both from God and men. Let
them learn to govern their appetites, to avoid extravagance, to be good
economists, affectionate, and submissive to rule. For so they will be
able to secure a good reward to their parents, so all things will be
done to the glory of God, and to our salvation, through Christ Jesus
our Lord, with whom, &c.
HOMILY X.
1 TIMOTHY iii. 1-4
"If a man desire the office of a Bishop, he desireth a good work. A
Bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant,
sober, of good behavior, given to hospitality, apt to teach; not given
to wine, no striker, not greedy of filthy lucre; but patient, not a
brawler, not covetous; one that ruleth well his own house, having his
children in subjection with all gravity."
As now proceeding to discourse of the Episcopal
office, he sets out with showing what sort of a person a Bishop ought
to be. And here he does not do it as in the course of his exhortation
to Timothy, but addresses all, and instructs others through him. And
what says he? "If a man desire the office of a Bishop," I do not blame
him, for it is a work of protection. If any one has this desire, so
that he does not covet the dominion and authority, but wishes to
protect the Church, I blame him not. "For he desireth a good work."
Even Moses desired
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the office, though not the power, and his desire exposed him to that
taunt, "Who made thee a ruler and a judge over us?" (Acts vii. 27 Ex.
ii. 14.) If any one, then, desire it in this way, let him desire it.
For the Episcopate is so called from having the oversight of all.
"A Bishop then," he says, "must be blameless, the
husband of one wife." This he does not lay down as a rule, as if he
must not be without one, but as prohibiting his having more than
one.(1) For even the Jews were allowed to contract second marriages,
and even to have two wives at one time. For "marriage is honorable,"
(Heb. xiii. 4.) Some however say, that this is said that he should be
the husband of one wife.(2) "Blameless." Every virtue is implied in
this word; so that if any one be conscious to himself of any sins, he
doth not well to desire an office for which his own actions have
disqualified him. For such an one ought to be ruled, and not to rule
others. For he who bears rule should be brighter than any luminary; his
life should be unspotted, so that all should look up to him, and make
his life the model of their own. But in employing this exhortation, he
had no common object in view. For he too(3) was about to appoint
Bishops, (which also he exhorts Titus to do in his Epistle to him,) and
as it was probable that many would desire that office, therefore he
urges these admonitions. "Vigilant," he says, that is, circumspect,
having a thousand eyes about him, quicksighted, not having the eyes of
his mind dimmed. For many things occur which permit not a man to see
clearly, to see things as they are. For care and troubles, and a load
of business on all sides press upon him. He must therefore be vigilant,
not only over his own concerns, but over those of others. He must be
well awake, he must be fervent in spirit, and, as it were, breathe fire
he must labor and attend upon his duty by day and by night, even more
than a general upon his army; he must be careful and concerned for all.
"Sober, of good behavior, given to hospitality." Because these
qualities are possessed by most of those who are under their rule, (for
in these respects they ought to be equal to those who rule over
them,) he, to show what is peculiar to the Bishops, adds, "apt
to teach." For this is not required of him that is ruled, but is
most essential to him who has this rule committed to him.[4]
"Not given to wine": here he does not so much mean
intemperate, as insolent and impudent. "No striker": this too does not
mean a striker with the hands. What means then "no striker"? Because
there are some who unseasonably smite the consciences of their
brethren, it seems to be said with reference to them. "Not greedy of
filthy lucre, but patient: not a brawler, not covetous; one that ruleth
well his own house, having his children in subjection with all
gravity." If then "he who is married cares for the things of the world"
(1 Cor. vii. 33), and a Bishop ought not to care for the things of the
world, why does he say the husband of one wife? Some indeed think that
he says this with reference to one who remains free(5) from a wife. But
if otherwise, he that hath a wife may be as though he had none. (1 Cor.
vii. 29.) For that liberty was then properly granted, as suited to the
nature of the circumstances then existing. And it is very possible, if
a man will, so to regulate his conduct. For as riches make it difficult
to enter into the kingdom of Heaven, yet rich men have often entered
in, so it is with marriage. But why does he say, speaking of a Bishop,
that he should be "not given to wine, hospitable," when he should name
greater things? Why said he not that he should be an Angel, not subject
to human passions? Where are those great qualities of which Christ
speaks, which even those under their rule ought to possess? To be
crucified to the world, to be always ready to lay down their lives, as
Christ said. "The good Shepherd giveth his life for the sheep" (John x.
11); and again, "He that taketh not his cross and followeth after me,
is not worthy of me." (Matt. x. 38.) But "not given to wine," he says;
a good prospect indeed, if such are the things of which a Bishop is to
be admonished! Why has he not said that he ought to be already raised
above the world? But dost thou demand less of the Bishop, than even of
those in the world? For to these he saith, "Mortify your members which
are upon the earth" (Col. iii. 5), and "He that is dead, is freed from
sin." (Rom. vi. 7.) "They that are Christ's have crucified the flesh";
and Christ again says, "Whosoever forsaketh not all that he hath, he is
not worthy of Me." (Luke xv. 33.) Why are not these things required by
Paul? Plainly because few could be found of such a character, and there
was need of many Bishops, that one might preside in every city.
But because the Churches were to be exposed to
attacks,(6) he requires not that superior and
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highly exalted virtue, but a moderate degree of it; for to be sober, of
good behavior, and temperate, were qualities common to many. "Having
his children in subjection with all gravity." This is necessary, that
an example might be exhibited in his own house. For who would believe
that he who had not his own son in subjection, would keep a stranger
under command? "One that ruleth well his own house." Even those who are
without say this, that he who is a good manager of a house will be a
good statesman. For the Church is, as it were, a small household, and
as in a house there are children and wife and domestics, and the man
has rule over them all; just so in the Church there are women,
children, servants. And if he that presides in the Church has partners
in his power, so hath the man a partner, that is, his wife. Ought the
Church to provide for her widows and virgins? so there are in a family
servants, and daughters, to be provided for. And, in fact, it is easier
to rule the house; therefore he asks, "if a man know not how to rule
his own house, how shall he take care of the Church of God?"
Ver. 6. "Not a novice."(2) He does not say, not a
young man, but not a new convert. For he had said, "I have planted,
Apollos watered, but God gave the increase." (1 Cor. iii. 6.) Wishing
them to point out such an one, he used this word. For, otherwise, what
hindered him from saying, "Not a young man"? For if youth only was an
objection, why did he himself appoint Timothy, a young man? (and this
he proves by saying to him, "Let no man despise thy youth.") (1 Tim.
iv. 12.) Because(3) he was aware of his great virtue, and his great
strictness of life. Knowing which he writes, "From a child thou hast
learned the holy Scriptures." (2 Tim. iii. 15.) And that he practiced
intense fasting is proved by the words, "Use a little wine for thine
often infirmities"; which he wrote to him amongst other things, as, if
he had not known of such good works of his, he would not have written,
nor given any such charge to his disciple. But as there were many then
who came over from the Heathen, and were baptized, he says, "Do not
immediately advance to a station of dignity a novice, that is, one of
these new converts." For, if before he had well been a disciple, he
should at once be made a Teacher, he would be lifted up into insolence.
If before he had learnt to be under rule, he should be appointed one of
the rulers, he would be puffed up: therefore he adds, "Lest being
lifted up with pride, he fall into the condemnation of the devil," that
is, into the same condemnation which Satan incurred by his pride.
Ver. 7. "Moreover he must have a good report of them
which are without; test he fall into reproach and the snare of the
devil."
This is rightly said, as he was certain to be
reproached by them, and for the same reason perhaps he said, "the
husband of one wife," though elsewhere he says, "I would that all men
were even as I myself!" (1 Cor. vii. 7), that is, practicing
continency. That he may not therefore confine them within too narrow a
limit, by requiring an over-strict conversation, he is satisfied to
prescribe moderate virtue. For it was necessary to appoint one to
preside in every city, as he writes to Titus, "That thou shouldest
ordain elders in every city, as I had appointed thee." (Tit. i. 5.) But
what if he should have a good report, and fair reputation, and not be
worthy of it? In the first place this would not easily happen. It is
much for good men to obtain a good report among their enemies. But, in
fact, he has not left this to stand by itself; a good report "also," he
says, that is, besides other qualities. What then, if they should speak
evil of him without a cause from envy, especially as they were
Heathens? This was not to be expected. For even they will reverence a
man of blameless life. Why then does he say, speaking of himself,
"Through evil: report and good report"? (2 Cor. vi. 6.) Because it was
not his life that they assailed, but his preaching. Therefore he says,
"through evil report." They were slandered as deceivers and impostors,
on account of their preaching, and this because they could not attack
their moral characters and lives. For why did no one say of the
Apostles, that they were fornicators, unclean, or covetous persons, but
that they were deceivers, which relates to their preaching only? Must
it not be that their lives were irreproachable? It is manitest.
Therefore so let us too live, and no enemy, no
unbeliever, will be able to speak evil of us. For he whose life is
virtuous, is revered even by them. For truth stops the months even of
enemies.
But how does he "fall into a snare"? By falling
often into the same sins, as those who are without. For if he be such a
character, the evil one soon lays another snare for him, and they soon
effect his destruction. But if he should have a good report from his
enemies, much more will he have it from his friends. For that it is not
likely that he, whose life is blameless, should be ill-reported of, we
may infer from the words of Christ; "Let your light so shine before
men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which
is in Heaven." (Matt.
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v. 16. ) But what if one be falsely accused, and from peculiar
circumstances be slandered? Well this is a possible case; but even such
an one ought not to be promoted. For the result is much to be feared.
Therefore it is said he should have "a good report," for your good
works are to shine. As therefore no one will say that the sun is dark,
not even the blind, (for he will be ashamed to oppose the opinion of
all,) so him that is of remarkable goodness no one will blame. And
though, on account of his doctrines, the Heathen will often slander
him, yet they will not attack his virtuous life, but will join with
others in admiring and revering it.
MORAL. Let us then so live, that the name of God be
not blasphemed. Let us not, on the one hand, look to human reputation;
nor on the other, subject ourselves to an evil report, but on both
sides let us observe moderation; as he saith, "Among whom ye shine as
lights in the world." (Phil. ii. 15.) For on this account He left us
here, that we may be as luminaries. that we may be appointed Teachers
of others, that we may be as leaven; that we may converse as angels
among men, as men with children, as spiritual with natural men, that
they may profit by us, that we may be as seed, and may bring forth much
fruit. There were no need of words, if we so shone forth in our lives,
there were no need of Teachers, did we but exhibit works. There would
be no Heathen, if we were such Christians as we ought to be. If we kept
the commandments of Christ, if we suffered injury, if we allowed
advantage to be taken of us, if being reviled we blessed, if being
ill-treated we did good (1 Cor. iv. 12); if this were the general
practice among us, no one would be so brutal as not to become a convert
to godliness. And to show this; Paul was but one man, yet how many did
he draw after him? If we were all such as he, how many worlds might we
not have drawn to us? Behold, Christians are more numerous than
Heathens. And in other arts, one man can teach a hundred boys together;
but here, where there are many more teachers, and many more than the
learners, no one is brought over. For those who are taught, look to the
virtue of their teachers: and when they see us manifesting the same
desires, pursuing the same objects, power and honor, how can they
admire Christianity? They see our lives open to reproach, our souls
worldly. We admire wealth equally with them, and even more. We have the
same horror of death, the same dread of poverty, the same impatience of
disease, we are equally fond of glory and of rule. We harass ourselves
to death from our love of money, and serve the time. How then can they
believe? From miracles? But these are no longer wrought. From our
conversation? It has become corrupt. From charity? Not a trace of it is
anywhere to be seen. Therefore we shall have to give an account not
only of our own sins, but of the injury done by them to others.
Let us then return to a sound mind; let us watch,
and show forth a heavenly conversation upon earth. Let us say, "Our
conversation is in heaven" (Phil. iii. 20), and let us upon earth
maintain the contest. There have been great men, it may be said,
amongst us, but "how," says the Greek, "shall I believe it? for I do
not see anything like it in your conduct. If this is to be said, we too
have had our philosophers, men admirable for their lives." "But show me
another Paul, or a John: you cannot." Would he not then laugh at us for
reasoning in this manner? Would he not continue to sit still in
ignorance, seeing that the wisdom we profess is in words, not in works?
For now for a single halfpenny ye are ready to slay or be slain! For a
handful of earth thou raisest lawsuit after lawsuit! For the death of a
child thou turnest all upside down: I omit other things that might make
us weep; your auguries, your omens, your superstitious observances,
your casting of nativities, your signs, your amulets, your divinations,
your incantations, your magic arts. These are crying sins, enough to
provoke the anger of God; that after He has sent His own Son, you
should venture on such things as these.
What then can we do but weep? For hardly is a small
portion of the world in the way of salvation, and they who are
perishing hear it, and rejoice that they are not destined to suffer
alone, but in company with numbers. But what cause is this for joy?
That very joy will subject them to punishment. For do not think that it
is there as here, that to have companions in suffering affords
consolation. And whence is this manifest? I will make it clear. Suppose
that a man were commanded to be burnt, and that he saw his own son
burning with him, and that the smell of his scorched flesh rose to his
nostrils; would it not be of itself death to him? No doubt. And I will
tell you how it is. If those who are not suffering, yet seeing those
things are benumbed and faint with terror, much more will they be so
affected, who are themselves sufferers. Wonder not at this. Hear a
certain wise one saying, "Art thou become weak as we? art thou become
like unto us?" (Isa. xiv. 10.) For human nature is disposed to
sympathy, and the affections of others move us to pity. Will then a
father seeing His son in the same condemnation, or a husband his wife,
or a man his fellow-man, receive consolation, and not rather an
aggravation of his sufferings? Are not we in such case the more
overcome? But there, you say, there are no such feelings. I know there
are not; but there are others much more wretched.
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For there will be wailing inconsolable, all witnessing each other's
torments. Do they who are furnishing derive comfort in their distress
from the participation of others? It is no consolation surely to see a
son, a father, a wife, or grandchildren, suffering the same punishment.
If one sees friends in such a case, is it any comfort? None! None! It
rather adds to the intensity of our own sufferings! Besides, there are
evils, which by reason of their severity cannot be mitigated by being
common. If two men were together thrown into the fire, would they
comfort one another? Tell me; if we have ever been attacked by a
violent fever, have we not found that all consolation has failed us?
for there are calamities, so overwhelming as to leave no room for
comfort in the soul. When a wife has lost her husband, is it a
lessening of her grief to number up the many who have suffered the like
loss? Let us not therefore be supported by any such hope, rather let us
find our sole consolation in repenting of our sins, in pursuing the
good path that leads to Heaven, that we may obtain the kingdom of
Heaven, by the grace and lovingkindness of Jesus Christ our Lord, with
whom, &c.
HOMILY XI.
1 TIMOTHY iii. 8--10.
"Likewise must the Deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given much
to wine, not greedy of filthy lucre; holding the mystery of the faith
in a pure conscience. And let these also first be proved: then let them
use the office of a Deacon, being found blameless."
DISCOURSING of Bishops, and having described their
character, and the qualities which they ought to possess, and having
passed over the order of Presbyters, he proceeds to that of Deacons.
The reason of this omission was, that between Presbyters and Bishops
there was no great difference. Both had undertaken the office of
Teachers and Presidents in the Church, and what he has said concerning
Bishops is applicable to Presbyters. For they are only superior in
having the power of ordination, and seem to have no other advantage
over Presbyters.
"Likewise the Deacons." That is, they should have
the same qualities as Bishops. And what are these same? To be
blameless, sober, hospitable, patient, not brawlers, not covetous. And
that he means this when he says "likewise," is evident from what he
says in addition, "grave, not doubletongued"; that is, not hollow or
deceitful. For nothing so debases a man as deceit, nothing is so
pernicious in the Church as insincerity. "Not given to much wine, not
greedy of filthy lucre; holding the mystery of the faith in a pure
conscience." Thus he explains what he means by "blameless." And here he
requires, though in other words, that he be "not a novice," where he
says, "Let these also first be proved," where the conjunction "also" is
added, as connecting this with what had been said before of Bishops,
for nothing intervenes between. And there is the same reason(1) for the
"not a novice" in that case. For would it not be absurd, that when a
newly purchased slave is not entrusted with anything in a house, till
he has by long trial given proofs of his character, yet that one should
enter into the Church of God from a state of heathenism, and be at once
placed in a station of preeminence?
Ver. 11. "Even so must the women(2) be grave, not
slanderers, sober, faithful in all things."
Some have thought that this is said of women
generally, but it is not so, for why should he introduce anything about
women to interfere with his subject? He is speaking of those who hold
the rank of Deaconesses.
Ver. 12. "Let the Deacons be husbands of one wife."
This[3] must be understood therefore to relate to
Deaconesses. For that order is necessary and useful and honorable in
the Church. Observe how he requires the same virtue from the Deacons,
as from the Bishops, for though they were not of equal rank, they must
equally be blameless; equally pure.
"Ruling their children and their own houses well."
Ver. 13. "For they that have used the office of a
Deacon well purchase to themselves a good degree, and much boldness in
the faith which is in Christ Jesus."
Everywhere they are required to rule their children
well, that others may not be scandalized by their misconduct.
"They that use the office of a Deacon well, purchase
to themselves a good degree," that is, advancement, "and much boldness
in the faith of Jesus Christ"; as if he would say, that those
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who have been found vigilant in the lower degree(1) will soon ascend to
the higher.
Ver. 14, 15. "These things write I unto thee, hoping
to come unto thee shortly. But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know
how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God, which is the
Church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth."
That he may not plunge Timothy into dejection by
giving him orders about such matters, he says, I write thus not as
though I were not coming, but I will indeed come, still in case I
should be delayed, that thou mayest not be distressed. And this he
writes to him to prevent his being dejected, but to others in order
to rouse them to greater earnestness. For his presence, though
only promised, would have great effect. Nor let it seem strange that,
though foreseeing everything through the Spirit, he was yet ignorant of
this, and only says, I hope to come, but if I tarry, which implies
uncertainty. For since he was led by the Spirit, and did not act from
his own inclination, he was naturally uncertain about this matter.
"That thou mayest know," he says, "how thou oughtest
to behave thyself in the house of God, which is the Church of the
living God, the pillar and ground of the truth." Not like that Jewish
house. For it is this that maintains the faith and the preaching of the
Word. For the truth is the pillar and the ground of the Church.(2)
Ver. 16. "And without controversy great is the
mystery of godliness; God [He who](3) was manifest in the flesh,
justified in the Spirit."
Here he speaks of the Dispensation in our behalf.
Tell me not of the bells, nor of the holy of holies, nor of the high
priest. The Church is the pillar of the world. Consider this mystery,
and thou mayest be struck with awe: for it is indeed "a great mystery,"
and "a mystery of godliness," and that "without controversy" or
question, for it is beyond all doubt. Since in his directions to the
Priests he had required nothing like what is found in Leviticus he
refers the whole matter to Another, saying, "God was manifest in the
flesh." The Creator was seen incarnate. "He was justified in the
Spirit." As it is said, "Wisdom is justified of her children," or
because He practiced no guile, as the Prophet says, "Because he had
done no violence, neither was guile found in his mouth." (Isa. liii. 9;
1 Pet. ii. 22.) "Seen of Angels." So that Angels together with us saw
the Son of God, not having before seen Him. Great, truly great, was
this mystery! "Preached unto the Gentiles, believed on m the world." He
was heard of and believed in through all parts of the world, as the
Prophet foreshowed, saying, "Their sound is gone out into all the
world." (Ps. xix. 4.) Think not that these things are mere words, for
they are not, but full of hidden realities. "Received up into glory."
He ascended upon clouds. "This Jesus," it is said, "Who is taken up
from you, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen Him go into
heaven." (Acts i. 11.)
The discretion of the blessed Paul is observable.
When he would exhort the Deacons to avoid excess in wine, he does not
say, "Be not drunken," but "not" even "given to much wine." A proper
caution; for if those who served in the Temple did not taste wine at
all, much more should not these, For wine produces disorder of mind,
and where it does not cause drunkenness, it destroys the energies and
relaxes the firmness of the soul.
The dispensation in our behalf he calls a "mystery,"
and well may it be so called, since it is not manifest to all, nay, it
was not manifest to the Angels, for how could it, when it was "made
known by the Church"? (Eph. iii. 10.) Therefore he says, "without
controversy great is the mystery." Great indeed was it. For God became
Man, and Man became God. A Man was seen without sin! A Man was received
up, was preached in the world! Together with us the Angels saw Him.
This is indeed a mystery! Let us not then expose(4) this mystery. Let
us not lay it forth everywhere, but let us live in a manner worthy of
the mystery. They to whom a mystery is intrusted are great persons. We
account it a mark of favor, if a king intrusts a secret to us. But God
has committed His mystery to us, yet are we ungrateful to our
Benefactor, as if we had not received the greatest benefits. Our
insensibility to such a kindness should strike us with horror. And how
is that a mystery which all know? In the first place all do not know
it, and before then too they knew it not, but now it is made
manifest.(5)
MORAL. In keeping this mystery, then, let us be
faithful to our trust. So great a mystery has He intrusted to us, and
we do not trust Him even with our money, though He has bid us lay up
our wealth with Him, where none can take it away, neither can moth nor
thief waste it. And He promises to pay us a hundred-fold, yet we obey
Him not. Yet here if we intrust any with a deposit, we receive nothing
back in addition, but are thankful if that is restored which we
deposited. If a thief steals it there, He saith, set that to My
account; I say not to thee, a thief
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has taken it, or moth devoured it. He repays a hundred-fold here, and
eternal life is superadded hereafter, yet do we not lay up our treasure
there! "But," you say, "He repays slowly." Well this too is a proof of
the greatness of His gift, that He does not repay here in this mortal
life; or rather He does repay even here a hundred-fold. For did not
Paul leave here his tools,(1) Peter his rod and hook, and Matthew
his seat of custom? and was not the whole world opened to them
more than to kings? Were not all things laid at their feet? Were they
not appointed rulers,(2) and lords? Did not men commit their lives into
their hands? suspend themselves wholly upon their counsel, and enlist
in their service? And do we not see many similar occurrences even now?
Many men of poor and humble means, who did but handle the spade, and
had hardly a sufficiency of necessary food, having but the character of
monks, have been celebrated above all men, and honored of kings.
Are these things inconsiderable? Well, consider that
these are but additions, the principal sum is stored up for the life to
come. Despise riches, if thou wouldest have riches. If thou wouldest be
truly rich, become poor. For such are the paradoxes of God. He would
not have thee rich from thy own care, but from His grace. Leave these
things to Me, He says; make spiritual things thy concern, that thou
mayest know My power. Flee from that yoke of slavery, which riches
impose. As long as thou cleavest to them, thou art poor. When thou
despisest them, thou art doubly rich, in that such things shall flow in
upon thee from every side, and in that thou shall want none of those
things, which the multitude want. For not to possess much, but to need
little, is to be rich indeed. The king, so long as he wants aught,
differs not from the poor man. For this is poverty, to stand in need of
others; and by this argument the king is poor, in so far as he stands
in need of his subjects. But he that is crucified, to the world is not
so; he wants for nothing; for his hands are sufficient for his
subsistence, as Paul said, "These hands have ministered to my
necessities, and to them that were with me."(Acts xx. 34.) These are
his words who says, "As having nothing, yet possessing all
things." (2 Cor. vi. 20.) This is he who was thought a God by the
inhabitants of Lystra. If thou wouldest obtain worldly things, seek
Heaven; if you wouldest enjoy things here, despise them. For, "Seek ye
first the kingdom of God," He saith, "and all these things shall be
added unto you." (Matt. vi. 33.)
Why dost thou admire these trifles? Why long for
things of no real worth? How long is one poor?(3) how long a beggar?
Raise thine eyes to heaven, think of the riches there, and smile at
gold; think of how little use it is; that the enjoyment of it lasts but
for the present life, and that compared with eternity, the present life
is as a grain of sand, or as a drop of water to the boundless ocean.
This wealth is not a possession, it is not property, it is a loan for
use. For when thou diest, willingly or unwillingly, all that thou hast
goes to others, and they again give it up to others, and they again to
others. For we are all sojourners; and the tenant of the house is more
truly perchance the owner of it, for the owner dies, and the tenant
lives, and still enjoys the house. And if the latter hires it, the
other might be said to hire it too: for he built it, and was at pains
with it, and fitted it up. Property, in fact, is but a word: we are all
owners in fact but of other men's possessions. Those things only are
our own, which we have sent before us to the other world. Our goods
here are not our own; we have only a life interest in them; or rather
they fail us during our lives. Only the virtues of the soul are
properly our own, as alms-giving and charity. Worldly goods, even by
those without, were called external things, because they are without
us. But let us make them internal. For we cannot take our wealth with
us, when we depart hence, but we can take our charities. But let us
rather send them before us, that they may prepare for us an abode in
the eternal mansions. (Luke xvi. 9.)
Goods(4) are named from use,(5) not from lordship,
and are not our own, and possessions are not a property but a loan. For
how many masters has every estate had, and how many will it have! There
is a sensible proverb, (and popular proverbs, when they contain any
wisdom, are not to be despised,) "O field, how many men's hast thou
been, and how many men's wilt thou be?" This we should say to our
houses and all our goods. Virtue alone is able to depart with us, and
to accompany us to the world above. Let us then give up and extinguish
that love of wealth, that we may kindle m us an affection for heavenly
things. These two affections cannot possess one soul. For it is said,
"Either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold
to the one, and despise the other." (Matt. vi. 24.) Seest thou a man
with a long train of attendants, clearing a way(6) along the streets,
clothed in silken garments, riding aloft, and stiffening his neck? Be
not overawed, but smile. As we laugh when we see children playing at
kings, so laugh at his state, for it is no better than theirs, nor
indeed so pleasant, for there is not the same innocence
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and simplicity as with children. With them it is laughter and pleasure,
here is a man made ridiculous and contemptible.
Glorify God, Who has kept thee free from this
theatrical ostentation. For, if thou wilt, humble as thy station is,
thou mayest be higher than he who is exalted in his chariot. And why?
because, though his body is a little raised from the earth, his soul is
fixed upon it, for "My strength," he saith, "cleaveth to my flesh" (Ps.
cii. 6), but thou in thy spirit walkest in heaven. What though he has
many attendants clearing his way? is he more honored by this than his
horse? and what an absurdity is it, to drive men before one to clear
the way for a beast to pass! Then what sort of honor is it to bestride
a horse? an honor shared by his slaves Yet some are so vain of this,
that they have it led after them even though they do not want it. What
greater folly can there be? To wish to be distinguished by their
horses, by the costliness of their garments, by their retinue! What can
be more contemptible than glory which consists in horses, and servants?
Art thou virtuous? use not such distinctions. Have ornaments in
thyself. Be not indebted for thy glory to the presence of others. To
such honor the most wicked, corrupt, and base of men may attain; all
indeed who are rich. Actors and dancers may ride on horseback with a
servant running before them, yet are they but actors and dancers still.
Their horses and attendants procure them no respect. For when the
graces of the soul are wanting to such persons, the addition of these
external things is superfluous and vain. And as when a wall is weak, or
a body disordered, whatever you put upon it, it still remains unsound
and decayed; so in this case; the soul continues the same, and receives
no advantage from things without, not though the man wear a thousand
ornaments of gold. Let us not therefore be anxious for such things. Let
us withdraw ourselves from temporal things, and pursue greater, even
spiritual distinctions, which will render us truly objects of
veneration, that we also may obtain the blessings of futurity, through
the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom,
&c.
HOMILY XII.
1 TIMOTHY iv. 1--3.
"Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall
depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines
of demons; speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared
with a hot iron; forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from
meats, which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them
which believe and know the truth."
As those who adhere to the faith are fixed on a safe
anchor, so those who fall from the faith can nowhere rest; but after
many wanderings to and fro, they are borne at last into the very gulf
of perdition. And this he had shown before, saying, that some had
"already made shipwreck concerning the faith," and now he says, "Now
the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall
depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits." This is said
of the Manichaeans, the Encratites,(1) and the Marcionites, and the
whole of their tribe,(2) that they should hereafter depart from the
faith. Seest thou that this departure from the faith is the cause of
all the evils that follow!
But what is "expressly"? Plainly, clearly, and
beyond doubt. Marvel not, he says, if some having departed from the
faith still adhere to Judaism. There will be a time, when even those
who have partaken of the faith will fall into a worse error, not only
with respect to meats, but to marriages, and other such things,
introducing the most pernicious notions. This refers not to the Jews,
(for "the latter times," and a "departure from the faith," is not
applicable to them;) but to the Manichees, and the founders of these
sects. And he calls them very justly, "seducing spirits," since it was
by these they were actuated in speaking such things. "Speaking lies in
hypocrisy." This implies that they utter not these falsehoods through
ignorance and unknowingly, but as acting a part, knowing the truth, but
"having their conscience seared," that is, being men of evil lives.
But why does he speak only of these heretics? Christ
had before said, "Offenses must need come" (Matt. xviii. 7), and he had
predicted the same in his parable of the sower, and of the
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springing up of the tares. But here admire with me the prophetic gift
of Paul, who, before the times in which they were to appear, specifies
the time itself. As if he had said, Do not wonder, if, at the
commencement of the faith, some endeavor to bring in these pernicious
doctrines; since, after it has been established for a length of time,
many shall depart from the faith. "Forbidding to marry, and commanding
to abstain from meats." Why then has he mentioned no other heresies?
Though not particularized, they are implied by the expressions of
"seducing spirits and doctrines of demons." But he did not wish to
instill these things into the minds of men before the time; but that
which had already commenced, the case of meats, he specifies. "Which
God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe
and know the truth." Why did he not say, by the unbelievers too? How by
the unbelievers, when they exclude themselves from them by their own
rules? But is not luxury forbidden? Certainly it is. But why? if good
things are created to be received. Because He created bread, and yet
too much is forbidden; and wine also, and yet excess is forbidden; and
we are not commanded to avoid dainties as if they were unclean in
themselves, but as they corrupt the soul by excess.
Ver. 4. "For every creature of God is good, and
nothing to be refused, if it be received with thanksgiving."
If it be the creature of God, it is good. For "all
things," it is said, "were very good." (Gen. i. 31.) By speaking thus
of things eatable, he by anticipation impugns the heresy of those who
introduce an uncreated matter, and assert that these things proceed
from it. But if it is good, why is it "sanctified by the word of God
and prayers"? For it must be unclean, if it is to be sanctified? Not
so, here he is speaking to those who thought that some of these things
were common; therefore he lays down two positions: first, that no
creature of God is unclean: secondly, that if it were become so, you
have a remedy, seal it,(1) give thanks, and glorify God, and all the
uncleanness passes away. Can we then so cleanse that which is offered
to an idol? If you know not that it was so offered. But if, knowing
this, you partake of it, you will be unclean; not because it was
offered to an idol, but because contrary to an express command, you
thereby communicate with devils. So that it is not unclean by nature,
but becomes so through your wilful disobedience. What then, is not
swine's flesh unclean? By no means, when it is received with
thanksgiving, and with the seal; nor is anything else. It is your
unthankful disposition to God that is unclean.
Ver. 6. "If thou put the brethren in remembrance of
these things, thou shall be a good minister of Jesus Christ, nourished
up in the words of faith and of good doctrine, whereunto thou hast
attained."
What are the things here meant? The same which he
had before mentioned, that "great is the mystery"; that to abstain from
meats is the doctrine of devils, that they are "cleansed by the word of
God and prayer."
Ver. 7. "But refuse profane and old wives' fables,
and exercise thyself rather unto godliness."
"Putting them in remembrance," he says; here you
observe no authority; but all is condescension: he does not say
"commanding" or "enjoining," but reminding them: that is, suggest these
things as matter of advice, and so enter into discourses with them
concerning the faith, "being nourished up," he says, meaning to imply
constancy in application to these things.
For as we set before us day by day this bodily
nourishment, so he means, let us be continually receiving discourses
concerning the faith, and ever be nourished with them. What is this,
"being nourished up"? Ruminating upon them; attending ever to the same
things, and practicing ever the same, for it is no common nourishment
that they supply.
"But refuse profane and old wives' fables." By these
are meant Jewish traditions, and he calls them "fables," either because
of their falsehood or their unseasonableness. For what is seasonable is
useful, but what is unseasonable is not only useless but injurious.
Suppose a man of adult age to be suckled by a nurse, would he not be
ridiculous, because it is unseasonable? "Profane and old wives'
fables," he calls them, partly because of their obsoleteness, and
partly because they are impediments to faith. For to bring souls under
fear, that are raised above these things, is an impious commandment.
"Exercise thyself unto godliness." That is, unto a pure faith and a
moral life; for this is godliness. So then we need "exercise." Ver. 8.
"For bodily exercise(2) profiteth little." This has by some been
referred to fasting; but away with such a notion! for that is not a
bodily but a spiritual exercise. If it were bodily it would nourish the
body, whereas it wastes and makes it lean, so that it is not bodily.
Hence he is not speaking of the discipline(3) of the body. What we
need, therefore, is the exercise(4) of the soul. For the exercise of
the body hath no profit, but may benefit the body a little, but the
exercise(5) of godliness yields fruit and advantage both here and
hereafter.
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"This is a faithful saying," that is, it is true
that godliness is profitable both here and hereafter. Observe how
everywhere he brings in this, he needs no demonstration, but simply
declares it, for he was addressing Timothy.
So then even here, we have good hopes? For he who is
conscious to himself of no evil, and who has been fruitful in good,
rejoices even here: as the wicked man on the other hand is punished
here as well as hereafter. He lives in perpetual fear, he can look no
one in the face with confidence, he is pale, trembling, and full of
anxiety. Is it not so with the fraudulent, and with thieves, who have
no satisfaction even in what they possess? Is not the life of murderers
and adulterers most wretched, who look upon the sun itself with
suspicion? Is this to be called life? No; rather a horrid death!
Ver. 10. "For therefore we both labor and suffer
reproach, because we trust in the living God, who is the Saviour of all
men, specially of them that believe."
This in effect is to say, wherefore do we
mortify ourselves, unless we expect future blessings? Have we endured
so many evils, submitted to so many reproaches, suffered such insults
and calumnies, and such numerous calamities in vain? For if we did not
trust in the living God, on what account did we submit to these things?
But if God is here the Saviour(1) of the unbelieving, much more is He
of the faithful hereafter. What salvation does he speak of? That to
come?(2) "Who is the Saviour," he says, "of all men, specially of them
that believe." At present he is speaking of that which is here. But how
is He the Saviour of the faithful? Had he not been so, they must long
since have been destroyed, for all men have made war upon them. He
calls him here to endure perils, that having God for his Saviour he may
not faint nor need any aid from others, but willingly and with
fortitude endure all things. Even those who eagerly grasp at worldly
advantages, supported by the hope of gain, cheerfully undertake
laborious enterprises.
It is then the last time. For "in the latter times,"
he says, "some shall depart from the faith." "Forbidding to marry." And
do not we forbid to marry? God forbid. We do not forbid those who wish
to marry, but those who do not wish to marry, we exhort to virginity.
It is one thing to forbid, and another to leave one to his own free
choice. He that forbids, does it once for all, but he who recommends
virginity as a higher state, does not forbid marriage, because he
prefers virginity.
"Forbidding to marry," he says, "and commanding to
abstain from meats, which God hath created to be received with
thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth." It is well
said, "who know the truth." The former things then were a type. For
nothing is unclean by nature, but it becomes so through the conscience
of him that partakes of it. And what was the object of the
prohibition of so many meats? To restrain excessive luxury. But had it
been said, "eat not for the sake of luxury," it would not have been
borne. They were therefore shut up under the necessity of the law, that
they might abstain from the stronger principle of fear. The fish was
not forbidden, though it was manifestly more unclean than the swine.
But they might have learned how pernicious luxury was from that saying
of Moses, "Jeshurun waxed fat, and kicked." (Deut. xxxii. 15.) Another
cause of these prohibitions might be, that being straitened for other
food, they might be reduced to slaughter sheep and oxen; he therefore
restrained them from other things, on account of Apis and the calf,
which was an abomination, ungrateful, polluted, and profane.(3)
"Put them in remembrance of these things, meditate
upon(4) these things," for by the expression, "nourished up in the
words of faith and sound doctrine," is implied that he should not only
recommend these things to others, but himself practice them. For he
says, "Nourished up in the words of faith, and of good doctrine,
whereunto thou hast attained. But refuse profane and old wives'
fables." Why does he not say, abstain from them, but "refuse"? He thus
intimates that they should be utterly rejected. His meaning is, that he
should not enter into any disputation with the teachers of them, but
recommend to his own people the things prescribed above. For nothing is
to be gained by contending with perverse men, unless where it might
have an injurious effect, if we were supposed from weakness to decline
arguing with them.
"But exercise thyself unto godliness," that is, unto
a pure life, and the most virtuous conversation. He that exerciseth
himself, even when it is not the season of contest, acts always as if
he were contending, practices abstinence, endures all toils, is always
anxious, endures much labor. "Exercise thyself," he saith, "unto
godliness; for bodily exercise profiteth little, but godliness is
profitable for all things, having the promise of the life that now is,
and of that which is to come." And why, says one, does he mention this
bodily exercise? To show by comparison the superiority of the other, in
that the former
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is of no solid advantage, though it is attended with many toils, whilst
the latter has a lasting and abundant good. As when he bids women
"adorn themselves, not with broidered hair, or gold, or costly array:
but which becometh women possessing godliness; with good works." (1
Tim. ii. 9, 10.)
MORAL. "This is a faithful saying, and worthy of all
acceptation. For therefore we both labor and suffer reproach." Did Paul
then suffer reproach, and art thou impatient? Did Paul labor, and
wouldest thou live luxuriously? But had he lived luxuriously, he would
never have attained such great blessings. For if worldly goods, which
are uncertain and perishable, are never gained by men without labor and
pains, much less are spiritual. Well, saith one, but some inherit them.
Yet even when inherited they are not guarded and preserved without
labor, and care, and trouble, no less than those have that have gained
them. And I need not say that many who have toiled and endured
hardships have been disappointed at the very entrance of the harbor,
and an adverse wind has caused the wreck of their hopes, when they were
upon the point of possession. But with us there is nothing like this.
For it is God who promised, and that "hope maketh not ashamed."
(Rom. v. 5.) Ye who are conversant with worldly affairs, know ye not
how many men, after infinite toils, have not enjoyed the fruit of their
labors, either being previously cut off by death, or overtaken by
misfortune, or assailed by disease, or ruined by false accusers, or
some other cause, which amidst the variety of human casualties, has
forced them to go with empty hands?
But do you not see the lucky men, says one, who with
little labor acquire the good things of life? What good things? Money,
houses, so many acres of land, trains of servants, heaps of gold and
silver? Can you call these good things, and not hide your head for
shame? A man called to the pursuit of heavenly wisdom, and gaping after
worldly things, and calling them "goods," which are of no value! If
these things are good, then the possessors of them must be called
good. For is not he good, who is the possessor of what is good?
But when the possessors of these things are guilty of fraud and rapine,
shall we call them good? For if wealth is a good, but is increased by
grasping, the more it is increased, the more will its possessor be
considered to be good. Is the grasping man then good? But if wealth is
good, and increases by grasping, the more a man grasps, the better he
must be. Is not this plainly a contradiction? But suppose the wealth is
not gained wrongfully. And how is this possible? So destructive a
passion is avarice, that to grow rich without injustice is impossible.
This Christ declared, saying, "Make to yourselves friends of the Mammon
of unrighteousness." (Luke xvi. 19.) But what if he succeeded to his
father's inheritance? Then he received what had been gathered by
injustice. For it was not from Adam that his ancestor inherited riches,
but, of the many that were before him, some one must probably have
unjustly taken and enjoyed the goods of others. What then? he says, did
Abraham hold unrighteous wealth; and Job, that blameless, righteous,
and faithful man, who "feared God and eschewed evil"? Theirs was a
wealth that consisted not in gold and silver, nor in houses, but in
cattle. Besides this, he was enriched by God.(1) And the author of that
book, relating what happened to that blessed man, mentions the loss of
his camels, his mares and asses, but does not speak of treasures of
gold or silver being taken away. The riches of Abraham too were his
domestics. What then? Did he not buy them? No, for to this very point
the Scripture says, that the three hundred and eighteen were born in
his house. (Gen. xix. 14.) He had also sheep and oxen. Whence then did
he send gold to Rebekah? (Gen. xxiv. 22; xii. 16.) From the gifts which
he received from Egypt without violence or wrong.
Tell me, then, whence art thou rich? From whom didst
thou receive it, and from whom he who transmitted it to thee? From his
father and his grandfather. But canst thou, ascending through many
generations, show the acquisition just? It cannot be. The root and
origin of it must have been injustice. Why? Because God in the
beginning made not one man rich, and another poor. Nor did He
afterwards take and show to one treasures of gold, and deny to the
other the right of searching for it: but He left the earth free to all
alike. Why then, if it is common, have you so many acres of land, while
your neighbor has not a portion of it? It was transmitted to me by my
father. And by whom to him? By his forefathers. But you must go back
and find the original owner. Jacob had wealth, but it was earned as the
hire of his labors.
But I will not urge this argument too closely. Let
your riches be justly gained, and without rapine. For you are not
responsible for the covetous acts of your father. Your wealth may be
derived from rapine; but you were not the plunderer. Or granting that
he did not obtain it by robbery, that his gold was cast up somewhere
out of the earth. What then? Is wealth therefore good? By no means. At
the same time it is not bad, he says, if its possessor be not covetous;
it is not bad, if it be distributed
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to the poor, otherwise it is bad, it is ensnaring. "But if he does not
evil, though he does no good, it is not bad," he argues. True. But is
not this an evil, that you alone should have the Lord's property, that
you alone should enjoy what is common? Is not "the earth God's, and the
fullness thereof"? If then our possessions belong to one common Lord,
they belong also to our fellow-servants. The possessions of one Lord
are all common. Do we not see this the settled rule in great houses? To
all is given an equal portion of provisions, for it proceeds from the
treasures of their Lord. And the house of the master is opened to all.
The king's possessions are all common, as cities, market-places, and
public walks. We all share them equally.
Mark the wise dispensation of God. That He might put
mankind to shame, He hath made certain things common, as the sun, air,
earth, and water, the heaven, the sea, the light, the stars; whose
benefits are dispensed equally to all as brethren. We are all formed
with the same eyes, the same body, the same soul, the same structure in
all respects,(1) all things from the earth, all men from one man, and
all in the same habitation. But these are not enough to shame us. Other
things then (as we have said) He hath made common, as baths,
cities, market-places, walks. And observe, that concerning things that
are common there is no contention, but all is peaceable. But when one
attempts to possess himself of anything, to make it his own, then
contention is introduced, as if nature herself were indignant, that
when God brings us together in every way, we are eager to divide and
separate ourselves by appropriating things, and by using those cold
words "mine and thine." Then there is contention and uneasiness. But
where this is not, no strife or contention is bred. This state
therefore is rather our inheritance, and more agreeable to nature. Why
is it, that there is never a dispute about a market-place? Is it not
because it is common to all? But about a house, and about property, men
are always disputing. Things necessary are set before us in common; but
even in the least things we do not observe a community. Yet those
greater things He hath opened freely to all, that we might thence be
instructed to have these inferior things in common. Yet for all this,
we are not instructed.
But as I said, how can he, who is rich, be a good
man? When he distributes his riches, he is good, so that he is good
when he has ceased to have it, when he gives it to others; but whilst
he keeps it himself, he is not good. How then is that a good which
being retained renders men evil, being parted with makes them good? Not
therefore to have wealth, but to have it not, makes one appear to be
good. Wealth therefore is not a good. But if, when you can receive it,
you receive it not, again you are good.
If then we are good, when having it, we distribute
it to others; or when offered to us we refuse it, and if we are not
good, when we receive or gain it, how can it be a good thing in itself?
Call it not therefore a good. You possess it not, because you think it
a good, because you are anxious to possess it. Cleanse thy mind, and
rectify thy judgment, and then thou wilt be good. Learn what are really
goods. What are they? Virtue and benevolence. These and not that, are
truly good. According to this rule, the more charitable thou art, the
more good thou wilt be considered. But if thou art rich, thou art no
longer good. Let us therefore become thus good, that we may be really
good, and may obtain the good things to come in Jesus Christ, with
whom, &c.
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HOMILY XIII.
1 TIMOTHY iv. 11--14.
"These things command and teach. Let no man despise thy youth; but be
thou an example of the believers, in word, in conversation, in charity,
in spirit, in faith, in purity. Till I come, give attendance to
reading, to exhortation, to doctrine. Neglect not the gift that is in
thee, which was given thee by prophecy, with the laying on of the hands
of the presbytery."
IN some cases it is necessary to command, in others
to teach; if therefore you command in those cases where teaching is
required, you will become ridiculous. Again, if you teach where you
ought to command, you are exposed to the same reproach. For instance,
it is not proper to teach a man not to be wicked, but to command; to
forbid it with all authority. Not to profess Judaism, should be a
command, but teaching is required, when you would lead men to part with
their possessions, to profess virginity, or when you would discourse of
faith. Therefore Paul mentions both: "Command and teach." When a man
uses amulets, or does anything of that kind, knowing it to be wrong, he
requires only a command; but he who does it ignorantly, is to be taught
his error. "Let no one despise thy youth."
Observe that it becomes a priest to command and to
speak authoritatively, and not always to teach. But because, from a
common prejudice, youth is apt to be despised, therefore he says, "Let
no man despise thy youth." For a teacher ought not to be exposed to
contempt. But if he is not to be despised, what room is there for
meekness and moderation? Indeed the contempt that he fails into
personally he ought to bear; for teaching is commended by
longsuffering. But not so, where others are concerned; for this is not
meekness, but coldness. If a man revenge insults, and ill language, and
injuries offered to himself, you justly blame him. But where the
salvation of others is concerned, command, and interpose with
authority. This is not a case for moderation, but for authority, lest
the public good suffer. He enjoins one or the other as the case may
require. Let no one despise thee on account of thy youth. For as long
as thy life is a counterpoise, thou wilt not be despised for thy youth,
but even the more admired: therefore he proceeds to say,
"But be thou an example of the believers in word, in
conversation, in charity, in faith, in purity." In all things showing
thyself an example of good works: that is, be thyself a pattern of a
Christian life, as a model set before others, as a living law, as a
rule and standard of good living, for such ought a teacher to be. "In
word," that he may speak with facility, "in conversation, in charity,
in faith, in "true "purity, in temperance."
"Till I come give attendance to reading, to
exhortation, to doctrine."
Even Timothy is commanded to apply to reading. Let
us then be instructed not to neglect the study of the sacred writings.
Again, observe, he says, "Till I come." Mark how he consoles him, for
being as it were an orphan, when separated from him, it was natural
that he should require such comfort. "Till I come," he says, give
attendance to reading the divine writings, to exhortation of one
another, to teaching of all.
"Neglect not the gift that is in thee, which was
given thee by prophecy."
Here he calls teaching prophecy.(1)
"With the laying on of the hands of the presbytery."
He speaks not here of Presbyters, but of Bishops. For Presbyters cannot
be supposed to have ordained a Bishop.
Ver. 15. "Meditate upon these things; give thyself
wholly to them."
Observe how often he gives him counsel concerning
the same things, thus showing that a teacher ought above all things to
be attentive to these points.
Ver. 16. "Take heed," he says, "unto thyself, and
unto the doctrine: continue in them." That is, take heed to thyself,
and teach others also.
"For in so doing thou shalt both save thyself and
them that hear thee."
It is well said, "Thou shalt save thyself." For he
that is "nourished up in the words of sound doctrine," first receives
the benefit of it himself. From admonishing others, he is touched with
compunction himself. For these things are not said to Timothy only, but
to all. And if such advice is addressed to him, who raised the dead,
what shall be said to us? Christ also shows the duty of teachers, when
He says, "The kingdom of heaven is like unto an householder, who
bringeth forth out of his treasure things new and old." ( Matt.
xiii. 52.) And the blessed. Paul gives the same advice, that we through
patience and comfort of the Scriptures might have hope."
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(Rom. xv. 4.) This he practiced above all men, being brought up in the
law of his fathers, at the feet of Gamaliel, whence he would afterwards
naturally apply to reading: for he who exhorted others would himself
first follow the advice he gave. Hence we find him continually
appealing to the testimony of the prophets, and searching into their
writings. Paul then applies to reading, for it is no slight advantage
that is to be reaped from the Scriptures. But we are indolent, and we
hear with carelessness and indifference. What punishment do we not
deserve!
"That thy profiting may appear," he says, "to all."
Thus he would have him appear great and admirable in
this respect also, showing that this was still necessary for him, for
he wished that his "profiting should appear" not only in his life, but
in the word of doctrine.
Chap. v. ver. 1. "Rebuke not an elder."
Is he now speaking of the order? I think not, but of
any elderly man. What then if he should need correction? Do not rebuke
him, but address him as you would a father offending.
Ver. 1. "The elder women as mothers, the younger men
as brethren; the younger women as sisters, with all purity."
Rebuke is in its own nature offensive, particularly
when it is addressed to an old man, and when it proceeds from a young
man too, there is a threefold show of forwardness. By the manner and
the mildness of it, therefore, he would soften it. For it is possible
to reprove without offense, if one will only make a point of this: it
requires great discretion, but it may be done.
"The younger men as brethren." Why does he recommend
this too here? With a view to the high spirit natural to young men,
whence it is proper to soften reproof to them also with moderation.
"The younger women as sisters"; he adds, "with all
purity." Tell me not, he means, of merely avoiding sinful intercourse
with them There should not be even a suspicion. For since intimacy with
young women is always suspicious, and yet a Bishop cannot always avoid
it, he shows by adding these words, that "all purity" is required in
such intimacy. But does Paul give this advice to Timothy? Yes, he says,
for I am speaking to the world through him. But if Timothy was thus
advised, let others consider what sort of conduct is required of them,
that they should give no ground for suspicion, no shadow of pretext, to
those who wish to calumniate.
Ver. 3. "Honor widows, that are widows indeed."
Why does he say nothing of virginity, nor command us
to honor virgins? Perhaps there were not yet any professing that state,
or they might have fallen from it. "For some," he says, "are already
turned aside after Satan." (1 Tim. v. 15.) For a woman may have
lost her husband, and yet not be truly a widow. As in order to be
a virgin, it is not enough to be a stranger to marriage, but many other
things are necessary, as blamelessness and perseverance; so the loss of
a husband does not constitute a widow, but patience, with chastity and
separation from all men. Such widows he justly bids us honor, or rather
support. For they need support, being left desolate, and having no
husband to stand up for them. Their state appears to the multitude
despicable and inauspicious. Therefore he wishes them to receive the
greater honor from the Priest, and the more so, because they are worthy
of it.
Ver. 4. "But if any widow have children or
grandchildren, let them learn first to show piety at home, and to
requite their parents."
Observe the discretion of Paul; how often he urges
men from human considerations. For he does not here lay down any great
and lofty motive, but one that is easy to be understood: "to requite
their parents." How? For bringing them up and educating them. As if he
should say, Thou has received from them great care. They are departed.
Thou canst not requite them. For thou didst not bring them forth, nor
nourish them. Requite them(1) in their descendants, repay the debt
through the children. "Let them learn first to show piety at home."
Here he more simply exhorts them to acts of kindness; then to excite
them the more, he adds,
"For that is good and acceptable before God." And as
he had spoken of those "who are widows indeed," he declares who is
indeed a widow.
Ver. 5. "Now she that is a widow indeed, and
desolate, trusteth in God, and continueth in supplications and prayers
night and day. But she that liveth in pleasure is dead while she
liveth."
She who being a widow has not made choice of a
worldly life, is a widow indeed; she who trusts in God as she ought,
and continues instant in prayer night and day, is a widow indeed. Not
that she, who has children, is not a widow indeed. For he commends her
who brings up children as she ought. But if any one has not children,
he means, she is desolate, and her he consoles, saying, that she is
most truly a widow, who has lost not only the consolation of a husband,
but that arising from children, yet she has
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God in the place of all. She is not the worse for not having children,
but He fills up her need with consolation, in that she is without
children. What he says amounts to this. Grieve not, when it is said
that a widow ought to bring up children, as if, because thou hast no
children thy worth were on that account inferior. Thou art a widow
indeed, whereas she who liveth in pleasure is dead while she liveth.
But since many who have children choose(1) the state
of widowhood, not to cut off the occasions of a worldly life, but
rather to enhance them, that they may do what they will with the
greater license, and indulge the more freely in worldly lusts:
therefore he says, "She that liveth in pleasure is dead while she
liveth." Ought not a widow then to live in pleasure? Surely not. If
then when nature and age is weak, a life of pleasure is not allowable,
but leads to death, eternal death; what have men to say, who live a
life of pleasure? But he says with reason, "She that liveth in pleasure
is dead while she liveth." But that thou mayest see this, let us now
see what is the state of the dead, and what of the living, and in which
shall we place such an one? The living perform the works of life, of
that future life, which is truly life. And Christ has declared what are
the works of that future life, with which we ought always to be
occupied. "Come, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the
foundation of the world. For I was an hungered, and ye gave me meat. I
was thirsty, and ye gave me drink." (Matt. xxv. 34, 35.) The living
differ from the dead, not only in that they behold the sun, and breathe
the air, but in that they are doing some good. For if this be wanting,
the living are not better than the dead. That you may learn this, hear
how it is possible that even the dead should live. For it is said, "God
is not the God of the dead, but of the living." (Matt. xxii. 32.) But
this again you say is a riddle. Let us therefore solve them both. A man
who liveth in pleasure, is dead whilst he liveth. For he liveth only to
his belly. In his other senses he lives not. He sees not what he ought
to see, he hears not what he ought to hear, he speaks not what he ought
to speak. Nor does he perform the actions of the living. But as he who
is stretched upon a bed, with his eyes closed, and his eyelids fast,
perceives nothing that is passing; so it is with this man, or rather
not so, but worse. For the one is equally insensible to things good and
evil, but the latter is sensible to things evil only, but as insensible
as the former to things good. Thus he is dead. For nothing relating to
the life to come moves or affects him. For intemperance, taking him
into her own bosom, as into some dark and dismal cavern, full of all
uncleanness, causes him to dwell altogether in darkness, like the dead.
For when all his time is spent between feasting and drunkenness, is he
not dead, and buried in darkness? Even in the morning when he seems to
be sober, he is not sober in reality, since he has not yet rid and
cleansed himself of yesterday's excess and is still longing for a
repetition, and in that his evening and noon he passes in revels, and
all the night, and most of the morning in deep sleep.
Is he then to be numbered with the living? Who can
describe that storm that comes of luxury, that assails his soul and
body? For as a sky continually clouded admits not the sunbeams to shine
through it, so the fumes of luxury and wine enveloping his brain, as if
it were some rock, and casting over it a thick mist, suffer not reason
to exert itself, but overspread the drunken man with profound darkness.
With him who is thus affected, how great must be the storm within, how
violent the tumult. As when a flood of water has risen, and has
surmounted the entrances of the workshops,(1) we see all the inmates in
confusion, and using tubs and pitchers and sponges, and many other
contrivances to bale it out, that it may not both undermine the
building, and spoil all that is contained in it: so it is when luxury
overwhelms the soul; its reasonings within are disturbed. What is
already collected, cannot be discharged, and by the introduction of
more, a violent storm is raised. For look not at the cheerful and merry
countenance, but examine the interior, and you will see it full of deep
dejection. If it were possible to bring the soul into view, and to
behold it with our bodily eyes, that of the luxurious would seem
depressed, mournful, miserable, and wasted with leanness; for the more
the body grows sleek and gross, the more lean and weakly is the soul;
and the more one is pampered,(8) the more is the other hampered.(4) As,
when the pupil of the eye has the external coats over it too thick, it
cannot put forth the power of vision,(5) and look out, because the
light is excluded by the thick covering, and darkness often ensues; so
when the body is constantly full fed, the soul must be invested with
grossness. But the dead rot, and are corrupted, you say; and an
unwholesome moisture distills from them. So in her "that liveth in
pleasure," may be seen rheums, and phlegm, catarrh, hiccough,
vomitings, eructations, and the like, which, as too unseemly, I forbear
to name, For such is the dominion of luxury, that it makes one endure
things, which we do not even think proper to mention.
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But you still ask, how is the body dissolved whilst
it yet eats and drinks? Surely this is no sign of human life, since
creatures without reason too eat and drink. Where the soul lies dead,
what do eating and drinking avail? The dead body, that is invested with
a flowery garment, is not benefited by it, and when a blooming body
invests a dead soul, the soul is not benefited. For when its whole
discourse is of cooks, and caterers, and confectioners, and it utters
nothing pious,(1) is it not dead? For let us consider what is man? The
Heathens say that he is a rational animal, mortal, capable of
intelligence and knowledge. But let us not take our definition from
them, but whence? From the sacred writings. Where then has the
Scripture given a definition of man? Hear its words. "There was a man
perfect and upright, one that feared God, and eschewed evil." (Job i.
2.) This was indeed a man! Again, another says, "Man is great, and the
merciful man is precious." (Prov. xx. 6, Sept.) Those who answer not to
this description, though they partake of mind, and are never so capable
of knowledge, the Scripture refuses to acknowledge them as men, but
calls them dogs, and horses, and serpents, and foxes, and wolves, and
if there be any animals more contemptible. If such then is man, he that
liveth in pleasure is not a man; for how can he be, who never thinks of
anything that he ought? Luxury and sobriety cannot exist together: they
are destructive of one another. Even the Heathens say,
"A heavy paunch bears not a subtle mind."(2) Such as these the
Scripture calls men without souls. "My Spirit (it is said) shall not
always abide in these men, because they are flesh." (Gen. vi. 3, Sept.)
Yet they had a soul, but because it was dead in them, He calls them
flesh. For as in the case of the virtuous, though they have a body, we
say, "he is all soul, he is all spirit," so the reverse is said of
those who are otherwise. So Paul also said of those, who did not
fulfill the works of the flesh, "Ye are not in the flesh." (Rom. viii.
9.) Thus those who live in luxury are not in the soul or in the spirit.
MORAL. "She that liveth in pleasure is dead while
she liveth." Hear this, ye women, that pass your time in revels and
intemperance, and who neglect the poor, pining and perishing with
hunger, whilst you are destroying yourself with continual luxury. Thus
you are the causes of two deaths, of those who are dying of want, and
of your own, both through ill measure. But if out of your fullness you
tempered their want, you would save two lives. Why do you thus gorge
your own body with excess, and waste that of the poor with want; why
pamper this above measure, and stint that too beyond measure? Consider
what comes of food, into what it is changed. Are you not disgusted at
its being named? Why then be eager for such accumulations? The increase
of luxury is but the multiplication of dung! For nature has her limits,
and what is beyond these is not nourishment, but injury, and the
increase of ordure. Nourish the body, but do not destroy it. Food is
called nourishment, to show that its design is not to injure the body,
but to nourish it. For this reason perhaps food passes into excrement,
that we may not be lovers of luxury. For if it were not so, if it were
not useless and injurious to the body, we should not cease from
devouring one another. If the belly received as much as it pleased,
digested it, and conveyed it to the body, we should see wars and
battles innumerable. Even now when part of our food passes into ordure,
part into blood, part into spurious and useless phlegm, we are
nevertheless so addicted to luxury, that we spend perhaps whole estates
on a meal. What should we not do, if this were not the end of luxury?
The more luxuriously we live, the more noisome are the odors with which
we are filled. The body is like a swollen bottle, running out every
way. The eructations are such as to pain the head of a bystander. From
the heat of fermentation within, vapors are sent forth, as from a
furnace, if bystanders are pained, what, think you, is the brain within
continually suffering, assailed by these fumes? to say nothing of the
channels of the heated and obstructed blood, of those reservoirs, the
liver and the spleen, and of the canals by which the faeces are
discharged. The drains in our streets we take care to keep
unobstructed. We cleanse our sewers with poles and drags, that they may
not be stopped, or overflow, but the canals of our bodies we do not
keep clear, but obstruct and choke them up, and when the filth rises to
the very throne of the king, I mean the brain, we do not regard it,
treating it not like a worthy king, but like an unclean brute. God hath
purposely removed to a distance those unclean members, that we might
not receive offense from them. But we suffer it not to be so, and spoil
all by our excess. And other evils might be mentioned. To obstruct the
sewers is to breed a pestilence; but if a stench from without is
pestilential, that which is pent up within the body, and cannot find a
vent, what disorders must it not produce both to body and soul? Some
have strangely complained, wondering why God has ordained that we
should bear a load of ordure with us. But they themselves increase the
load. God designed thus to detach us from luxury, and to persuade us
not to attach ourselves to worldly
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things. But thou art not thus to be persuaded to cease from
gluttony, but though it is but as far as the throat, and as long as the
hour of eating, nay not even so long, that the pleasure abides, thou
continuest in thine indulgence. Is it not true that as soon as it has
passed the palate and the throat, the pleasure ceases? For the sense of
it is in the taste, and after that is gratified, a nausea succeeds, the
stomach not digesting the food, or not without much difficulty. Justly
then is it said, that "she that liveth in pleasure is dead while she
liveth." For the luxurious soul is unable to hear or to see anything.
It becomes weak, ignoble, unmanly, illiberal, cowardly, full of
impudence, servility, ignorance, rage, violence, and all kinds of evil,
and destitute of the opposite virtues. Therefore he says,
Ver. 7. "These things give in charge, that they may
be blameless."
He does not leave it to their choice. Command them, he says, not to be
luxurious, assuming it to be confessedly an evil, as not holding it
lawful or admissible for the luxurious to partake of the Holy
Mysteries. "These things command," he says, "that they may be
blameless." Thus you see it is reckoned among sins. For if it were a
matter of choice, though it were left undone, we might still be
blameless. Therefore in obedience to Paul, let us command the luxurious
widow not to have place in the list of widows.(1) For if a soldier, who
frequents the bath, the theater, the busy scenes of life, is judged to
desert his duty, much more the widows. Let us then not seek our rest
here, that we may find it hereafter. Let us not live in pleasure here,
that we may hereafter enjoy true pleasure, true delight, which brings
no evil with it, but infinite good. Of which God grant that we may all
be partakers, in Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.
HOMILY XIV.
1 TIMOTHY V. 8.
"But if any provide not for his own, and especially for those of his
own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel."
MANY consider that their own virtue is sufficient
for their salvation, and if they duly regulate their own life, that
nothing further is wanting to save them. But in this they greatly err,
which is proved by the example of him who buried his one talent, for he
brought it back not diminished but entire, and just as it had been
delivered to him. It is shown also by the blessed Paul, who says here,
"If any one provide not for his own." The provision of which he speaks
is universal, and relates to the soul as well as the body, since both
are to be provided for.
"If any provide not for his own, and especially for
those of his own house," that is, those who are nearly related to him,
"he is worse than an infidel." And so says Isaiah, the chief of the
Prophets, "Thou shalt not overlook thy kinsmen of thy own seed." (Isa.
lviii. 7, Sept.) For if a man deserts. those who are united by ties of
kindred and affinity, how shall he be affectionate towards others? Will
it not have the appearance of vainglory, when benefiting others he
slights his own relations, and does not provide for them? And what will
be said, if instructing others, he neglects his own, though he has
greater facilities; and a higher obligation to benefit them? Will it
not be said, These Christians are affectionate indeed, who neglect
their own relatives?(2) "He is worse than an infidel." Wherefore?
Because the latter, if he benefits not aliens, does not neglect his
near kindred. What is meant is this: The law of God and of nature is
violated by him who provides not for his own family. But if he who
provides not for them has denied the faith, and is worse than an
infidel, where shall he be ranked who has injured his relatives? With
whom shall he be placed? But how has he denied the faith? Even as it is
said, "They profess that they know God, but in works they deny Him."
(Tit. i. 16.) What has God, in whom they believe, commanded? "Hide not
thyself from thine own flesh." (Isa. lviii. 7.) How does he then
believe who thus denies God? Let those consider this, who to spare
their wealth neglect their kindred. It was the design of God, in
uniting us by the ties of kindred, to afford us many opportunities of
doing good to one another. When therefore thou neglectest a duty which
infidels perform, hast thou not denied the faith? For it is not faith
merely to profess belief, but to do works worthy of faith. And it is
possible in each particular to believe and not to believe.(3) For since
he had spoken
454
of luxury and self-indulgence, he says that it is not for this only
that such a woman is punished, because she is luxurious, but because
her luxury compels her to neglect her household. This he says with
reason; for she that liveth to the belly, perishes hereby also, as
"having denied the faith." But how is she worse than an infidel?
Because it is not the same thing to neglect our kindred, as to neglect
a stranger. How should it be? But the fault is greater here, to desert
one known than one who is unknown to us, a friend than one who is not a
friend.
Ver. 9, 10. "Let not a widow be taken into the
number under threescore years old, having been the wife of one man.
Well reported of for good works."
He had said, "Let them learn first to show piety at
home, and to requite their parents." He had also said, "She that liveth
in pleasure is dead whilst she liveth." He had said, "If she(1)
provides not for her own she is worse than an infidel." Having
mentioned the qualities which not to have would render a woman unworthy
to be reckoned among the widows, he now mentions what she ought to have
besides. What then? are we to receive her for her years? What merit is
there in that? It is not her own doing that she is threescore years
old. Therefore he does not speak of her age merely, as, if she has even
reached those years, she may not yet, he says, without good works, be
reckoned among the number. But why then is he particular about the age?
He afterwards assigns a cause not originating with himself, but with
the widows themselves. Meanwhile let us hear what follows. "Well
reported of for good works, if she have brought up children." Truly, it
is no unimportant work to bring up children; but bringing them up is
not merely taking care of them; they must be brought up well; as he
said before, "If they continue in faith, and charity, and holiness." (1
Tim. ii. 15.) Observe how constantly he sets kindnesses to our own
relatives before those to strangers. First he says, "If she have
brought up children," then, "If she have lodged strangers, if she have
washed the Saints' feet, if she have relieved the afflicted, if she
have diligently followed every good work." But what if she be poor? Not
even in that case is she debarred from bringing up children, lodging
strangers, relieving the afflicted. She is not more destitute than the
widow who gave the two mites. Poor though she be, she has an house, she
does not lodge in the open air. "If," he says, "she have washed the
Saints' feet." This is not a costly work. "If she have diligently
followed every good work." What precept does he give here? He exhorts
them to contribute bodily service, for women are peculiarly fitted for
such attendance, for making the bed of the sick, and composing them to
rest.
Strange! what strictness does he require of widows;
almost as much as of the Bishop himself. For he says, "If she have
diligently followed every good work." This is as though he meant that,
if she could not of herself perform it, she shared and cooperated in
it. When he cuts off luxury, he would have her provident, a good
economist, and at the same time continually persevering in prayer. Such
was Anna. Such strictness does he require of widows. Greater even than
of virgins, from whom he yet requires much strictness, and eminent
virtue. For when he speaks of "that which is comely," and "that she may
attend upon the Lord without distraction" (1 Cor. vii. 35), he gives,
in a manner, a summary of all virtue. You see that it is not merely the
not contracting a second marriage that is enough to make a widow, many
other things are necessary. But why does he discourage second
marriages? Is the thing condemned? By no means. That is heretical. Only
he would have her henceforth occupied in spiritual things, transferring
all her care to virtue. For marriage is not an impure state, but one of
much occupation. He speaks of their having leisure, not of their being
more pure by remaining unmarried. For marriage certainly implies much
secular engagement. If you abstain from marriage that you may have
leisure for the service of God, and yet do not so employ that leisure,
it is of no advantage to you, (if you do not use your leisure,) to
perform all services to strangers, and to the Saints.(2) If you do not
thus, you abstain from marriage not for any good end, but as though you
condemned the state. So the virgin, who is not truly crucified to the
world, by declining marriage, appears to condemn it as accursed and
impure.
Observe, the hospitality here spoken of is not
merely a friendly reception, but one given with zeal and alacrity, with
readiness, and going about it as if one were receiving Christ Himself.
The widows should perform these services themselves, not commit them to
their handmaids. For Christ said, "If I your Master and Lord have
washed your feet, ye ought also to wash one another's feet." (John
xiii. 14.) And though a woman may be very rich, and of the highest
rank, vain of her birth and noble family, there is not the same
distance between her and others, as between God and the disciples. If
thou receivest the stranger as Christ, be not ashamed, but rather
glory: but if you receive
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him not as Christ, receive him not at all. "He that receiveth you," He
said, "receiveth Me." (Matt. x. 40.) If you do not so receive him, you
have no reward. Abraham was receiving men that passed as travelers, as
he thought, and he did not leave to his servants to make the
preparations for their entertainment, but took the greater part of the
service upon himself, and commanded his wife to mix the flour, though
he had three hundred and eighteen servants born in his house, of whom
there must have been many(1) maidservants; but he wished that himself
and his wife should have the reward, not of the cost only, but of the
service. Thus ought we ever to exercise hospitality by our own personal
exertions, that we may be sanctified, and our hands be blessed. And if
thou givest to the poor, disdain not thyself to give it, for it is not
to the poor that it is given, but to Christ; and who is so wretched, as
to disdain to stretch out his own hand to Christ?
This is hospitality, this is truly to do it for
God's sake. But if you give orders with pride, though you bid him take
the first place, it is not hospitality, it is not done for God's sake.
The stranger requires much attendance, much encouragement, and with all
this it is difficult for him not to feel abashed; for so delicate is
his position, that whilst he receives the favor, he is ashamed. That
shame we ought to remove by the most attentive service, and to show by
words and actions, that we do not think we are conferring a favor, but
receiving one, that we are obliging less than we are obliged. So much
does good will multiply the kindness. For as he who considers himself a
loser, and thinks that he is doing a favor, destroys all the merit of
it; so he who looks upon himself as receiving a kindness, increases the
reward. "For God loveth a cheerful giver." (2 Cor. ix. 7.) So that you
are rather indebted to the poor man for receiving your kindness. For if
there were no poor, the greater part of your sins would not be removed.
They are the healers of your wounds, their hands are medicinal to you.
The physician, extending his hand to apply a remedy, does not exercise
the healing art more than the poor man, who stretches out his hand to
receive your alms, and thus becomes a cure(2) for your ills. You give
your money, and with it your sins pass away. Such were the Priests of
old, of whom it was said, "They eat up the sin of My people." (Hosea
iv. 8.) Thus thou receivest more than thou givest, thou art benefited
more than thou benefitest. Thou lendest to God, not to men. Thou
increasest thy wealth, rather than diminishest it. But if thou dost not
lessen it by giving, then it is indeed diminished!
"If she have received strangers, if she have washed
the Saints' feet." But who are these? The distressed saints, not any
saints whatever. For there may be saints, who are much waited on by
every one. Do not visit these, who are in the enjoyment of plenty, but
those who are in tribulation, who are unknown, or known to few. He who
hath "done it unto the least of these," He saith, "hath done it unto
Me." (Matt.
XXV. 40.)
MORAL. Give not thy alms to those who preside in the
Church to distribute. Bestow it thyself, that thou mayest have the
reward not of giving merely, but of kind service. Give with thine own
hands. Cast into the furrow thyself. Here it is not required to handle
the plow, to yoke the ox, to wait the season, nor to break up the
earth, or to contend with the frost. No such trouble is required here,
where thou sowest for heaven, where there is no frost nor winter nor
any such thing. Thou sowest in souls, where no one taketh away what is
sown, but it is firmly retained with all care and diligence. Cast the
seed thyself, why deprive thyself of thy reward. There is great reward
in dispensing(3) even what belongs to others. There is a reward not
only for giving, but for dispensing well the things that are given. Why
wilt thou not have this reward? For that there is a reward for this,
hear how we read that the Apostles appointed Stephen to the ministry of
the widows. (Acts vi. 5-7.)
Be thou the dispenser of thine own gifts. Thine own
benevolence and the fear of God appoint thee to that ministry. Thus
vainglory is excluded. This refreshes the soul, this sanctifies the
hands, this pulls down pride. This teaches thee philosophy, this
inflames thy zeal, this makes thee to receive blessings. Thy head, as
thou departest, receives all the blessings of the widows.
Be more earnest in thy prayers. Inquire diligently
for holy men, men that are truly such, who, in the retirement of the
desert, cannot beg, but are wholly devoted to God. Take a long journey
to visit them, and give with thine own hand. For thou mayest profit
much in thine own person, if thou givest. Dost thou see their tents,
their lodging? dost thou see the desert? dost thou see the solitude?
Often when thou hast gone to bestow money, thou givest thine whole
soul. Thou art detained, and hast become his fellow-captive, and hast
been alike estranged from the world.
It is of great benefit even to see the poor. "It is
better," he saith, "to go to the house of mourning, than to the house
of feasting."
456
(Eccles. vii. 2.) By the latter the soul is inflamed. For if thou canst
imitate the luxury, then thou art encouraged to self-indulgence, and if
thou canst not, thou art grieved. In the house of mourning there is
nothing of this kind. If thou canst not afford to be luxurious, thou
art not pained; and if thou canst, thou art restrained. Monasteries are
indeed houses of mourning. There is sackcloth and ashes, there is
solitude, there is no laughter, no pressure of worldly business. There
is fasting, and lying upon the ground; there is no impure savor of rich
food, no blood shed,(1) no tumult, no disturbance, or crowding. There
is a serene harbor. They are as lights shining from a lofty place to
mariners afar off. They are stationed at the port, drawing all men to
their own calm, and preserving from shipwreck those who gaze on them,
and not letting those walk in darkness who look thither. Go to them,
and make friends with them, embrace their holy feet, more honorable to
touch than the heads of others. If some clasp the feet of statues,
because they bear but a likeness of the king, wilt thou not clasp his
feet who has Christ within him, and be saved? The Saints' feet are
holy, though they are poor men, but not even the head of the profane is
honorable. Such efficacy is there in the feet of the Saints, that when
they shake off the dust of their feet, they inflict punishment. When a
saint is among us, let us not be ashamed of anything that belongs to
him.(2) And all are saints, who unite a holy life with a right faith
and though they do not work miracles nor cast out devils, still they
are saints.
Go then to their tabernacles. To go to the monastery
of a holy man a is to pass, as it were from earth to heaven. Thou seest
not there what is seen in a private house. That company is free from
all impurity. There is silence and profound quiet. The words "mine and
thine" are not in use among them. And if thou remainest there a whole
day or even two, the more pleasure thou wilt enjoy. There, as soon as
it is day, or rather before day, the cock crows, and you see it not as
you may see it(4) in a house, the servants snoring, the doors shut, all
sleeping like the dead, whilst the muleteer without is ringing his
bells. There is nothing of all this. All, immediately shaking off
sleep, reverently rise when their President calls them, and forming
themselves into a holy choir, they stand, and lifting up their hands
all at once sing the sacred hymns. For they are not like us, who
require many hours to shake off sleep from our heavy heads. We indeed,
as soon as we are waked, sit some time stretching our limbs, go as
nature calls, then proceed to wash our face and our hands;
afterwards we take our shoes and clothes,
and a deal of time is spent.
It is not so there. No one calls for his servant,
for each waits upon himself: neither does. he require many clothes, nor
need to shake off sleep. For as soon as he opens his eyes, he is like
one who has been long awake in collectedness.(5) For when the heart is
not stifled within by excess of food, it soon recovers itself, and is
immediately wakeful. The hands are always pure; for his sleep is
composed and regular. No one among them is found snoring or breathing
hard, or tossing about in sleep, or with his body exposed; but they lie
in sleep as decently as those who are awake, and all this is the effect
"of the orderly state of their souls. These are truly saints and angels
among men. And marvel not when you hear these things. For their great
fear of God suffers them not to go down into the depths of sleep, and
to drown their minds, but it falls lightly upon them, merely affording
them rest. And as their sleep is, such are their dreams, not full of
wild fancies and monstrous visions.
But, as I said, at the crowing of the cock their
President comes, and gently touching the(6) sleeper with his foot,
rouses them all. For there are none sleeping naked. Then as soon as
they have arisen they stand up, and sing the prophetic hymns with much
harmony, and well composed tunes. And neither harp nor pipe nor other
musical instrument utters such sweet melodies, as you hear from the
singing of these saints in their deep and quiet solitudes. And the
songs themselves too are suitable, and full of the love of God. "In the
night," they say, "lift up your hands unto God. With my soul have I
desired Thee in the night, yea with my spirit within me will I seek
Thee early," (Isa. xxvi. 9.) And the Psalms of David, that cause
fountains of tears to flow. For when he sings, "I am weary with my
groaning, all the night make I my bed to swim; I water my couch with my
tears" (Ps. vi. 6): and, again, "I have eaten ashes like bread." (Ps.
cii. 9.) "What is man that thou art mindful of him?" (Ps. viii. 4.)
"Man is like to vanity, his days are as a shadow that passeth away."
(Ps. cxliv. 4.) "Be not afraid when one is made rich, when the glory of
his house is increased" (Ps. xlix. 16); and, "Who maketh men to be of
one mind in a house" (Ps. lxviii. 6): and, "Seven times a day do I
praise Thee, because of Thy righteous judgments" (Ps. cxix. 164): and,
"At midnight will I rise to give thanks unto Thee,
457
because of Thy righteous judgments" (Ps. cxix. 62): and, "God will
redeem my soul from the power of the grave" (Ps. xlix. 15): and,
"Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear
no evil, for Thou art with me" (Ps. xxiii. 4): and, "I will not be
afraid for the terror by night, nor for the arrow that flieth by day,
nor for the pestilence that walketh in darkness, nor for the
destruction that wasteth at noonday" (Ps. xci. 5, 6): and, "We are
counted as sheep for the slaughter" (Ps. xliv. 22): he expresses their
ardent love to God. And again, when they sing with the Angels,
(for Angels too are singing then,) "Praise ye the Lord from the
Heavens." (Ps. cxlviii. 1.) And we meanwhile are snoring, or scratching
our heads, or lying supine meditating endless deceits.(1) Think what it
was for them to spend the whole night in this employment.
And when the day is coming on, they take rest again;
for when we begin our works, they have a season of rest.(2) But each of
us, when it is day, calls upon his neighbor, takes account of his
outgoings, then(3) goes into the forum; trembling he appears before the
magistrate, and dreads a reckoning. Another visits the stage, another
goes about his own business. But these holy men, having performed their
morning prayers and hymns, proceed to the reading of the Scriptures.
There are some too that have learned to write out books, each having
his own apartment assigned to him, where he lives in perpetual quiet;
no one is trifling, not one speaks a word. Then at the third, sixth,
and ninth hours, and in the evening, they perform their devotions,
having divided the day into four parts, and at the conclusion of each
they honor God with psalms and hymns, and whilst others are dining,
laughing, and sporting, and bursting with gluttony, they are occupied
with their hymns. For they have no time for the table nor for these
things of sense. After their meal(4) they again pursue the same course,
having previously given themselves a while to sleep. The men of the
world sleep during the day: but these watch during the night. Truly
children of light are they! And while the former, having slept away the
greater part of the day, go forth oppressed with heaviness, these are
still collected,(5) remaining without food(6) till the evening, and
occupied in hymns. Other men, when evening overtakes them, hasten to
the baths, and different recreations, but these, being relieved from
their labors, then betake themselves to their table, not calling up a
multitude of servants, nor throwing the house into bustle and
confusion, nor setting before them high-seasoned dishes, and
rich-steaming viands, but some only partaking of bread and salt, to
which others add oil, whilst the weakly have also herbs and pulse. Then
after sitting a short time, or rather after concluding all with hymns,
they each go to rest upon a bed made for repose only and not for
luxury. There is no dread of magistrates, no lordly arrogance, no
terror of slaves, no disturbance of women or children, no multitudes of
chests, or superfluous laying by of garments, no gold or silver, no
guards and sentinels, no storehouse. Nothing of all these, but all
there is full of prayer, of hymns, and of a spiritual savor. Nothing
carnal is there. They fear no attacks of robbers, having nothing of
which they can be deprived, no wealth, but a soul and body, of which if
they are robbed, it is not a loss but a gain. For it is said, "To me to
live is Christ, and to die is gain." (Phil. i. 21.) They have freed
themselves from all bonds. Truly, "The voice of gladness is in the
tabernacles of the righteous." (Ps. cxviii. 15.)
There is no such thing to be heard there as wailing
and lamentation. Their roof is free from that melancholy and those
cries. Deaths happen there indeed, for their bodies are not immortal,
but they know not death, as death. The departed are accompanied to the
grave with hymns. This they call a procession,(7) not a burial;(8) and
when it is reported that any one is dead, great is their cheerfulness,
great their pleasure; or rather not one of them can bear to say that
one is dead, but that he is perfected. Then there is thanksgiving, and
great glory, and joy, every one praying that such may be his own end,
that so his own combat may terminate, and he may rest from his labor
and struggles, and may see Christ. And if any is sick, instead of tears
and lamentations they have recourse to prayers. Often not the care of
physicians, but faith alone relieves the sick. And if a physician be
necessary, then too there is the greatest firmness and philosophy.
There is no wife tearing her hair, nor children bewailing their orphan
state before the time, nor slaves entreating the dying man to give them
an assurance that they shall be committed to good hands. Escaping from
all these, the soul looks but to one thing at its last breath, that it
may depart in favor with God. And if disease occurs, the causes of it
are matter of glory rather than of reproach, as in other cases. For it
proceeds not from gluttony nor fullness of the head,
458
but from intense watchfulness and fasting, or the like causes; and
hence it is easily removed, for it is sufficient for its removal to
abate the severity of these exercises.
Tell me then, you will say, whether any one could
wash the Saints' feet in the Church? Whether such are to be found among
us? Yes: undoubtedly they are such. Let us not, however, when the life
of these saints is described despise those that are in the Churches.
There are many such often among us, though they are in secret. Nor let
us despise them, because they go from house to house, or go into the
forum, or stand forth in public.(1) God hath even commanded such
services, saying, "Judge the fatherless, plead for the widow." (Isa. i.
17.) Many are the ways of being virtuous, as there are many varieties
of jewels,(2) though all are called jewels; one is bright and round on
all sides, another has some different beauty. And how is this? As coral
has, by a kind of art, its line extended, and its angles shaped off,
and another color more delicious than white, and the prasius above
every green, another has the rich color of blood, another an azure
surpassing the sea, another is more brilliant than the purple, and thus
rivaling in their varieties all the colors of flowers or of the sun.
Yet all are called jewels. So it is with the Saints. Some discipline(3)
themselves, some the Churches. Paul therefore has well said, "If she
have washed the Saints' feet, if she have relieved the afflicted." For
he speaks thus, that he may excite us all to imitation. Let us hasten
then to perform such actions, that we may be able hereafter to boast
that we have washed the Saints' feet. For if we ought to wash their
feet, much more ought we to give them our money with our own hands, and
at the same time study to be concealed. "Let not thy left hand know,"
He says, "what thy right hand doeth."(Matt.
vi. 3.)
Why takest thou so many witnesses? Let not thy
servant know it, nor, if possible, thy wife. Many are the impediments
of the deceitful one. Often she who never before interfered, will
impede such works, either from vainglory, or some other motive. Even
Abraham, who had an admirable wife, when he was about to offer up his
son, concealed it from her, though he knew not what was to happen, but
was fully persuaded that he must slaughter his son. What then, would
any one that was but an ordinary man have said? Would it not be, "Who
is this that perpetrates such acts?" Would he not have accused him of
cruelty and brutality? His wife was not even allowed to see her son, to
receive his last words, to witness his dying struggles. But he led him
away like a captive. That just man though not of any such thing,
inebriated as he was with zeal,(4) so that he looked only how to
fulfill that which was commanded. No servant, no wife was present, nay,
he himself knew not what would be the issue. But intent upon offering
up a pure victim, he would not defile it with tears, or with any
opposition. Mark too with what gentleness Isaac asks, "Behold the fire
and the wood, but where is the lamb for a burnt offering?": and what
was the father's answer? "My son, God will provide Himself a lamb for a
burnt offering." (Gen. xxii. 7, 8.) In this he uttered a prophecy that
God would provide Himself a burnt offering in His Son, and it also came
true at the time. But why did he conceal it from him who was to be
sacrificed? Because he feared lest he should be astounded,(5) lest he
should prove unworthy. With such care and prudence did he act
throughout this affair! Well then hath the Scripture said, "Let not thy
left hand know what thy right hand doeth." If we have one dear to us as
one of our own members, let us not be anxious to show to him our
charitable works, unless it be necessary. For many evils may arise from
it. A man is excited to vainglory, and impediments are often raised.
For this reason let us conceal it, if possible, from our own selves,
that we may attain the blessings promised, through the grace and
lovingkindness of Jesus Christ our Lord, with whom, &c.
459
HOMILY XV.
1 TIMOTHY v. 11-15.
"But the younger widows refuse: for when they have begun to wax wanton
against Christ, they will marry; having condemnation, because they have
cast off their first faith. And withal they learn to be idle, wandering
about from house to house; and not only idle, but tattlers also and
busybodies, speaking things which they ought not. I will therefore that
the younger widows marry, bear children, guide the house, give none
occasion to the adversary to speak reproachfully. For some are already
turned aside
after Satan."
PAUL having discoursed much concerning widows, and
having settled the age at which they were to be admitted, saying, "Let
not a widow be taken into the number under threescore years old," and
having described the qualifications of a widow, "If she have brought up
children, if she have lodged strangers, if she have washed
the Saints' feet," proceeds now to say, "But the younger widows
refuse." But concerning virgins, though the case of their falling is a
much more gross one, he has said nothing of this kind, and rightly. For
they had enrolled themselves on higher views, and the work with them
proceeded from a greater elevation of mind. Therefore the receiving of
strangers, and the washing of the Saints' feet, he has represented by
"attending upon the Lord without distraction"(1) (1 Cor. vii. 34, 35),
and by saying, "The unmarried careth for the things that belong to the
Lord." (1 Cor. vii. 34, 35.) And if he has not limited a particular age
for them, it is most likely because that point is settled by what he
has said in this case. But indeed, as I said, the choice of virginity
proceeded from a higher purpose. Besides, in this case there had
been falls, and thus they had given occasion for his rule, but nothing
of that kind had occurred among the virgins. For that some had already
fallen away is plain, in that he says, "When they have begun to wax
wanton against Christ, they will(2) marry"; and again, "For some have
already turned aside after Satan."
"The younger widows refuse, for when they have begun
to wax wanton against Christ, they will marry"; that is, when they have
become scornful(3) and luxurious. For as in the case of a just
man, we might say, "Let her depart, for she has become
another's."(4) He shows therefore that though they chose widowhood, it
was not the choice of their judgment. So then a widow, by the state of
widowhood, is espoused to Christ. For He has said," I am the defender
of the widows and the father of the orphans." (Ps. lxviii. 5.) He shows
that they do not choose widowhood as they ought, but wax wanton:
however he bears with them. Elsewhere indeed he says, "I have espoused
you to one husband, that I may present you as a chaste virgin to
Christ." (2 Cor. xi. 2.) After having given their names to Him,(5)
"they will marry," he says, "having condemnation, because they have
cast off their first faith." By faith he means, fidelity to their
covenant. As if he had said, They have been false to Christ, they have
dishonored Him, and transgressed His covenant. "And withal they learn
to be idle."
Thus he commands not only men, but women also, to
work. For idleness is the teacher of every sin. And not only are they
exposed to this condemnation, but to other sins. If therefore it is
unbecoming for a married woman "to go from house to house," much more
is it for a virgin. "And not only idle, but tattlers also and
busybodies, speaking things which they ought not. I will therefore that
the younger widows marry, bear children, guide the house."
What then happens, when the care for the husband is
withdrawn, and the care to please God does not constrain them? They
naturally become idlers, tattlers, and busybodies. For he who
does not attend to his own concerns will be meddling with those of
others, even as he who minds his own business will take no account of
and have no care about the affairs of another. And nothing is so
unbecoming to a woman, as to busy herself in the concerns of others,
and it is no less unbecoming to a man. This is a great sign of
impudence and forwardness.
"I will therefore," he says, (since they themselves
wish it,) "that the younger widows marry, bear children, guide the
house."
This course is at least preferable to the other.
They ought indeed to be concerned for the things of God, they ought to
preserve their faith. But since they do not this, it is better to avoid
a worse course. God is not dishonored by their marrying again, and they
do not fall into those practices, which have been censured. From such a
widowhood, no good could arise, but good may come out of this marriage.
Hence
460
the women will be able to correct that indolence and vanity of mind.
But why, since some have fallen away, does he not
say that much care is to be taken of them, that they may not fall into
the error he has mentioned? Why has he commanded them to marry? Because
marriage is not forbidden, and it is a safeguard to them. Wherefore he
adds, that they "give none occasion," or handle, "to the adversary to
speak reproachfully. For some are already turned aside after Satan."
Such widows as these then he would have refused, not meaning that there
should be no younger widows, but that there should be no adulteresses,
that none should be idle, busy-bodies, speaking things that they ought
not, that no occasion should be given to the adversary. Had nothing of
this kind taken place, he would not have forbidden them.
Ver. 16. "If any man or woman that believeth have
widows, let them relieve them, and let not the Church be charged, that
it may relieve them that are widows indeed."
Observe how again he speaks of those as "widows
indeed," who are left destitute, and have no resource from any other
quarter. It was better to have it so. For thus two great objects were
attained. Those(1) had an opportunity of doing good, whilst these were
honorably maintained, and the Church not burdened. And he has well
said, "If any believer." For it is not fit that believing women should
be maintained by unbelievers, lest they should seem to stand in need of
them. And observe how persuasively he speaks; he has not said, "let
them maintain them expensively," but "let them relieve them." "That the
Church," he says, "may relieve them that are widows indeed." She
therefore has the reward of this help also, for she that helps the
Church, helps not her only, but those widows too whom the Church is
thus enabled to maintain more bountifully. "I will therefore that the
younger widows"--do what? live in luxury and pleasure? By no means;
but--"marry, bear children, guide the house." That he may not be
supposed to encourage them to live luxuriously, he adds, that they give
no occasion to the adversary to speak reproachfully. They ought indeed
to have been superior to the things of this world, but since they are
not, let them abide in them at least upright.
Ver. 17, 18. "Let the elders that rule well be
counted worthy of double honor, especially they who labor in the word
and doctrine. For the Scripture saith, Thou shalt not muzzle the ox
that treadeth out the corn. And, The laborer is worthy of his reward."
The "honor" of which he here speaks is attention to
them, and the supply of their necessities, as is shown by his adding,
"Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn" (Deut. xxv.
4); and, "The laborer is worthy of his reward." (Luke x. 7.) So when he
says, "Honor widows," he means, "support" them in all that is
necessary. Thus he says, "That it may relieve those that are widows
indeed"; and again, "Honor widows that are widows indeed," that is, who
are in poverty, for the greater their poverty, the more truly are they
widows. He alleges the Law, he alleges the words of Christ, both
agreeing herein. For the Law says, "Thou shall not muzzle the ox that
treadeth out the corn." See how he would have the teacher labor! For
there is not, indeed there is not, any other labor such as his. But
this is from the Law. But how does he quote from Christ? "The laborer
is worthy of his reward." Let us not then look only to the reward, but
to the terms of the commandment. "The laborer," he says, "is worthy of
his reward." So that if any one lives in sloth and luxury, he is
unworthy of it. Unless he is as the ox treading out the corn, and
bearing the yoke, in spite of heat and thorns, and ceases not till he
has carried the corn into the granary, he is not worthy. Therefore to
teachers should be granted a supply of their necessities without
grudging, that they may not faint nor be discouraged, nor by attention
to inferior things deprive themselves of greater; that they may
labor for spiritual things, paying no regard to worldly things. It was
thus with the Levites; they had no worldly concerns, because the laity
took care to provide for them, and their revenues were appointed by the
law, as tythes, offerings of gold,(2) first-fruits, vows, and many
other things. And the law properly assigned these things to them, as
seeking things present. But I shall say no more than that those who
preside ought to have food and raiment, that they may not be distracted
by care for these things. But what is double support? Double that of
the widows, or of the deacons, or simply, liberal support. Let us not
then think only of the double maintenance granted them, but of
what is added, "Those who rule well." And what is it to rule well? Let
us hear Christ, Who says, "The good shepherd giveth his life for his
sheep." (John x. 11.) Thus to rule well is, from our concern for them,
never to spare ourselves.
"Especially those who labor in the word and
doctrine." Where then are those who say that there is no occasion for
the word and doctrine?
461
Whereas he says to Timothy, "Meditate upon these things; give thyself
wholly to them"; and, "Give attendance to reading, to exhortation, to
doctrine; for in doing this thou shalt save both thyself, and them that
hear thee." (1 Tim. iv. 15, 16.) These are the men whom he wishes to be
honored most of all, and he adds the reason, for they sustain great
labor. For when one is neither watchful, nor diligent, but merely sits
in his stall easy and unconcerned,(1) whilst another wears himself out
with anxiety and exertion,(2) especially if he is ignorant of profane
literature, ought not the latter to be honored above all others, who
more than others gives himself up to such labors? For he is exposed to
numberless tongues. One censures him, another praises him, a third
mocks him, another finds fault with his memory and his composition, and
it requires great strength of mind to endure all this. It is an
important point, and contributes much to the edification of the Church,
that the rulers of it should be apt to teach. If this be wanting, many
things in the Church go to ruin. Therefore in addition to the
qualifications of hospitality, moderation, and a blameless life, he
enumerates this also, saying, "Apt to teach." For why else indeed is he
called a teacher? Some say that he may teach philosophy by the example
of his life, so that all else is superfluous, and there is no need of
verbal instruction in order to proficiency. But why then does Paul say,
"especially they who labor in the word and doctrine"? For when
doctrines are concerned, what life will answer the purpose? And of what
word is he speaking? Not of pompous language, nor of discourse set off
with externals decorations, but that which possesses the mighty power
of the Spirit, and abounds with wisdom and understanding. It needs not
set phrases, but thoughts to give it utterance, not skill in
composition, but power of mind.
Ver. 19. "Against an elder receive not an
accusation, but before two or three witnesses."
May we then receive an accusation against a younger
man, or against any one at all without witnesses? Ought we not in all
cases to come to our judgments with the greatest exactness? What then
does he mean? Do not so, he means, with any, but especially in the
case of an elder. For he speaks of an eider not with respect to
office, but to age, since the young more easily fall into sin than
their elders, And it is manifest from hence that the Church, and even
the whole people of Asia, had been now intrusted to Timothy, which is
the reason why he discourses with him concerning elders.
Ver. 20. "Them that sin rebuke before all, that
others also may fear."
Do not, be says, hastily cut them off, but carefully
enquire into all the circumstances, and when thou hast thoroughly
informed thyself, then proceed against the offender with rigor, that
others may take warning. For as it is wrong to condemn hastily and
rashly, so not to punish manifest offenses is to open the way to
others, and embolden them to offend.
"Rebuke," he says, to show that it is not to be done
lightly, but with severity. For thus others will be deterred. How is it
then that Christ says, "Go and tell him his fault between him and thee
alone, if one sin against thee." (Matt. xviii. 15.) But Christ Himself
permits him to be censured in the Church. What then? is it not a
greater scandal, that one should be rebuked before all? How so? For it
is a much greater scandal, that the offense should be known, and not
the punishment. For as when sinners go unpunished, many commit crimes;
so when they are punished, many are made better. God Himself acted in
this manner. He brought forth Pharaoh, and punished him openly. And
Nebuchadnezzar too, and many others, both cities and individuals, we
see visited with punishment. Paul therefore would have all stand in awe
of their Bishop, and sets him over all.
And because many judgments are formed upon
suspicion, there ought, he says, to be witnesses, and men to convict
the offender according to the ancient law. "At the mouth of two or
three witnesses shall every matter be established. Against an elder
receive not an accusation." (Deut. xix. 15.) He does not say, "do not
condemn," but "receive not an accusation," bring him not to judgment at
all. But what if the two witnesses are false? This rarely happens, and
it may be discovered upon examination on the trial. For since offenses
are committed in secret, we ought to be satisfied with two witnesses,
and this is sufficient proof of investigation.
But what if the offenses be notorious, and yet there
are no witnesses, only a strong suspicion? It has been said above that
he ought "to have a good report of them which are without." (1 Tim.
iii. 7.)
Let us therefore love God with fear. The law indeed
is not made for a righteous man; but since the greater part are
virtuous from constraint rather than from choice, the principle of fear
is of great advantage to them in eradicating their desires. Let us
therefore listen to the threatenings of hell fire, that we may be
benefited by the wholesome fear of it. For if God, intending to cast
sinners into it, had not previously threatened them with it, many would
have plunged into it. For, if with this terror agitat-
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ing our souls, some sin as readily as if there were no such thing in
existence, what enormities should we not have committed, if it had not
been declared and threatened? So that, as I have ever said, the
threatenings of hell show the care of God for us no less than the
promises of heaven. For the threat cooperates with the promise, and
drives men into the kingdom by means of terror. Let us not think it a
matter of cruelty, but of pity and mercy; of God's concern and love for
us. If in the days of Jonah the destruction of Nineveh had not been
threatened, that destruction had not been averted. Nineveh would not
have stood but for the threat, "Nineveh shall be overthrown." (Jonah
iii. 4.) And if hell had not been threatened, we should all have fallen
into hell. If the fire had not been denounced, no one would have
escaped the fire. God declares that He will do that which He desires
not to do, that He may do that which He desires to do. He willeth not
the death of a sinner, and therefore He threatens the sinner with
death, that He may not have to inflict death. And not only has He
spoken the word, but He has exhibited the thing itself, that we may
escape it. And lest it should be supposed to be a mere threat, He has
manifested the reality of it by what He has already done on earth. Dost
thou not see in the flood a symbol of hell, in that rain of
all-destroying water an image of the all-devouring fire?(1) "For as it
was in the days of Noah," He says, "they were marrying and giving in
marriage" (Matt. xxiv. 38), so is it even now. It was then predicted(2)
long before it took place, and it is now predicted four hundred years
or more beforehand:(3) but no one heeds it. It is looked upon as a mere
fable, as a matter of derision; no one fears it, no one weeps or beats
his breast at the thought of it. The stream of fire is boiling up, the
flame is kindled, and we are laughing, taking our pleasure, and sinning
without fear. No one even bears in mind That Day. No one considers that
present things are passing away, and that they are but temporal, though
events are every day crying out and uttering a fearful voice. The
untimely deaths, the changes that take place in our lives, our own
infirmities and diseases, fail to instruct us. And not only in our own
bodies are these changes visible, but in the elements themselves. Every
day in our different ages we experience a kind of death, and in every
case instability is the characteristic of things we see. Neither
winter, nor summer, nor spring, nor autumn, is permanent; all are
running, flying, and flowing past. Why should I speak of fading
flowers, of dignities, of kings that are to-day, and to-morrow cease to
be, of rich men, of magnificent houses, of night and day, of the sun
and the moon? for the moon wanes, and the sun is sometimes eclipsed,
and often darkened with clouds? Of things visible, in short, is there
anything that endures for ever? Nothing! No, nor anything in us but the
soul, and that we neglect. Of things subject to change we take abundant
care, as if they were permanent: but that which is to endure for ever
we neglect, as if it were soon to pass away. Some one is enabled to
perform mighty actions, but they shall last till to-morrow, and then he
perishes, as we see in the instances of those who have had yet greater
power, and are now to be seen no more. Life is a dream, and a scene;
and as on the stage when the scene is shifted the various pageants
disappear, and as dreams flit away when the sunbeams rise, so here when
the end comes, whether the universal or that of each one, all is
dissolved and vanishes away. The tree that you have planted remains,
and the house that you have built, it too stands on. But the planter
and the builder go away, and perish. Yet these things happen without
our regarding it, and we live on in luxury and pleasure, and are ever
furnishing ourselves with such things, as if we were immortal.
Hear what Solomon says, who knew the present world
by actual experience. "I builded me houses, I planted me vineyards, I
made me gardens, and orchards and pools of water. I gathered me also
silver and gold. I gat myself men-singers, and women-singers, and
flocks, and herds." (Eccles. ii. 4, 5.) There was no one who lived in
greater luxury, or higher glory. There was no one so wise or so
powerful, no one who saw all things so succeeding to his heart's
desire. What then? He had no enjoyment from all these things. What
after all does he say of it himself? "Vanity of vanities, all is
vanity." (Eccles. xii. 8.) Vanity not simply but superlatively. Let us
believe him, and lay hold on that in which there is no vanity, in which
there is truth; and what is based upon a solid rock, where there is no
old age, nor decline, but all things bloom and flourish, without decay,
or waxing old, or approaching dissolution. Let us, I beseech you, love
God with genuine affection, not from fear of hell, but from desire of
the kingdom. For what is comparable to seeing Christ? Surely nothing!
What to the enjoyment of those good things? Surely nothing! Well may
there be nothing; for "eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have
entered into the heart of man the things which God hath prepared for
them that love Him." (1 Cor. ii. 9.) Let us be anxious to
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obtain those things, and let us despise all these. Are we not
continually complaining that human life is nothing? Why art thou
solicitous for what is nothing? Why dost thou sustain such toils, for
what is nothing? Thou seest splendid houses, does the sight of them
delude thee? Look up to heaven. Raise thy view from pillars of stone to
that beautiful fabric, compared with which the others are as the works
of ants and pismires. Learn philosophy from that spectacle, ascend to
heavenly things, and look thence upon our splendid buildings, and see
that they are nothing, the mere toys of little children. Seest thou not
how much finer, how much lighter, how much purer, how much more
translucent, is the air the higher thou ascendest? There have they that
do aims their mansions and their tabernacles. These that are here are
dissolved at the resurrection, or rather before the resurrection
destroyed by the stroke of time. Nay often in their most flourishing
state and period an earthquake overthrows, or fire entirely ruins them.
For not only the bodies of men, but their very buildings are liable to
untimely deaths. Nay, sometimes things decayed by time stand firm under
the shock of an earthquake, whilst glittering edifices, firmly fixed,
and newly constructed, are struck but by lightning and perish. And
this, I believe, is the interposition of God, that we may not take
pride in our buildings.
Would you again have another ground for
cheerfulness? Go to the public buildings, in which you share equally
with others. For the most magnificent private houses, after all, are
less splendid than the public edifices. There you may remain, as long
as you please. They belong to you as much as to others, since they are
common to you with others; they are common, and not private. But those,
you say, delight you not. They delight you not, partly because you are
familiar with them, and partly from your covetousness. So the
pleasantness is not in the beauty, but in the appropriating! So the
pleasure is in greediness, and in the wish to make every man's goods
your own! How long are we to be nailed to these things? How long are we
to be fastened to the earth, and grovel, like worms, in the dirt? God
hath given us a body of earth, that we might carry it with us up to
heaven, not that we should draw our soul down with it to earth. Earthy
it is, but if we please, it may be heavenly. See how highly God has
honored us, in committing to us so excellent a frame. I made heaven and
earth, He says, and to you I give the power of creation. Make your
earth heaven. For it is in thy power. "I am He that maketh and
transformeth all things" (Amos v. 8, Sept.), saith God of Himself. And
He hath given to men a similar power; as a painter, being an
affectionate father, teaches his own art to his son. I formed thy body
beautiful, he says, but I give thee the power of forming
something better. Make thy soul beautiful. I said, "Let the
earth bring forth grass, and every fruitful tree." (Gen. i. 11.) Do
thou also say, Let this earth(1) bring forth its proper fruit, and what
thou willest to produce will be produced. "I make the summer and the
cloud. I create the lightning and the wind." (Amos iv. 13; Ps. lxxiv.
17.) I formed the dragon, that is, the devil,(2) to make sport with
him. (Ps. civ. 26.) Nor have I grudged thee the like power. Thou, if
thou wilt, canst sport with him, and bind him as thou wouldest a
sparrow. I make the sun to rise upon the evil and the good: do thou
imitate Me, by imparting of that is thine to the good and the evil.
When mocked I bear with it, and do good to those who mock Me: do thou
imitate Me, as thou canst. I do good, not to be requited; do thou
imitate Me, and do good, not to be repaid. I have lighted luminaries in
the heavens. Do thou light others brighter than these, for thou canst,
by enlightening those that are in error. For to know Me is a greater
benefit than to behold the sun. Thou canst not create a man, but thou
canst make him just and acceptable to God. I formed his substance, do
thou beautify his will. See how I love thee, and have given thee the
power in the greater things.
Beloved, see how we are honored! yet some are so
unreasonable and so ungrateful as to say, "Why are we endowed with free
will?" But how in all the particulars which we have mentioned could we
have imitated God, if there had been no free will? I rule Angels, He
says, and so dost thou, through Him who is the First-fruits. (1 Cor.
xv. 23.) I sit on a royal throne, and thou art seated with Me in Him
who is the First-fruits. As it is said, "He hath raised us up together
and made us sit together in heavenly places in Christ Jesus." (Eph. ii.
6.) Through Him who is the First-fruits, Cherubim and Seraphim adore
thee, with all the heavenly host, principalities and powers, thrones
and dominions. Disparage not thy body, to which such high honors
appertain, that the unbodied Powers tremble at it.
But what shall I say? It is not in this way only
that I have shown My love to thee, but by what I have suffered. For
thee I was spit upon, I was scourged. I emptied myself of glory, I left
My Father and came to thee, who dost hate Me, and turn from Me, and art
loath to hear My Name. I pursued thee, I ran after thee, that I might
overtake thee. I united and joined
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thee to myself, "eat Me, drink Me," I said. Above I hold thee, and
below I embrace thee. Is it not enough for thee that I have thy
First-fruits above? Doth not this satisfy thy affection? I descended
below: I not only am mingled with thee I am entwined in thee. I am
masticated broken into minute particles, that the
interspersion,(2) and commixture, and union may be more complete.
Things united remain yet in their own limits, but I am interwoven with
thee. I would have no more any division between us. I will that we both
be one.
Therefore knowing these things and remembering His
abundant care for us, let us do all things which may prove us not
unworthy of His great gift, which God grant that we may all obtain,
through the grace and lovingkindness of Christ Jesus our Lord, with
whom, &c.
HOMILY XVI.
1 TIMOTHY v. 21-23.
"I charge thee before God and the Lord Jesus Christ and the elect
angels, that thou observe these things without preferring one
before another, doing nothing by partiality. Lay hands hastily on no
man, neither be partaker of other men's sins: keep thyself pure. Drink
no longer water, but use a little wine for thy stomach's sake and
three often infirmities."
HAVING spoken of Bishops and Deacons, of men, and
women, of widows and elders, and of all others, and having shown how
great was the authority of a Bishop, now he was speaking of judgment,
he has added, "I charge thee before God and the Lord Jesus Christ and
the elect angels, that thou observe these things without preferring one
before another, doing nothing by partiality." Thus fearfully he charges
him. For though Timothy was his beloved son, he did not therefore stand
in awe of him. For as he was not ashamed to say of himself, "Lest by
any means when I have preached to others, I myself should be a
cast-away" (1 Cor. ix. 27); much less would he be afraid or ashamed in
the case of Timothy. He called the Father and the Son to witness. But
wherefore the elect Angels? From great moderation, as Moses said, "I
call heaven and earth to witness" (Deut. iv. 26); and again, "Hear ye,
O mountains, and strong foundations of the earth." (Mic. vi. 2.) He
calls the Father and the Son to witness what he has said, making his
appeal to Them against that future Day, that if anything should be done
that ought not to be done, he was clear from the guilt of it.
"That thou observe these things without preferring
one before another, doing nothing by partiality." That is, that thou
deal impartially and equally between those who are upon trial and are
to be judged by thee, that no one may pre-occupy thy mind, or gain thee
over to his side beforehand.
But who are the elect Angels? It is because there
are some not elect. As Jacob calls to witness God and the heap (Gen.
xxxi. 45), so we often take at once superior and inferior persons to
witness; so great a thing is testimony. As if he had said, I call to
witness God and His Son and His servants, that I have charged thee: so
before them I charge thee. He impresses Timothy with fear; after which
he adds, what was most vital,(3) and bears most on the maintenance of
the Church, the matter of Ordinations. "Lay hands," he says, "suddenly
on no man, neither be partaker of other men's sins." What is
"suddenly"? Not upon a first, nor a second, nor a third trial, but
after frequent and strict examination and circumspection. For it is an
affair of no common peril. For thou wilt be responsible for the sins
committed by him, as well his past as his future sins, because thou
hast delegated to him this power. For if thou overlook the past unduly,
thou art answerable for the future also, as being the cause of them, by
placing him in that station, and of the past too, for not leaving him
to mourn over them, and to be in compunction. For as thou art a
partaker of his good actions, so art thou of his sins.
"Keep thyself pure." This he says with reference to
chastity.
"Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for
thy stomach's sake and thy often infirmities." If one who had practiced
fasting to such an extent, and used only water, so long that he had
brought on "infirmities" and "frequent infirmities," is thus commanded
to be chaste, and does not refuse the admonition, much less ought we to
be offended when we receive an admonition from any one. But why
did not Paul restore strength to his stomach? Not because he could
not--for he whose garment had raised the dead
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was clearly able to do this too,--but because he had a design of
importance in withholding such aid. What then was his purpose?(1) That
even now, if we see great and virtuous men afflicted with infirmities,
we may not be offended, for this was a profitable visitation. If indeed
to Paul himself a "messenger of Satan" was sent that he should not be
"exalted above measure" (2 Cor. xii. 11), much more might it be so with
Timothy. For the miracles he wrought were enough to have rendered him
arrogant. For this reason he is left to be subject to the rules of
medicine, that he may be humbled, and others may not be offended, but
may learn that they who performed such excellent actions were men of
the same nature as themselves. In other respects also Timothy seems to
have been subject to disease, which is implied by that expression, "Thy
often infirmities," as well of other parts as of the stomach. He does
not however allow him to indulge freely in wine, but as much as was for
health and not for luxury.(2)
Ver. 24. "Some men's sins are open beforehand, going
before to judgment; and some they follow after."
In speaking of ordination, he had said, "Be not
partaker of other men's sins." But what, he might say, if I be ignorant
of them? Why, "some men's sins are open beforehand, going before them
to judgment, and some they follow after." Some men's, he means, are
manifest, because the), go before, whilst others' are unknown, because
they follow after.
Ver. 25. "Likewise also the good works of some are
manifest beforehand, and they that are otherwise cannot be hid."
Chap. vi. ver. 1. "Let as many servants as are under
the yoke count their masters worthy of all honor, that the Name of God
and His doctrine be not blasphemed."
Let them count them "worthy of all honor," he says;
for do not suppose, because thou art a believer, that thou art
therefore a free man: since thy freedom is to serve the more
faithfully. For if the unbeliever sees slaves conducting themselves
insolently on account of their faith, he will blaspheme, as if the
Doctrine produced insubordination. But when he sees them obedient, he
will be more inclined to believe, and will the rather attend to
our words. But God, and the Gospel we preach, will be blasphemed, if
they are disobedient. But what if their own master be an unbeliever?
Even in that case they ought 1 to submit, for God's Name's sake.
Ver. 2. "And they that have believing masters, let
them not despise them because they are brethren, but rather do them
service, because they are faithful and beloved partakers of the
benefit."
As though he had said, If ye are thought worthy of
so great a benefit, as to have your masters for your brethren, on this
account ye ought more especially to submit.
"Going before to judgment." This he had said,
implying that of evil actions here some are concealed, and some are
not; but there neither the good nor the bad can be concealed. And what
is that going before to judgment? When one commits offenses that
already condemn him, or when he is incorrigible, and when one thinks to
set him right and cannot succeed. What then? 'What is the use of
mentioning this? Because if here any escape detection, they will not
hereafter. There all things are laid open; and this is the greatest
consolation to those who do well.
Then because he had said, "Do nothing by
partiality," as if under the necessity of interpreting it, he adds, "As
many servants as are under the yoke." But you will say, What has a
Bishop to do with this? Much surely, for it is his office to exhort and
to teach these too. And here he makes excellent regulations with
respect to them. For we see him everywhere commanding the servants
rather than their masters, showing them the ways of submission,
and treating them with great regard? He exhorts them therefore to
submit with great meekness. But the masters he recommends to forbear
the use of terror. "Forbearing threatening" (Eph. vi. 9), he says. And
why does he thus command? In the case of unbelievers, naturally,
because it would have been unreasonable to address those who would pay
no heed to him; but where believers were concerned, what was his
reason? Because masters contribute greater benefits to their servants,
than servants to their masters. For the former furnish the money to
purchase for them sufficient food and clothing; and bestow much care
upon them in other respects, so that the masters pay them the larger
service, which is here intimated, when he says, "they are faithful and
beloved, partakers of the benefit."(4) They suffer much toil and
trouble for your repose, ought they not in return to receive much
honor from their servants?
MORAL. But if he exhorts servants to render such
implicit obedience, consider what ought to be our disposition towards
our Master, who brought us into existence out of nothing, and who feeds
and clothes us. If in no other way then, let us render Him service at
least as our
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servants render it to us. Do not they order their whole lives to afford
rest to their masters, and is it not their work and their life to take
care of their concerns? Are they not all day long engaged in their
masters' Work, and only a small portion of the evening in their own?
But we, on the contrary, are ever engaged in our own affairs, in our
Master's hardly at all, and that too, though He needs not our services,
as masters need those of their servants, but those very acts redound to
our own benefit. In their case the master is benefited by the ministry
of the servant, but in ours the ministry of the servant profits not the
Master, but is beneficial on the other hand to the servant. As the
Psalmist says, "My goods are nothing unto Thee." (Ps. xvi. 2.) For say,
what advantage is it to God, that I am just, or what injury, that I am
unjust? Is not His nature incorruptible, incapable of injury, superior
to all suffering? Servants having nothing of their own, all is their
masters', however rich they may be. But we have many things of our own.
And it is not merely so great honor,(1) that we
enjoy from the King of the universe. What master ever gave his own son
for his servant? No one, but all would rather choose to give their
servants for their sons. Here on the contrary, "He spared not His own
Son, but gave Him up for us all," for His enemies who hated Him.
Servants, though very hard service is exacted of them, are not
impatient; at least, not the well-disposed. But how many times do we
utter discontent?(2) The master promises to his servants nothing like
what God promises to us; but what? Freedom here, which is often worse
than bondage; for it is often embittered by famine beyond slavery
itself.(3) Yet this is their greatest boon. But with God there is
nothing temporal, nothing mortal; but what? wouldest thou learn? Listen
then, He says, "Henceforth I call you not servants. Ye are my friends."
(John xv. 13, 14.)
Beloved, let us be ashamed, let us fear. Let us only
serve our Master, as our servants serve us. Rather not even(4) the
smallest portion of service do we render! Necessity makes them
philosophers. They have only food and lodging; but we, possessing much
and expecting more, insult our Benefactor with our luxury. If from
nothing else, from them at least let us learn the rules of philosophy.
The Scripture is wont to send men not even to servants, but to
irrational creatures, as when it bids us imitate the bee and the ant.
But I advise you but to imitate servants: only so much as they do from
fear of their masters, let us do from the fear of God; for I cannot
find that you do even this. They receive many insults from fear of us,
and endure them in silence with the patience of philosophers. Justly or
unjustly they are exposed to our violence, and they do not resist, but
entreat us, though often they have done nothing wrong. They are
contented to receive no more and often less than they need; with
straw(5) for their bed, and only bread for their food, they do not
complain or murmur at their hard living, but through fear of us are
restrained from impatience. When they are intrusted with money, they
restore it all. For I am not speaking of the worthless, but of the
moderately good. If we threaten them, they are at once awed.
Is not this philosophy? For say not they are. under
necessity, when thou too art under a necessity in the fear of hell. And
yet dost thou not learn wisdom, nor render to God as much honor, as
thou receivest from thy servants. Of thy servants each has the
apartment assigned to him by thy rules, and he does not invade that of
his neighbor, nor do any injury from a desire of more than he has. This
forbearance the fear of their master enforces among domestics, and
seldom will you see a servant robbing or injuring a fellow-servant. But
among free men it is quite the reverse. We bite and devour one another.
We fear not our Master: we rob and plunder our fellow-servants, we
strike them in His very sight. This the servant will not do; if he
strikes, it is not when his master sees him; if he reviles, it is not
when his master hears him. But we dare do anything, though God sees and
hears it all.
The fear of their master is ever before their eyes,
the fear of our Master never before ours. Hence the subversion of all
order, hence all is confusion and destruction. And we never take into
consideration the offenses we have committed, but if our servants do
amiss, we call them to a rigorous account for everything, even to the
least misdemeanor. I say not this to make servants remiss, but to chide
our supineness, to rouse us from our sloth, that we may serve our God
with as much zeal as servants do their master; our Maker, as faithfully
as our fellow-creatures(6) serve us, from whom they have received no
such gift. For they too are free by nature. To them also it was said,
"Let them have dominion over the fishes." (Gen. i. 26.) For this
slavery is not from nature: it is the result of some particular cause,
or circumstances. Yet, notwithstanding, they pay us great honor;
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and we with great strictness exact services from them, whilst to God we
hardly render the smallest portion, though the advantage of it would
redound to ourselves. For the more zealously we serve God, the greater
gainers we shall be. Let us not then deprive ourselves of such
important benefits. For God is self-sufficient, and wants nothing; the
recompense and the advantage reverts altogether to us. Let us
therefore, I beseech you, be so affected, as serving not God but
ourselves, and with fear and trembling let us serve Him, that we may
obtain the promised blessings, through Jesus Christ our Lord, with
whom, &c.
HOMILY XVII.
1 TIMOTHY vi. 2-7.
"These things teach and exhort. If any man teach otherwise, and
consent not to wholesome words, even the words of our Lord Jesus
Christ, and to the doctrine which is according to godliness; he is
proud, knowing nothing, but doting about questions and strifes of
words, whereof cometh envy, strife, railings, evil surmisings, perverse
disputings of men of corrupt minds, and destitute of the truth,
supposing that gain is godliness: from such withdraw thyself. But
godliness with contentment is great gain. For we brought nothing into
this world, and it is certain we can carry nothing out."
A TEACHER has need not only of authority, but of
gentleness, and not only of gentleness, but of authority. And all these
the blessed Paul teaches, at one time saying, "These things command and
teach" (1 Tim. iv. 11); at another, "These things teach and exhort."(1)
For if physicians entreat the sick, not for the benefit of their own
health, but that they may relieve their sickness, and restore their
prostrate strength, much more ought we to observe this method, of
entreating those whom we teach. For the blessed Paul does not refuse to
be their servant: "We preach not ourselves," he says; "but Christ Jesus
the Lord; and ourselves your servants for Jesus' sake" (2 Cor. iv. 5);
and again, "All things are yours, whether Paul or Apollos." (1 Cor.
iii. 12.) And in this service he serves with alacrity, for it is not
slavery, but superior to freedom. For He says, "Whoever committeth sin
is the servant of sin." (John viii. 34.)
"If any man teach otherwise, and consent not to
wholesome words, even the words of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to the
doctrine which is according to godliness, he is proud, knowing
nothing." Presumption therefore arises not from knowledge, but from
"knowing nothing." For he that knows the doctrines of godliness is also
the most disposed to moderation. He who knows sound words, is not
unsound. For what inflammation is in the body, that pride is in the
soul. And as we do not in the first case say that the inflamed part is
sound, so neither do we here consider the arrogant. It is possible then
to be knowing, and yet to know nothing. For he that knows not what he
ought to know, knows nothing. And that pride arises from knowing
nothing is manifest from hence. Christ "made Himself of no reputation"
(Phil. ii. 7), he therefore who knows this will not be high-minded. Man
hath nothing except from God, therefore he will not be high-minded.
"For what hast thou that thou didst not receive?" (1 Cor. iv. 7.) He
washed the feet of His disciples, how can he who knows this be setting
himself up? Therefore He says, "When ye have done all, say we are
unprofitable servants." (Luke xvii. 10.) The publican was accepted only
from his humility, the Pharisee perished by his boastfulness. He who is
puffed up knoweth none of these things. Again, Christ Himself says, "If
I have spoken evil, bear witness of the evil; but if well, why smitest
thou me?" (John xviii. 23.)
"Doting(2) about questions." To question then is to
dote. "And strifes of words"; this is justly said. For when the soul is
fevered with reasonings, and stormy, then it questions, but when it is
in a sound state, it does not question, but receives the faith. But
from questionings and strifes of words nothing can be discovered. For
when the things which faith only promises are received by an
inquisitive spirit, it neither demonstrates them, nor suffers us to
understand them. If one should close his eyes, he would not be able to
find anything he sought: or if, again with his eyes open, he should
bury himself, and exclude the sun, he would be unable to find anything,
thus seeking. So without faith nothing can be discerned, but
contentions must needs arise. "Whereof come railings, evil surmisings";
that is, erroneous opinions and doctrines arising froth questionings.
For when we begin to question, then we surmise concerning God things
that we ought not.
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"Perverse disputings,"(1) that is, leisure or
conversation, or he may mean intercommunication, and that as infected
sheep by contact(2) communicate disease to the sound, so do these bad
men.
"Destitute of the truth, thinking that gain is
godliness." Observe what evils are produced by strifes of words. The
love of gain, ignorance, and pride; for pride is engendered by
ignorance.
"From such withdraw thyself." He does not say,
engage and contend with them, but "withdraw thyself," turn away from
them; as elsewhere he says, "A man that is an heretic after the first
and second admonition reject." (Tit. iii. 10.) He shows that they do
not so much err from ignorance, as they owe their ignorance to their
indolence. Those who are contentious for the sake of money you will
never persuade. They are only to be persuaded, so long as you give, and
even so you will never satisfy their desires. For it is said, "The
covetous man's eye is not satisfied with a portion." (Ecclus. xiv. 9.)
From such then, as being incorrigible, it is right to turn away. And if
he who had much obligation to fight for the truth, is advised not to
engage in contention with such men, much more should we(3) avoid it,
who are in the situation of disciples.
Having said, "They think that godliness is a means
of gain," he adds: "But godliness with contentment is great gain, not
when it possesses wealth, but when it has it not. For that he may not
despond on account of his poverty, he encourages and revives his
spirit. They think, he says, that godliness is a means of gain,(4) and
so it is; only not in their way, but in a much higher. Then having
demolished theirs he extols the other. For that worldly gain is
nothing, is manifest, because it is left behind, and does not attend
us, or go along with us at our departure. Whence is this plain? Because
we had nothing when we came into this world, therefore we shall have
nothing when we depart from it. For nature came naked into the world,
and naked she will go out of it. Therefore we want no superfluities; if
we brought nothing with us, and shall take nothing away with us.
Ver. 8. "And having food and raiment, let us be
therewith content."
Such things, and so much ought we to eat, as will
suffice to nourish us, and such things should we put on, as will cover
us, and clothe our nakedness, and nothing more; and a common garment
Will answer this purpose. Then he urges them from the consideration of
things here, saying,
Ver. 9. "But they that will be rich"; not those that
are rich, but those who wish to be. For a man may have money and make a
good use of it, not overvaluing it, but bestowing it upon the poor.
Such therefore he does not blame, but the covetous.
"They that will be rich fall into temptation and a
snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts, which drown men in
destruction and perdition."
He has justly said, "they drown men," since they
cannot be raised from that depth. "In destruction and perdition."
Ver. 10. "For the love of money is the root of all
evil; which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith,
and pierced themselves through with many sorrows."
Two things he mentions, and that which to them might
seem the more weighty he places last, their "many sorrows." And to
learn how true this is, the only way is to sojourn with the rich, to
see how many are their sorrows, how bitter their complaints.
Ver. 11. "But thou, O man of God."
This is a title of great dignity. For we are all men
of God, but the righteous peculiarly so, not by right of creation only,
but by that of appropriation.(5) If then thou art a "man of God," seek
not superfluous things, which lead thee not to God, but
"Flee these things, and follow after righteousness."
Both expressions are emphatic; he does not say turn from one, and
approach the other, but "flee these things, pursue righteousness," so
as not to be covetous.
"Godliness," that is, soundness in doctrines.(6)
"Faith," which is opposed to questionings. "Love," patience, meekness.
Ver. 12. "Fight the good fight of faith, lay hold on
eternal life." Lo, there is thy reward, "whereunto thou art also
called, and hast professed a good profession," in hope of eternal life,
"before many witnesses."
That is, do not put that confidence to shame. Why
dost thou labor to no profit? But what is the "temptation and snare,"
which he says, those that would be rich fall into? It causes them to
err from the faith, it involves them in dangers, it renders them less
intrepid. "Foolish desires," he says. And is it not a foolish desire,
when men like to keep idiots and dwarfs, not from benevolent motives,
but for their pleasure, when they have receptacles for fishes in their
halls, when they bring up wild beasts, when they give their time to
dogs, and dress up horses, and are as fond of them as of their chil-
469
dren? All these things are foolish and superfluous, nowise necessary,
nowise useful.
"Foolish and hurtful lusts!" What are hurtful lusts?
When men live unlawfully, when they desire what is their neighbor's,
when they do their utmost in(1) luxury, when they long for drunkenness,
when they desire the murder and destruction of others. From these
desires many have aimed at tyranny, and perished. Surely to labor with
such views is both foolish and hurtful. And well has he said, "They
have erred from the faith." Covetousness attracting their eyes to
herself, and gradually stealing away their minds, suffers them not to
see their way. For as one walking on the straight road, with his mind
intent on something else, proceeds on his way indeed, but, often
without knowing it, passes by the very city to which he was hastening,
his feet plying on at random and to no purpose: such like a thing is
covetousness. "They have pierced themselves through with many sorrows."
Dost thou see what he mean by that word "pierced"? What he means
to express by the allusion(2) is this. Desires are thorns, and as when
one touches thorns, he gores his hand, and gets him wounds, so he that
falls into these lusts will be wounded by them, and pierce his soul
with griefs. And what cares and troubles attend those who are thus
pierced, it is not possible to express. Therefore he says, "Flee these
things, and follow after righteousness, godliness, faith, love,
patience, meekness." For meekness springs from love.
Ver. 12. "Fight the good fight."
Here he commends his boldness and manliness, that
before all he confidently "made profession," and he reminds him of his
early instruction.
"Lay hold on eternal life."
There is need not only of profession, but of
patience also to persevere in that profession, and of vehement
contention, and of numberless toils, that you be not overthrown. For
many are the stumbling-blocks, and impediments, therefore the way is
"strait and narrow." (Matt. vii. 14.) It is necessary therefore to be
self-collected,(3) and well girt on every side. All around appear
pleasures attracting the eyes of the soul. Those of beauty, of wealth,
of luxury, of indolence, of glory, of revenge, of power, of dominion,
and these are all fair and lovely in appearance, and able to captivate
those who are unsteady, and who do not love the truth. For truth has
but a severe and uninviting countenance. And why? Because the pleasures
that she promises are all future, whereas the others hold out present
honors and delights, and repose; though all are false and counterfeit.
To these therefore adhere gross, effeminate, unmanly minds, indisposed
to the toils of virtue. As in the games of the heathens, he who does
not earnestly covet the crown, may from the first give himself up to
revellings and drunkenness, and so do in fact the cowardly and unmanly
combatants, whilst those who look steadfastly to the crown sustain
blows without number. For they are supported and roused to action by
the hope of future reward.
MORAL. Let us then flee from this root of all evils,
and we shall escape them all. "The love of money," he says, "is the
root;" thus says Paul, or rather Christ by Paul, and let us see how
this is. The actual experience of the world testifies it. For what evil
is not caused by wealth, or rather not by wealth, but by the wicked
will of those who know not how to use it? For it is possible to use
wealth in well doing, and even through means of it to inherit the
kingdom. But now what was given us for the relief of the poor, to make
amends for our past sins, to win a good report, and to please God, this
we employ against the poor and wretched, or rather against our own
souls, and to the high displeasure of God. For as for the other, a man
robs him of his wealth, and reduces him to poverty, but himself to
death; and him he causes to pine in penury here, but himself in that
eternal punishment. Are they equal sufferers, think you?
What evils then does it not cause! what fraudulent
practices, what robberies! what miseries, enmities, contentions,
battles! Does it not stretch forth its hand even to the dead, nay, to
fathers, and brethren? Do not they who are possessed by this passion
violate the laws of nature, and the commandments of God? in short
everything? Is it not this that renders our courts of justice
necessary? Take away therefore the love of money, and you put an end to
war, to battle, to enmity, to strife and contention. Such men ought
therefore to be banished from the world, as wolves and pests. For as
opposing and violent winds, Sweeping over a calm sea, stir it up from
its foundations, and mingle the sands of the deep with the waves above,
so the lovers of wealth confound and unsettle everything. The covetous
man never knows a friend: a friend, did I say? he knows not God
Himself, driven mad, as he is, by the passion of avarice. Do ye not see
the Titans going forth sword in hand? This is a representation of
madness. But the lovers of money do not counterfeit, they are really
mad, and beside themselves; and if you could lay bare their souls, you
would find them armed in this way not with one or two swords, but with
thousands,
470
acknowledging no one, but turning their rage against all; flying and
snarling at all, slaughtering not dogs,(1) but the souls of men, and
uttering blasphemies against heaven itself. By these men all things are
subverted, and ruined by their madness after wealth.
For whom indeed, whom I should accuse, I know not!
It is a plague that so seizes all, some more, some less, but all in a
degree. Like a fire catching a wood, that desolates and destroys all
around, this passion has laid waste the world. Kings, magistrates,
private persons, the poor, women, men, children, are all alike affected
by it. As if a gross darkness had overspread the earth, no one is in
his sober senses. Yet we hear, both in public and private, many
declamations(2) against covetousness, but no one is mended by them.
What then is to be done? How shall we extinguish
this flame? For though it has risen up to heaven itself, it is to be
extinguished. We have only to be willing, and we shall be able to
master the conflagration. For as by our will it has got head, so it may
be brought under by our will. Did not our own choice cause it, and will
not the same choice avail to extinguish it? Only let us be willing. But
how shall that willingness be engendered? If we consider the vanity and
the unprofitableness of wealth, that it cannot depart hence with us,
that even here it forsakes us, and that whilst it remains behind, it
inflicts upon us wounds that depart along with us. If we see that there
are riches There, compared to which the wealth of this world is more
despicable than dung. If we consider that it is attended with
numberless dangers, with pleasure that is temporary, pleasure mingled
with sorrow. If we contemplate aright the true riches of eternal life,
we shall be able to despise worldly wealth. If we remember that it
profits nothing either to glory, or health, or any other thing; but on
the contrary drowns men in destruction and perdition. If thou consider
that here thou art rich, and hast many under thee, but that when thou
departest hence, thou wilt go naked and solitary. If we often
represent(3) these things to ourselves, and listen to them from others,
there will perhaps be a return to a sound mind, and a deliverance from
this dreadful punishment.
Is a pearl beautiful? yet consider, it is but sea
water, and was once cast away in the bosom of the deep. Are gold and
silver beautiful? yet they were and are but dust and ashes. Are silken
vestments beautiful? yet they are nothing but the spinning of worms.
This beauty is but in opinion, in human prejudice, not in the nature of
the things. For that which possesses beauty from nature, need not any
to point it out. If you see a coin of brass that is but gilded over,
yon admire it at first, fancying that it is gold; but when the cheat is
shown to you by one who understands it, your wonder vanishes with the
deceit. The beauty therefore was not in the nature of the thing.
Neither is it in silver; you may admire tin for silver, as you admired
brass for gold, and you need some one to inform you what you should
admire. Thus our eyes are not sufficient to discern the difference. It
is not so with flowers, which are much more beautiful. If you see a
rose, you need no one to inform you, you can of yourself distinguish an
anemone, and a violet, or a lily, and every other flower. It is nothing
therefore but prejudice. And to show, that this destructive passion is
but a prejudice; tell me, if the Emperor were pleased to ordain that
silver should be of more value than gold, would you not transfer your
love and admiration to the former? Thus we are everywhere under the
influence of covetousness and opinion.(4) And that it is so, and that a
thing is valued for its rarity, and not for its nature, appears hence.
The fruits that are held cheap among us are in high esteem among the
Cappadocians, and among the Serians(5) even more valuable than the most
precious among us, from which country these garments are brought; and
many such instances might be given in Arabia and India, where spices
are produced, and where precious stones are found. Such preference
therefore is nothing but prejudice, and human opinion. We act not from
judgment, but at random, and as accident determines. But let us recover
from this intoxication, let us fix our view upon that which is
truly beautiful, beautiful in its own nature, upon godliness and
righteousness; that we may obtain the promised blessings, through the
grace and lovingkindness of Jesus Christ our Lord, with whom, &c.
471
HOMILY XVIII.
1 TIMOTHY vi. 13-16.
"I give thee charge in the sight of God, Who quickeneth all things, and
before Christ Jesus, Who before Pontius Pilate witnessed a good
confession; that thou keep this commandment without spot, unrebukable,
until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ: which in his times He
shall show, Who is the blessed and only Potentate, the King of kings,
and Lord of lords; Who only hath immortality, dwelling in the light
which no man can approach unto; Whom no man hath seen, nor can see; to
Whom be honor and power everlasting. Amen."
AGAIN he calls God to witness, as he had done a
little before, at once to increase his disciple's awe, and to secure
his safety, and to show that these were not human commandments, that
receiving the commandment as from the Lord Himself, and ever bearing in
mind the Witness(1) before Whom he heard it, he may have it more
fearfully impressed upon his mind.
"I charge thee," he says, "before God, Who
quickeneth all things."
Here is at once consolation in the dangers which
awaited him, and a remembrance of the resurrection awakened in him.
"And before Jesus Christ, Who before Pontius Pilate
witnessed a good confession."
The exhortation again is derived from the example of
his Master, and what he means is this; as He had done, so ought ye to
do, for for this cause He "witnessed" (1 Pet. ii. 21), that we might
tread in His steps.
"A good confession."(2) What he does in his Epistle
to the Hebrews,--"Looking unto Jesus, the Author and Finisher of our
faith; Who for the joy that was set before Him endured the cross,
despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of
God. For consider Him that endured such contradiction of sinners
against Himself, lest ye be wearied and faint in your minds" (Heb. xii.
2, 3),--that he now does to his disciple Timothy. As if he had said,
Fear not death, since thou art the servant of God, Who can give life to
all things.
But to what "good confession" does he allude? To
that which He made when Pilate asked, "Art thou a King?" "To this end,"
He said, "was I born." And again, "I came, that I might bear witness to
the Truth. Behold, these have heard Me." (John xviii. 37.) He may mean
this, or that when asked, "Art thou the Son of God?" He answered, "Thou
sayest, that I am (the Son of God)." (Luke xxii. 70.) And many other
testimonies and confessions did He make.
Ver. 14. "That thou keep this commandment without
spot, unrebukable, until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ."
That is, till thy end, thy departure hence, though
he does not so express it, but that he may the more arouse him, says,
"till His appearing." But what is "to keep the commandment without
spot"? To contract no defilement, either of doctrine or of life.
Ver. 15. "Which in His times He shall show, Who is
the blessed and only Potentate, King of kings, and Lord of lords, Who
only hath immortality, dwelling in the light which no man can approach
unto."
Of whom are these things said? Of the Father, or of
the Son? Of the Son, undoubtedly: and it is said for the consolation of
Timothy, that he may not fear nor stand in awe of the kings of the
earth.
"In His times," that is, the due and fitting times,
that he may not be impatient, because it has not yet come.
And whence is it manifest, that He will show it? Because He is the
Potentate, the "only Potentate." He then will show it, Who is
"blessed," nay blessedness itself; and this is said, to show that in
that appearing there is nothing painful or uneasy.
But he says, "only," either in contradistinction to
men, or because He was unoriginated,(3) or as we sometimes speak of a
man whom we wish to extol.
"Who only hath immortality." What then? hath not the
Son immortality? Is He not immortality itself? How should not He, who
is of the same substance with the Father, have immortality?
"Dwelling in the light which no man can approach
unto." Is He then Himself one Light, and is there another in which He
dwells? is He then circumscribed by place? Think not of it. By this
expression is represented the Incomprehensibleness of the Divine
Nature. Thus he speaks of God, in the best way he is able. Observe, how
when the tongue would utter something great, it fails in power.
"Whom no man hath seen nor can see." As, indeed, no
one hath seen the Son, nor can see Him.(4)
472
"To whom be honor and power everlasting. Amen." Thus
properly, and much to the purpose, has he spoken of God. For as he had
called Him to witness, he speaks much of that Witness, that his
disciple may be in the greater awe. In these terms he ascribes glory to
Him, and this is all we can do, or say. We must not enquire too
curiously, who He is. If power everlasting is His, fear not. Yea though
now it take not place,(1) to Him is honor, to Him is power evermore.
Ver. 17. "Charge them that are rich in this world
that they be not high-minded."
He has well said, "rich in this world." For there
are others rich in the future world. And this advice he gives, knowing
that nothing so generally produces pride and arrogance as wealth. To
abate this, therefore, he immediately adds, "Nor trust in uncertain
riches"; since that was the source of pride; inasmuch as he who hopes
in God, is not elated. Why dost thou place thy hopes upon what is
instantly transferable? For such is wealth! and why hopest thou on that
of which thou canst not be confident? But you say, how can they avoid
being high-minded? By considering the instability and uncertainty of
riches, and that hope in God is infinitely more valuable; God being the
Author of wealth itself.
Ver. 17. "But in the living God," he says, "who
giveth us richly all things to enjoy."
This "all things richly" is justly spoken, in
reference to the changes of the year, to air, light, water, and other
gifts. For how richly and ungrudgingly are all these bestowed! If
thou seekest riches, seek those that are stable and enduring, and which
are the fruit of good works. He shows that this is his meaning by what
follows.
Ver. 18. "That they do good," he says, "that they be
rich in good works, ready to distribute willing to communicate."
The first phrase refers to wealth, the second to
charity. For to be willing to communicate, implies that they are
sociable and kind.
Ver. 19. "Laying up in store for themselves a good
foundation against the time to come."
There nothing is uncertain, for the foundation being
firm, there is no instability, all is firm, fixed, immovable, fast, and
enduring.
Ver. 19. "That they may lay hold," he says, "on
eternal life."
For the doing of good works can secure the enjoyment
of eternal life.
Ver. 20. "O Timothy, keep that which is committed to
thy trust."
Let it not suffer diminution. It is not thy own.
Thou art intrusted with the property of another, do not lessen it.
Ver. 20. "Avoiding profane and vain babblings, and
oppositions of science falsely so called."
Well did he thus call it. For where there is not
faith, there is not knowledge; when anything springs from our
reasonings, it is not knowledge. Or perhaps he says this, because some
then assumed the name of Gnostics, as knowing more than others.
Ver. 21. "Which some professing have erred
concerning the faith."
You see how again he commands Timothy not even to
meet them. "Avoiding opposition." There are therefore oppositions to
which we ought not to vouchsafe an answer, because they turn men from
faith, and do not suffer one to be firmly established or fixed in it.
Let us not then pursue this science, but adhere to faith, that unshaken
rock. For neither floods nor winds assailing will be able to harm us,
since we stand on the rock immovable. Thus even in this life, if we
choose Him, Who is truly the foundation, we stand, and no harm assails
us. For what can hurt him who hath chosen the riches, the honor, the
glory, the pleasure of the life to come? They are all firm, in them
there is no variableness; all things here subject to reverse, and are
for ever changing. For what wouldest thou have? glory? The Psalmist
says, "His glory shall not descend after him." (Ps. xlix. 17.) And
often it abides not with him whilst he lives. But it is not so with
virtue, all things which pertain to her are permanent. Here, he who
obtains glory from his office, upon another succeeding to his office,
becomes a private man and inglorious. The rich man is reduced to
poverty by the attack of robbers, or the snares of sycophants and
knaves. It is not so with Christians. The temperate man, if he take
heed to himself, will not be robbed of his virtue. He who rules
himself, cannot become a common man and a subject.
And that this rule is superior to any other, will
appear upon examination. For of what advantage, tell me, is it to reign
over nations of our fellow-men, and to be the slaves of our own
passions? Or what are we the worse for having no one under our rule, if
we are superior to the tyranny of the passions? That indeed is Freedom,
that is Rule, that is Royalty and Sovereignty. The contrary is slavery,
though a man be invested with countless diadems. For when a multitude
of masters sway him from within, the love of money, the love of
pleasure, and anger, and other passions, what avails his
473
diadem? The tyranny of those passions is more severe, when not even his
crown has power to deliver him from their subjection. As if one who had
been a king should be reduced to slavery by barbarians, and they
wishing to show their power the more absolutely, should not strip him
of his purple robe and his diadem, but oblige him to work in them, and
to perform all menial offices, to draw water, and to cook their food,
that his disgrace and their honor might be the more apparent: so do our
passions domineer over us more barbarously than any barbarians. For he
that despises them can despise the barbarians too; but he that submits
to them, will suffer more severely than from barbarians. The barbarian,
when his power prevails, may afflict the body, but these passions
torture the soul, and lacerate it all over. When the barbarian has
prevailed, he delivers one to temporal death, but these to that which
is to come. So that he alone is the free man, who has his freedom in
himself; and he who submits to these unreasonable passions, is the
slave.
No master, however inhuman, imposes such severe and
inhuman commands. They say to him, in effect, "Disgrace thy soul
without end or object,--offend thy God,--be deaf to the claims of
nature; though it be thy father or thy mother, be not ashamed to set
thyself against them." Such are the commands of avarice. "Sacrifice to
me, she says, not calves, but men." The prophet indeed says, "Sacrifice
men, for the calves have failed." (Hosea xiii. 2, Sept.) But avarice
says, "Sacrifice men, though there are yet calves. Sacrifice those who
have never injured thee, yea slay them, though they have been thy
benefactors." Or again, "Be at war, and go about as the common enemy of
all, of nature herself, and of God. Heap up gold, not that thou mayest
enjoy it, but that thou mayest keep it, and work greater torture to
thyself." For it is not possible that the lover of money should be able
to enjoy it, since he fears lest his gold should be diminished, lest
his hoards should fail. "Be watchful," it says, "be suspicious of every
one, even domestics and friends. Have an eye to the goods of other men.
Though you see the poor man perishing with hunger, give him nothing;
but strip him, if it be possible, even of his skin. Break thine oaths,
lie, swear. Be an accuser, a false informer. Refuse not, if it be
necessary, to rush into fire, to submit to a thousand deaths, to perish
with hunger, to struggle with disease." Does not avarice impose these
laws? "Be offensive and impudent, shameless and bold, villainous and
wicked, ungrateful, unfeeling, unfriendly, faithless, devoid of
affection, a parricide, a beast rather than a man. Surpass the serpent
in bitterness, the wolf in rapacity. Exceed in brutality even the
beast, nay should it be necessary to proceed even to the malignity of
the devil, refuse not. Be a stranger to thy benefactor."
Does not avarice say all this, and is it not
listened to? God on the contrary says, Be a friend to all, be gentle,
beloved by all, give offense causelessly to no one. "Honor thy father
and thy mother." Win an honorable reputation. Be not a man, but an
angel. Utter nothing immodest, nothing false, nor even think of it.
Relieve the poor. Bring not trouble on thyself, by ravaging others. Be
not bold nor insolent. God says this, but no one hearkens. Is not hell
then justly threatened, and the fire, and the worm that dieth not? How
long are we thus to thrust ourselves down the precipice? How long
are we to walk upon thorns, and pierce ourselves with nails, and be
grateful for it? We subject ourselves to cruel tyrants, and refuse the
gentle Master, who imposes nothing grievous, nor barbarous, nor
burdensome, nor unprofitable, but all things such as are useful, and
valuable, and beneficial. Let us then arouse ourselves, and be
self-collected, and gather our forces. Let us love God as we ought,
that we may obtain the blessings promised to those that love Him,
through the grace and mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, to the
Father, &c.
HOMILIES OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM,
ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
ON THE
SECOND EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE
TO
TIMOTHY.
HOMILY I
2 TIMOTHY i. 1, 2.
"Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of God, according to the
promise of life which is in Jesus Christ, to Timothy, my dearly beloved
son: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and Christ Jesus our
Lord."
WHAT is the reason of his writing this second
Epistle to Timothy? He had said, "I hope to come unto thee shortly" (1
Tim. iii. 14), and as this had not taken place, instead of coming to
him, he consoles him by a letter, when he was grieving perhaps for his
absence, and oppressed by the cares of the government, which he had now
taken in hand. For even great men, when they are placed at the helm,
and are charged with the direction of the Church, feel the strangeness
of their position, and are overwhelmed, as it were, by the waves of
business. This was particularly the case when the Gospel was first
preached, when the ground was everywhere unturned, and all was
opposition and hostility. There were, besides, heresies commencing from
the Jewish teachers, as he has shown in his former Epistle. Nor does he
only comfort him by letters, he invites him to come to him: "Do thy
diligence," he says, "to come shortly unto me," and, "when thou
comest, bring with thee the books, but especially the
parchments." (2 Tim. iv. 9 and 13.) And he seems to have written this
Epistle when his end was approaching. For he says, "I am now ready to
be offered up"; and again, "At my first answer no man stood with me."
(2 Tim. iv. 6 and 16.) To set all this right, he both offers
consolation from his own trials, and also says,
"Paul, an apostle of Jesus Christ by the will of
God, according to the promise of life which is in Christ Jesus."
Thus at the very commencement he raises up his mind.
Tell me not, he says, of the dangers here. These obtain for us eternal
life, where there is no peril, where grief and mourning flee away. For
He hath not made us Apostles only that we might encounter dangers, but
that we might even suffer and die.(1) And as it would not be a
consolation to recount to him his own troubles, but rather an increase
of his grief, he begins immediately with offering comfort, saying,
"According to the promise of life which is in Jesus Christ." But if it
is a "promise," seek it not here. For, "hope that is seen is not hope."
(Rom. viii. 24.)
Ver. 2. "To Timothy, my dearly beloved son."
Not merely his "son," but, "dearly beloved"; since
it is possible for sons not to be beloved.
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Not such, he means, art thou; I call thee not merely a son, but a
"dearly beloved son." As he calls the Galatians his children, but at
the same time complains of them; "My little children," he says, "of
whom I travail in birth again." (Gal. iv. 19.) And he bears particular
testimony to his virtue by calling him "beloved." For where love does
not arise from nature, it must arise from the merit of the object.
Those who are born of us, are loved not only on account of their
virtue, but from the force of nature; but when those who are of the
faith are beloved, it is on account of nothing but their merit, for
what else can it be? And this especially in the case of Paul, who never
acted from partiality. And further, he shows by calling him his
"beloved son," that it was not because he was offended with him, or
despised him, or condemned him; that he did not come to him.
Ver. 2. "Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the
Father, and Christ Jesus our Lord."
These things which he before prayed for, he again
invokes upon him. And observe how, at the very beginning, he excuses
himself for not having come to him, nor seen him. For his words, "Till
I come," and, "Hoping to come to thee shortly," had led Timothy to
expect his coming soon. For this he excuses himself, but he does not
immediately mention the cause of his not coming, lest he should grieve
him mightily. For he was detained in prison by the emperor. But when at
the end of the Epistle he invited him to come to him, then he informed
him of it. He does not at the outset plunge him into sorrow, but
encourages the hope that he shall see him. "Greatly desiring to see
thee," and "Do thy diligence to come unto me shortly." (2 Tim. i. 4,
and iv. 9.) Immediately therefore he raises him up, and proceeds to
praise him.
Ver. 3, 4. "I thank God, whom I serve from my
forefathers with pure conscience, that without ceasing I have
remembrance of thee in my prayers night and day; greatly desiring to
see thee, being mindful of thy tears, that I might be filled with joy."
"'I thank God,' he says, 'that I remember thee,' so
much do I love thee." This is a mark of excessive love, when a man
glories in his affection from loving so much. "I thank God," he says,
"Whom I serve": and how? "With a pure conscience," for he had not
violated his conscience. And here he speaks of his blameless life, for
he everywhere calls his life his conscience. Or because I never gave up
any good that I purposed, for any human cause, not even when I was a
persecutor. Wherefore he says, "I obtained mercy, because I did it
ignorantly in unbelief" (1 Tim. i. 13); all but saying, "Do not suspect
that it was done of wickedness." He properly commends his own
disposition, that his love may appear sincere. For what he says is in
fact, "I am not false, I do not think one thing and profess another."
So in the book of Acts we read he was compelled to praise himself. For
when they slandered him as a seditious man and an innovator, he said in
his own defense, "Ananias said to me, The God of our fathers hath
chosen thee that thou shouldest know His will, and see that Just One,
and shouldest hear the voice of His mouth. For thou shalt be His
witness unto all men of what thou hast seen and heard." (Acts xxii. 14,
15.) In the same manner here, that he may not, as if he bad been
forgetful, have the character of one void of friendship and conscience,
he justly praises himself, saying, that "without ceasing I have
remembrance of thee," and not simply that, but "in my prayers." That
is, it is the business of my prayers, that which I constantly continue
to perform. For this he shows by saying, "For this I besought God day
and night, desiring to see thee." Mark his fervent desire, the
intensity(1) of his love. And again, his humility, how he apologizes to
his disciples, and then he shows that it was not on light or vain
grounds; and this he had shown us before, but again gives proof of it.
"Being mindful of thy tears." It was natural for Timothy, when parting
from him,(2) to mourn and weep, more than a child torn away from the
milk and from the breast of its mother. "That I may be filled with joy;
greatly desiring to see thee." I would not willingly have deprived
myself of so great a pleasure, though I had been of an unfeeling and
brutal nature, for those tears coming to my remembrance would have been
enough to soften me. But such is not my character. I am one of those
who serve God purely; so that many strong motives urged me to come to
thee. So then he wept. And he mentions another cause, and that of a
consolatory kind.
Ver. 5. "When I call to remembrance the unfeigned
faith that is in thee."
This is another commendation, that Timothy came not
of Gentiles, nor of unbelievers, but of a family that served Christ
from the first. (Acts xvi. 1, 3.)
"Which dwelt first in thy grandmother Lois, and thy
mother Eunice."
For Timothy, it says, "was the son of a certain
woman which was a Jewess, and believed." How a Jewess? how believing?
Because she was not of the Gentiles, "but on account of his father, who
was a Greek, and of the Jews that
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were in those quarters, he took and circumcised him." Thus, as these
mixtures of Jews and Gentiles took place, the Law began gradually to be
dissolved. And mark in how many ways he shows that he did not despise
him. "I serve God," he says, "I have a true conscience" for my part,
and thou hast thy "tears," and not thy tears only, but for "thy
faith," because thou art a laborer for the Truth, because there is no
deceit in thee. As therefore thou showest thyself worthy of love, being
so affectionate, so genuine a disciple of Christ; and as I am not one
of those who are devoid of affection, but of those who earnestly pursue
the Truth; what hindered me from coming to thee?
"And I am persuaded that in thee also."
From the beginning, he means, thou hast had this
excellency. Thou receivedst from thy forefathers the faith unfeigned.
For the praises of our ancestors, when we share in them, redound also
to us. Otherwise they avail nothing, but rather condemn us; wherefore
he has said, "I am persuaded that in thee also." It is not a
conjecture, he means, it is my persuasion; I am fully assured of it. If
therefore from no human motive thou hast embraced it, nothing will be
able to shake thy faith.
Ver. 6. "Wherefore I put thee in remembrance that
thou stir up the gift of God, which is in thee by the putting on of my
hands."
You see how greatly dispirited and dejected he
considers him to be. He almost says, "Think not that I despise thee,
but be assured that I do not condemn thee, nor have I forgotten thee.
Consider, at any rate, thy mother and thy grandmother. It is because I
know that thou hast unfeigned faith that I put thee in remembrance."
For it requires much zeal to stir up the gift of God. As fire requires
fuel, so grace requires our alacrity, that it may be ever fervent. "I
put thee in remembrance that thou stir up the gift of God, that
is in thee by the putting on of my hands," that is, the
grace of the Spirit, which thou hast received, for presiding over the
Church, for the working of miracles, and for every service. For this
grace it is in our power to kindle or to extinguish; wherefore he
elsewhere says," Quench not the Spirit." (1 Thess. v. 19.) For by sloth
and carelessness it is quenched, and by watchfulness and diligence it
is kept alive. For it is in thee indeed, but do thou render it more
vehement, that is, fill it with confidence, with joy and delight. Stand
manfully.
Ver. 7. "For God bath not given us the spirit
of fear, but of power, and of love, and of a sound mind."
That is, we did not receive the Spirit, that we
should shrink from exertion, but that we may. speak with boldness. For
to many He gives a spirit of fear, as we read in the wars of the Kings.
"A spirit of fear fell upon them." (Ex. xv. 16?) That is, he infused
terror into them. But to thee He has given, on the contrary, a
spirit of power, and of love toward Himself. This, then, is of grace,
and yet not merely of grace, but when we have first performed our own
parts. For the Spirit that maketh us cry, "Abba, Father," inspires us
with love both towards Him, and towards our neighbor, that we may love
one another. For love arises from power, and from not fearing. For
nothing is so apt to dissolve love as fear, and a suspicion of
treachery.
"For God hath not given us the spirit of fear, but
of power, and of love, and of a sound mind":(1) he calls a healthy
state of the soul a sound mind, or it may mean sobriety of mind, or
else a sobering of the mind, that we may be sober-minded, and that if
any evil befall us, it may sober us, and cut off superfluities.
MORAL. Let us then not be distressed at the evils
that happen to us. This is sobriety of mind. "In the season of
temptation," he says, "make not haste." (Ecclus. ii. 2.) Many have
their several griefs at home, and we share in each other's sorrows,
though not in their sources. For one is unhappy on account of his wife,
another on account of his child, or his domestic, another of his
friend, another of his enemy, another of his neighbor, another from
some loss. And various are the causes of sorrow, so that we can find no
one free from trouble and unhappiness of some kind or other, but some
have greater sorrows and some less. Let us not therefore be impatient,
nor think ourselves only to be unhappy.
For there is no such thing in this mortal life as
being exempt from sorrow. If not to-day, yet to-morrow; if not
to-morrow, yet some later day trouble comes. For as one cannot sail, I
mean, over a long sea, and not feel disquietude, so it is not possible
to pass through this life, without experience of sorrow, yea though you
name a rich man; for in that he is rich, he hath many occasions of
inordinate desires,(2) yea, though the king himself, since he too is
ruled by many, and cannot do all that he would. Many favors he grants
contrary to his wishes, and more than all men is obliged to do what he
would not. How so? Because he has many about him who wish to receive
his gifts. And just think how(3) great is his chagrin, when
he is desirous to effect something, but is unable, either from fear or
suspicion, or hindered by enemies or by friends. Often when he has
succeeded in achieving some end, he loses all the pleasure of it, from
many becoming at enmity
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with him. Again, do you think that they are free from grief, who live a
life of ease? It is impossible. As a man cannot escape death, so
neither can he escape sorrow. How many troubles must they endure, which
we cannot express in words, and which they only can know by experience!
How many have prayed a thousand times to die, in the midst of their
wealth and luxury! For luxury by no means puts men out of the reach of
grief: it is rather the very thing to produce sorrows, diseases, and
uneasiness, often when there is no real ground for it. For when such is
the habit of the soul, it is apt to grieve even without a cause.
Physicians say that from a weak state of the stomach arise sorrows(1)
without any occasion; and does not the like happen to ourselves, to
feel uneasy, without knowing any cause for it? In short, we can find no
one who is exempted from sorrow. And if he has less occasion for grief
than ourselves, yet he thinks otherwise, for he feels his own sorrows,
more than those of other men. As they who suffer pain in any part of
their bodies, think that their sufferings exceed their neighbor's. He
that has a disease of the eye, thinks there is nothing so painful, and
he that has a disorder in the stomach, considers that the sorest of
diseases, and each thinks that the heaviest of sufferings, with which
he is himself afflicted. So it is with sorrow, each thinks his own
present grief the most severe. For of this he judges by his own
experience. He that is childless considers nothing so sad as to be
without children; he that is poor, and has many children, complains of
the extreme evils of a large family. He who has hut one, looks upon
this as the greatest misery, because that one, being set too much store
by, and never corrected, becomes willful, and brings grief upon his
father. He who has a beautiful wife, thinks nothing so bad as having a
beautiful wife, because it is the occasion of jealousy and intrigue. He
who has an ugly one, thinks nothing worse than having a plain wife,
because it is constantly disagreeable. The private man thinks nothing
more mean, more useless, than his mode of life. The soldier declares
that nothing is more toilsome, more perilous, than warfare; that it
would he better to live on bread and water than endure such hardships.
He that is in power thinks there can be no greater burden than to
attend to the necessities of others. He that is subject to that power,
thinks nothing more servile than living at the beck of others. The
married man considers nothing worse than a wife, and the cares of
marriage. The unmarried declares there is nothing so wretched as being
unmarried, and wanting the repose of a home. The merchant thinks the
husbandman happy in his security. The husbandman thinks the merchant so
in his wealth. In short, all mankind are somehow hard to please, and
discontented and impatient. When condemning the whole race, he saith,
"Man is a thing of nought" (Ps. cxliv. 4), implying that the whole kind
is a wretched unhappy creature. How many long for old age! How many
think youth a happy time! Thus each different period has its
unhappiness. When we find ourselves censured on account of our youth,
we say, why are we not old? and when our heads are hoary, we ask
whither has our youth flown? Numberless, in short, are the occasions of
sorrow. There is one path only by which this unevenness can be escaped.
It is the path of virtue. Yet that too has its sorrows, only they are
sorrows not unprofitable, but productive of gain and advantage. For if
any one has sinned, he washes away his sin by the compunction that
comes of his sorrow. Or, if he has grieved in sympathizing with a
fallen brother, this is not without its recompense. For sympathy with
those that are in misery gives us great confidence towards God.
Hear therefore what philosophy is taught by the
example of Job in holy Scripture! Hear also what Paul saith: "Weep with
them that weep"; and again, "Condescend to men of low estate." (Rom.
xii. 15, 16.) For, by the communication of sorrow, the extreme burden
of it is lightened. For as in the case of a heavy load, he that hears
part of the weight relieves him who was bearing it alone, so it is in
all other things.
But now, when any one of our relatives dies, there
are many who sit by and console us. Nay, we often raise up even an ass
that has fallen; hut when the souls of our brethren are falling. we
overlook them and pass by, as if they were of less value than an ass.
And if we see any one entering into a tavern indecently; nay, if we see
him drunk, or guilty of any other unseemly action, we do not restrain
him, we rather join him in it. Whence Paul has said: "They not only do
these things, but have pleasure in them that do them." (Rom. i. 32.)
The greater part even form associations(2) for the purposes of
drunkenness. But do thou, O man, form associations to restrain the
madness of inebriety. Such friendly doings are beneficial to those who
are in bonds or in affliction. Something of this kind Paul enjoined to
the Corinthians, alluding to which he says, "That there be no
gatherings when I come." (1 Cor. xvi. 2.) But now everything is done
with a view to luxury, reveling, and pleasure. We have a common seat, a
common table, we have wine in common, and com-
479
mon expenses, but we have no community of alms. Such were the friendly
doings in the time of the Apostles; they brought all their goods into
the common stock. Now I do not require you to bestow all, but some
part. "Let each lay by him in store on the first day of the
week, as God has prospered him," and lay it down as a tribute for the
seven days. In this way give aims, whether more or less.
"For thou shalt not appear before the Lord empty."
(Ex. xxiii. 15.) This was said to the Jews, how much more then to us.
For this cause the poor stand before the doors, that no one may
enter empty, but each may do alms at his entrance. Thou enterest
to implore mercy. First show mercy. He that comes later owes the more.
For when we have been first, he that is second pays down more.(1) Make
God thy debtor, and then offer thy prayers. Lend to Him, and then ask a
return, and thou shalt receive it with usury. God wills this, and does
not retract. If thou ask with alms, He holds himself obliged. If thou
ask with alms, thou lendest and receivest interest. Yes, I beseech you!
It is net for stretching out thy hands thou shalt be heard stretch
forth thy hands, not to heaven, but to the poor. If thou stretch forth
thy hand to the hands of the poor, thou hast reached the very summit of
heaven. For He who sits there receives thine alms. But if thou liftest
them up without a gift, thou gainest nothing. If the king, arrayed in
purple, should come to thee and ask an alms, wouldest thou not readily
give all that thou hast? But now when thou art entreated through the
poor, not by an earthly but a heavenly King, dost thou stand
regardless, and defer thy gift? What punishment then dost thou not
deserve? For the being heard depends not upon the lifting up of thy
hands, nor on the multitude of thy words, but upon thy works. For hear
the prophet, "When ye" spread "forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes
from you: yea, when ye make many prayers, I will not hear." (Isa. i.
15.) For he ought to be silent, who needs mercy, and not even to look
up to heaven; he that hath confidence may say(3) much. But what
says the Scripture, "Judge for the fatherless, plead for the widow,
learn to do good." (Isa. i. 17.) In this way we shall be heard, though
we lift not up our hands, nor utter a word, nor make request. In these
things then let us be zealous, that we may obtain the promised
blessings, through the grace and lovingkindness, &c.
HOMILY II.
2 TIMOTHY i. 8-10.
"Be not thou therefore ashamed of the testimony of our Lord, nor of me
His prisoner: but be thou partaker of the afflictions of the Gospel
according to the power of God; Who hath saved us, and called us with an
holy calling, not according to our works, but according to His own
purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world
began; but is now made manifest by the appearing of our Saviour Jesus
Christ."
THERE is nothing worse than that man should measure
and judge of divine things by human reasonings. For thus he will fall
from that rock(2) a vast distance, and be deprived of the light. For if
he who wishes with human eyes to apprehend the rays of the sun will not
only not apprehend them, but, besides this failure, will sustain great
injury; so, but in a higher degree, is he in a way to suffer this, and
abusing the gift of God, who would by human reasonings gaze intently on
that Light. Observe accordingly how Marcion, and Manes, and Valentinus,
and others who introduced their heresies and pernicious doctrines(4)
into the Church of God, measuring divine things by human reasonings,
became ashamed of the Divine economy. Yet it was not a subject for
shame, but rather for glorying; I speak of the Cross of Christ. For
there is not so great a sign of the love of God for mankind, not
heaven, nor sea, nor earth, nor the creation of all things out of
nothing, nor all else beside, as the Cross. Hence it is the boast of
Paul, "God forbid that I should glory, save in the Cross of our Lord
Jesus Christ." (Gal. vi. 14.) But natural men, and those who attribute
to God no more than to human beings, stumble, and become ashamed.
Wherefore Paul from the first exhorts his disciple, and through him all
others, in these words: "Be not thou ashamed of the testimony of our
Lord," that is,(5) Be not ashamed, that thou preachest One that was cru-
480
cified, but rather glory in it." For in themselves death and
imprisonment and chains are matters of shame and reproach. But when the
cause is added before us, and the mystery viewed aright, they will
appear full of dignity, and matter for boasting. For it was that death
which saved the world, when it was perishing. That death connected
earth with heaven, that death destroyed the power of the devil, and
made men angels, and sons of God: that death raised our nature to the
kingly throne. Those chains were the conversion of many. "Be not"
therefore "ashamed," he says, "of the testimony of our Lord, nor of me
His prisoner: but be thou partaker of the afflictions of the Gospel";
that is, though thou shouldest suffer the same things, be not thou
ashamed. For that this is implied appears from what he said above; "God
hath given us a spirit of power, and of love, and of a sound mind"; and
by what follows, "Be thou partaker of the sufferings of the Gospel":
not merely be not ashamed of them, but be not ashamed even to
experience them.
And he does not say, "Do not fear," but, the more to
encourage him, "be not ashamed," as if there were no further danger, if
he could overcome the shame. For shame is only then oppressive, when
one is overcome by it. Be not therefore ashamed, if I, who raised the
dead, who wrought miracles, who traversed the world, am now a prisoner.
For I am imprisoned, not as a malefactor, but for the sake of Him who
was crucified. If my Lord was not ashamed of the Cross, neither am I of
chains. And with great propriety, when he exhorts him not to be
ashamed, he reminds him of the Cross. If thou art not ashamed of the
Cross, he means, neither be thou of chains; if our Lord and Master
endured the Cross, much more should we chains. For he who is ashamed of
what He endured, is ashamed of Him that was crucified. Now it is not on
my own account that I bear these chains; therefore do not give way to
human feelings, but bear thy part in these sufferings. "Be partaker of
the afflictions of the Gospel." He says not this, as if the Gospel
could suffer injury, but to excite his disciple to suffer for it.
"According to the power of God; Who hath saved us,
and called us with a holy calling, not according to our works, but
according to His own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ
Jesus before the world began."
More especially because it was a hard thing to say,
"Be partakers of afflictions," he again consoles him.(1) Reckon that
thou sustainest these things, not by thine own power, but by the power
of God. For it is thy part to choose and to be zealous, but God's to
alleviate sufferings and bid them cease.(2) He then shows him the
proofs of His power. Consider how thou wast saved, how thou wast
called. As he elsewhere says, "According to His power that worketh in
us." (Eph. iii. 20.) So much was it a greater exercise of power to
persuade the world to believe, than to make the Heavens. But how was he
"called with a holy calling"?(3) This means, He made them saints, who
were sinners and enemies. "And this not of ourselves, it was the gift
of God." If then He is mighty in calling us, and good, in that He hath
done it of grace and not of debt, we ought not to fear. For He Who,
when we should have perished,(4) saved us, though enemies, by grace,
will He not much more cooperate with us, when He sees us working? "Not
according to our own works," he says, "but according to his own purpose
and grace," that is, no one compelling, no one counseling Him, but of
His own purpose, from the impulse of His own goodness, He saved us; for
this is the meaning of "according to His own purpose." "Which was given
us before the world began." That is, it was determined without
beginning that these things should be done in Christ Jesus. This is no
light consideration, that from the first He willed it. It was not an
after-thought. How then is not the Son eternal? for He also willed it
from the beginning.
Ver. 10. "But is now made manifest by the appearing
of our Saviour Jesus Christ, Who hath abolished death, and hath brought
life and immortality to light by the Gospel."
Thou seest the power, thou seest the gift bestowed
not by works, but through the Gospel. These are objects of hope: for
both were wrought in His Body. And how will they be wrought in ours?
"By the Gospel."
Ver. 11. "Whereunto I am appointed a preacher and an
Apostle, and a teacher of the Gentiles."
Why does he so constantly repeat this, and call
himself a teacher of the Gentiles? Because he wishes to persuade them
that they also ought to draw close to the Gentiles. Be not therefore
dismayed at my sufferings. The sinews of death are unstrung. It is not
as a malefactor that I suffer, but because I am "a teacher of the
Gentiles." At the same time he makes his discourse worthy of credit.
Ver. 12. "For the which cause I also suffer these
things, nevertheless I am not ashamed. For I know Whom I have believed,
and am persuaded that He is able to keep that which I have committed
unto Him against that day."
"I am not ashamed," he says. For are chains, are
sufferings, a matter for shame? Be
481
not then ashamed! Thou seest how he illustrates his teaching by his
works. "These things," he says, "I suffer": I am cast into prison, I am
banished; "For I know Whom I have believed, and am persuaded that He is
able to keep that which I have committed to Him(1) against That Day."
What is(2) "that which is committed"?(3) The faith, the preaching of
the Gospel. He, who committed this to him, he says, will preserve it
unimpaired. I suffer everything, that I may not be despoiled of this
treasure, and I am not ashamed at these things, so long as it is
preserved uninjured. Or he calls the Faithful the charge which God
committed to him, or which he committed to God. For he says, "Now
I commit you to the Lord." (Acts xx. 32.) That is, these things will
not be unprofitable to me. And in Timothy is seen the fruit of the
charge thus "committed." You see that he is insensible to sufferings,
from the hope that he entertains of his disciples.
MORAL. SUCh ought a Teacher to be, so to regard his
disciples, to think them everything. "Now we live," he says, "if ye
stand fast in the Lord." And again, "What is our hope, or joy, or crown
of rejoicing? are not even ye in the presence of our Lord Jesus
Christ?" (1 Thess. iii. 8, and ii. 19.) You see his anxiety in this
matter, his regard for the good of his disciples, not less than for his
own.(4) For teachers ought to surpass natural parents, to be more
zealous than they. And it becomes their children to be kindly
affectioned towards them. For he says, "Obey them that have the rule
over you, and submit yourselves: for they watch for your souls as they
that must give account." (Heb. xiii. 17.) For say, is he subject to so
dangerous a responsibility, and art thou not willing to obey him, and
that too, for thy own benefit? For though his own state should be good,
yet as long as thou art in a bad condition his anxiety continues, he
has a double account to render. And consider what it is to be
responsible and anxious for each of those who are under his rule. What
honor wouldest thou have reckoned equal, what service, in requital of
such dangers? Thou canst not offer an equivalent. For thou hast
not yet devoted thy soul for him, but he lays down his life for thee,
and if he lays it not down here, when the occasion requires it, he
loses it There. But thou art not willing to submit even in words. This
is the prime cause of all these evils, that the authority of rulers is
neglected, that there is no reverence, no fear. He says, "Obey them
that have the rule over you, and submit yourselves." But now all is
turned upside down and confounded. And this I say not for the sake of
the rulers; (for what benefit will they have of the honor they receive
from us,(5) except so far as we are rendered obedient;) but I say it
for your advantage. For with respect to the future, they will not be
benefited by the honor done them, but receive the greater
condemnation, neither will they he injured as to the future by ill
treatment, but will have the more excuse. But all this I desire to be
done for your own sakes. For when rulers are honored by their people,
this too is reckoned against them; as in the case of Eli it is said,
"Did I not choose him out of his father's house?" (1 Sam. ii. 27.) But
when they are insulted, as in the instance of Samuel, God said, "They
have not rejected thee, but they have rejected Me." (1 Sam. viii. 7.)
Therefore insult is their gain, honor their burden. What I say,
therefore, is for your sakes, not for theirs. He that honors the
Priest, will honor God also; and he who has learnt to despise the
Priest, will in process of time insult God. "He that receiveth you," He
saith, "receiveth Me." (Matt. x. 40.) "Hold my priests in honor"
(Ecclus. vii. 31?), He says. The Jews learned to despise God, because
they despised Moses, and would have stoned him. For when a man is
piously disposed towards the Priest, he is much more so towards God.
And even if the Priest be wicked, God seeing that thou respectest
him, though unworthy of honor, through reverence to Him, will Himself
reward thee. For if "he that receiveth a prophet in the name of a
prophet shall receive a prophet's reward" (Matt. x. 41); then he who
honoreth and submitteth and giveth way to the Priest shall certainly be
rewarded. For if in the case of hospitality, when thou knowest not the
guest, thou receivest so high a recompense, much more wilt thou be
requited, if thou obeyest him whom He requires thee to obey. "The
Scribes and Pharisees," He says, "sit in Moses' seat; all
therefore, whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do, but do
not ye after their works." (Matt. xxiii. 2, 3.) Knowest thou not what
the Priest is? He is an Angel(6) of the Lord. Are they his own words
that he speaks? If thou despisest him, thou despisest not him, but God
that ordained him. But how does it appear, thou askest, that he is
ordained of God? Nay, if thou suppose it otherwise, thy hope is
rendered vain. For if God worketh nothing through his means, thou
neither hast any Laver, nor art partaker of the Mysteries, nor of the
benefit of Blessings; thou art therefore not a Christian. What then,
you say, does God ordain all, even the unworthy? God indeed doth not
ordain all, but He worketh through all, though they be them-
482
selves unworthy, that the people may be saved. For if He spoke, for the
sake of the people, by an ass, and by Balaam, a most wicked man, much
more will He speak by the mouth of the Priest. What indeed will not God
do or say for our salvation? By whom doth He not act? For if He wrought
through Judas and those other that "prophesied," to whom He will say,"
I never knew you; depart from Me, ye workers of iniquity" (Matt. vii.
22, 23); and if others "cast out devils" (Ps. vi. 8); will He not much
more work through the Priests? Since if we were to make inquisition
into the lives of our rulers, we should then become the ordainers(1) of
our own teachers, and all would be confusion; the feet would be
uppermost, the head below. Hear Paul saying, "But with me it is a very
small thing that I should be judged of you, or of man's judgment." (1
Cor. iv. 3.) And again, "Why dost thou judge thy brother?" (Rom. xiv.
10.) For if we may not judge our brother, much less our teacher. If God
commands this indeed, thou doest well, and sinnest if thou do it not;
but if the contrary, dare not do it, nor attempt to go beyond the lines
that are marked out. After Aaron had made the golden calf, Corah,
Dathan, and Abiram raised an insurrection against him. And did they not
perish? Let each attend to his own department. For if he teach
perverted doctrine, though he be an Angel, obey him not; but if he
teach the truth, take heed not to his life, but to his words. Thou hast
Paul to instruct thee in what is right both by words and works. But
thou sayest, "He gives not to the poor, he does not govern well."
Whence knowest thou this? Blame not, before thou art informed. Be
afraid of the great account. Many judgments are formed upon mere
opinion. Imitate thy Lord, who said, "I will go down now, and see
whether they have done altogether according to the cry of it, and if
not, I will know." (Gen. xviii. 21.) But if thou hast enquired, and
informed thyself, and seen; yet await the Judge, and usurp not the
office of Christ. To Him it belongs, and not to thee, to make this
inquisition. Thou art an inferior servant, not a master. Thou art a
sheep, be not curious concerning the shepherd, lest thou have to give
account of thy accusations against him. But you say, How does he teach
me that which he does not practice himself? It is not he that speaks to
thee. If it be he whom thou obeyest, thou hast no reward. It is Christ
that thus admonishes thee. And what do I say? Thou oughtest not to obey
even Paul, if he speaks of himself, or anything human, but the Apostle,
that has Christ speaking in him. Let not us judge one another's
conduct, but each his own. Examine thine own life.
But thou sayest, "He ought to be better than I."
Wherefore? "Because he is a Priest." And is he not superior to thee in
his labors, his dangers, his anxious conflicts and troubles? But if he
is not better, oughtest thou therefore to destroy thyself? These are
the words of arrogance.(2) For how is he not better than thyself? He
steals, thou sayest, and commits sacrilege! How knowest thou this? Why
dost thou cast thyself down a precipice? If thou shouldest hear it said
that such an one hath a purple robe,(3) though thou knewest it to be
true, and couldest convict him, thou declinest to do it, and pretendest
ignorance, not being willing to run into unnecessary danger. But in
this case thou art so far from being backward, that even without cause
thou exposest thyself to the danger. Nor think thou art not responsible
for these words. Hear what Christ says, "Every idle word that men shall
speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment." (Matt.
xii. 36.) And dost thou think thyself better than another, and dost
thou not groan, and beat thy breast, and bow down thy head, and imitate
the Publican?
And then thou destroyest thyself, though thou be
better. Be silent, that thou cease not to be better. If thou speak of
it, thou hast done away the merit; if thou thinkest it, I do not say
so; if thou dost not think it, thou hast added much. For if a notorious
sinner, when he confessed, "went home justified," he who is a sinner in
a less degree, and is conscious of it, how will he not be rewarded?
Examine thy own life. Thou dost not steal; but thou art rapacious, and
overbearing, and guilty of many other such things. I say not this to
defend theft; God forbid! deeply lament if there is any one really
guilty of it, but I do not believe it. How great an evil is sacrilege,
it is impossible to say. But I spare you. For I would not that our
virtue should be rendered vain by accusing others. What was worse than
the Publican? For it is true that he was a publican, and guilty of many
offenses, yet because the Pharisee only said, "I am not as this
publican," he destroyed all his merit. I am not, thou sayest, like this
sacrilegious Priest. And dost not thou make all in vain?
This I am compelled to say, and to enlarge upon in
my discourse, not so much because I am concerned for them, but because
I fear for you, lest you should render your virtue vain by this
boasting of yourselves, and condemnation of others. For hear the
exhortation of Paul, "Let every one prove his own work, and then shall
he have rejoicing in himself alone, and not in another." (Gal. vi. 4.)
483
If you had a wound, tell me, and should go to a
physician, would you stay him from salving and dressing your own wound,
and be curious to enquire whether the physician had a wound, or not?
and if he had, would you mind it? Or because he had it, would you
forbear dressing your own, and say, A physician ought to be in sound
health, and since he is not so, I shall let my wound go uncured? For
will it be any palliation(1) for him that is under rule, that his
Priest is wicked? By no means. He will suffer the destined punishment,
and you too will meet with that which is your due. For the Teacher now
only fills a place. For "it is written, They shall all be taught of
God." (John vi. 45; Isa. liv. 13.) "Neither shall they say, Know the
Lord. For all shall know Me from the least to the greatest." (Jer.
xxxi. 34.) Why then, you will say, does he preside? Why is he set over
us? I beseech you, let us not speak ill of our teachers, nor call them
to so strict an account, lest we bring evil upon ourselves. Let us
examine ourselves, and we shall not speak ill of others. Let us
reverence that day, on which he enlightened(2) us. He who has a father,
whatever faults he has, conceals them all. For it is said, "Glory not
in the dishonor of thy father; for thy father's dishonor is no glory
unto thee. And if his understanding fail, have patience with him."
(Ecclus. iii. 10-12.) And if this be said of our natural fathers, much
more of our spiritual fathers. Reverence him, in that he every day
ministers to thee, causes the Scriptures to be read, sets the house in
order for thee, watches for thee, prays for thee, stands imploring God
on thy behalf, offers supplications for thee, for thee is all his
worship. Reverence all this, think of this, and approach him with pious
respect. Say not, he is wicked. What of that? He that is not wicked,(3)
doth he of himself bestow upon thee these great benefits? By no means.
Everything worketh according to thy faith. Not even the righteous man
can benefit thee, if thou art unfaithful, nor the unrighteous harm
thee, if thou art faithful. God, when He would save His people, wrought
for the ark by Oxen.(4) Is it the good life or the virtue of the Priest
that confers so much on thee? The gifts which God bestows are not such
as to be effects of the virtue of the Priest. All is of grace. His part
is but to open his mouth, while God worketh all: the Priest only
performs a symbol.(5) Consider how wide was the distance between John
and Jesus. Hear John saying, "I have need to be baptized of Thee"
(Matt. iii. 14), and, "Whose shoe's latchet I am not worthy to
unloose." (John i. 27.) Yet notwithstanding this difference, the Spirit
descended. Which John had not. For "of His fullness," it is said, "we
all have received." (John i. 16.) Yet nevertheless, It descended not
till He was baptized. But neither was it John who caused It to descend.
Why then is this done? That thou mayest learn that the Priest performs
a symbol.(6) No man differs so widely from another man, as John from
Jesus, and yet with him(7) the Spirit descended, that we may learn,
that it is God who worketh all, that all is God's doing. I am about to
say what may appear strange, but be not astonished nor startled at it.
The Offering is the same, whether a common man, or Paul or Peter offer
it. It is the same which Christ gave to His disciples, and which the
Priests now minister. This is nowise inferior to that, because it is
not men that sanctify even this, but the Same who sanctified the one
sanctifies the other also. For as the words which God spake are the
same which the Priest now utters, so is the Offering the same, and the
Baptism, that which He gave. Thus the whole is of faith. The Spirit
immediately fell upon Cornelius, because he had previously fulfilled
his part, and contributed his faith. And this is His Body, as well as
that. And he who thinks the one inferior to the other, knows not that
Christ even now is present, even now operates. Knowing therefore these
things, which we have not said without reason, but that we may conform
your minds in what is right, and render you more secure for the future,
keep carefully in mind what has been spoken. For if we are always
hearers, and never doers, we shall reap no advantage from what is said.
Let us therefore attend diligently to the things spoken. Let us imprint
them upon our minds. Let us have them ever engraved upon our
consciences, and let us continually ascribe glory to the Father, and to
the Son, and to the Holy Ghost.
484
HOMILY III.
2 TIMOTHY i. 13-18.
"Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me, in
faith and love which is in Christ Jesus. That good thing which was
committed unto thee keep by the Holy Ghost Which dwelleth in us. This
thou knowest, that all they which are in Asia be turned away from me;
of whom are Phygellus and Hermogenes. The Lord give mercy unto the
house of Onesiphorus; for he oft refreshed me, and was not ashamed of
my chain: but, when he was in Rome, he sought me out very
diligently, and found me. The Lord grant unto him that he may find
mercy of the Lord in that day: and in how many things he ministered
unto me at Ephesus, thou knowest very well."
NOT by letters alone did Paul instruct his disciple
in his duty, but before by words also which he shows, both in many
other passages, as where he says, "whether by word or our Epistle" (2
Thess. ii. 15), and especially here. Let us not therefore suppose that
anything relating to doctrine was spoken imperfectly. For many things
he delivered to him without writing. Of these therefore he reminds him,
when he says, "Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard
of me." After the manner of artists, I have impressed on thee the image
of virtue, fixing in thy soul a sort of rule, and model, and outline of
all things pleasing to God. These things then hold fast, and whether
thou art meditating any matter of faith or love, or of a sound mind,
form from hence your ideas of them. It will not be necessary to have
recourse to others for examples, when all has been deposited within
thyself.
"That good thing which was committed unto thee
keep,"--how?--"by the Holy Ghost which dwelleth in us." For it is not
in the power of a human soul, when instructed with things so great, to
be sufficient for the keeping of them. And why? Because there are many
robbers, and thick darkness, and the devil still at hand to plot
against us; and we know not what is the hour, what the occasion for him
to set upon us. How then, he means, shall we be sufficient for the
keeping of them? "By the Holy Ghost"; that is if we have the Spirit:
with us, if we do not expel grace, He will stand by us. For, "Except
the Lord build the house, they labor in vain that build it. Except the
Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain." (Ps. cxxvii. 1.)
This is our wall, this our castle, this our refuge. If therefore It
dwelleth in us, and is Itself our guard, what need of the commandment?
That we may hold It fast, may keep It, and not banish It by our
evil deeds.
Then he describes his trials and temptations, not to
depress his disciple, but to elevate him, that if he should ever fall
into the same, he may not think it strange, when he looks back and
remembers what things happened to his Teacher. What then says he? Since
it was probable that Timothy might be apprehended, and be deserted, and
be relieved by no friendly attention, or influence, or assistance, but
be abandoned even by his friends and the faithful themselves, hear what
he says, "This thou knowest, that all they which are in Asia be turned
away from me." It seems that there were then in Rome many persons from
the regions of Asia. "But no one stood by me," he says, no one
acknowledged me, all were alienated. And observe the philosophy of his
soul. He only mentions their conduct, he does not curse them, but he
praises him that showed kindness to him, and invokes a thousand
blessings upon him, without any curse on them. "Of whom is Phygellus
and Hermogenes. The Lord give mercy to the house of Onesiphorus, for he
oft refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my chain. But, when he was in
Rome, he sought me out diligently and found me." Observe how he
everywhere speaks of the shame, and not of the danger, lest Timothy
should be alarmed. And yet it was a thing that was full of peril. For
he gave offense to Nero by making friends with one of his prisoners.(2)
But when he was in Rome, he says, he not only did not shun intercourse
with me, but "sought me out very diligently, and found me."
"The Lord grant unto him that he may find mercy of
the Lord in that day: and in how many things he ministered unto me at
Ephesus, thou knowest very well."
Such ought the faithful to be. Neither fear, nor
threats, nor disgrace, should deter them from assisting one another,
standing by them and succoring them as in war. For they do not so much
benefit those who are in danger, as themselves, by the service they
render to them, making themselves partakers of the crowns due to them.
For example, is any one of those who are devoted to God visited with
affliction and distress, and maintaining the conflict with great
fortitude; whilst thou art not yet brought(3) to this conflict? It is
in thy power if thou wilt,
485
without entering into the course, to be a sharer of the crowns reserved
for him, by standing by him, preparing his mind,(1) and animating and
exciting him. Hence it is that Paul elsewhere says, "Ye have done well
that ye did communicate with my affliction. For even in Thessalonica ye
sent once and again unto my necessity." (Phil. iv. 14, 16.) And how
could they that were far off share in the affliction of him that was
not with them? How? He says, "ye sent once and again unto my
necessities." Again he says, speaking of Epaphroditus, "Because he was
nigh unto death, not regarding his life, that he might supply your lack
of service toward me." (Phil. ii. 30.) For as in the service of kings,
not only those who fight the battle, but those who guard the baggage,
share in the honor; and not merely so, but frequently even have an
equal portion of the spoils, though they have not imbrued their hands
in blood, nor stood in array, nor even seen the ranks of the enemy; so
it is in these conflicts. For he who relieves the combatant, when
wasted with hunger, who stands by him, encouraging him by words, and
rendering him every service, he is not inferior to the combatant.
For do not suppose Paul the combatant, that
irresistible and invincible one, but some one of the many, who, if he
had not received much consolation and encouragement, would not perhaps
have stood, would not have contended. So those who are out of the
contest may perchance be the cause of victory to him, who is engaged in
it, and may be partakers of the crowns reserved for the victor. And
what wonder, if he who communicates to the living is thought worthy of
the same rewards with those who contend, since it is possible to
communicate after death even with the departed, with those who are
asleep, who are already crowned, who want for nothing. For hear Paul
saying, "Partaking in the memories of the Saints."(2) And how may this
be done? When thou admirest a man,(3) when thou doest any of those acts
for which he was crowned, thou art evidently a sharer in his labors,
and in his crowns.
"The Lord grant unto him that he may find mercy of
the Lord in that day." He had compassion on me, he says, he shall
therefore have the like return in that terrible Day, when we shall have
need of much mercy. "The Lord grant him to find mercy from the Lord."
Are there two Lords then? By no means. But "to us there is one Lord
Christ Jesus, and one God." (1 Cor. viii. 6.) Here those who are
infected with the heresy of Marcion assail this expression; but let
them learn that this mode of speech is not uncommon in Scripture; as
when it is said, "The Lord said unto my Lord" (Ps. cx. 1); and again,
"I said unto the Lord, Thou art my Lord" (Ps. xvi. 2); and, "The Lord
rained fire from the Lord." (Gen. xix. 24.) This indicates that the
Persons are of the same substance, not that there is a distinction of
nature. For we are not to understand that there are two substances
differing from each other, but two Persons, each being of the same
substance.
Observe too, that he says, "The Lord grant him
mercy." For as he himself had obtained mercy from Onesiphorus, so he
wished him to obtain the same from God. MORAL. And if Onesiphorus, who
exposed himself to danger, is saved by mercy, much more are we also
saved by the same. For terrible indeed, terrible is that account, and
such as needs great love for mankind, that we may not hear that awful
sentence, "Depart from me ... I never knew you, ye that work iniquity"
(Matt. vii. 23); or that fearful word, "Depart, ye cursed, into
everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels" (Matt. xxv.
40): that we may not hear, "Between us and you there is a great gulf
fixed" (Luke xvi. 16): that we may not hear that voice full of horror,
"Take him away, and cast him into outer darkness": that we may not hear
those words full of terror, "Thou wicked and slothful servant." (Matt.
xxii. 13, and xxv. 26.) For awful truly and terrible is that tribunal.
And yet God is gracious and merciful. He is called a God "of mercies
and a God of comfort" (2 Cor. i. 3); good as none else is good, and
kind, and gentle, and full of pity, Who "willeth not the death of a
sinner, but that he should be converted and live." (Ez. xviii. 24;
xxxiii. 11.) Whence then, whence is that Day so full of agony and
anguish? A stream of fire is rolling before His face. The books of our
deeds are opened. The day itself is burning as an oven, the angels are
flying around, and many furnaces are prepared. How then is He good and
merciful, and full of lovingkindness to man? Even herein is He
merciful, and He shows in these things the greatness of His
lovingkindness. For He holds forth to us these terrors, that being
constrained by them, we may be awakened to the desire of the kingdom.
And observe how, besides commending Onesiphorus, he
specifies his kindness, "he oft refreshed me"; like a wearied wrestler
overcome by heat, he refreshed and strengthened him in his
tribulations. And in how many things he ministered to me at Ephesus,
thou knowest very well. Not only at Ephesus, but here also he refreshed
me. For such ought to be the conduct of one on the watch and awakened
to good
486
actions. not to work once, or twice, or thrice, but through the whole
of life. For as our body is not fed once for all, and so provided with
sustenance for a whole life, but needs also daily food, so in this too,
godliness requires to be supported every day by good works. For we
ourselves have need of great mercy. It is on account of our sins that
God, the Friend of man, does all these things, not that He needs them
Himself, but He does all for us. For therefore it is that He has
revealed them all, and made them known to us, and not merely told us of
them, but given us assurance of them by what He has done. Though He was
worthy of credit upon His word only, that no one may think it is said
hyperbolically, or in the way of threatening merely, we have further
assurance by His works. How? By the punishments which He has inflicted
both publicly and privately. And that thou mayest learn by the very
examples, at one time he punished Pharaoh, at another time He brought a
flood of water upon the earth, and that utter destruction, and again at
another time a flood of fire: and even now we see in many instances the
wicked suffering vengeance, and punishments, which things are figures
of Hell.
For lest we should slumber and be slothful, and
forget His word, He awakens our minds by deeds; showing us, even here,
courts of justice, judgment seats, and trials. Is there then among men
so great a regard for justice, and doth God, whose ordinance even these
things are, make no account of it? Is this credible? In a house, in a
market-place, there is a court of justice. The master daily sits in
judgment upon his slaves, calls them to account for their offenses,
punishes some and pardons others. In the country, the husbandman and
his wife are daily at law. In a ship, the master is judge, and in a
camp the general over his soldiers, and everywhere one may see judicial
proceedings. In trades, the master judges the learner. In short all,
publicly and privately, are judges to one another. In nothing is the
consideration of justice overlooked, and all in every place give
account of their actions. And is the inquisition for justice here thus
spread through cities, through houses, and among individuals; and is
there no regard for what is justice there, where "the right hand of God
is full of righteousness" (Ps. xlviii. 10), and "His righteousness is
as the mountains of God"? (Ps. xxxvi. 6.)
How is it then that God, "the righteous Judge,
strong and patient" (Ps. vii. 11, Sept.), bears thus with men, and does
not exact punishment? Here thou hast the cause, He is longsuffering,
and thereby would lead thee to repentance. But if thou continuest in
sin, thou "after thy hardness and impenitent heart treasurest up unto
thyself wrath." (Rom. ii. 5.) If then He is just, He repays according
to desert, and does not overlook those who suffer wrongfully, but
avenges them. For this is the part of one who is just. If He is
powerful, He requites after death, and at the Resurrection: for this
belongs to him who is powerful. And if because He is longsuffering He
bears with men, let us not be disturbed, nor ask, why He does not
prosecute vengeance here? For if this were done, the whole human race
before this would have been swept away, if every day He should call us
to account for our transgressions, since there is not, there is not
indeed, a single day pure from sin, but in something greater or less we
offend; so that we should not one of us have arrived at our twentieth
year, but for His great long-suffering, and His goodness, that grants
us a longer space for repentance, that we may put off our past
transgressions.
Let each therefore, with an upright conscience,
entering into a review of what he has done, and bringing his whole life
before him, consider, whether he is not deserving of chastisements and
punishments without number? And when he is indignant that some one, who
has been guilty of many bad actions, escapes with impunity; let him
consider his own faults, and his indignation will cease. For those
crimes appear great, because they are in great and notorious matters;
but if he will enquire into his own, he will perhaps find them more
numerous. For to rob and to defraud is the same thing, whether it be
done for gold or silver; since both proceed from the same mind. He that
will steal a little would not refuse to steal much, if it fell in his
way; and that it does not, is not his own choice, but an accidental
circumstance. A poor man, who robs a poorer, would not hesitate to rob
the rich if he could. His forbearance arises from weakness, and not
from choice. Such an one, you say, is a ruler; and takes away the
property of those who are under his rule. And say, dost not thou steal?
For tell me not that he steals talents, and you as many(1) pence. In
giving alms, some cast in gold, while the widow threw in two mites, yet
she contributed not less than they. Wherefore? Because the intention is
considered, and not the amount of the gift. And then, in the case of
alms, thou wilt have God judge thus, and wouldest, because of thy
poverty, receive no less a reward for giving two mites than he who lays
down many talents of gold? and is not the same rule applicable to
wrongful dealings? How is this consistent? As she who contributed two
mites was considered equal to the greatest givers, because of her
good intention, so thou, who
487
stealest two mites, art as culpable as those mightier robbers. Nay, if
I may give utterance to something strange, thou art a worse robber than
they. For a man would be equally an adulterer, whether he committed the
sin with the wife of a king, or of a poor man, or of a slave: since the
offense is not judged by the quality of the persons, but by the
wickedness of his will who commits it; so is it likewise in this case.
Nay, I should call him who committed the sin with an inferior perhaps
more guilty, than him who intrigued with the queen herself. For in this
case, wealth, and beauty, and other attractions might be pleaded, none
of which exist in the other. Therefore the other is the worse
adulterer. Again, he seems to me a more determined drunkard, who
commits that excess with bad wine; so he is a worse defrauder, who does
not despise small thefts; for he who commits great robberies, would
perhaps not stoop to petty thefts, whereas he who steals little things
would never forbear greater, therefore he is the greater thief of the
two. For how should he despise gold, who does not despise silver? So
that when we accuse our rulers, let us recount our own faults, and we
shall find ourselves more given to wrong and robbery than they; unless
we judge of right and wrong rather by the act, than by the intention of
the mind, as we ought to judge. If one should be convicted of having
stolen the goods of a poor man, another those of a rich man, will they
not both be punished alike? Is not a man equally a murderer, whether he
murder a poor and deformed, or a rich and handsome, man? When therefore
we say that such an one has seized upon another person's land, let us
reflect upon our own faults, and then we shall not condemn other men,
but we shall admire the longsuffering of God. We shall not be indignant
that judgment does not fall upon them, but we shall be more slow to
commit wickedness ourselves. For when we perceive ourselves liable to
the same punishment, We shall no longer feel such discontent, and shall
desist from offenses, and shall obtain the good things to come, through
the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom with the
Father, &c.
HOMILY IV.
2 TIMOTHY ii. 1-7.
"Thou therefore, my son, be strong in the grace that is in Christ
Jesus. And the things that thou hast heard of me among
many witnesses, the same commit
thou to faithful men, who shall be able
to teach others also. Thou therefore endure hardness, as a good soldier
of Jesus Christ. no man that warreth entangleth himself with the
affairs of this life; that he may please him who hath chosen him to be
a soldier. And if a man also strive for masteries, yet is he not
crowned, except he strive lawfully. The husbandman that laboreth must
be first partaker of the fruits. Consider what I say; and the Lord give
thee understanding in all things."
THE young sailor at sea is inspired with great
confidence, if the Master of the ship has been preserved in a
shipwreck. For he will not consider that it is from his inexperience
that he is exposed to the storm, but from the nature of things; and
this has no little effect upon his mind. In war also the Captain, who
sees his General wounded and recovered again, is much encouraged. And
thus it produces some consolation to the faithful, that the Apostle
should have been exposed to great sufferings, and not rendered weak by
the utmost of them. And had it not been so, he would not have related
his sufferings. For when Timothy heard, that he who possessed so great
powers, who had conquered the whole world, is a prisoner, and
afflicted, yet is not impatient, nor discontented upon the desertion of
his friends; he, if ever exposed to the same sufferings himself, would
not consider that it proceeded from human weakness, nor from the
circumstance of his being a disciple, and inferior to Paul, since his
teacher too suffered the like, but that all this happened from the
natural course of things. For Paul himself did this,(1) and related
what had befallen him, that he might strengthen Timothy, and renew his
courage. And he shows that it was for this reason he mentioned his
trials and afflictions, in that he has added, "Thou, therefore, my son,
be strong in the grace that is in Christ Jesus." What sayest thou? Thou
hast shaken us with terrors, thou hast told us that thou art in chains,
in afflictions, that all have forsaken thee, and, as if thou hadst said
thou hadst not suffered anything, nor been abandoned by any, thou
addest, "Thou therefore, my son, be strong"?--And justly too. For these
things
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were to thy strengthening more than to his.(1) For if I, Paul, endure
these things, much more oughtest thou to bear them. If the master, much
more the disciple. And this exhortation he introduces with much
affection, calling him "son," and not only so, but "my son." If thou
art a son, he means, imitate thy father. If thou art a son, be strong
in consideration of the things which I have said, or rather be strong,
not merely from what I have told you, but "of God." "Be strong," he
says, "in the grace that is in Christ Jesus"; that is, "through the
grace of Christ." That is, stand firmly. Thou knowest the battle. For
elsewhere he says, "We wrestle not against flesh and blood." (Eph. vi.
12.) And this he says not to depress but to excite them. Be sober
therefore, he means, and watch have the grace of the Lord cooperating
with thee, and aiding thee in thy contest, contribute thy own part with
much alacrity and resolution. "And the things that thou hast heard of
me among many witnesses, the same commit thou to faithful men"; to
"faithful" men, not to questioners nor to reasoners, to "faithful." How
faithful? Such as betray not the Gospel they should preach. "The things
which thou hast heard," not which thou hast searched out. For "faith
cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God." (Rom. x. 17.) But
wherefore, "among many witnesses"? As if he had said: Thou hast not
heard in secret, nor apart, but in the presence of many, with all
openness of speech. Nor does he say, Tell, but "commit," as a treasure
committed is deposited in safety. Again he alarms his disciple, both
from things above and things below. But he says not only "commit to
faithful men"; for of what advantage is it that one is faithful, if he
is not able to convey his doctrine to others? when he does not indeed
betray the faith; but does not render others faithful? The teacher
therefore ought to have two qualities, to be both faithful, and apt to
teach; wherefore he says, "who shall be able to teach others also."
"Thou therefore endure hardness as a good soldier of
Jesus Christ." Oh, how great a dignity is this, to be a soldier of
Jesus Christ! Observe the kings on earth, how great an honor it is
esteemed to serve under them. If therefore the soldier of the king
ought to endure hardness, not to endure hardness is not the part of any
soldier. So that it behooves thee not to complain, if thou endurest
hardness, for that is the part of a soldier; but to complain, if thou
dost not endure hardness.
"No man that warreth entangleth himself with the
affairs of this life, that he may please him who hath chosen him to be
a soldier. And if a man also strive for masteries, yet is he not
crowned except he strive lawfully."
These things are said indeed to Timothy, but through
him they are addressed to every teacher and disciple. Let no one
therefore of those who hold the office of a Bishop disdain to hear
these things, but let him be ashamed not to do them. "If any one strive
for masteries," he says, "he is not crowned, except he strive
lawfully." What is meant by "lawfully"? It is not enough that he enters
into the lists, that he is anointed, and even engages, unless he comply
with all the laws of the exercise, with respect to diet, to temperance
and sobriety, and all the rules of the wrestling school, unless, in
short, he go through all that is befitting for a wrestler,(2) he is not
crowned. And observe the wisdom of Paul. He mentions wrestlers and
soldiers, the one to prepare him for slaughter and blood, the other
with reference to endurance, that he might bear everything with
fortitude, and be ever in exercise.
"The husbandman that laboreth must be first partaker
of the fruits."
He had first spoken from his own example as a
teacher. He now speaks from those that are more common, as wrestlers
and soldiers, and in their case he sets before him the rewards. First,
that he may please him who hath chosen him to be a soldier; secondly,
that he may be crowned; now he proposes a third example that more
particularly suits himself. For the instance of the soldier and the
wrestler corresponds to those who are under rule, but that of the
husbandman to the Teacher. (Strive) not as a soldier or a wrestler
only, but as a husbandman too. The husbandman takes care not of himself
alone, but of the fruits of the earth. That is, no little reward of his
labors is enjoyed by the husbandman.
Here he both shows, that to God nothing is wanting,
and that there is a reward for Teaching, which he shows by a common
instance. As the husbandman, he says, does not labor without profit,
but enjoys before others the fruits of his own toils, so is it fit that
the teacher should do: either he means this, or he is speaking of the
honor to be paid to teachers, but this is less consistent. For why does
he not say the husbandman simply, but him "that laboreth"? not only
that worketh, but that is worn with toil? And here with reference to
the delay of reward, that no one may be impatient, he says, thou
reapest the fruit already, or there is a reward in the labor itself.
When therefore he has set before him the examples of soldiers, of
wrestlers, and husbandmen, and all figuratively, "No one," he says, "is
crowned
489
except he strive lawfully." And having observed that "the husbandman
who laboreth must first be partaker of the fruits," he adds,
"Consider what I say, and the Lord give thee
understanding in all things."
It is on this account that he has spoken these
things in proverb and parable. Then again to show his affectionate
disposition, he ceases not to pray for him, as fearing for his own son,
and he says,
Ver. 8, 9. "Remember that Jesus Christ, of the seed
of David, was raised from the dead, according to my Gospel. Wherein I
suffer trouble as an evil-doer, even unto bonds."
On what account is this mentioned? It is directed
chiefly against the heretics, at the same time to encourage Timothy, by
showing the advantage of sufferings, since Christ, our Master, Himself
overcame death by suffering. Remember this, he says, and thou wilt have
sufficient comfort. "Remember that Jesus Christ, of the seed of David,
was raised from the dead." For upon that point many had already begun
to subvert the dispensation, being ashamed at the immensity of God's
love to mankind. For of such a nature are the benefits which God has
conferred upon us, that men were ashamed to ascribe them to God, and
could not believe He had so far condescended. "According to my Gospel."
Thus he everywhere speaks in his Epistles, saying "according to my
Gospel,"(1) either because they were bound to believe him, or because
there were some who preached "another Gospel." (Gal. i. 6.)
"Wherein I suffer trouble," he says, "as an
evil-doer, even unto bonds." Again he introduces consolation and
encouragement from himself, and he prepares(2) his hearer's mind with
these two things; first, that he should know him to endure hardness;
and, secondly, that he did not so but for a useful purpose, for in this
case he will gain, in the other will even suffer harm. For what
advantage is it, that you can show that a Teacher has exposed himself
to hardship, but not for any useful purpose? But if it is for any
benefit, if for the profit of those who are taught, then it is worthy
of admiration?
"But the word of God is not bound." That is, if we
were soldiers of this world, and waged an earthly warfare, the chains
that confine our hands would avail. But now God has made us such that
nothing can subdue us. For our hands are bound, but not our tongue,
since nothing can bind the tongue but cowardice and unbelief alone; and
where these are not, though you fasten chains upon us, the preaching of
the Gospel is not bound. If indeed you bind a husbandman, you prevent
his sowing, for he sows with his hand: but if you bind a Teacher, you
hinder not the word, for it is sown with his tongue, not with his hand.
Our word therefore is not subjected to bonds. For though we are bound,
that is free, and runs its course. How? Because though bound, behold,
we preach. This is for the encouragement of those that are free. For if
we that are bound preach, much more does it behoove you that are loose
to do so. You have heard that I suffer these things, as an evil-doer.
Be not dejected. For it is a great wonder, that being bound I do the
work of those that are free, that being bound I overcome all, that
being bound I prevail over those that bound me. For it is the word of
God, not ours. Human chains cannot bind the word of God. "These things
I suffer on account of the elect."
Ver. 10. "Therefore I endure all things," he says,
"for the elect's sake, that they may also obtain the salvation which is
in Christ Jesus with eternal glory."
Behold another incentive. I endure these things, he
says, not for myself, but for the salvation of others. It was in my
power to have lived free from danger; to have suffered none of these
things, if I had consulted my own interest. On what account then do I
suffer these things? For the good of others, that others may obtain
eternal life. What then dost thou promise thyself? He has not said,
simply on account of these particular persons; but "for the elect's
sake." If God has chosen them, it becomes us to suffer everything for
their sakes. "That they also may obtain salvation." By saying, "they
also," he means, as well as we. For God hath chosen us also; and as God
suffered for our sakes, so should we suffer for their sakes. Thus it is
a matter of retribution, not of favor. On the part of God it was grace,
for He having received no previous benefit, hath done us good: but on
our parts it is retribution, we having previously received benefits
from God, suffer for these, for whom we suffer, in order "that they may
obtain salvation." What sayest thou? What salvation? Art thou who wast
not the author of salvation to thyself, but wast destroying thyself,
art thou the author of salvation to others? Surely not, and therefore
he adds, "salvation that is in Christ Jesus"; that which is truly
salvation, "with eternal glory." Present things are afflictive, but
they are but on earth. Present things are ignominious, but they are
temporary. They are full of bitterness and pain; but they last only
to-day and to-morrow.
Such is not the nature of the good things, they are
eternal, they are in heaven. That is true glory, this is dishonor.
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MORAL. For observe, I pray, beloved, that is not
glory which is on earth, the true glory is in heaven. But if any one
would be glorified, let him be dishonored. If he would obtain rest, let
him suffer affliction. If any one would be forever illustrious, would
enjoy pleasure, let him despise temporal things. And that dishonor is
glory, and glory dishonor, let us now set before us to the best of our
power, that we may see what is real glory. It is not possible to be
glorified upon earth; if thou wouldest be glorified, it must be through
dishonor. And let us prove this in the examples of two persons, Nero
and Paul. The one had the glory of this world, the other the dishonor.
How? The first was a tyrant, had obtained great success had raised many
trophies, had wealth ever flowing in, numerous armies everywhere; he
had the greater part of the world and the imperial city subject to his
sway, the whole senate crouching to him, and his palace too(1) was
advancing with splendid show. When he must be armed, he went forth
arrayed in gold and precious stones. When he was to sit still in peace,
he sat clothed in robes of purple. He was surrounded by numerous guards
and attendants. He was called Lord of land and sea, Emperor,(2)
Augustus, Caesar, King, and other such high-sounding names as
implied(3) flattery and courtship; and nothing was wanting that might
tend to glory. Even wise men and potentates and sovereigns trembled at
him. For beside all this, he was said to be a cruel and violent man. He
even wished to be thought a god, and he despised both all the idols,
and the very God Who is over all. He was worshiped as a god. What
greater glory than this? Or rather what greater dishonor? For--I know
not how--my tongue is carried away by the force of truth, and passes
sentence before judgment. Meanwhile let us examine the matter according
to the opinion of the multitude, and of unbelievers, and the estimation
of flattery.
What is greater in the common estimation of glory
than to be reputed a god? It is indeed a great disgrace that any human
being should be so mad, but for the present let us consider the matter
according to the opinion of the multitude. Nothing then was wanting to
him, that contributes to human glory, but he was worshiped by all as a
god. Now in opposition to him, let us consider Paul. He was a Cilician,
and the difference between Rome and Cilicia, all know. He was a
tent-maker, a poor man, unskilled in the wisdom of those without,
knowing only the Hebrew tongue, a language despised by all, especially
by the Italians. For they do not so much despise the barbarian, the
Greek, or any other tongue as the Syriac, and this has affinity with
the Hebrew. Nor wonder at this, for if they despised the Greek, which
is so admirable and beautiful, much more the Hebrew. He was a man that
often lived in hunger, often went to bed without food, a man that was
naked, and had not clothes to put on; "in cold, and nakedness," as he
says of himself. (1 Cor. xi. 27.) Nor was this all; but he was cast
into prison at the command of Nero himself, and confined with robbers,
with impostors, with gave-breakers, with murderers, and he was, as he
himself says, scourged as a malefactor. Who then is the more
illustrious? The name of the one the greater part have never heard of.
The other is daily celebrated by Greeks, and Barbarians, and Scythians,
and those who inhabit the extremities of the earth.
But let us not yet consider what is the case now,
but even at that time who was the more illustrious, who the more
glorious, he that was in chains, and dragged bound from prison, or he
that was clothed in a purple robe, and walked forth from a palace? The
prisoner certainly. For the other, who had armies at his command, and
sat arrayed in purple, was not able to do what he would. But the
prisoner, that was like a malefactor, and in mean attire, could do
everything with more authority. How? The one said, "Do not disseminate
the word of God." The other said, "I cannot forbear; 'the word of God
is not bound.'" Thus the Cilician, the prisoner, the poor tent-maker,
who lived in hunger, despised the Roman, rich as he was, and emperor,
and ruling over all, who enriched so many thousands; and with all his
armies he availed nothing. Who then was illustrious? who venerable? He
that in chains was a conqueror, or he that in a purple robe was
conquered? He that standing below, smote, or he that sitting above, was
smitten? He that commanded and was despised, or he who was commanded
and made no account of the commands? He who being alone was victorious,
or he who with numerous armies was defeated? The king therefore so came
off, that his prisoner triumphed over him. Tell me then on whose side
you would be? For do not look to what comes afterwards, but to what was
then their state. Would you be on the side of Nero, or of Paul? I speak
not according to the estimate of faith, for that is manifest; but
according to the estimate of glory, and reverence, and preeminence. Any
man of right understanding would say, on the side of Paul. For if to
conquer is more illustrious than to be conquered, he is more glorious.
And this is not yet much, that he conquered, but that being in so mean
a state he
491
conquered one in so exalted a condition. For I say, and will not cease
to repeat it, though bound with a chain, yet he smote him that was
invested with a diadem.
Such is the power of Christ. The chain surpassed the
kingly crown, and this apparel was shown more brilliant than that.
Clothed in filthy rags, as the inhabitant of a prison, he turned all
eyes upon the chains that hung on him, rather than on the purple robe.
He stood on earth bound down and stooping low, and all left the tyrant
mounted on a golden chariot to gaze on him. And well they might. For it
was customary to see a king with white horses, but it was a strange and
unwonted sight to behold a prisoner conversing with a king with as much
confidence as a king would converse with a pitiful and wretched slave.
The surrounding multitude were all slaves of the king, yet they admired
not their lord, but him who was superior to their lord. And he before
whom all feared and trembled, was trampled upon by one solitary man.
See then how great was the brightness of these very chains!
And what need to mention what followed after these
things? The tomb of the one is nowhere to be seen; but the other lies
in the royal city itself, in greater splendor than any king, even there
where he conquered, where he raised his trophy. If mention is made of
the one, it is with reproach, even among his kindred, for he is said to
have been profligate. But the memory of the other is everywhere
accompanied with a good report, not among(1) us only, but among his
enemies. For when truth shines forth, it puts to shame even one's
enemies, and if they admire him not for his faith, yet they admire him
for his boldness and his manly freedom. The one is proclaimed by all
mouths, as one that is crowned, the other is loaded with reproaches and
accusations. Which then is the real splendor?
And yet I am but praising the lion for his talons,
when I ought to be speaking of his real honors. And what are these?
Those in the heavens. How will he come in a shining vesture with the
King of Heaven! How will Nero stand then, mournful and dejected! And if
what I say seems to thee incredible and ridiculous, thou art ridiculous
for deriding that which is no subject for laughter. For if thou
disbelievest the future, be convinced from what is past. The season for
being crowned is not yet come, and yet how great honor has the
combatant gained! What honor then will he not obtain, when the
Distributor of the prizes shall come! He was among foreigners, "a
stranger and a sojourner" (Heb. xi. 13), and thus is he admired: what
good will he not enjoy, when he is amongst his own? Now "our life is
hid with Christ in God" (Col. iii. 3); yet he who is dead worketh more
and is more honored than the living. When that our life shall come,
what will he not participate? What will he not attain?
On this account God made him enjoy these honors, not
because he wanted them. For if when in the body he despised popular
glory, much more will he despise it now that he is delivered from the
body. Nor only on this account has He caused him to enjoy honor, but
that those who disbelieve the future may be convinced from the present.
I say that when the Resurrection shall be, Paul will come with the King
of Heaven, and will enjoy infinite blessings. But the unbeliever will
not be convinced. Let him believe then from the present. The tent-maker
is more illustrious, more honored than the king. No emperor of Rome
ever enjoyed so great honor. The emperor is cast out, and lies, no one
knows where. The tent-maker occupies the midst of the city, as if he
were a king, and living. From these things believe, even with respect
to the future. If he enjoys so great honor here, where he was
persecuted and banished, what will he not be when he shall come
hereafter? If when he was a tent-maker, he was so illustrious, what
will he be when he shall come rivaling the beams of the sun? If in so
much meanness he overcame such magnificence, to whom, at his coming,
will he not be superior? Can we avoid the conclusion? Who is not moved
by the fact, that a tent-maker became more honorable than the most
honored of kings? If here things happen so beyond the course of nature,
much more will it be so hereafter. If thou wilt not believe the future,
O man, believe the present. If thou wilt not believe invisible things,
believe things that are seen: or rather believe things which are seen,
for so thou wilt believe things which are invisible. But if thou wilt
not, we may fitly say with the Apostle, "We are pure from your blood"
(Acts xx. 26): for we have testified to you of all things, and have
left out nothing that we should have said. Blame yourselves therefore,
and to yourselves(2) will ye impute the punishment of Hell. But let us,
my beloved children, be imitators of Paul, not in his faith only, but
in his life, that we may attain to heavenly glory, and trample upon
that glory that is here. Let not any things present attract us. Let us
despise visible things, that we may obtain heavenly things, or rather
may(3) through these obtain the others, but let it be our aim
preeminently to obtain those, of which God grant that we may be all
accounted worthy, through the grace and lovingkindness, &c.
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HOMILY V.
2 TIMOTHY ii. 11-14.
"It is a faithful saying: for if we be dead with Him, we shall also
live with Him: if we suffer, we shall also reign with Him: if we deny
Him, He also will deny us: if we believe not, yet He abideth faithful:
He cannot deny Himself. Of these things put them in remembrance,
charging them before the Lord, that they strive not about words to no
profit, but to the subverting of the hearers."
MANY of the weaker sort of men give up the effort of
faith, and do not endure the deferring of their hope. They seek things
present, and form from these their judgment of the future. When
therefore their lot here was death, torments, and chains, and yet he
says, they shall come to eternal life, they would not have believed,
but would have said, "What sayest thou? When I live, I die; and when I
die, I live? Thou promisest nothing on earth, and dost thou give it in
heaven? Little things thou dost not bestow; and dost thou offer great
things?" That none therefore may argue thus, he places beyond doubt the
proof of these things, laying it down beforehand already, and giving
certain signs. For, "remember," he says, "that Jesus Christ was raised
from the dead"; that is, rose again after death. And now showing the
same thing he says, "It is a faithful saying," that he who has attained
a heavenly life, will attain eternal life also. Whence is it
"faithful"? Because, he says, "If we be dead with Him, we shall also
live with Him." For say, shall we partake with Him in things laborious
and painful; and shall we not in things beneficial? But not even a man
would act thus, nor, if one had chosen to suffer affliction and death
with him, would he refuse to him a share in his rest, if he had
attained it. But how are we "dead with Him"? This death he means both
of that in the Layer, and that in sufferings. For he says, "Bearing
about in the body the dying of the Lord Jesus" (2 Cor. iv. 10); and,
"We are buried with Him by baptism into death" (Rom. vi. 4); and, "Our
old man is crucified with Him"; and, "We have been planted together in
the likeness of His death." (Rom. vi. 5, 6.) But he also speaks
here of death by trials: and that more especially, for he was
also suffering trials when he wrote it. And this is what he says, "If
we have suffered death on His account, shall we not live on His
account? This is not to be doubted. 'If we suffer, we shall also reign
with Him,'" not absolutely, we shall reign, but "if we suffer," showing
that it is not enough to die once, (the blessed man himself died
daily,) but there was need of much patient endurance; and especially
Timothy had need of it. For tell me not, he says, of your first
sufferings, but that you continue to suffer.
Then on the other side he exhorts him, not from the
good, but from the evil. For if wicked men were to partake of the same
things, this would be no consolation. And if having endured they were
to reign with Him, but not having endured were not indeed to reign with
Him, but were to suffer no worse evil, though this were terrible, yet
it would not be enough to affect most men with concern. Wherefore he
speaks of something more dreadful still. If we deny Him, He will also
deny us. So then there is a retribution not of good things only, but of
the contrary. And consider What it is probable that he will suffer, who
is denied in that kingdom. "Whosoever shall deny Me, him will I also
deny." (Matt. x. 33.) And the retribution is not equal, though it seems
so expressed. For we who deny Him are men, but He who denies us is God;
and how great is the distance between God and man, it is needless to
say.
Besides, we injure ourselves; Him we cannot injure.
And to show this, he has added, "If we believe not, He abideth
faithful: He cannot deny Himself": that is, if we believe not that He
rose again, He is not injured by it. He is faithful and unshaken,
whether we say so or not. If then He is not at all injured by our
denying Him, it is for nothing else than for our benefit that He
desires our confession. For He abideth the same, whether we deny Him or
not. He cannot deny Himself, that is, His own Being. We may say that He
is not; though such is not the fact. It is not in His nature, it is not
possible for Him not to be, that is, to go into nonentity.(1) His
subsistence always abides, always is. Let us not therefore be so
affected, as if we could gratify or could injure Him. But lest any one
should think that Timothy needed this advice, he has added,
"Of these things put them in remembrance, charging
them before the Lord, that they strive
493
not about words to no profit, but to the subverting of the hearers." It
is an overawing thing to call God to witness what we say, for if no one
would dare to set at nought the testimony of man when appealed to, much
less when the appeal is to God. If any one, for instance, entering into
a contract, or making his will, chooses to call witnesses worthy of
credit, would any transfer the things to those who are not included?
Surely not. And even if he wishes it, yet fearing the credibility of
the witnesses, he avoids it. What is "charging them before the Lord"?
he calls God to witness both what was said, and what was done.
"That they strive not about words to no profit;" and
not merely so, but "to the subverting of the hearers." Not only is
there no gain from it, but much harm. "Of these things then put them in
remembrance," and if they despise thee, God will judge them. But why
does he admonish them not to strive about words? He knows that it is a
dainty(1) thing, and that the human soul is ever prone to contend and
to dispute about words. To guard against this, he has not only charged
them "not to strive about words," but to render his discourse more
alarming, he adds, "to the subverting of the hearers."
Ver. 15. "Study to show thyself approved unto God, a
workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of
truth."
Everywhere this "not being ashamed"! And why is he
ever so careful to guard him against shame? Because it was natural for
many to be ashamed both of Paul himself, as being a tent-maker, and of
the preaching, since its teachers perished. For Christ had been
crucified, himself was about to be beheaded, Peter was crucified with
his head downwards, and these things they suffered from audacious and
despicable men. Because such men were in power, he says, "Be not
ashamed"; that is, fear not to do anything tending to godliness, though
it be necessary to submit to slavery or any other suffering. For how
does any one become approved? By being "a workman that needeth not to
be ashamed." As the workman is not ashamed of any work, so neither
should he be ashamed who labors in the Gospel. He should submit to
anything.
"Rightly dividing the word of truth."
This he hath well said. For many distort it, and
pervert it in every way, and many additions are made to it. He has not
said directing it, but "rightly dividing," that is, cut away what is
spurious, with much vehemence assail it, and extirpate it. With the
sword of the Spirit cut off from your preaching, as from a thong,
whatever is superfluous and foreign to it.
Ver. 16. "And shun profane novelties of speech."(2)
For they will not stop there. For when anything new
has been introduced, it is ever producing innovations, and the error of
him who has once left the safe harbor is infinite, and never stops.
"For they will increase unto more ungodliness," he
says,
Ver. 17. "And their word will eat as doth a canker."
It is an evil not to be restrained, not curable by
any medicine, it destroys the whole frame. He shows that novelty of
doctrine is a disease, and worse than a disease. And here he implies
that they are incorrigible, and that they erred not weakly but
willfully.
"Of whom is Hymeneus and Philetus,"
Ver. 18. "Who concerning the truth have erred,
saying that the resurrection is past already, and overthrow the faith
of some."
He has well said, "They will increase unto more
ungodliness." For it appears indeed to be a solitary evil, but see what
evils spring out of it. For if the Resurrection is already past, not
only do we suffer loss in being deprived of that great glory, but
because judgment is taken away, and retribution also. For if the
Resurrection is past, retribution also is past. The good therefore have
reaped persecutions and afflictions, and the wicked have not been
punished, nay verily, they live in great pleasure.(3) It were better to
say that there is no resurrection, than that it is already past.
"And overthrow," he says, "the faith of some."
"Of some," not of all. For if there is no
resurrection, faith is subverted. Our preaching is vain, nor is Christ
risen; and if He is not risen, neither was He born, nor has He ascended
into heaven. Observe how this error, while it seems to oppose the
doctrine of the Resurrection, draws after it many other evils. What
then, says one, ought we to do nothing for those who are subverted?(4)
Ver. 19. "Nevertheless," he says, "the foundation of
God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are
His. And, Let every one that nameth the name of the Lord(5) depart from
iniquity."
He shows that even before they were subverted, they
were not firm. For otherwise, they
494
would not have been overthrown at the first attack, as Adam(1) was firm
before the commandment. For those who are fixed not only are not harmed
through deceivers, but are even admired.
And he calls it "sure," and a "foundation"; so ought
we to adhere to the faith; "having this seal, The Lord knoweth them
that are His." What is this? He has taken it from Deuteronomy;" that
is, Firm souls stand fixed and immovable. But whence are they manifest?
From having these characters inscribed upon their actions, from their
being known by God, and not perishing with the world, and from their
departing from iniquity.
"Let every one," he says, "that nameth the name of
the Lord depart from iniquity."
These are the distinguishing marks of the
foundation. As a(3) foundation is shown to be firm, and as letters are
inscribed upon a stone that the letters may be significant. But these
letters are shown by works, "Having," he says, "this seal" fixed
thereon, "Let every one that nameth the name of the Lord depart from
iniquity." Thus if any one is unrighteous, he is not of the foundation.
So that this too is of the seal, not to do iniquity.
MORAL. Let us not therefore put off from us the
royal seal and token, that we may not be of those who are not sealed,
that we may not be unsound, that we may be firmly grounded, that we may
be of the foundation, and not carried to and fro. This marks them that
are of God, that they depart from iniquity. For how can any one be of
God Who is just, if he does iniquity, if by his works he opposes Him,
if he insults Him by his misdeeds? Again we are speaking against
injustice, and again we have many that are hostile to us. For this
affection, like a tyrant, has seized upon the souls of all, and, what
is worse, not by necessity nor violence, but by persuasion and gentle
insinuation, and they are grateful for their slavery. And this is
indeed the misery; for if they were held by constraint and not by love,
they would soon depart. And whence is it, that a thing which is most
bitter, appears to be sweet? whence is it that righteousness, which is
a most sweet thing, becomes bitter? It is the fault of our senses. Thus
some have thought honey bitter, and have taken with pleasure other
things that were noxious. And the cause is not in the nature of things,
but in the perverseness of the sufferers. The judging faculty of the
soul(4) is disordered? Just as a balance, if its beam be unsteady,(6)
moves round, and does not show accurately the weight of things placed
in it; so the soul, if it has not the beam of its own thoughts fixed,
and firmly riveted to the law of God, being carried round and drawn
down, will not be able to judge a right of actions.
For if any one will examine carefully, he will
perceive the great bitterness of injustice, not to those who suffer it,
but to those who practice it, and to these more than to the others. And
let us riot speak of things future, but for the present of things here.
Hath it not battles, judgments, condemnation, ill will, abuse? what is
more bitter than these? Hath it not enmities, and wars, and
accusations? what is more bitter than these? Hath it not conscience
continually scourging and gnawing us? If it were possible, I could wish
to draw out from the body the soul of the unrighteous man, and you
would see it pale and trembling, ashamed, hiding its head, anxiously
fearful, and self-condemned. For should we sink down into the very
depths of wickedness, the judging faculty of the mind(7) is not
destroyed, but remains unbribed. And no one pursues injustice thinking
it to be good, but he invents excuses, and has recourse to every
artifice of words to shift off the accusation. But he cannot get it off
his conscience. Here indeed the speciousness of words, the corruption
of rulers, and multitudes of flatterers, is often able to throw justice
into the shade, but within, the conscience(8) has nothing of this sort,
there are no flatterers there, no wealth to corrupt the judge. For the
faculty of judging is naturally implanted in us by God, and what comes
from God cannot be so corrupted. But uneasy slumbers, thick-coming
fancies, and the frequent recollections of guilt, destroy our repose.
Has any one, for instance, unjustly deprived another of his house? not
only is he that is robbed rendered unhappy, but the man who robbed him.
If he is persuaded of a future judgment, (if indeed any one is so
persuaded,) he groans exceedingly, and is in misery. But if he believes
not in futurity, yet he blushes for shame; or rather there is no man,
whether Greek, Jew, or heretic, who is not afraid of a judgment to come.
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And although he is not a philosopher with respect to
futurity; yet he fears and trembles at what may befall him here, lest
he may have some retribution in his property, his children, his family,
or his life. For many such visitations God inflicts. For since the
doctrine of the Resurrection is not sufficient to bring all men to
reason, He affords even here many proofs of His righteous judgment, and
exhibits them to the world. One who has gained wrongfully is without
children, another falls in war, another is maimed in his body, another
loses his son. He considers these things, on these his imagination
dwells, and he lives in continual fear.
Know you not what the unrighteous suffer? Is there
no bitterness in these things? And were there nothing of this sort, do
not all condemn him, and hate and abhor him, and think him less
rational than a beast, even those who are themselves unrighteous? For
if they condemn themselves, much more do they condemn another, calling
him rapacious, fraudulent, a pestilent fellow. What pleasure then can
he enjoy? He has only the heavier care and anxiety to preserve his
gains, and the being more anxious and troubled. For the more wealth any
one gets about him, the more painful watchfulness does he store up for
himself. Then what are the curses of those whom he has wronged, their
pleadings against him?(1) And what, if sickness should befall him? For
it is impossible for one, who has fallen into sickness, however
atheistically. he may be inclined, not to be anxious about these
things, not to be thoughtful, when he is unable to do anything. For as
long as we are here, the soul enjoying itself, does not tolerate
painful thoughts: but when it is about to take its flight from the
body, then a greater fear constrains it, as entering into the very
portals of judgment. Even robbers, whilst they are in prison, live
without fear, but when they are brought to the very curtain of the
court,(2) they sink with terror. For when the fear of death is urgent,
like a fire consuming all things besides, it obliges the soul to
philosophize, and to take thought for futurity. The desire of wealth,
the love of gain, and of bodily pleasures, no longer possesses it.
These things passing away like clouds, leave the judging faculty clear,
and grief entering in softens the hard heart. For nothing is so
opposite to philosophy, as a life of pleasure; nor, on the other hand,
is anything so favorable to philosophy as affliction. Consider what the
covetous man will then be. For, "an hour of affliction," it is said,
"maketh a man forget much pleasure." (Ecclus. ii. 27.) What will then
be his state, when he considers those whom he has robbed, and injured,
and defrauded, when he sees others reaping the fruits of his grasping,
and himself going to pay the penalty? For it cannot, indeed it cannot
be, that when fallen into sickness he should not reflect upon these
things. For often the soul of itself is distracted with agony and
terror. What a bitterness is this, tell me! And with every sickness
these things must be endured. And what will he not suffer when he sees
others punished or put to death?
These things await him here. And as to what he must
undergo hereafter, it is not possible to say what punishment, what
vengeance, what torments, what racks are reserved for him There. These
things we declare. "He that hath ears to hear, let him hear." (Luke
viii. 8.) We are for ever discoursing of these things, not willingly,
but of necessity. For we could wish there were no obligation to mention
such things at all. But since it must be, we would at least, by a
little medicine, deliver you from your disease, and restore you to
health. But whilst you remain in this sickness, it would show a mean
and weak spirit, not to say cruelty and inhumanity, to desist from the
healing treatment. For if when physicians despair of our bodies, we
beseech them not to neglect us, not to cease to our last breath
applying whatever is in their power, shall we not much more exhort
ourselves? For perhaps when we have come to the very gates of Hell, the
vestibule of wickedness itself, it may be possible to recover, to renew
our strength, to lay hold on eternal life! How many, who have heard ten
times and remained insensible, have afterwards at one hearing been
converted! Or rather, not at one hearing; for though they seemed
insensible at the ten discourses, yet they gained something, and
afterwards showed all at once abundant fruit. For as a tree may receive
ten strokes, and not fall; then afterwards be brought down all at once
by a single blow: yet it is not done by that one blow, but by the ten
which made that last successful. And this is known to him who sees the
root, though he who takes his view of the trunk above knows it not. So
it is in this case. And thus often, when physicians have applied many
remedies, no benefit is perceived; but afterwards some one comes in and
effects an entire cure. Yet it is not the work of him alone, but of
these who have already reduced the disorder. So that, if now we do not
bring forth the fruits of hearing the word, yet hereafter we shall. For
that we shall bring them forth, I am fully persuaded. For it is not,
indeed it is not possible that such eager desire, such a love of
hearing, should fail of its effect. God forbid! But may we all. having
become worthy of the admonitions of Christ, obtain the everlasting
blessings, &c.
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HOMILY VI.
2 TIMOTHY ii. 20, 21.
"But in a great house there are not only vessels of gold and of silver,
but also of wood and of earth; and some to honor, and some to dishonor.
If a man therefore purge himself from these, he shall be a vessel unto
honor, sanctified, and meet for the master's use, and prepared unto
every good work."
MANY men are still even now perplexed to account for
the fact, that the wicked are suffered to remain, and are not yet
destroyed. Now doubtless various reasons may be assigned for this, as,
that they may be converted, or that by their punishment they may be
made an example to the multitude. But Paul here mentions a similar
case. For he says,
"In a great house there are not only vessels of gold
and silver, but also of wood and earth." Showing by this, that as in a
great house it is likely there should be a great difference of vessels,
so here also, in the whole world, for he speaks not of the Church only,
but of the world at large. For think not, I pray, that he means it of
the Church; for there he would not have any vessels of wood or of
earth, but all of gold or silver where is the body of Christ, where is
that "pure virgin, without spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing." (Eph.
v. 27.) And this is what he means to say Let it not disturb thee that
there are corrupt and wicked men. For in a great house there are such
vessels. But what then? they do not receive the same honor. But some
are to honor and some to dishonor. "Nay," says one, "in a house they
may be of some use, but not at all in the world." Though God employs
them not for such honorable service, he makes use of them for other
purposes. For instance, the vainglorious man builds much, so does the
covetous man, the merchant, the tradesman, the magistrate; there are
certain works in the world suited to these. But the golden vessel is
not of such a nature. It is employed about the royal table. He does not
say however that wickedness is a necessary thing, (for how should it
be?) but that the wicked also have their work. For if all were of gold
or of silver, there would be no need of the viler sort. For instance,
if all were hardy, there would be no need of houses; if all were free
from luxury, there would be no need of dainties. If all were careful
only for necessaries, there would be no need of splendid building.
"If therefore a man purge himself from these, he
shall be a vessel unto honor, sanctified." Seest thou that it is
not of nature, nor of the necessity of matter, to be a vessel of gold
or of earth, but of our own choice? For otherwise the earthen could not
become gold, nor could the golden descend to the vileness of the other.
But in this case there is much change, and alteration of state. Paul
was an earthen vessel, and became a golden one. Judas was a golden
vessel, and became an earthen one. The earthen vessels, therefore, are
such from uncleanness. The fornicator and the covetous man become
earthen vessels. "But how then does he say elsewhere, 'We have this
treasure in earthen vessels,' so that he does not despise but honor the
earthen vessel, speaking of it as the recipient of the treasure?" There
he shows the nature itself, and not the form of the material. For
he means to say that our body is an earthen vessel. For as
earthenware is nothing else but baked clay, so is our body nothing but
clay consolidated by the heat of the soul; for that it is earthen, is
evident. For as such a vessel is often by falling broken and dashed to
pieces, so our body falls and is dissolved by death. For how do our
bones differs from a potsherd, hard and dry as they are? or our flesh
from clay, being, like it, composed of water? But, as I said, how is it
that he does not speak contemptuously of it? Because there he is
discoursing of its nature, here of our choice. "If a man," he says,
"purge himself from these," not merely "cleanse," but "cleanse out,"(1)
that is, cleanse himself perfectly, "he shall be a vessel unto honor,
sanctified, and meet for the Master's use." The others therefore are
useless for any good purpose, though some use is made of them. "And
prepared(2) unto every good work." Even though he do it not, he is fit
for it, and has a capacity for it. We ought therefore to be prepared
for everything, even for death, for martyrdom, for a life of virginity,
or for all these.
Ver. 22. "Flee also youthful lusts."
Not only the lust of fornication, but every
inordinate desire is a youthful lust. Let the aged learn that they
ought not to do the deeds of the youthful. If one be given to
insolence, or a lover of power, of riches, of bodily pleasures, it is a
youthful lust, and foolish. These things must proceed from a heart not
yet established, from a mind not deeply grounded, but in a wavering
state. What then does he advise in order
497
that none may be captivated by these things? "Flee youthful"
imaginations, "but
"Follow righteousness, faith, charity, peace, with
them that call on the Lord out of a pure heart."
He calls virtue in general, "righteousness"
godliness of life, "faith, meekness, charity."
What is meant by "those that call upon the Lord out
of a pure heart"? It is as if he said, Rejoice not in those who only
call upon the Lord; but those who call upon Him sincerely and
unfeignedly, who have nothing of deceit about them, who approach Him in
peace, who are not contentious. With these associate thyself. But with
others be not easy, but only as far as lies in you, be peaceable.
Ver. 23. "But foolish and unlearned questions avoid,
knowing that they do gender strifes."
Do you see how he everywhere draws him off from
questions; not that he was not able to overthrow them; for he was well
able. For had he not been able he would have said, Be diligent, that
thou mayest be able to refute them; as when he says, "Give attendance
to reading, for by so doing thou shalt both save thyself and them that
hear thee." (1 Tim. iv. 13, 16.) But he knew that it was useless to
enter at all into these disputes, that there will be no end of it, save
contentions, enmities, insults, and reproaches. These "questions"
therefore "avoid"; so that there are other questions, some relating to
the Scriptures, some to other things.
Ver. 24. "And the servant of the Lord must not
strive."
Not even in questions ought he to strive, for the
servant of the Lord must keep far from strife, since God is the God of
peace, and what should the servant of the God of peace have to do with
strife?
"But be gentle unto all men."
How is it then he says, "Rebuke with all authority"
(Tit. ii. 15); and again, "Let no man despise thy youth" (1 Tim. iv.
12): and again, '"Rebuke them Sharply"? (Tit. i. 13.) Because this is
consistent with meekness. For a strong rebuke, if it be given with
gentleness, is most likely to wound deeply: for it is possible, indeed
it is, to touch more effectually by gentleness, than one overawes by
boldness.
"Apt to teach"; that is, those who are willing to be
taught. For "a man that is an heretic," he says, "after the first and
second admonition reject." (Tit. iii. 10.) "Patient." He has well added
this, for it is a quality which a teacher above all things ought to
possess. All things are vain without it. And if fishermen do not
despair, though often they cast their nets for a whole day without
catching anything, much more should not we. For see what is the result.
From constant teaching, it often happens that the plow of the word,
descending to the depth of the soul, roots out the evil passion that
troubled it. For he that hears often will at length be affected. A man
cannot go on hearing continually without some effect being produced.
Sometimes therefore, when he was on the point of being persuaded, he is
lost by our becoming weary. For the same thing occurs, as if an
unskillful husbandman should in the first year dig about the vine he
had planted, and seeking to reap some fruit in the second year, and
again in the third, and gathering nothing, should after three years
despair, and in the fourth year, when he was about to receive the
recompense of his labors, abandon his vine. And having said, "Patient,"
he is not satisfied, but goes on to say,
Ver. 25. "In meekness instructing those that oppose
themselves."
For he that teaches must be especially careful to do
it with meekness. For a soul that wishes to learn cannot gain any
useful instruction from harshness and contention. For when it would
apply, being thus thrown into perplexity, it will learn nothing. He who
would gain any useful knowledge ought above all things to be well
disposed towards his teacher, and if this be not previously attained,
nothing that is requisite or useful can be accomplished. And no one can
be well disposed towards him who is violent and overbearing. How is it
then that he says, "A man that is an heretic, after the first and
second admonition, reject"? He speaks there of one incorrigible, of one
whom he knows to be diseased beyond the possibility of cure.
"If God peradventure will give them repentance to
the acknowledging of the truth."
Ver. 26. "And that they may recover themselves out
of the snare of the devil."
What he says amounts to this. Perhaps there will be
a reformation. Perhaps! for it is uncertain. So that we ought to
withdraw only from those, of whom we can show plainly, and concerning
whom we are fully persuaded, that whatever be done, they will not be
reformed. "In meekness," he says. In this temper, you see, we ought to
address ourselves to those who are willing to learn, and never cease
from conversing with them till we have come to the demonstration.(1)
"Who are taken captive by him at his will." It is
truly said, "Who are taken captive,"(2) for meanwhile they float in
error. Observe here how he teaches to be humble-minded. He has not
said, if peradventure you should be able, but, "if peradventure God
should grant them a recovery"; if anything be done, therefore, all
498
is of the Lord. Thou plantest, thou waterest but He soweth and maketh
it produce fruit. Let us not therefore be so affected, as if we
ourselves wrought the persuasion, even if we should persuade any one.
"Taken captive by him," he says, "to His will."(1) This no one will say
relates to doctrine, but to life. For "His will" is that we live
rightly. But some are in the snare of the devil by reason of their
life, we ought not therefore to be weary even with respect to these.
"If peradventure," he says, "they may recover, that
are taken captive, unto His will." Now "If peradventure," implies
much longsuffering. For not to do the will of God is a snare I of the
devil.
For as a sparrow, though it be not wholly enclosed,
but only caught by the foot, is still under the power of him who set
the snare; so though we be not wholly subverted, both in faith and
life, but in life only, we are under the power of the devil. For "Not
every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom
of heaven"; and again, "I know you not; depart from me, ye that work
iniquity." (Matt. vii. 21-23.) You set there is no advantage from our
faith, when our Lord knows us not: and to the virgins he says the same,
"I know you not." (Matt. xxv. 12.) What then is the benefit of
virginity, or of many labors, when the Lord knows us not? And in many
places we find men not blamed for their faith, but punished for their
evil life only; as elsewhere, not reproved for evil lives, but
perishing for their pravity of doctrine. For these things hold
together.(2) You see that when we do not the will of God, we are under
the snare of the devil. And often not only from a bad life, but from
one defect, we enter into Hell, where there are not good qualities to
counterbalance it, since the virgins were not accused of fornication or
adultery, nor of envy or ill-will, nor of drunkenness, nor of unsound
faith, but of a failure of oil, that is, they failed in almsgiving, for
that is the oil meant.(3) And those who were pronounced accursed in the
words, "Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire," were not
accused of any such crimes, but because they had not fed Christ.
MORAL. Seest thou that a failure in alms-giving is
enough to cast a man into hell. fire? For where will he avail who does
not give alms? Dost thou fast every day? So also did those virgins, but
it availed them nothing. Dost thou pray? What of that? prayer without
alms-giving is unfruitful, without that all things are unclean and
unprofitable. The better part of virtue is destroyed. "He that loveth
not his brother," it is said, "knoweth not God." (1 John iv. 8.) And
how dost thou love him, when thou dost not even impart to him of these
poor worthless things? Tell me, therefore, dost thou observe chastity?
On what account? From fear of punishment? By no means. It is of a
natural endowment that thou observest it, since if thou wast chaste
from fear of punishment, and didst violence to nature in submitting to
so severe a rule, much more oughtest thou to do alms. For to govern the
desire of wealth, and of bodily pleasures, is not the same thing. The
latter is much more difficult to restrain. And wherefore? Because the
pleasure is natural, and the desire of it is innate and of natural
growth in the body. It is not so with riches. Herein we are able to
resemble God, in showing mercy and pity. When therefore we have not
this quality, we are devoid of all good. He has not said, "ye
shall be like unto your Father, if ye fist," nor "if ye be virgins,"
nor "if ye pray," hath He said, "ye shall be like unto your Father,"
for none of these things can be applied to God, nor are they His acts.
But what? "Be ye merciful, as your Father in Heaven is merciful." (Luke
vi. 36.) This is the work of God. If therefore thou hast not this, what
hast thou? He says: "I will have mercy, and not sacrifice." (Hosea vi.
6.) God made Heaven, and earth, and sea. Great works these, and worthy
of His wisdom! But by none of these has He so powerfully attracted
human nature to Himself, as by mercy and the love of mankind. For that
indeed is the work of power and wisdom and goodness. But it is far more
so that He became a servant. Do we not for this more especially admire
Him? are we not for this still more amazed at Him? Nothing attracts God
to us so much as mercy. And the prophets from beginning to end
discourse upon this subject. But I speak not of mercy that is
accompanied with covetousness. That is not mercy. For it is not the
root of the thorn but of the olive that produces the oil(4); so it is
not the root of covetousness, of iniquity, or of rapine, that produces
mercy. Do not put a slander on almsgiving. Do not cause it to be evil
spoken of by all. If thou committest robbery for this, that thou mayest
give alms, nothing is more wicked than thy almsgiving. For when it is
produced by rapine, it is not almsgiving, it is inhumanity, it is
cruelty, it is an insult to God. If Cain so offended, by offering
inferior gifts of his own, shall he not
499
offend, who offers the goods of another? An offering is nothing else
but a sacrifice, a purification, not a pollution. And thou who darest
not to pray with unclean hands, dost thou offer the dirt and filth of
robbery, and think thou doest nothing wrong? Thou sufferest not thy
hands to be full of dirt and filth, but having first cleansed these,
thou offerest. Yet that filth is no charge against thee, while the
other deserves reproach and blame. Let it not therefore be our
consideration, how we may offer prayers and oblations with clean hands,
but how the things offered may be pure. If one, after having washed a
vessel clean, should fill it with unclean gifts, would it not be
ridiculous mockery? Let the hands be clean; and they will be so, if we
wash them not with water only, but first with righteousness. This is
the purifier of the hands. But if they be full of unrighteousness,
though they be washed a thousand times, it avails nothing. "Wash you,
make you clean" (Isa. i. 16), He says, but does He add, "Go to the
baths, the lakes, the rivers"? No; but what? "Put away the evil of your
doings from your souls." This is to be clean.(1) This it is to be
cleansed from defilement. This is real purity. The other is of little
use; but this bestows upon us confidence towards God. The one may be
obtained by adulterers, thieves, murderers, by worthless, and
dissolute, and effeminate persons, and especially the latter. For they
are ever careful of the cleanliness of their bodies, and scented with
perfumes, cleansing their sepulcher.(2) For their body(3) is but a
sepulcher, since the soul is dead within it. This cleanness therefore
may be theirs,(4) but not that which is inward.
To wash the body is no great matter. That is a
Jewish purification, senseless(5) and unprofitable, where purity within
is wanting. Suppose one to labor under a putrefying sore, or consuming
ulcer; let him wash his body ever so much, it is of no advantage. And
if the putrefaction of the body receives no benefit from cleansing and
disguising the outward appearance; when the soul is infected with
rottenness, what is gained by the purity of the body? Nothing! Our
prayers ought to be pure, and pure they cannot be, if they are sent
forth from a corrupt soul, and nothing so corrupts the soul as avarice
and rapine. But there are some who after committing numberless sins
during the day, wash themselves in the evening and enter the churches,
holding up their hands with much confidence, as if by the washing of
the bath they had put off all their guilt. And if this were the case,
it would be a vast advantage to use the bath daily! I would not myself
cease to frequent the baths,(6) if it made us pure, and cleansed us
from our sins! But these things are trifling and ridiculous, the toys
of children. It is not the filth of the body, but the impurity of the
soul, to which God is averse. For He says, "Blessed are the pure
"--does He say in body? No--"in heart: for they shall see God." (Matt.
v. 8.) And what says the Prophet: "Create in me a clean heart, O God."
(Ps. li. 10.) And again, "Wash my heart from wickedness." (Jer. iv. 14.)
It is of great use to be in the habit of doing good
actions. See how trifling and unprofitable these washings are. But when
the soul is prepossessed by a habit, it does not depart from it, nor
does it venture to draw nigh in prayer, till it has fulfilled these
ceremonies. For instance, we have brought ourselves to a habit of
washing and praying, and without washing we do not think it right to
pray. And we do not willingly pray with unwashed hands, as if we should
offend God, and violate our conscience. Now if this trifling custom has
so great power over us, and is observed every day; if we had brought
ourselves to a habit of almsgiving, and had determined so constantly to
observe it, as never to enter a house of prayer with empty hands, the
point would be gained. For great is the power of habit both in good
things and in evil, and when this carries us on, there will be little
trouble. Many are in the habit of crossing(7) themselves continually,
and they need no one to remind them of it, but often when the mind is
wandering after other things, the hand is involuntarily drawn by
custom, as by some living teacher, to make the sign. Some have brought
themselves into a habit of not swearing at all, and therefore neither
willingly nor unwillingly do they ever do it. Let us then bring
ourselves into such a habit of almsgiving.
What labors were it worth to us to discover such a
remedy. For say, were there not the relief of almsgiving, while we
still by our numberless sins rendered ourselves liable to Divine
vengeance, should we not have lamented sadly? Should we not have said,
O that it were possible by our wealth to wash away our sins, and we
would have parted with it all! O that by our riches we could put away
the wrath of God, then we would not spare our substance? For if we do
this in sickness, and at the point of death we say, "If it were
possible to buy off death, such an one would give all his possessions";
much more in this matter. For see how great is the love of God for man.
He has granted us power to buy off not temporal but
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eternal death. Do not purchase, He says, this short life, but that life
that is everlasting. It is that I sell thee, not the other: I do not
mock thee. Didst thou gain the present life, thou hadst gained nothing.
I know the worth of that which I offer thee. The bargainers and
traffickers in worldly goods do not act thus. They, when they can(1)
impose on whom they will, give a little to receive a great deal. It is
not so with God. He gives the greater by far for the less.
Tell me, if you were to go to a merchant, and he
were to set before you two stones, one of little worth,(2) and the
other very precious, and sure to fetch a large amount of wealth; if he
allowed you for the price of the cheap one to carry off the more
costly, should you complain of him? No! You would rather admire his
liberality. So now, two lives are set before us, the one temporal, the
other eternal. These God offers us for sale, but He would sell us the
latter rather than the former. Why do we complain, like silly children,
that we receive the more precious?(3) Is it possible then to purchase
life for money? Yes, when what we bestow is our own, and not the
property of another; when we do not practice an imposture. But, you
say, henceforth the goods are mine. They are not thine after rapine.
They are still thy neighbor's, though thou wert a thousand times the
master of them. For if thou shouldest receive a deposit, it would not
be thine own even for the short season that the depositor was
traveling, though it might be laid up with thee. If therefore that is
not ours, which we received with the consent and thanks of those who
deposited it, even for the short period that we retain it, much less is
that ours, which we plundered against the will of its owner. He is the
master of it, however long thou mayest withhold it. But Virtue is(4)
really our own; as for money, even our own is not strictly ours, much
less that of others. Today it is ours, to-morrow it belongs to another.
What is of virtue is our own possession. This does not suffer loss,
like other things, but is entirely possessed by all who have it. This
therefore let us acquire, and let us despise riches, that we may be
able to attain those real goods, of which God grant that we may be
thought worthy to partake, through the grace and lovingkindness, &c.
HOMILY VII.
2 TIMOTHY iii. 1-7.
"This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. For
men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud,
blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, Without
natural affection, truce-breakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce,
despisers of those that are good, Traitors, heady, high-minded, lovers
of pleasure more than lovers of God; Having a form of godliness, but
denying the power thereof; from such turn away. For of this sort are
they, which creep into houses, and lead captive silly women laden with
sins, led away with divers lusts and pleasures, Ever learning, and
never able to come to the knowledge of the truth."
HE had said in the former Epistle, that "the Spirit
speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the
faith" (1 Tim. iv. 1, 2); and elsewhere in this Epistle he foretells
that something of this kind will afterwards happen; and here again he
does the same thing: "This know, that in the last days perilous times
shall come." And this he pronounces not only from the future, but from
the past; "As Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses." And again from
reasoning; "In a great house there are not only vessels of gold and of
silver." But why does he do this? In order that Timothy may not be
troubled, nor any one of us, when there are evil men. If there were
such in the time of Moses, and will be hereafter, it is no wonder that
there are such in our times.
"In the last days perilous times shall come," he
says, that is, exceeding bad times. How shall times be perilous?(5) He
says it not blaming the days, nor the times, but the men of those
times. For thus it is customary with us to speak of good times or evil
times, from the events that happen in them, caused by men. Immediately
he sets down the root and fountain, whence these and all other evils
spring, that is, overweeningness. He that is seized with this passion
is careless even of his own interests. For when a man overlooks the
concerns of his neighbor, and is careless of them, how should he regard
his own? For as he that looks to his neighbor's affairs will in them
order his own
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to advantage, so he that looks down upon his neighbor's concerns will
neglect his own. For if we are members one of another, the welfare of
our neighbor is not his concern only, but that of the whole body, and
the injury of our neighbor is not confined to him, but distracts with
pains all else as well.(1) If we are a building, whatever part is
weakened, it affects the whole whilst that which is solid gives
strength and support to the rest. So also in the Church, if thou hast
slighted thy neighbor, thou has injured thyself. How? In that one of
thy own members hath suffered no small hurt. And if he, who does not
impart of hid possessions, goes into Hell, much more will he be
condemned, who sees a neighbor suffering severer evils, and does not
stretch out his hand, since in this case the loss is more grievous.
"For men shall be lovers of their own selves." He
that loves himself may be said not to love himself, but he that loves
his brother, loves himself in the truest sense. From self-love springs
covetousness. For the wretched niggardly temper of self-love contracts
that love which should be widely extended, and diffused on every side.
"Covetous." From covetousness springs boastfulness, from boastfulness
pride, from pride blasphemy, from blasphemy defiance and disobedience.
For he who exalts himself against men, will easily do it against God.
Thus sins are produced. Often they ascend from below. He that is pious
towards men, is still more pious towards God. He who is meek to his
fellow-servants, is more meek to his Master. He that despises his
fellow-servants, will end with despising God Himself. MORAL. Let us not
then despise one another for that is an evil training which teaches us
to despise God. And indeed to despise one another is in effect to
despise God, Who commanded us to show all regard to one another. And
this may be otherwise manifested by an example. Cain despised his
brother, and so, immediately after, he despised God. How despised Him?
Mark his insolent answer to God; "Am I my brother's keeper?" (Gen. iv.
9.) Again, Esau despised his brother, and he too despised God.
Wherefore God said, "Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated." (Rom.
ix. 13; Mal. i. 2, 3.) Hence Paul says, "Lest there be any fornicator
or profane person as Esau." (Heb. xii. 16.) The brethren of Joseph
despised him, and they also despised God. The Israelites despised
Moses, and they also despised God. So too the sons of Eli despised the
people, and they too despised God. Would you see it also from the
contrary? Abraham, who was tender of his brother's son, was obedient to
God, as is manifest in his conduct with respect to his son Isaac, and
in all his other virtues. Again, Abel was meek to his brother, and he
also was pious towards God. Let us not therefore despise one another,
lest we learn also to despise God. Let us honor one another, that we
may learn also to honor God. He that is insolent with respect to men,
will also be insolent with respect to God. But when covetousness and
selfishness and insolence meet together, what is wanting to complete
destruction? Everything is corrupted, and a foul flood of sins bursts
in. "Unthankful," he says. For how can the covetous man be thankful? To
whom will he feel gratitude? To no one. He considers all men his
enemies, and desires the goods of all. Though you spend your whole
substance upon him, he will feel no gratitude. He is angry that you
have not more, that you might bestow it upon him. And if you made him
master of the whole world, he would still be unthankful, and think that
he had received nothing. This desire is insatiable. It is the craving
of disease; and such is the nature of the cravings of disease.
He who has a fever can never be satisfied, but with
constant desire of drinking, is never filled, but suffers a continual
thirst; so he who is mad after wealth never knows the fulfillment of
his desire; whatever is bestowed upon him, he is still unsatisfied, and
will therefore never be thankful. For he will feel no gratitude to him,
who does not give him as much as he wishes, and this no one can ever
do. And as there is no limit to his wishes, he will feel no gratitude.
Thus no one is so unthankful as the covetous, so insensible as the
lover of money. He is the enemy of all the world. He is indignant that
there are men. He would have all one vast desert, that he might have
the property of all. And many wild imaginations does he form. "O that
there were an earthquake," he says, "in the city, that all the rest
being swallowed up, I might be left alone, to have, if possible, the
possessions of all! O that a pestilence would come and destroy
everything but gold! O that there might be a submersion, or an eruption
of the sea!" Such are his imaginations. He prays for nothing good, but
for earthquakes, and thunderbolts, for wars, and plagues, and the like.
Well, tell me now, thou wretched man, more servile than any slave, if
all things were gold, wouldest thou not be destroyed by thy gold,(2)
and perish with hunger? If the world were swallowed up by an
earthquake, thou also wouldest perish by thy fatal desire. For if there
were no other men than thyself, the necessaries of life would fail
thee. For suppose that the other inhabitants of the earth were
destroyed at once, and that their gold and silver came of its
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own accord to thee. (For such men fancy to themselves absurdities, and
impossibilities.) But if their gold and silver, their vests of silk and
cloth of gold, came into thy hands, what would it profit thee? Death
would only the more certainly overtake thee, when there were none to
prepare bread or till the earth for thee; wild beasts would prowl
around, and the devil agitate thy soul with fear. Many devils indeed
now possess it, but then they would lead thee to desperation, and
plunge thee at once into destruction. But you say, "I would wish there
should be tilling of the land and men to prepare food." Then they would
consume somewhat. "But I would not have them consume anything." So
insatiable is this desire! For what can be more ridiculous than this?
Seest thou the impossibility of the thing? He wishes to have many to
minister to him, yet he grudges them their share of food, because it
diminishes his substance! What then? Wouldest thou then have men of
stone? This is all a mockery; and waves, and tempest, and huge billows,
and violent agitation, and storm, overwhelm the soul. It is ever
hungry, ever thirsty. Shall we not pity and mourn for him? Of bodily
diseases this is thought a most painful one, and it is called by
physicians bulimy,(1) when a man being filled, is yet always hungry.
And is not the same disorder in the soul more lamentable? For avarice
is the morbid hunger of the soul, which is always filling, never
satisfied, but still craving. If it were necessary to drink hellebore,
or submit to anything a thousand times worse, would it not be worth our
while to undertake it readily, that we might be delivered from this
passion? There is no abundance of riches that can fill the belly of
greediness. And shall we not be ashamed, that men can be thus
transported with the love of money, whilst we show not any proportion
of such earnestness in love to God, and honor Him not as bullion is
honored? For money men will undergo watchings, and journeyings and
continual perils, and hatred, and hostility, and, in short, everything.
But we do not venture to utter a mere word for God, nor incur an
enmity, but if we are required to assist any of those who are
persecuted, we abandon the injured person, withdrawing ourselves from
the hatred of the powerful, and the danger it involves. And though God
has given us power that we might succor him, yet we suffer him to
perish, from our unwillingness to incur men's hatred and displeasure.
And this many profess to justify, saying, "Be loved for nothing, but be
not hated for nothing." But is this to be hated for nothing? Or what is
better than such hatred? For to be hated on account of God is better
than to be loved on His account: for when we are loved for God's sake,
we are debtors for the honor, but when we are hated for His sake, He is
our debtor to reward us. The lovers of wealth know no limit to their
love, be it never so great; but we, if we have done ever so little,
think that we have fulfilled everything. We love not God as much, no,
not by many times over so much, as they love gold. Their inordinate
rage for gold is a heavy accusation against them. It is our
condemnation that we are not so beside ourselves for God; that we do
not bestow upon the Lord of all as much love as they bestow upon mere
earth, for gold from the mine is no better.
Let us then behold their madness, and be ashamed of
ourselves. For what though we are not inflamed with the love of gold,
while we are not earnest in our prayers to God? For in their case men
despise wife, children, substance, and their own safety, and that when
they are not certain that they shall increase their substance. For
often, in the very midst of their hopes, they lose at once their life
and their labor. But we, though we know that, if we love Him as we
ought to love Him, we shall obtain our desire, yet love Him not, but
are altogether cold in our love both to our neighbor and to God; cold
in our love to God, because cold in our love to our neighbor. For it is
not, indeed it is not possible that a man, who is a stranger to the
feeling of love, should have any generosity or manly spirit, since the
foundation of all that is good is no other than love. "On this," it is
said, "hang all the law and the prophets." (Matt. xxii. 40.) For as
fire set to a forest is wont to clear away everything, so the fire of
love, wherever it is received, consumes and makes way through
everything that is hurtful to the divine harvest, and renders the soil
pure and fit for the reception of the seed. Where there is love, all
evils are removed. There is no love of money, the root of evil, there
is no self-love(2): there is no boasting; for why should one boast over
his friend? Nothing makes a man so humble as love. We perform the
offices of servants to our friends, and are not ashamed; we are even
thankful for the opportunity of serving them. We spare not our
property, and often not out persons; for dangers too are encountered at
times for him that is loved. No envy, no calumny is there, where there
is genuine love. We not only do not slander our friends, but we stop
the mouth of slanderers. All is gentleness and mildness. Not a trace of
strife and contention appears. Everything breathes peace. For "Love,"
it is said, "is this fulfilling of the law." (Rom. xiii. 10.) There is
nothing offensive with it. How so?
503
Because where love exists, all the sins of covetousness, rapine, envy,
slander, arrogance, perjury, and falsehood are done away. For men
perjure themselves, in order to rob, but no one would rob him whom he
loved, but would rather give him his own possessions. For we are more
obliged than if we received from him. Ye know this, all you that have
friends, friends, I mean, in reality, not in name only, but whoever
loves as men ought to love, whoever is really linked to another. And
let those who are ignorant of it learn from those who know.
I will now cite you from the Scriptures a wonderful
instance of friendship. Jonathan, the son of Saul, loved David, and his
soul was so knit to him, that David in mourning over him says, "Thy
love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women. Thou wast wounded
unto death." (2 Sam. i. 25, 26.) What then? did he envy David? Not at
all, though he had great reason. How? Because, by the events he
perceived that the kingdom would pass from himself to him, yet he felt
nothing of the kind. He did not say, "This is he that is depriving me
of my paternal kingdom," but he favored his obtaining the sovereignty;
and he spared not his father for the sake of his friend. Yet let not
any one think him a parricide, for he did not injure his father, but
restrained his unjust attempts. He rather spared than injured him. He
did not permit him to proceed to an unjust murder. He was many times
willing even to die for his friend, and far from accusing him, he
restrained even his father's accusation. Instead of envying, he joined
in obtaining the kingdom for him. Why do I speak of wealth? He even
sacrificed his own life for him. For the sake of his friend, he did not
even stand in awe of his father, since his father entertained unjust
designs, but his conscience was free from all such. Thus justice was
conjoined with friendship.
Such then was Jonathan. Let us now consider David.
He had no opportunity of returning the recompense, for his benefactor
was taken away before the reign of David, and slain before he whom he
had served came to his kingdom. What then? As far as it was allowed him
and left in his power, let us see how that righteous man manifested his
friendship. "Very pleasant," he says, "hast thou been to me, Jonathan;
thou wast wounded unto death." (2 Sam. i. 25, Gr.) Is this all? This
indeed was no slight tribute, but he also frequently rescued from
danger his son and his grandson, remembrance of the kindness of
the father, and he continued to support and protect his
children, as he would have done those of his own son. Such
friendship I would wish all to entertain both towards the living
and the dead.
Let women listen to this (for it is on their account
especially that I refer to the departed) who enter into a second
marriage, and defile the bed of their deceased husband, though they
have loved him.(1) Not that I forbid a second marriage, or pronounce it
a proof of wantonness, for Paul does not allow me, stopping my mouth by
saying to women, "If she marry she hath not sinned." (1 Cor. vii. 28
and 40.) Yet let us attend to what follows, "But she is happier if she
so abide." This state is much better than the other. Wherefore? for
many reasons. For if it is better not to marry at all than to marry,
much more in this case. "But some, you say, could not endure widowhood,
and have fallen into many misfortunes." Yes; because they know not what
widowhood is. For it is not widowhood to be exempt from a second
marriage, as neither is it virginity to be altogether unmarried. For as
"that which is comely," and "that ye may attend upon the Lord without
distraction," is the mark of the one state, so it is the mark of the
other to be desolate, to "continue in supplications and prayers," to
renounce luxury and pleasure. For "she that liveth in pleasure is dead
whilst she liveth." (1 Tim. v. 6.) If remaining a widow, thou wouldest
have the same pomp, the same show, the same attire, as thou hadst while
thy husband was living, it were better for thee to marry. For it is not
the union that is objectionable, but the multitude of cares that attend
it. But that which is not wrong, thou dost not: but that which is not
indifferent, which is liable to blame, in that thou involvest thyself.
On this account "some have turned aside after Satan," because they have
not been able to live properly as widows.
Wouldest thou know what a widow is, and what a
widow's dignity, hear Paul's account of it. "If she have brought up
children, if she have lodged strangers, if she have washed the Saints'
feet, if she have relieved the afflicted, if she have diligently
followed every good work." (1 Tim. v. 10.) But when after the death of
thy husband, thou art arrayed in the same pomp of wealth, no wonder if
thou canst not support widowhood. Transfer this wealth, therefore, to
heaven, and thou wilt find the burden of widowhood tolerable. But, thou
sayest, what if I have children to succeed to their father's
inheritance? Instruct them also to despise riches. Transfer thy own
possessions, reserving for them just a sufficiency. Teach them too to
be superior to riches. But what if besides my silver and gold, I am
surrounded by a crowd of slaves, oppressed by a multitude of affairs,
how shall I be equal to the care of all these things, when deprived of
the support of my husband? This is but an excuse, a pretense, as
appears from many causes.
504
For if thou dost hot deserve wealth, nor seek to increase thy present
possessions, thy burden will be light. To get riches is much more
laborious than to take care of them. If therefore thou cuttest off this
one thing, accumulating, and suppliest the needy out of thy substance,
God will hold over thee His protecting hand. And if thou sayest this
from a real desire to preserve the inheritance of thy fatherless
children, and art not, under this pretense, possessed with
covetousness; He who searches the heart knows how to secure their
riches, even He who commanded thee to bring up children.
For it is not possible, indeed it is not, that a
house established by almsgiving should suffer any calamity. If it
should be unfortunate for a time, in the end it will prosper. This will
be more than spear and shield to all the household. Hear what the devil
says concerning Job. "Hast not thou made an hedge about him and about
his house, and about all that he hath on every side?" (Job i. 10.)
Wherefore? Hear Job himself saying, "I was eyes to the blind, and feet
was I to the lame. I was a father to the orphans." (Job xxix. 15.) As
he who does not turn aside from the calamities of others, will not
suffer even in his own misfortunes, because he has learnt to
sympathize; so he who will not bear the griefs of sympathy, will learn
all sorrow in his own person.(1) And, as in the case of a bodily
disease, if, when the foot is mortified, the hand does not sympathize
by cleansing the wound, washing away the discharge, and applying a
plaster, it will suffer the like disease of its own; so she who will
not minister to another when she is not herself afflicted, will have to
bear sufferings of her own. For the evil spreading from the other part
will reach to this also, and the question will not be of ministering to
the other, but of its own cure and relief. So it is here also. He that
will not relieve others, will be a sufferer himself. "Thou hast hedged
him in," saith Satan, "within and without," and I dare not attack him!
But he suffered afflictions, you say. True. But those afflictions were
the occasion of great good. His substance was doubled, his reward
increased, his righteousness enlarged, his crown was splendid, his
prize glorious. Both his spiritual and temporal blessings were
augmented. He lost his children, but he received, not these restored,
but others in their room, and those too he had safe for the
Resurrection. Had they been restored, the number would have been
diminished, but now having given others in their stead, He will present
them also at the Resurrection. All these things happened to him,
because of his openhandedness in almsgiving. Let us then do likewise,
that we may obtain the same rewards by the grace and lovingkindness of
our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen.
HOMILY VIII.
2 TIMOTHY iii. 1-4.
"This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come. For
men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud,
blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, without
natural affection, truce-breakers, false accusers, incontinent, fierce,
despisers of those that are good, Traitors, heady, high-minded, lovers
of pleasures more than lovers of God."
IF any now takes offense at the existence of
heretics, let him remember that it was so from the beginning, the devil
always setting up error by the side of truth. God from the beginning
promised good, the devil came too with a promise. God planted Paradise,
the devil deceived, saying, "Ye shall be as gods." (Gen. iii. 5.) For
as he could show nothing in actions, he made the more promises in
words. Such is the character of deceivers. After this were Cain and
Abel, then the sons of Seth and the daughters of men; afterwards Ham
and Japhet, Abraham and Pharaoh, Jacob and Esau; and so it is even to
the end, Moses and the magicians, the Prophets and the false prophets,
the Apostles and the false apostles, Christ and Antichrist. Thus it was
then, both before and at that time. Then there was Theudas, then Simon,
then were the Apostles, then too this party of Hermogenes and Philetus.
In short, there was no time when falsehood was not set up in opposition
to truth. Let us not therefore be distressed. That it would be so, was
foretold from the beginning. Therefore he says, "Know that in the last
days perilous times shall come. For men shall be lovers of their own
selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents,
unthankful, unholy, without natural affection." The unthankful then is
unholy, and this is natural, for what will he be to others, who is not
grateful to his benefactor? The unthankful man is a truce-breaker, he
is without natural affection.
505
in themselves, whilst they commit many sins and offenses, find
consolation in defaming the characters of others.
"Incontinent," with respect both to their tongue and
their appetite, and everything else.
"Fierce," hence their inhumanity and cruelty, when
any one is covetous selfish, ungrateful, licentious.
"Despisers of those that are good, traitors, heady."
"Traitors," betrayers of friendship; "heady" having no steadiness;
"high-minded," filled with arrogance. "Lover of pleasures more than
lovers of God."
Ver. 5. "Having a form of godliness, but denying the
power thereof."
In the Epistle to the Romans, he says somewhat on
this wise, "Having the form of knowledge and of the truth in the law"
(Rom. ii. 20), where he speaks in commendation of it: but here he
speaks of this sin as an evil beyond all other defects. And why is
this? Because he does not use the words in the same signification. For
an image is often taken to signify a likeness; but sometimes a thing
without life, and worthless. Thus he says himself in his Epistle to the
Corinthians, "A man ought not to cover his head, forasmuch as he is the
image and glory of God." (1 Cor. xi. 7.) But the Prophet says, "Man
walketh in an image." (Ps. xxxix. 9, Gr.) And the Scripture sometimes
takes a lion to represent royalty, as, "He couched as a lion, and as a
lion's whelp, who shall raise him up?" (Gen. xlix. 9, Gr.) And
sometimes to signify rapacity, as, "a ravening and a roaring lion."
(Ps. xxii. 13.) And we ourselves do the same. For as things are
compounded and varied in themselves, they are fitly adduced for various
images and examples. As when we would express our admiration of a
beautiful woman, we say, she is like a picture; and when we admire a
painting, we say that it speaks, that it breathes But we do not mean to
express the same thing, but in one case to mark likeness, in the other
beauty. So here with respect to form, in the one passage, it means a
model, or representation, a doctrine, or pattern of godliness; in the
other, something that is lifeless, a mere appear out the power. For as
a fair and florid body, when it has no strength, is like a painted
figure, so is a right faith apart from works. For let us suppose any
one to be "covetous, a traitor, heady," and yet to believe aright; of
what advantage is it, if he wants all the qualities becoming a
Christian, if he does not the works that characterize godliness, but
outdoes the Greeks in impiety, when he is a mischief to those with whom
he associates, causes God to be blasphemed, and the doctrine to be
slandered by his evil deeds?
"From such turn away" he says. But how is this, if
men are to be so "in the latter times"? There were probably then such,
in some degree at least, though not to the same excess. But, in truth,
through him he warns all to turn away from such characters.
Ver. 6. "For of this sort are they which creep into
houses, and lead captive silly women laden with sins, led away with
divers lust."
Vet. 7. "Ever learning, and never able to come to
the knowledge of the truth."
Do you see them employing the artifice of that old
deceiver, the weapons which the devil used against Adam? "Entering into
houses," he says. Observe how he shows their impudence by this
expression,(1) their dishonorable ways, their deceitfulness. "Leading
captive silly women," so that he who is easy to be deceived is a "silly
woman," and nothing like a man: for to be deceived is the part of silly
women. "Laden with sins." See whence arises their persuasion, from
their sins, from their being conscious to themselves of nothing good!
And with great propriety has he said "laden."(2) For this expression
marks the multitude of their sins, and their state of disorder and
confusion; "led away with divers lusts." He does not accuse nature, for
it is not women simply, but such women as these, that he blames. And
why "divers lusts"? by that are implied their various faults, their
luxury, their disorderly conduct, their wantonness. "Divers lust" he
says, that is, of glory, of wealth, of pleasure, of self-will, of
honor: and perchance other vile desires are implied.
"Ever learning, and never able to come to the
knowledge of the truth." He does not say thus to excuse, but to
threaten them severely; for their understanding was callous because
they had weighed themselves down with lusts and sins.
Ver. 8. "Now as Jannes and Jambres withstood Moses,
so do these also resist the truth."
Who are these?(3) The magicians in the time of
Moses. But how is it their names are nowhere else introduced? Either
they were handed down by tradition, or it is probable that Paul knew
them by inspiration.
"Men of corrupt minds," he says, "reprobate
concerning the faith."
Ver. 9. "But they shall proceed no further; for
their folly shall be manifested unto all men, as theirs also was."
"They shall proceed no further"; how then
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does he say elsewhere, "They will increase unto more ungodliness"? (2
Tim. ii. 16.) He there means, that beginning to innovate and to
deceive, they will not pause in their error, but will always invent new
deceits and corrupt doctrines, for error is never stationary. But here
he says, that they shall not be able to deceive, nor carry men away
with them, for however at first they may seem to impose upon them, they
will soon and easily be detected. For that he is speaking to this
effect appears from what follows. "For their folly shall be manifest
unto all." Whence? Every way--" as theirs also was." For if errors
flourish at first, they do not continue to the end for so it is with
things that are not fair by nature, but fair in appearance; they
flourish for a time, and then are detected, and come to nought. But not
such are our doctrines, and of these thou art a witness, for in our
doctrines there is no deceit, for who would choose to die for a deceit?
Ver. 10. "But thou hast fully known(1) my doctrine."
Wherefore be strong; for thou wert not merely present, but didst follow
closely. Here he seems to imply that the period had been long, in that
he says, "Thou hast followed up my doctrine"; this refers to his
discourse. "Manner of life"; this to his conduct. "Purpose"; this to
his zeal, and the firmness of his soul. I did not say these things, he
says, and not do them; nor was I a philosopher in words only. "Faith,
longsuffering." He means how none of these things troubled me.
"Charity," which those men had not; "patience," nor yet this. Towards
the heretics, he means, I show much longsuffering; "patience," that
under persecution.
Ver. 11. "Persecutions, afflictions"
There are two things that disquiet a teacher, the
number of heretics, and men's wanting fortitude to endure sufferings.
And yet he has[2] said much about these, that such always have been,
and always will be, and no age will be free from them, and that they
will not be able to injure us, and that in the world there are vessels
of gold and of silver. You see how he proceeds to discourse about his
afflictions, "which came upon me at Antioch, at Iconium, at Lystra."
Why has he selected these instances out of many?
Because the rest was known to Timothy, and these perhaps were new
events, and he does not mention the former ones, for he is not
enumerating them particularly, for he is not actuated by ambition or
vainglory, but he recounts them for the consolation of his disciple,
not from ostentation. And here he speaks of Antioch in Pisidia, and
Lystra, whence Timothy himself was. "What persecutions I endured."
There was twofold matter of consolation, that I displayed a generous
zeal, and that I was not forsaken. It cannot be said, that God
abandoned me, but He rendered my crown more radiant.
"What persecutions I endured: but out of But why, he
says, should I speak only of myself? Each one that will live godly will
be persecuted. Here he calls afflictions and sorrows, "persecutions,"
for it is not possible that a man pursuing the course of virtue should
not be exposed to grief, tribulation, and temptations. For how can he
escape it who is treading in the strait and narrow way, and who has
heard, that "in the world ye shall have tribulation"? (John xvi. 33.)
If Job in his time said, "The life of man upon earth h a state of
trial" (Job vii. 1, Gr.); how much more was it so in those days?
Ver. 13. "But evil men and seducers shall wax worse
and worse, deceiving, and being deceived?."
Let none of these things, he says, disturb thee, if
they are in prosperity, and thou in trials. Such is the nature of the
case. From my own instance thou mayest learn that it is impossible for
man, in his warfare with the wicked, not to be exposed to tribulation.
One cannot be in combat and live luxuriously, one cannot be wrestling
and feasting. Let none therefore of those who are contending seek for
ease or joyous living. Again, the present state is contest, warfare,
tribulation, straits, and trials, and the very scene of conflicts. The
season for rest is not now, this is the time for toil and labor. No one
who has just stripped and anointed himself thinks of ease. If thou
thinkest of ease, why didst thou strip, or prepare to fight? "But do I
not maintain the fight?" you say. What, when thou dost not conquer thy
desires, nor reset the evil bias of nature?
Ver. 14. "But continue thou in the things that thou
hast learned and hast been assured of, knowing of whom thou hast
learned them; And that from a child thou hast known the holy
Scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation through the
faith which in Christ Jesus."
What is this? As the prophet David exhorted, saying,
"Be not thou envious against the workers of iniquity" (Ps. xxxvii. 1)
so Paul exhorts, "Continue thou in the things which thou hast learned"
and not simply learned, but "hast been assured of," that is, hast
believed. And what have I believed? That this is the Life. And if thou
seest things happening contrary to thy belief, be not troubled. The
same hap-
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called" (Gen. xxi. 12); and he was commanded to sacrifice Isaac yet he
was not troubled nor dismayed. Let no one be offended because of the
wicked. This the Scripture taught from the beginning.
What then, if the good be in prosperity, and the
wicked be punished? The one is likely to happen, the other not so. For
the wicked will possibly be punished, but the good cannot always be
rejoicing. No one was equal to Paul yet he passed all his life in
afflictions, in tears and groanings night and day. "For the space of
three years," he says, "I ceased not to warn every one night and day
with tears." (Acts xx. 31.) And again: "That which cometh upon me
daily." (1 Cor. xi. 28.) He did not rejoice to-day, and grieve
to-morrow, but he ceased not daily to grieve. How then does he say,
"Evil men shall wax worse and worse"? He has not said, they shall find
rest, but" they shall wax worse and worse." Their progress is for the
worse. He has not said, they shall be in prosperity. But if they are
punished, they are punished that thou mayest not suppose their sins are
unavenged. For since we are not deterred from wickedness by the fear of
hell, in very tenderness He rouses us from our insensibility, and
awakens us. If no wicked man was ever punished, no one would believe
that God presides over human affairs. If all were punished, no one
would expect a future resurrection, since all had receded their due
here. On this account He both punishes, and forbears to punish. On this
account the righteous suffer tribulation here, because they are
sojourners, and strangers, and are in a foreign country. The just
therefore endure these things for the purpose of trial. For hear what
God said to Job: "Thinkest thou that I have warned thee other- any
affliction suffer but the punishment of their sins. Under all
circumstances, therefore, whether afflictive or otherwise, let us give
thanks to God. For both are beneficial. He does nothing in hatred or
enmity to us, but all things from care and consideration for us.
"Knowing that from a child thou hast known the
sacred writings. The holy Scriptures he calls "sacred writings." In
these thou wast nurtured, so that through them thy faith ought to be
firm and unshaken. For the root was laid deep, and nourished by length
of time,(2) nor will anything subvert it. that is, they will not suffer
thee to have any foolish feeling, such as most men have. For he who
knows the Scriptures as he ought, is not offended at anything that
happens; he endures all things manfully, referring them partly to
faith, and to the incomprehensible nature of the divine dispensation,
and partly knowing reasons for them, and finding examples in the
Scriptures. Since it is a great sign of knowledge not to be curious
about everything, nor to wish to know all things. And if you will allow
me, I will explain myself by an example. Let us suppose a river, or
rather rivers (I ask no allowance, I only speak of what rivers really
are,) all are not of the same depth. Some have a shallow bed, others
one deep enough to drown one unacquainted with it. In one part there
are whirlpools, and not in another. It is good therefore to forbear to
make trial of all,(3) and it is no small proof of knowledge not to wish
to sound all the depths: whereas he that would venture on every part of
the river, is really most ignorant of the peculiar nature of rivers and
will often be in danger of perishing from venturing into the deeper
parts with the same boldness with which he crossed the shallows. So it
is in the things of God. He that will know all things, and ventures to
intrude into everything, he it is that h most ignorant what God is. And
of rivers indeed, the greater part is safe, and the depths and
whirlpools few, but with respect to the things of God, the greater part
is hidden, and it is not possible to trace out His works. Why then art
thou bent on drowning thyself in those depths?
Know this, however, that God dispenses all things,
that He provides for all, that we are free agents, that some things He
works, and some things He permits; that He wills noting evil to be
done; that all things are not done by His will, but some by ours also;
all evil things by ours alone, all good things by our will conjointly
with His influence; and that nothing is without His knowledge.
Therefore He worketh all things.(4) Thou then knowing this canst reckon
what things are good, what are evil, and what are indifferent. Thus
virtue is good, vice is evil; but riches and poverty life and death,
are things indifferent. If thou knowest this, thou wilt know thereby,
that the righteous are afflicted that they may be crowned, the wicked,
that they may receive the punishment of their sins. But all sinners are
not punished here, lest the generality
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should disbelieve the Resurrection; nor all the righteous afflicted,
lest men should think that vice, and not virtue, is approved. These are
the rules and limits. Bring what you will to the test of these, and you
will not be perplexed with doubt. For as there is among calculators the
number of six thousand, to which all things can be reduced, and
everything can be divided and multiplied in the scale of six thousand,
and this is known to all who are acquainted with arithmetic(1); so he
who knows those rules, which I will briefly recapitulate, will never be
offended. And what are these? That virtue is a good, vice an evil; that
diseases, poverty, ill-treatment, false accusations, and the like, are
things indifferent; that the righteous are afflicted here or if ever
they are in prosperity, it is that virtue may not appear odious; that
the wicked enjoy pleasure now that hereafter they may be punished, or
if they are sometimes visited, it is that vice may not seem to be
approved, nor their actions to go unpunished; that all are not
punished, lest there should be a disbelief of the time of resurrection;
that even of the good, some who have done bad actions are quit of them
here; and of the wicked, some have good ones, and are rewarded for them
here, that their wickedness may be punished hereafter (Matt. vi. 5);
that the works of God are for the most part incomprehensible, and that
the difference between us and Him is greater than can be expressed. If
we reason on these grounds, nothing will be able to trouble or perplex
us. If we listen to the Scriptures continually, we shall find many such
examples.
"Which are able," he says, "to make thee wise unto
salvation."
For the Scriptures suggest to us what is to be done,
and what is not to be done. For hear this blessed one elsewhere saying,
"Thou art confident that thou thyself art a guide of the blind, a light
of them which are in darkness, an instructor of the foolish, a teacher
of babes?" (Rom. ii. 19, 20.) Thou seest that the Law is the light of
them which are in darkness; and if that which showeth the letter, the
letter which killeth, is light, what then is the Spirit which
quickeneth? If the Old Covenant is light, what is the New, which
contains so many, and so great revelations? where the difference is as
great, as if any one should open heaven to those who only know the
earth, and make all things there visible. There we learn concerning
hell, heaven, and judgment. Let us not believe in things irrational.
They are nothing but imposture. "What," you say, "when what they
foretell comes to pass?" It is because you believe it, if it does come
to pass. The impostor has taken thee captive. Thy life is in his power,
he manages thee as he win. If a captain of robbers should have under
his power and disposal the son of a king, who had fled to him,
preferring the desert, and his lawless company, would he be able to
pronounce whether he would live or die? Assuredly he would, not because
he knows the future, but because he is the disposer of his life or
death, the youth having put himself in his power. For according to his
own pleasure, he may either kill him, or spare his life, as he is
become subject to him, and it is equally at his(2) disposal to sat
whether thou shalt be rich or poor. The greater part of the world have
delivered themselves up into the hands of the devil.
And furthermore, it contributes much to favor the
pretenses of these deceivers, that a man has accustomed himself to
believe in them. For no one takes notice of their failures, but their
lucky conjectures are observed. But if these men have any power of
prognosticating, bring them to me, a believer. I say not this, as
magnifying myself, (for it is no great honor to be superior to these
things,) and indeed I am deep-laden with sins; but with respect to
these matters, I will not be humble-minded; by the grace of God I
despise them all. Bring me this pretender to magic; let him, if he has
any power of prognosticating, tell me what will happen to me to-morrow.
But he will not tell me. For I am under the power of the King, and he
has no claim to my allegiance or submission. I am far from his holes
and caverns. I war under the king. "But some one committed theft," you
say, "and this man discovered it." This is not always true, certainly,
but for the most part absurdities and falsehoods. For they know
nothing. If indeed they know anything, they ought rather to speak of
their own concerns, how the numerous offerings to their idols have been
stolen, how so much of their gold has been melted. Why have they not
informed their Priests? Even for the sake of money, they have not been
able to give information when their idol-temples have been burnt, and
many have perished with them.(3) Why do they not provide for their own
salty? But it is altogether a matter of chance, if they have predicted
anything. With us there are prophets, and they do not fail. They do not
speak truth in one instance and falsehood in another, but always
declare the truth; for this is the privilege of foreknowledge.
Cease, then, from this madness, I beseech
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you, if at bast you believe in Christ; and if you believe not, why do
you expose yourselves? Why do you deceive? "How long win ye halt on
both your hips?" (1 Kings xviii. 21, Sept.) Why do you go to them? Why
enquire of them? The infant you go to them, the infant you enquire, you
put yourself in slavery to them. For you enquire, as if you believed.
"No," you say, "I do not enquire, as believing, but making trial of
them." But to make trial, whether they speak the truth, is the part not
of one who believes that they are false, but of one who still doubts.
Wherefore then dost thou enquire what will happen? For if they
answered, "This will happen, but do so and so, and thou wilt escape
it"; even in that case thou oughtest by no means to be an idolater; yet
thy madness were not so great. But if they foretell future events,(1)
he that listens to them will gain nothing more than unavailing sorrow.
The event does not happen, but he suffers the uneasiness, and
torments(2) himself.
If it were for our good, God would not have grudged
us this foreknowledge. He who has revealed to us things in heaven,
would not have envied us. For, "All things," He says, "that I have
heard of the Father I have made known unto you "; and, "I call you not
servants, but friends. Ye are my friends" (John xv. 15.) Why then did
He not make these things known unto us? Because He would not have us
concerned about them. And as a proof that He does not envy us this
knowledge, such things were revealed to the ancients, because they were
babes, even about an ass,(4) and the like. But to us, because He would
not have us concerned about such things, He has not cared to reveal
them. But what do we learn? Things which they never knew, for little
indeed were all those things of old. But what we are taught is this,
that we shall rise again, that we shall be immortal, and incorruptible,
that our life shall have no end, that all things will pass away, that
we shall be caught up in the clouds, that the wicked shall suffer
punishment, and numberless other things, and in all these there is no
falsehood. Is it not better to know these than to hear that the ass
that was lost is found? Lo, thou hast gotten thine ass! Lo, thou hast
found him! What is thy gain? Will he not soon be lost again some other
way? For if he leave thee not, at bast thou wilt lose him in thy death.
But the things which I have mentioned, if we will but hold them fast,
we shall retain perpetually. These therefore let us pursue. To these
stable and enduring goods let us attach ourselves. Let us not give heed
to soothsayers, fortune-tellers, and jugglers, but to God who knoweth
all things certainly, whose knowledge is universal. Thus we shall know
all that it befits us to know, and shall obtain all good things,
through the grace and lovingkindness, &c.
HOMILY IX.
2 TIMOTHY iii. 16, 17.
"All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for
doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in
righteousness: That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished
unto all good works." [R. V.: Every Scripture inspired of God is also
profitable &c.]
HAVING offered much exhortation and consolation from
other sources, he adds that which is more perfect, derived from the
Scriptures; and he is reasonably full in offering consolation, be-
breath, when he saw him departing as it were in death,(3) rent his
garments for grief, what think to die, and that he could not enjoy his
company when he was near his death which is above all things apt to be
distressing? For we are less grateful for the past time, when we have
been deprived of the more recent intercourse of those who are departed.
For this reason when he had previously offered much consolation, he
then discourses concerning his own death: and this m no ordinary way,
but is words adapted to comfort him and fill him with joy; so as to
have it considered as a sacrifice rather than a death; a migration, as
in fact it was, and a removal to a better state. "For I am now ready to
be offered up" (2 Tim. iv. 6), he says. For this reason he writes: "All
Scripture is given by inspiration of God,(5) and is profitable for
doctrine,
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for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness" All what
Scripture? all that sacred writing, he means, of which I was speaking.
This is said of what he was discoursing of; about which he said, "From
a child thou hast known the holy Scriptures." All such, then, "is given
by inspiration of God"; therefore, he means, do not doubt; and it is
"profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction
in righteousness: that the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly
furnished unto all good works"
"For doctrine." For thence we shall know, whether we
ought to learn or to be ignorant of anything. And thence we may
disprove what is false, thence we may be corrected and brought to a
right mind, may be comforted and consoled, and if anything is
deficient, we may have it added to us.
"That the man of God may be perfect." For this is
the exhortation of the Scripture given, that the man of God may be
rendered perfect by it; without this therefore he cannot be perfect.
Thou hast the Scriptures, he says, in place of me. If thou wouldest
learn anything, thou mayest learn it from them. And if he thus wrote to
Timothy, who was filled with the Spirit, how much more to us!
"Thoroughly furnished unto all good works";
Chap. iv. 1. "I charge thee therefore before God,
and the Lord Jesus Christ, Who shall judge the quick and the dead."
He either means the wicked and the just, or the
departed and those that are still living; for many will be left alive.
In the former Epistle he raised his fears, saying. "I give thee charge
in the sight of God, Who quickeneth all things" (1 Tim. vi. 13): but
here he sets before him what is more dreadful "Who shall judge the
quick and the dead," that is, Who shall call them to account "at His
appearing and His kingdom."When shah He judge? at His appearing with
glory, and in His kingdom. Either he says this to show that He will not
come in the way that He now has come, or, "I call to witness His
coming, and His kingdom. He calls Him to witness, showing that he had
reminded Him of that appearing. Then teaching him how he ought to
preach the word, he adds,
Ver. 2. "Preach the word: be infant in season, out
of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all longsuffering and doctrine."
What means "in season, out of season"? That is, have
not any limited season: let it always be thy season, not only in peace
and security, and when sitting in the Church. Whether thou be in
danger, in prison, in chains, or going to thy death, at that very time
reprove. Withhold not rebuke, for reproof is then most seasonable, when
thy rebuke will be most successful, when the reality is proved.
"Exhort," he says. After the manner of physicians, having shown the
wound, he gives the incision, he applies the plaster. For if you omit
either of these, the other becomes useless. If you rebuke without
convicting you will seem to be rash, and no one will tolerate it, but
after the matter is proved, he will submit to rebuke: before, he will
be headstrong. And if you convict and rebuke, but vehemently, and do
not apply exhortation,(1) all your labor will be lost. For
conviction(2) is intolerable in itself if consolation be not mingled
with it. As if incision, though salutary in itself, have not plenty of
lenitives to assuage the pain, the patient cannot endure cutting and
hacking, so it is in this matter.
"With all longsuffering and doctrine." For he that
reproves is required to be longsuffering, that he may not believe
hastily, and rebuke needs consolation, that it may be received as it
ought. And why to "longsuffering" does he add "doctrine"? "Not as in
anger, not as in hatred, not as insulting over him, not as having
caught an enemy. Far be these things from thee." But how? As loving as
sympathizing with him, as more distressed than himself at his grief, as
melted at his sufferings? "With all longsuffering and doctrine." No
ordinary teaching is implied.
Ver. 3. "For the time will come when they will not
endure sound doctrine."
Before they grow stiffnecked,(3) preoccupy them all.
For this reason he says, "in season, out of season "; do everything so
as to have willing disciples.
"But after their own lusts," he says, "shall they
heap to themselves teachers."
Nothing can be more expressive than these words For
by saying "they shall heap to themselves," he shows the indiscriminate
multitude of the teachers, as also by their being elected by their
disciples. "They shall heap to themselves teachers" he says, "having
itching ears." Seeking for such as speak to gratify and delight their
hearers.
Ver. 4. "And they shall turn away their ears from
the truth, and be turned unto fables."
This he foretells, not as willing to throw him into
despair, but to prepare him to bear it firmly, when it shall happen. As
Christ also did m saying "They will deliver you up, and they will
scourge you, and bring you before the synagogues, for My name's sake."
(Matt. x. 17.) And this blessed man elsewhere says, "For I know this,
that after my departures shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not
sparing the flock." (Acts
511
xx. 29.) But this he said that they might watch, and duly use the
present opportunity.
Ver. 5. "But watch thou in all things, endure
affliction."
It was for this therefore, that he foretold these
things; as Christ also toward the end predicted that there should be
"false Christs and false prophets ; so he too, when he was about to
depart, spoke of these things. "But watch thou in all things, endure
affliction"; that is, labor, preoccupy their minds before this
pestilence assails them; secure the safety of the sheep before the
wolves enter in, everywhere endure hardship.
"Do the work of an evangelist, make full proof of
thy ministry." Thus it was the work of an evangelist that he should
endure hardship, both in himself, and from those without; "make full
proof of" that is, fulfill" thy ministry." And behold another necessity
for his enduring affliction,
Ver. 6. "For I am now ready to be poured out,(1) and
the time of my departure is at hand."
He has not said of my sacrifice; but, what is
Often, when I have taken the Apostle into my hands,
and have considered this passage, I have been at a loss to understand
why Paul here speaks so loftily: "I have fought the good fight." But
now by the grace of God I seem to have found it out. For what purpose
then does he speak thus? He is desirous to console the despondency of
his disciple, and therefore bids him be of good cheer, since he was
going to his crown, having finished all his work, and obtained a
glorious end. Thou oughtest to rejoice, he says, not to grieve. And
why? Because, "I have fought the good fight." As a father whose son was
sitting by him, bewailing his orphan state, might console him, saying,
Weep not, my son; we have lived a good life, we have arrived at old
age, and now we leave thee. Our life has been irreproachable, we depart
with glory, and thou mayest be held in admiration for our actions, Our
king is much indebted to us. As if he had said, We have raised
trophies, we have conquered enemies, and this not boastfully. God
forbid; but to raise up his dejected son, and to encourage him by his
praises in heart." (1 Thess. ii. 17.) If he then felt so much at being
separated from his disciples, what thinkest thou were the feelings of
Timothy? If on parting from him whilst living he wept, so that Paul
says, "Being mindful of thy tears, that I may be filled with joy." (2
Tim. i. 4), how much more at his death? These things then he wrote to
console him. Indeed the whole Epistle is full of consolation, and is a
sort of Testament. "I have fought the good fight, I have finished my
course, I have kept the faith." "A good fight," he says, therefore do
thou engage in it. But is that a good fight, where there are
imprisonment, chains, and death? Yea, he says for it is fought in the
cause of Christ, and great crowns are won in it. "The good fight"!
There is no worthier than this contest. This crown is without end. This
is not of olive leaves. It has not a human umpire. It has not men for
spectator. The theater is crowded with Angels. There men labor many
days, and suffer hardships, and for one hour they receive the crown,
and immediately all the pleasure passes away. But here far otherwise,
it continues for ever in brightness, us both to contend and to run; to
contend, by enduring afflictions firmly, and to run, not vainly, but to
some good end. It is truly a good fight, not only delighting, but
benefiting the spectator: and the race does not end in nothing It is
not a mere display of strength and of rivalry. It draws all up to
heaven. This race is, brighter than the sun's yea, this which Paul ran
upon earth, than that which he runs in heaven. And how had he "finished
his course"? He traversed the whole world, beginning from Galilee and
Arabia, and advancing to the extremities of the each, so that, as he
says, "From Jerusalem and round about unto Illyricum I have fully
preached the Gospel of Christ." (Rom. xv. 19.) He passed over the earth
like a bird, or rather more swiftly than a bird: for a bird only flies
over it, but he, having the wing of the Spirit, made his way through
numberless impediments, dangers, deaths, and calamities, so that he was
even teeter than a bird. Had he been a mere bird, he might have
alighted and been taken, but bring upborne by the Spirit he soared
above all snares as a bird with a wing of fire.
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solation of his disciples, but he further adds the rewards. And what
are these?
Ver. 8. "Henceforth there is laid up for me a crown
of righteousness."
Here again he calls virtue in general righteousness.
Thou shouldest not grieve that I shall depart, to be invested with that
crown which will by Christ be placed upon my head. But if I continued
here, truly thy mightest rather grieve, and fear lest I should fail and
perish.
Ver. 8. "Which the Lord, the righteous Judge, shall
give me at that day, and not to me Christ? By rejoicing at His coming;
and he who rejoices at His coming, will perform works worthy of His
joy; he will throw away his substance if need be, and even his life, so
that he may obtain future blessings, that he may be thought worthy to
behold that second coming in a fitting state, in confidence, in
brightness and glory. This is to "love His appearing." He who loves His
appearing will do everything to ensure, before His general coming, a
particular coming to himself. And how, you will say, is this possible?
Hear from Christ, who and make Our abode with him." (John xiv. promise
to come to us in particular: for He says, "We will come and make Our
abode with him." If any man "love His appearing," he will do everything
to invite Him to himself, and to hold Him, that the light may shine
upon him. Let there be nothing unworthy of His coming, and He will soon
take up His abode with us.
And it is called His "Epiphany,"(1) because He will
appear above,(2) and shine forth from on high. Let us therefore "seek
those things that are above," and we shall soon draw down those beams
upon us. None of those who grovel below, and bury themselves in this
lower earth, will be able to view the light of that Sun. None of those
who defile themselves with worldly things will be able to behold that
Sun of right- thyself from that depth, from the waves of a worldly
life, if thou wouldest see the Sun, and enjoy His appearing. Then thou
wilt see Him with great confidence. Be even now a philosopher. Let not
a spirit of perverseness possess thee, lest He smite thee severely, and
bring thee low. Let not thy heart be hardened; nor darkened, lest thou
be shipwrecked there. Let there be no self-deceit. For the rocks
beneath the sea cause the most fatal shipwrecks. Nourish no wild
beasts, I mean evil passions, worse than wild beasts. Confide not in
things ever flowing, that thou mayest be able to stand firmly. None can
stand upon water, but upon a rock all find a secure footing. Worldly
things are as water, as a torrent, that passes away. "The waters," he
saith, "are come in unto my soul." (Ps. lxix. that we suffer for
Christ. This divine incantation let us repeat, and it will charm away
the pain of every wound.
And how can we suffer for Christ, you ask? If one
accuse thee falsely in any case, not on account of Christ, yet if thou
bearest it patiently, if thou givest thanks, if thou prayest for him,
all this thou doest for Christ. But if thou curse him, if thou utter
discontent, if thou attempt to revenge it, though thou shouldest not be
able, it is not for Christ's sake; thou sufferest loss, and art
deprived of thy reward on account of thy intention. For it rests with
us either to the disposition of our own minds. As, for instance, great
were the sufferings of Job, yet he suffered with thankfulness; and he
was justified, not because he suffered, but because in suffering he
endured it thankfully. Another under the same sufferings, yet not the
same, for none ever suffered like Job--but under lighter sufferings,
exclaims is impatient, curses the whole world, and complains against
God. He is condemned and sentenced, not because he suffered, but
because he blasphemed; and he blasphemed, not from any necessity
arising from his afflictions, since if necessity arising from events
were the cause, Job too must have blasphemed; but since he, who
suffered more severely, did no such thing, it did not come to pass from
this cause, but from the man's weakness of purpose. We want therefore
strength of soul, and nothing will then appear grievous, but if our
soul is weak, we find a grievance in everything.
According to our dispositions, all things become
tolerable or intolerable. Let us strengthen our resolution, and we
shall bear all things easily. The tree whose roots are fixed deep in
the earth is not shaken by the utmost violence of the storm, but if it
be set lightly in the surface of
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the ground, a slight gust of wind will tear it up from the roots. So it
is with us; if our flesh be nailed down by the fear of God, nothing
will be able to shake us; but if we merely intend well, a little shock
will subvert and destroy us. Where- soul cleaveth to Thee "; observe,
he says not, draweth nigh, but "cleaveth to Thee"; and again, "My soul
thirsteth for Thee." (Ps. lxii. 3.) He said not merry "longeth," that
he might by such words express the vehemence of so to cleave and be
united to Him, that we may never be separated from Him. If thus we hold
by God, if thus we rivet our thoughts upon Him, if we thirst with the
love of Him, all that we desire will be ours, and we shall obtain the
good things to come, in Jesus Christ our Lord, to whom with the Father
and the Holy Ghost be glory, power, and honor, now and for ever. Amen.
HOMILY X.
2 TIMOTHY iv. 9-13.
"Do thy diligence to come shortly unto me: For Demas hath forsaken me,
having loved this present world, and is departed unto Thessalonica;
Crescens to Galatia, Titus unto Dalmatia. Only Luke is with me. Take
Mark, and bring him with thee: for he is profitable to me for the
ministry. And Tychicus have I sent to Ephesus. The cloak that I left at
Troas with Carpus, when thou comest, bring with thee, and the books,
but especially the parchments."
IT is worth while to enquire why he calls Timothy to
him, inasmuch as he was intrusted with a Church, and a whole nation. It
was not from arrogance. For Paul was ready to come to him; for we find
him saying, "But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how thou
oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God." (1 Tim. iii.15.) But
he was withholden by a strong necessity. He was no longer matter of his
own movements. He was in prison, and had been confined by Nero, and was
all but on the point of death. That this might not happen before he saw
his disciple, he therefore sends for him, desiring to see him before he
dies, and perhaps to deliver much in charge to him. Wherefore he says
"Hasten to come to me before the winter."
"For Demas hath forsaken me, having loved this
present world." He does not say, "That I may see thee before I depart
this life," which would have grieved him, but "because I am alone," he
says, "and have no one to help or support me."
"For Demas hath forsaken me, having loved this
present world, and is deputed to Thessalonica"; that is, having loved
his own ease and security from danger, he has chosen rather to live
luxuriously at home, than to suffer hardships with me, and share my
present danger. He has blamed him alone, not for the sake of blaming
him, but to confirm us, that we may not be effeminate in declining
toils and dangers, for this is, "having loved this present world." At
the same time he wishes to draw his disciple to him.
"Crescens to Galatia, Titus to Dalmatia."
These he does not censure. For Titus was one of the
most admirable men, so that to him he intrusted the affairs of the
island, no small island, I mean, but that great one of Crete.
"Only Luke is with me." For he adhered to him
inseparably. It was he who wrote the Gospel, and the General(2) Acts;
he was devoted to labors, and to learning, and a man of fortitude; of
him Paul writes, "whose praise is in the Gospel throughout all the
Churches." (2 COR. viii. 18.)
"Take Mark, and bring him with thee, for he is
profitable to me for the ministry."
It is not for his own relief, but for the ministry
imprisoned, he did not cease to preach. So it was on the same account
he sent for Timothy, not for his own, but for the Gospel's sake, that
his death might occasion no disturbance to the faithful, when many of
his own disciples were present to prevent tumults, and to console those
who would scarce have endurance to bear up at his death. For it is
probable that the believers at Rome were men of consequence.
"And Tychicus have I sent to Ephesus. The cloak that
I left at Troas with Carpus, when thou comest bring with thee, and the
books, but especially the parchments."
The word here translated "cloak"(4) may
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mean a garment, or, as some say, a bag, in which the books were
contained. But what had he to do with books, who was about to depart
and go to God? He needed them much, that he might deposit them in the
hands of the faithful, who would retain them in place of his own
teaching. All the faithful, then, would suffer a great blow, but
particularly those who were present at his death, and then enjoyed his
society. But the cloak he requires, that he might not be obliged to
receive one from another. For we see him making a great point of
avoiding this; and elsewhere, when he was addressing those from
Ephesus, he says, "Ye know that 35); and again, "It is more blessed to
give than to receive."
Ver. 14. "Alexander the coppersmith did me much
evil; the Lord reward him according to his works."
Here he again makes mention of his trial, not he
might bear them firmly. Though they be mean and contemptible persons,
and without honor, who cause these trials, they ought all, he says, to
be borne with fortitude. For he who suffers wrong from any great
personage, receives no little distinction from the superiority of him
who does the wrong. But he who is injured by a vile and abject person,
suffers the greater annoyance. "He did me much evil," he says, that is,
he persecuted me in various ways. But these things will not go
unpunished! For the Lord will reward him according to his works. As he
said above: "What persecutions I endured, but out of them all the Lord
delivered me." (2 Tim iii. 11.) So also here he consoles his disciples
by a double consideration, that he himself had suffered wrong, and that
the other would be rewarded for his evil deeds. Not that the Saints
rejoice in the punishment of their persecutors, but that the cause of
the Gospel required it, and the weaker would derive consolation from it.
Ver. 15. "Of whom be thou ware also; for he hath
greatly withstood our words."
That is, he is hostile to us, and opposes us. He has
not said, Revenge, punish, expel him, although by the grace given him
he might have so done, but he does no such thing; nor does he arm
Timothy against him, but only commands him to avoid him, leaving
vengeance to God, and for the consolation of the weaker he has
says these things to prepare the mind of his disciple, is manifest also
from what follows. But see how he mentions other of his trials.
Ver. 16. "At my first answer," he says, "no man
stood with me, but all men forsook me: I pray God that it may not be
laid to their charge."
Do you see how he spares his friends,
notwithstanding it was a grievous thing they had done? For it is not
the same thing to be despised by aliens, as by our own friends. Do you
see his intense dejection? It cannot be friends; for these also
betrayed me. "All men," he says "forsook me." And this was no light
offense. For if he that in war abandons one who is exposed to danger,
and shrinks from meeting the hands of his enemies, is justly smitten by
his friends, as having utterly betrayed their cause, much more in the
case of the Gospel. But what "first answer" does he speak of? He had
stood before Nero, and had escaped. But afterwards, because he had
converted his cup-bearer, he was beheaded. And here again is
encouragement for his disciple in what follows.
Ver. 17. "Notwithstanding the Lord stood with me,
and strengthened me."
Though deserted by man, God doth not permit him to
suffer any harm. He strengthened me, he says, that is, He gave me
boldness in speaking. He suffered me not to sink.
"That by me the preaching might be fully known."
That is, might be fulfilled. Observe his great
humility. He does not say He strengthened me as deserving of His gift,
but that "the preaching," with which I was intrusted, "might be fully
known." As if any one should wear a purple robe and a diadem, and to
that circumstance should owe his safety. "And that all the Gentiles
might hear." What is this? That the luster of the Gospel, and the care
of His Providence for me, might be known to all.
"And I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion."
Ver. 18. "And the Lord shall deliver me from every
evil work."
See how near he had been to death. He had fallen
into the very jaws of the lion. For he calls Nero a lion from his
ferocity, and the violent and dating character of his government. "The
Lord delivered me," he says, "and will deliver." But if he says, "He
will deliver me," why does he say, "I am ready to be offered"? Attend
to the expression, "He delivered me," he says, "from the lion's mouth";
and again, "He will deliver me," not from the lion's mouth, but "from
every evil work." For then He delivered me from the danger; but now
that enough has been done for the Gospel, He will yet again
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deliver me from every sin that is, He will not suffer me to depart with
condemnation. For striving against sin" (Heb. xii. 4), and not yield,
is a deliverance from another lion, even the devil, so that this
preservation is greater than the former when he seems to be given up.
"And will preserve me unto His heavenly kingdom; to
Whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen,"
This then is salvation, when we shine forth there.
But what means, "He will preserve me unto His kingdom"? He will deliver
me from all blame, and preserve me there. For this is to be preserved
unto His kingdom, to die here on account of it. For "He that hateth his
life in this world shall keep it unto life eternal." (John xii. 25.)
"To whom be glory." Lo, here is a doxology to the
Son.
Ver. 19. "Salute Priscilla and Aquila, and the
household of Onesiphorus."
For he was then in Rome, of whom he said "The Lord
grant unto him that he may find mercy of the Lord in that day." (2 Tim.
i. 18.) By this naming of him, he makes those of his household also
more zealous in such good actions.
"Salute Priscilla and Aquila." These are they of
whom he makes continual mention, with whom too he had lodged, and who
had taken Apollos to them. He names the woman first, as being I suppose
more zealous, and more faithful, for she had then received Apollos; or
it might be done indifferently. And it was to them no slight
consolation to be thus saluted.(1) It conveyed a demonstration of
esteem and love, and a participation in much grace. For the bare
salutation of that holy and blessed man was sufficient to fill with
grace him who received it.
Ver. 20. "Erastus abode at Corinth: but Trophimus
have I left at Miletum sick."
This Trophimus and Tychicus, we know from the book
of the Acts, sailed away with him from Judea, and were everywhere his
companions, perhaps as being more zealous than the rest.
""Trophimus I have let at Miletum sick." Why then
didst thou not hem him, instead of leaving him? The Apostles could not
do everything or they did not dispense miraculous gifts upon all
occasions, lest more should be ascribed whose voice was weak. Why was
not this defect removed? Nay, he was often afflicted with grief and
dejection, and he was not admitted into the Land of Promise.
For many things were permitted by God, that the
weakness of human nature might be manifested. And if with these defects
the insensible Jews could ask, Where is Moses who brought us would they
not have been affected towards him if he had brought them also into the
Land of Promise? If he had not been suffered to be overpowered by the
fear of Pharaoh, would they not have thought him a God? We see that the
people of Lystra were thus affected in the case when they rent their
clothes, and ran in among when he had healed the man lame from his
birth, when all were amazed at the miracle, answered and said, "Ye men
of Israel, why marvel ye at this, or why look ye so earnestly on us, as
though by our own power or holiness we had made this man to walk"?
(Acts iii. 12.) Hear also the blessed Paul, saying, "There was given to
me a thorn in the flesh, lest I should be exalted above measure." (2
Cor. xii. 7.) But this, you say, was an expression of humility. Far
from it. The thorn was not sent him that he might be humble, nor does
he say this only out of humility. There are other causes besides to be
assigned for it. Observe therefore how God, accounting for it, says,
"My grace is sufficient for thee"; not "that thou mayest not be exited
above measure," but what? "For my strength is made perfect in
weakness." Two ends therefore were answered at once: what was doing was
made dearly manifest, and the whole was ascribed to God. For this cause
he has said elsewhere, "We carry this treasure in earthen vessels" (2
COR. iv. 7); that is, in bodies weak and liable to suffering. Why?
"That the excellency of the power may be of God, and not of us." If our
bodies were not subject to infirmity, all would be ascribed to them.
And elsewhere we see him grieving at the infirmity of Epaphroditus,
concerning whom he writes, "He was sick nigh unto death, but God had
mercy on him." (Phil. ii. 27.) And many other instances there are of
his ignorance of events, which was profitable both for him and his
disciples.
"Trophimus I have left at Miletum sick." Miletus was
near Ephesus, Did this happen then when he sailed to Judea, or upon
some other occasion? For after he had been in Rome, he returned to
Spain, but whether he came thence again into these parts, we know
not.(2) We see him however deserted by all. "For Demas," he says, "hath
forsaken me. Crescens
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is departed into Galatia, Titus to Dalmatia. Erastus abode at Corinth.
Trophimus have I left at Miletum sick."
Ver. 21. "Do thy diligence to come before winter.
Eubulus greeteth thee, and Pudens and Linus, and Claudia?'
This Linus, some say, was second(1) Bishop of the
Church of Rome after Peter. "And Claudia." You see how zealous for the
faith the women were, how ardent! Such was Priscilla and this Claudia
already crucified, already prepared for the battle! But why, when there
were so many faithful, does he mention only these women? Manifestly
because they in purpose had already withdrawn from worldly affairs, and
were illustrious above other. For a woman as such, meets not with any
impediments. It is the work of divine grace, that this sex should be
impeded only in the affairs of this life, or rather not even in them.
For a woman undertakes no small share of the whole administration,
being the keeper of the house. And without her not even political
affairs could be properly conducted. For if their domestic concerns
were in a state of confusion and disorder, those who are engaged in
public affairs would be kept at home, and political business would be
ill managed. So that neither in those matters, as neither in spiritual,
is she inferior. For she is able, if so inclined, to endure a thousand
deaths. Accordingly many women have suffered martyrdom. She is able to
practice chastity even more than men, no such strong flame disturbing
her; "holiness, without which no one shall see the Lord" (Heb. xii,
14); and contempt of wealth, if she will, and in short all other
virtues.
"Do thy diligence to come before winter." See how he
urges him, yet he does not say anything to grieve him. He does not say,
"Before I die," lest he should afflict him; but, "Before winter," that
thou be not detained.
"Eubulus," he says, "greeteth thee, and Pudens, and
Linus, and Claudia, and all the brethren." He does not mention the rest
by name. Seest thou that those were the most zealous?
Ver. 22. "The Lord Jesus Christ be with thy spirit."
There can be no better prayer than this. Grieve not
for my departure. The Lord will be with thee. And he says, not "with
thee," but "with thy spirit." Thus there is a twofold assistance, the
grace of the Spirit,(2) and God helping it. And otherwise God will not
be with us, if we have not spiritual grace. For if we be deserted by
grace, how shall He be with us?
"Grace be with us. Amen."
Thus he prays for himself too, that they may always
be well-pleasing to Him, that they may have grace together with the
spiritual gift, for where this is, nothing will be grievous. For as he
who beholds the king, and is in favor with him, is sensible of no
uneasiness; so though our friends forsake us, though we be overtaken by
calamity we shall feel no distress, if that grace be with us and
fortify us.
MORAL. But how shall we draw down grace upon us? By
doing what is pleasing to God, and obeying Him in all things. In great
houses do we not see those domestics in favor, who do not regard their
own interest, but with all zeal and alacrity promote their masters' and
who not from the compulsion of the master, but from their own affection
and good disposition, order all things well. When they are always
before their eyes, when they are engaged in the house, when they are
not occupied in any private concerns, nor caring for their own, but
rather consider their masters' concerns as their own. For he who makes
what is his own his master's, does not really give up his own to his
master, but makes his interest his own; he commands even as himself in
his affairs,(3) and rules equally with him. He is often as much feared
by the domestics, and whatever he says his master says too, and he is
henceforth dreaded by all his enemies.
And if he who in worldly concerns prefers his
masters interests to his own, does not really neglect his own interest,
but rather advance it the more; much more is this the case in spiritual
matters. Despise thine own concerns, and thou wilt receive those of
God. This He Himself wills. Despise each, and seize upon the kingdom of
heaven. Dwell there, not here. Be formidable there, not here. If thou
art formidable there thou wilt be formidable not to men, but to demons,
and even to the devil himself. But if thy dependence is on worldly
wealth, thou wilt be contemptible to them, and often to men too.
Whatever be thy riches thou wilt be rich in servile things. But if thou
despisest these, thou wilt be radiant in the house of the King.
Such were the Apostles, despising a servile house
and worldly wealth! And see how they commanded in the affairs of their
Master. "Let one," they said, "be delivered from disease, another from
the possession of devils: bind this man, and loose that." This was done
by them on earth, but it was fulfilled as in Heaven. For, "whatever ye
shall bind on earth," said He,
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"shall be bound in Heaven." (Matt. xviii. 18.) And greater power than
His own did He give them. And that I lie not, appears from His own
words. "He that believeth in Me, greater works shall he do than these
which I do." (John xiv. 12.) Why so? Because this honor is reflected
upon the Master.(1) As in our own affairs, if the servant has great
power, the master is the more admired, for if the servant is so
powerful, much more is he who commands him. But if any man, neglecting
his master's service thinks only of his wife, his son, or his servant,
and seeks to be rich, and to lay up treasure there, by stealing and
robbing his master of his possessions, he is presently ruined, and his
wealth perishes with him.
Wherefore having these examples, I beseech you, let
us not regard our possessions, that we may regard ourselves: nay, let
us despise them, that we may obtain them. If we despise them, He will
take care of them; if we take care of them, God will despise them. Let
us labor in the concerns of God, not in our own, or rather really in
our own, for His are our own. I speak not of heaven,(2) nor of earth,
nor of the things of this world: these are unworthy of Him. And they
belong alike to the faithful and the unbelievers. What then do I speak
of as His? His glory and His kingdom. These are His, and ours for His
sake. How? "If we be dead with Him," He says, "we shall also live with
Him. If we suffer, we shall also reign with Him." (2 Tim. ii. 11.) We
are become "joint heirs," and are called His "brethren." Why do we sink
below, when He is drawing us upward towards Himself? How long shall we
be poor, and beggarly? Heaven is set before us; and do we linger on
earth? Is His kingdom opened to us, and do we choose such poverty as is
here? Is life immortal offered us, and do we spend ourselves for lands,
for wood and stones? Be truly rich. I would wish thee to be so. Be
covetous and rapacious, I blame thee not for it. Here it is a fault not
to be covetous, here it is blameworthy not to be grasping. What then is
this? "The kingdom of Heaven suffereth violence, and the violent take
it by force." (Matt. xi. 12.) There be thou violent! be grasping! It is
not diminished by being seized upon. For neither is virtue divided, nor
piety lessened, nor the kingdom of Heaven. Virtue is increased when
thou seizest upon it, whilst temporal goods are lessened when they are
seized upon. And this appears from hence: Let there be ten thousand men
in a city; if all seize on virtue, it is multiplied, for they become
righteous in ten thousand things.(3) If no one seizes upon it, it is
diminished, for it is nowhere to be found.
Thou seest then that good things are multiplied on
being possessed by many, but earthly goods are rather diminished by
seizing. Let us not therefore sit down content with poverty, but let us
choose riches. God is then rich, when those who enjoy His kingdom are
many. "For He is rich," it is said, "unto all that call upon Him."
(Rom. x. 12.) Increase then His substance; and thou wilt increase it by
taking possession of it, by being covetous of it, by violently seizing
it. And truly there is need of violence. Wherefore? Because there are
so many impediments, as wives and children, cares and worldly business;
besides those demons, and him who is the ruler of them, the devil.
There is need then of violence, there is need of fortitude. He who
takes by violence is exposed to toils. How? He endures all things, he
contends against necessities. How? He almost attempts impossibilities.
If such are those who take by violence, and we shrink from attempting
even what is possible, how shall we ever win? or when shall we enjoy
the things for which we strive? "The violent," it is said, "take" the
kingdom of heaven "by force." Violence and rapacity are needed. For it
is not simply set before us, and ready to our hands. He who seizes by
violence, is ever sober and watchful, he is anxious and thoughtful,
that he may make his seizure at a seasonable time. Dost thou not see
that in war he who is about to make a seizure keeps watch and is under
arms the whole night? If then they who aim at seizing upon worldly
goods, watch and are armed all the night long, should we, who wish to
seize upon spiritual things, sleep and snore in the day, and continue
always naked and unarmed? For he who is engaged in sin is unarmed; as
he who practices righteousness is armed. We do not fortify ourselves
with almsgiving. We do not prepare for ourselves lamps that are
burning, we do not fence ourselves in spiritual armor. We do not learn
the way that leads thither. We are not sober and watchful, and
therefore we can seize no spoil.
If a man wishes to make an attempt on a kingdom,
does he not set death before him in a thousand shapes? Is he not armed
at all points, does he not practice the art of war, does he not do
everything with this view, and so rush on to the attack? But we do not
act thus. We wish to take the spoil while we are sleeping, and
therefore we come off with empty hands. Dost thou not see plunderers,
how they flee, how
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rapidly they move? how they force their way through everything? And
there is need of expedition here. The devil is in pursuit of thee. He
orders those before to detain thee. But if thou art strong, if thou art
watchful, thou wilt spurn one, and thrust aside another, and escape
from all, as a bird. Yea, if thou depart hence, if thou escape from the
market and the tumult, I mean this life, and arrive at those higher
regions beyond these, in the world to come. For there, as in a
solitude, there is no tumult, no one to disturb, or to stay thy course.
Hast thou seized? Yet a little exertion is needed
after the seizure, that what thou hast seized may not be taken from
thee. If we run on, if we look to none of those things that are set
before our eyes, if we consider nothing but how we may escape from
those who would hinder us, we shall be able to retain with all security
what we have seized. Hast thou seized on chastity? Tarry not; flee
beyond the reach of the devil. If he sees that he cannot overtake thee,
he will cease to pursue; as we, when we can no longer see those who
have robbed us, despair of the pursuit, and do not pursue, nor call on
others to stop thief, but suffer them to escape. So do thou run
vigorously at the beginning, and when thou art beyond the reach of the
devil, he will not afterwards attack thee, but thou wilt be in safety,
securely enjoying those unspeakable blessings, which God grant that we
may all obtain through Jesus Christ our Lord. To whom with the Father,
and the Holy Ghost, be glory, power, honor, and worship, now and for
ever, and world without end. Amen.
HOMILIES OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM,
ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
ON THE
EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE
TO
TITUS.
HOMILY I
TITUS i. 1-4.
"Paul, a servant of God, and an Apostle of Jesus Christ, according to
the faith of God's elect, and the acknowledging of the truth which is
after godliness; In hope of eternal life, which God, that cannot lie,
promised before the world began; But hath in due times manifested His
word through preaching, which is committed unto me according to the
commandment of God our Saviour; To Titus, mine own son after the common
faith; Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father, and the Lord Jesus
Christ our Saviour."
TITUS was an approved one of the companions of Paul;
otherwise, he would not have committed to him the charge of that whole
island, nor would he have commanded him to supply what was deficient,
as he says, "That thou shouldest set in order the things that are
wanting." (Ver. 5.) He would not have given him jurisdiction over so
many Bishops, if he had not placed great confidence in him. They say
that he also was a young man, because he calls him his son, though this
does not prove it. I think that there is mention made of him in the
Acts.(1) Perhaps he was a Corinthian, unless there was some other of
the same name. And he summons Zenas, and orders Apollos to be sent to
him, never Titus. (Tit. iii. 13.) For he also attests their superior
virtue and courage in the presence of the Emperor.
Some time seems to have since elapsed, and Paul,
when he wrote this Epistle, appears to have been at liberty. For he
says nothing about his trials, but dwells continually upon the grace of
God, as being a sufficient encouragement to believers to persevere in
virtue. For to learn what they had deserved, and to what state they had
been transferred, and that by grace, and what had been vouchsafed them,
was no little encouragement. He takes aim also against the Jews, and if
he censures the whole nation, we need not wonder, for he does the same
in the case of the Galatians, saying, "O foolish Galatians." (Gal. iii.
1.) And this does not proceed from a censorious temper, but from
affection. For if it were done for his own sake, one might fairly blame
him; but if from the fervor of his zeal for the Gospel, it was not done
reproachfully. Christ too, on many occasions, reproached the Scribes
and Pharisees, not on his own account, but because they were the ruin
of all the rest.
And he writes a short Epistle, with good reason, and
this is a proof of the virtue of Titus, that he did not require many
words, but a short remembrance. But this Epistle seems to have been
written before that to Timothy, for that he
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wrote as near his end and in prison, but here, as free and at liberty.
For his saying, "I have determined to winter at Nicopolis" (Tit. iii.
12), is a proof that he was not yet in bonds, as when he wrote to
Timothy.
Ver. 1. "Paul, a servant of God, and an Apostle of
Jesus Christ, according to the faith of God's elect."
You observe how he uses these expressions
indifferently, sometimes calling himself the "servant of God," and
sometimes the "servant of Christ," thus making no difference between
the Father and the Son.
"According to the faith of God's elect, and the
acknowledging of the truth which is after godliness. In hope of eternal
life."
"According to the faith of God's elect." It is
because thou hast believed, or rather because thou wast intrusted? I
think he meant, that he was intrusted with God's elect, that is, not
for any achievements of mine, nor from my toils and labors, did I
receive this dignity. It was wholly the effect of His goodness who
intrusted me. Yet that the grace may not seem without reason, (for
still the whole was not of Him, for why did He not intrust it to
others?) he therefore adds, "And the acknowledging of the truth that is
after godliness." For it was for this acknowledgment that I was
intrusted, or rather it was of His grace that this too was intrusted to
me, for He was the author of this also. Whence Christ Himself said, "Ye
have not chosen Me, but I have chosen you." (John xv. 16.) And
elsewhere this same blessed one writes, "I shall know, even as also I
am known." (1 Cor. xiii. 12.) And again, "If I may apprehend that, for
which also I am apprehended of Christ Jesus." (Phil. iii. 12.) First we
are apprehended, and afterwards we know: first we are known, and then
we apprehend:(1) first we were called, and then we obeyed. But in
saying, "according to the faith of the elect," all is reckoned to them,
because on their account I am an Apostle, not for my worthiness, but
"for the elect's sake." As he elsewhere says, "All things are yours,
whether Paul, or Apollos." (1 Cor. iii. 21.)
"And the acknowledging the truth that is after
godliness." For there is a truth in other things, that is not according
to godliness; for knowledge in matters of agriculture, knowledge of the
arts, is true knowledge; but this truth is after godliness. Or this,
"according to faith," means that they believed, as the other elect
believed, and acknowledged the truth. This acknowledging then is from
faith, and not from reasonings.
"In hope of eternal life." He spoke of the present
life, which is in the grace of God, and he also speaks of the future,
and sets before us the rewards that follow the mercies which God has
bestowed upon us. For He is willing to crown us because we have
believed, and have been delivered from error. Observe how the
introduction is full of the mercies of God, and this whole Epistle is
especially of the same character, thus exciting the holy man himself,
and his disciples also, to greater exertions. For nothing profits us so
much as constantly to remember the mercies of God, whether public or
private. And if our hearts are warmed when we receive the favors of our
friends, or hear some kind word or deed of theirs, much more shall we
be zealous in His service when we see into what dangers we had fallen,
and that God has delivered us from them all.
"And the acknowledging of the truth." This he says
with reference to the type. For that was an "acknowledging" and a
"godliness," yet not of the Truth,(2) yet neither was it falsehood, it
was godliness, but it was in type and figure. And he has well said, "In
hope of eternal life." For the former was in hope of the present life.
For it is said, "he that doeth these things shall live in them." (Rom.
x. 5.) You see how at the beginning he sets forth the difference of
grace. They are not the elect, but we. For if they were once called the
elect, yet are they no longer called so.
Ver. 2. "Which God, that cannot lie, promised before
the world began."
That is, not now upon a change of mind, but from the
beginning it was so foreordained. This he often asserts, as when he
says, "Separated unto the Gospel of God." (Rom. i. 1.) And again, "Whom
He did foreknow, He also did predestinate." (Rom. viii. 29.) Thus
showing our high origin, in that He did not love us now first, but from
the beginning: and it is no little matter to be loved of old, and from
the beginning.
"Which God, that cannot lie, promised." If He
"cannot lie," what He has promised will assuredly be fulfilled. If He
"cannot lie," we ought not to doubt it, though it be after death.
"Which God, that cannot lie," he says, "promised before the world
began"; by this also, "before the world began," he shows that it is
worthy of our belief. It is not because the Jews have not come in, that
these things are promised. It had been so planned from the first. Hear
therefore what he says,
"But hath in His own(3) times manifested." Wherefore
then was the delay? From His
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concern for men, and that it might be done at a seasonable time. "It is
time for Thee, Lord, to work" (Ps. cxix. 125), says the Prophet. For by
"His own(1) times" is meant the suitable times, the due, the fitting.
Ver. 3. "But hath in due times manifested His word
through preaching, which is committed unto me."
That is, the preaching is committed unto me. For
this included everything, the Gospel, and things present, and things
future, life, and godliness, and faith, and all things at once.
"Through preaching," that is, Openly and with all boldness, for this is
the meaning of "preaching." For as a herald proclaims(2) in the theater
in the presence of all, so also we preach, adding nothing, but
declaring the things which we have heard. For the excellence of a
herald consists in proclaiming to all what has really happened, not in
adding or taking away anything. If therefore it is necessary to preach,
it is necessary to do it with boldness of speech. Otherwise, it is not
preaching. On this account Christ did not say, Tell it "upon the
housetops," but "preach upon the housetops" (Matt. x. 27); showing both
by the place and by the manner what was to be done.
"Which is committed unto me according to the
commandment of God our Saviour."
The expressions, "committed unto me," and "according
to the commandment," show the matter to be worthy of credit, so that no
one should think it discreditable, nor be hesitating about it, or
discontented. If then it is, a commandment, it is not at my disposal. I
fulfill what is commanded. For of things to be done, some are in our
power, others are not. For what He commands, that is not in our power,
what He permits, is left to our choice. For instance, "Whosoever shall
say to his brother, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire." (Matt.
v. 22.) This is a commandment. And again, "If thou bring thy gift to
the altar, and there rememberest that thy brother hath aught against
thee, leave there thy gift before the altar, and go thy way; first be
reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift." (Matt. v.
23, 24.) This also is a command. But when He says, "If thou wilt be
perfect, go and sell all that thou hast" (Matt. xix. 21): and, "He that
is able to receive it, let him receive it" (Matt. xix. 12): this is not
a command, for He makes His hearer the disposer of the matter, and
leaves him the choice, whether he will do it or not. For these things
we may either do or not do. But commandments are not left to our
choice, we must either perform them, or be punished for not doing so.
This is implied when he says, "Necessity is laid upon me; yea woe is
unto me, if I preach not the Gospel." (1 Cor. ix. 16.) This I will
state more plainly, that it may be manifest to all. For instance, He
that is intrusted with the government of the Church, and honored with
the office of a Bishop, if he does not declare to the people what they
ought to do, will have to answer for it. But the layman is under no
such obligation. On this account Paul also says, "According to the
commandment of God our Saviour," I do this. And see how the epithets
fit in to what I have said. For having said above, "God who cannot
lie," here he says, "According to the commandment of God our Saviour."
If then He is our Saviour, and He commanded these things with a view
that we should be saved, it is not from a love of command. It is a
matter of faith, and the commandment of God our Saviour.
"To Titus mine own(3) son," that is, my true son.
For it is possible for men not to be true sons, as he of whom he says,
"If any man that is called a brother be a fornicator, or covetous, or
an idolater, or a railer, or a drunkard, with such an one no not to
eat." (1 Cor. v. 11.) Here is a son,(4) but not a true son. A son
indeed he is, because he has once received the grace, and has been
regenerated: but he is not a true son, because he is unworthy of his
Father, and a deserter to the usurped sovereignty of another. For in
children by nature, the true and the spurious are determined by the
father that begot, and the mother who bore them. But it is not so in
this case, but it depends on the disposition. For one who was a true
son may become spurious, and a spurious son may become a true one. For
it is not the force of nature, but the power of choice, on which it
depends, whence it is subject to frequent changes. Onesimus was a true
son, but he Was again not true, for he became "unprofitable"; then he
again became a true son, so as to be called by the Apostle his "own
bowels." (Philem. 12.)
Ver. 4. "To Titus, mine own son after the common
faith."
What is "after the common faith"? After he had
called him his own son, and assumed the dignity of a father, hear how
it is that he lessens and lowers that honor. He adds, "After the common
faith"; that is, with respect to the faith I have no advantage over
thee; for it is common, and both thou and I were born by it. Whence
then does he call him his son? Either only wishing to express his
affection for him, or his priority in the Gospel, or to show that Titus
had been enlightened by him. On this account he calls the faithful both
children and brethren;
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brethren, because they were born by the same faith; children, because
it was by his hands. By mentioning the common faith, therefore, he
intimates their brotherhood.
Ver. 4. "Grace and peace from God the Father, and
the Lord Jesus Christ our Saviour."
Because he had called him his son, he adds, "from
God the Father," to elevate his mind by showing whose son he was, and
by not only naming the common faith, but by adding "our Father," he
implies that he has this honor equally with himself. MORAL. Observe
also how he offers the same prayers for the Teacher, as for the
disciples and the multitude. For indeed he needs such prayers as much,
or rather more than they, by how much he has greater enmities to
encounter, and is more exposed to the necessity of offending God. For
the higher is the dignity, the greater are the dangers of the priestly
office. For one good act in his episcopal office is sufficient to raise
him to heaven and one error to sink him to hell itself. For to pass
over all other cases of daily occurrence, if he happens, either from
friendship or any other cause, to have advanced an unworthy person to a
Bishopric, and have committed to him the rule of a great city, see to
how great a flame he renders himself obnoxious. For not only will he
have to account for the souls that are lost, for they are lost through
the man's irreligion, but for all that is done amiss by the other. For
he that is irreligious in a private station will be much more so when
he is raised to power. It is much indeed, if a pious man continue such
after his elevation to rule. For he is then more strongly assailed by
vainglory, and the love of wealth, and self-will, when office gives him
the power; and by offenses, insults, and reproaches, and numberless
other evils. If therefore any one be irreligious, he will become more
so when raised to office; and he who appoints such a ruler will be
answerable for all the offenses committed by him, and for the whole
people. But if it is said of him who gives offense to one soul, "It
were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and
that he were drowned in the depth of the sea" (Matt. xviii. 6); what
will he have to suffer who offends so many souls, whole cities and
populations, and multitudes of families,(1) men, women, children,
citizens, and husbandmen, the inhabitants of the city itself, and of
all places subject to it? To say thrice as much more is to say nothing,
so severe is the vengeance and the punishment to which he will be
obnoxious. So that a Bishop especially needs the grace and peace of
God. For if without these he governs the people, all is ruined and
lost, for want of those helms. And though he be skilled in the art of
steering, he will sink the vessel and those that sail in it, if he has
not these helms, "the grace and peace of God."
Hence I am struck with astonishment at those who
desire so great a burden. Wretched and unhappy man, seest thou what it
is thou desirest? If thou art by thyself, unknown and undistinguished,
though thou committest ten thousand faults, thou hast only one soul for
which to give an account, and for it alone wilt thou be answerable. But
when thou art raised to this office, consider for how many persons thou
art obnoxious to punishment. Hear what Paul says, "Obey them that have
the rule over you, and submit yourselves: for they watch for your souls
as they that must give account." (Heb. xiii. 17.) But dost thou desire
honor and power? But what pleasure is there in this honor? I confess, I
see not. For to be a ruler indeed is not possible, since it depends
upon those under thy rule to obey or not. And to any one who considers
the matter closely; it will appear that a Bishop does not so much come
to rule, as to serve a multitude of masters, who are of opposite
desires and sentiments. For what one commends, another blames; what
this man censures, that admires. To whom therefore shall he listen,
with whom shall he comply? It is impossible! And the slave that is
bought with money complains if his master's commands are contrary to
each other. But shouldest thou grieve, when so many masters give the
contrary orders, thou art condemned even for this, and all mouths are
opened against thee. Tell me then, is this honor, is this rule, is this
power?
One who holds the Episcopal office has required a
contribution of money. He who is unwilling to contribute not only
withholds it, but that he may not seem to withhold it from
indifference, he accuses his Bishop. He is a thief, he says, a robber,
he engulfs the goods of the poor, he devours the rights of the needy.
Cease thy calumnies! How long wilt thou say these things? Wilt thou not
contribute? No one compels thee, there is no constraint. Why dost thou
revile him who counsels and advises thee? Is any one reduced to need,
and he from inability, or some other hindrance, has not lent a hand? No
allowance is made for him, the reproaches in this case are worse than
in the other. This then is government! And he cannot avenge himself.
For they are his own bowels, and as though the bowels be swollen, and
though they give pain to the head and the rest of the body, we venture
not on revenge, we cannot take a sword and pierce them; so if one of
those under our rule be of such sort, and create trouble and disorder
by these accusations, we dare not avenge ourselves, for this would be
far from the
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disposition of a father, but we must endure the grief till he becomes
sound and well.
The slave bought with money has an appointed work,
which when he has performed, he is afterwards his own master. But the
Bishop is distracted on every side and is expected to do many things
that are beyond his power. If he knows not how to speak, there is great
murmuring; and if he can speak, then he is accused of bring
vainglorious. If he cannot raise the dead, he is of no worth, they say:
such an one is pious, but this man is not. If he eats a moderate meal,
for this he is accused, he ought to be strangled, they say. If he is
seen at the bath,(1) he is much censured. In short, he ought not to
look upon the sun! If he does the same of a house and servants, on what
account is he set over me? But he has domestics to minister to him, and
an ass to ride upon, why then is he set over me? But say, ought he then
to have no one to wait upon him? Ought he himself to light his own
fire, to draw water, to cleave wood, to go to market? How great a
degradation would this be! Even the holy Apostles would not that any
ministers of the word should attend upon the tables of the widows, but
they considered it a business unworthy of them: and would you degrade
them to the offices of your own domestics? Why dost not thou, who
commandest these things, come and perform these services? Tell me, does
not he minister to thee a better service than thine, which is bodily?
Why dost thou not send thy domestic to wait upon him? Christ washed the
feet of His disciples; is it a great thing for thee to give this
service to thy Teacher? But thou an not willing to render it thyself,
and thou grudgest it to him. Ought he then to draw his livelihood from
heaven? But God wills not so.
But you say, "Had the Apostles free men to serve
them?" Would you then hear how the Apostles lived? They made long
journeys, and free men and honorable women laid down their lives and
souls for their relief. But hear this blessed Apostle thus exhorting;
"Hold such in reputation" (Phil. ii. 29, 30): and again, "Because for
the work of Christ he was nigh unto death, not regarding his life, to
supply your lack of service toward me." See What he says! but thou hast
not a word to throw away upon thy spiritual father, much less wilt thou
submit to any danger in his behalf. But thou sayest, "He ought not to
frequent the bath." And where is this forbidden? there is nothing
honorable in being unclean.
These axe not the things we find blamed or applauded
at all. For the qualities which a Bishop is required to possess are
different, as to be blameless, sober, orderly, hospitable, apt to
teach. These the Apostle requires, and these we ought to look for in a
ruler of the Church, but nothing further. Thou art not more strict than
Paul, or rather more strict than the Spirit. If he be a striker,
or violent, or cruel, and unmerciful, accuse him. These things are
unworthy of a Bishop. If he be luxurious, this also is censurable. But
if he takes care of his body that he may minister to thee, if he
attends to his health that he may be useful, ought he for this to be
accused? Knowest thou not that bodily infirmity no less than infirmity
of soul injures both us and the Church? Why otherwise, does Paul attend
to this matter, in writing to Timothy, "Use a little wine for thy
stomach's sake, and thy often infirmities"? (1 Tim. v. 23.) For if we
could practice virtue with the soul alone, we need not take care of the
body. And why then were we born at all? But if this has contributed a
great share, is it not the extreme of folly to neglect it?
For suppose a man honored with the Bishopric, and
intrusted with a public charge of the Church, and let him in other
respects be virtuous, and have every quality, which a priest ought to
possess, yet let him be always confined to his bed by reason of great
infirmity, what service will he be able to render? Upon what mission
can he go? what visitation can he undertake? whom can he rebuke or
admonish? These things I say, that you may learn not causelessly to
accuse him, but rather may receive him favorably; as also that if any
one desire rule in the Church, seeing the shower of abuse that attends
it, he may quench that desire. Great indeed is the danger of such a
station, and it requires "the grace and peace of God." Which that we
may have abundantly, do you pray for us, and we for you, that
practicing virtue aright we may so obtain the blessings promised,
through Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.
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HOMILY II.
TITUS i. 5, 6.
"For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in order
the things that are wanting, and ordain elders in every city as I had
appointed thee: If any be blameless, the husband of one wife, having
faithful children, not accused of riot, or unruly."
THE whole life of men in ancient times was one of
action and contention; ours on the contrary is a life of indolence.
They knew that they were brought into the world for this purpose, that
they might labor according to the will of Him who brought them into it;
but we, as if spiritual things. I speak not only of the Apostles, but
of those that followed them. You see them accordingly traversing all
places, and pursuing this as their only business, living altogether as
in a foreign land, as those who had no city upon earth. Hear therefore
what the blessed Apostle saith,
"For this cause left I thee in Crete."
As if the whole world had been one house, they
divided it among themselves, administering its affairs everywhere, each
taking care of his several portion of it.
"For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou
shouldest set in order the things that are [R. V. were] wanting."
He does not command this in an imperious manner;
"that thou shouldest set in order," he says. Here we see a soul free
from all envy, seeking everywhere the advantage of his disciples, not
curiously solicitous, whether the good was done by himself or by
another. For where he in his own person set it in order. But those
things which were rather attended with honor and praise he committed to
his disciple, as the ordination of Bishops, and such other things as
required some farther arrangement,(1) or, so to speak, to be brought to
greater perfection. What sayest thou? does he farther set in order thy
work? and dost thou not think it a disgrace bringing shame upon thee?
By no means; for I look only to the common good, and whether it be done
by me, or by another, it makes no difference to me. Thus it becomes him
to be affected who presides in the Church, not to seek his own honor,
but the common good.
"And ordain elders in every city," here he is
speaking of Bishops, as we have before said,(2) "as I had appointed
thee. If any is blameless." "In every city," he says, for he did not
wish the whole island to be intrusted to one, but that each should have
his own charge and care, for thus he would have less labor himself, and
those under his rule would receive greater attention, if the Teacher
had not to go about to(3) the presidency of many Churches, but was left
to be occupied with one only and to bring that into order.
Ver. 6. "If any be blameless, the husband of one
wife, hating faithful children, not accused of riot, or unruly."
Why does he bring forward such an one? To stop the
mouths of those heretics, who comdemned marriage, showing that it is
not an unholy thing in itself, but so far honorable, that a married man
might ascend the holy throne; and at the same reproving the wanton, and
not permitting their admission into this high office who contracted a
second marriage. For he who retains no kind regard for her who is
departed, how shall he be a good president? and what accusation would
he not incur? For you all know, that though it is not forbidden by the
laws to enter into a second marriage, yet it is a thing liable to many
ill constructions. Wishing therefore a ruler to give no handle for
reproach to those under his rule, he on this account says, "If any be
blameless"(4) that is, if his life be free from reproach, if he has
given occasion to no one to assail his character. Hear what Christ
says, "If the light that is in thee be darkness, how great is that
darkness!" (Matt. vi. 23.)
"Hating faithful children, not accused of riot, or
unruly"
We should observe what care he bestows upon
children. For he who cannot be the instructor of his own children, hew
should he be the Teacher of others? If he cannot keep in order those
whom he has had with him from the beginning, whom he has brought up,
and without? For if the incompetency(5) of the father had not been
great, he would not have allowed those to become bad whom from the
first he had under his power. For it is not possible, indeed it is not,
that one should turn out ill who is brought up with much care, and
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has received great attention. Sins are not so prevalent by nature, as
to overcome so much previous care. But if, occupied in the pursuit of
wealth, he has made his children a secondary concern, and not bestowed
much care upon them, even so he is unworthy. For if when nature
prompted, he was so void of affection or so senseless, that he thought
more of his wealth than of his children, how should he be raised to the
Episcopal throne, and so great rule? For if he was unable to restrain
them it is a great proof of his weakness; and if he was unconcerned,
his want of affection is much to be blamed. He then that neglects his
own children, how shall he take care of other men's? And he has not
only said, "not riotous," but not even "accused of riot." There must
not be an ill report, or such an opinion of them.
Ver. 7. "For a Bishop must be blameless, as the
steward of God; not self-willed, not soon angry, not given to wine, no
striker."
For a ruler without, as he rules by law and
compulsion, perhaps does not consult the wishes of those under his
rule. But he who ought to rule men with their own consent, and who will
be thankful for his rule, if he so conduct himself as to do everything
of his own will and share counsels with no one, makes his presidency
tyrannical rather than popular. For he must be "blameless, as the
steward of God, not self-willed, not soon angry." For how shall he
instruct others to rule that passion, who has not taught himself? For
power leads on to many temptations, it makes a man more harsh and
difficult to please, even him that was very mild, surrounding him with
so many occasions of anger. If he have not previously practiced himself
in this virtue, he will grow harsh, and will injure and destroy much
that is under his rule.
"Not given to wine,(1) no striker." Here he is
speaking of the insolent man. For he should do all things by admonition
or rebuke, and not by insolence. What necessity, tell me, for insult?
He ought to terrify, to alarm, to penetrate the soul with the threat of
hell. But he that is insulted becomes more impudent, and rather
despises him that insults him. Nothing produces contempt more than
insult; it disgraces the insolent person, and prevents his being
respected, as he ought to be. Their discourse ought to be delivered
with much caution. In reproving sins they should bear in mind the
future judgment, but keep clear of all insolence. Yet if any prevent
them from doing their duty, they must prosecute the matter with all
authority. "Not a striker," he says. The teacher is the physician of
souls. But the physician does not strike, but heals and restores him
that has stricken him. "Not given to filthy lucre."
Ver. 8. "But a lover of hospitality, a lover of good
men, sober, just, holy, temperate."
Ver. 9. "Holding fast the faithful word as he has
been taught."
You see what intensity of virtue he required. "Not
given to filthy lucre," that is, showing great contempt for money. "A
lover of hospitality, a lover of good men, sober, just, holy"; he
means, giving away all his substance to them that need. "Temperate"; he
speaks not here of one who fasts, but of one who commands his passions
his tongue, his hands, his eyes. For this is temperance, to be drawn
aside by no passion.
"Holding fast the faithful word as he hath been
taught." By "faithful" is here meant "true," or that which was
delivered through faith, not requiring reasonings, or questionings.
"Holding fast," that is, having care of it, making
it his business. What then, if he be ignorant of the learning that is
without? For this cause, he says, "the faithful word, according to
teaching."(2)
"That he may be able both to exhort, and to convince
the gainsayers."
So that there is need not of pomp of words, but of
strong minds, of skill in the Scriptures and of powerful thoughts. Do
you not see that Paul put to flight the whole world, that he was more
powerful than Plato and all the rest? But it was by miracles, you say.
Not by miracles only, for if you peruse the Acts of the Apostles, you
will find him often prevailing by his teaching previously to his
miracles.
"That he may be able by sound doctrine to exhort,"
that is, to retain his own people, and to overthrow the adversaries.
"And to convince the gainsayers." For if this is not done, all is lost.
He who knows not how to combat the adversaries, and to "bring every
thought into captivity to the obedience of Christ," and to beat down
reasonings, he who knows not what he ought to teach with regard to
right doctrine, far from him be the Teacher's throne. For the other
qualities may be found in those under his rule, such as to be
"blameless, to have his children in subjection, to be hospitable, just,
holy." But that which characterizes the Teacher is this, to be able to
instruct in the word, to which no regard is now paid.
Ver. 10. "For there are many unruly and vain talkers
and deceivers, especially they of the circumcision;"
Ver. 11. "Whose mouths must be stopped." Seest thou
how he shows that they are such? From their not wishing to be ruled,
but to rule. For he has glanced at this. When therefore thou canst not
persuade them, do not give them charges, but stop their mouths for the
benefit of
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others. But of what advantage will this be, if they will not obey, or
are unruly? Why then should he stop their mouths? In order that others
may be benefited by it.
"Who subvert whole houses, teaching things which
they ought not for filthy lucre's sake."
For if he has undertaken the office of a Teacher,
and is not able to combat these enemies, and to stop their mouths who
are so shameless, he will become in each case the cause of their
destination who perish. And if some one has thus advised, "Seek not to
be a judge, unless thou canst take away iniquity" (Ecclus. vii. 6);
much more may we say here, "Seek not to be a Teacher, if thou art
unequal to the dignity of the office; but though dragged to it, decline
it." Dost thou see that the love of power,(1) the says, "for filthy
lucre's sake."
MORAL. For there is noting which is not down, and
dim the clearness of the mental sight, but especially does the mad
desire of glory. For a contempt for money any one may easily attain,
but to despise the honor that proceeds from the multitude, requires a
great effort, a philosophic temper, a certain angelic soul that reaches
to the very summit of heaven. For there is no passion so tyrannical, so
universally prevalent, in a greater or less degree indeed but still
everywhere. How then shall we subdue it, if not wholly, yet in some
little part? By looking up to heaven, by setting God before our eyes,
by entertaining thoughts superior to early things. Imagine, when thou
desirest glory, that thou hast already attained it, and mark the end,
and thou wilt find it to be nothing. Consider with what loss it is
attended, of how many and how great blessings it will deprive thee. For
thou wilt undergo the toils and danger, yet be deprived of the fruits
and rewards of them. Consider that the majority are bad, and despise
their opinion. In the case of each individual, consider what the man
is, and thou wilt see how ridiculous a thing is glory, that it is
rather to be called shame.
And after this, lift up thy thoughts to the
theater(2) above. When in doing any good thou and thou seekest for some
spectators of the action, and art in travel to be seen, reflect that
God beholds thee, and all that desire will be extinguished. Retire from
the earth, and look to that theater that is in Heaven. If men should
praise thee, yet hereafter they will blame thee, will envy thee, will
assail thy character; or if they do not, yet their praise will not
benefit thee. It is not so with God. He delights in praising our
virtuous deeds. Hast thou spoken well, and obtained applause? What hast
thou gained? For if those who applauded thee were benefited, changed in
their minds become better men, and had desisted from their evil deeds,
then mightest thou indeed rejoice, not at the praises bestowed, but at
the wonderful change for the better. But if they continue their
praises, and loud plaudits, but gain no good by what they applaud, thou
oughtest rather to grieve: for these things turn to their judgment and
condemnation? But thou obtainest glory for thy piety. If thou art truly
pious, and conscious of no guilt, thou shouldest rejoice, not because
thou are reputed pious but because thou art so. But if, without bring
so, thou desirest the good opinion of the multitude, consider that they
will not be thy judges at the last day, but He who knoweth perfectly
the things that are hid. And if while conscious of guilt, thou art
supposed by all to be pure, intend of rejoicing thou shouldest
grieve and mourn bitterly, keeping constantly in view that Day, in
which all things will be revealed, in which the hidden things of
darkness will be brought to light.
Dost thou enjoy honor? reject it, knowing that it
renders thee a debtor. Does no one honor thee? thou oughtest to rejoice
at it. For God will not lay(4) to thy charge this, among other things,
that thou hast enjoyed honor. Seest thou not that God upbraids Israel
with this among other things, by his prophet, "I took of your sons for
Prophets, and of your young men for sanctification"? (Amos ii. 11,
Sept.) Thou wilt therefore gain this advantage at least, that thou wilt
not aggravate thy punishment. For he who is not honored in the present
life, who is despised, and held in no consideration, but is insulted
and scorned, gains this at least, if nothing else, that he has not to
answer for being honored by his fellow-servants.(5) And on many other
accounts he gains(6) by it. He is brought down and humbled, nor if he
would, can he be high-minded, if(7) he takes the more heed to himself.
But he, who enjoys more honor, besides being responsible for great
debts, is lifted up into arrogance and vainglory, and becomes the slave
of men; and as this tyranny increases, he is compelled to do many
things which he would not.
Knowing therefore that it is better to want
527
glory, than to possess it let us not seek for fled, shall not see the
kingdom of heaven. This is not my own saying. I speak not my own words,
but those of the Spirit of God. He shall not see it, though he practice
virtue. For he saith, "They have their reward." (Matt. vi. 5.) He then,
who has no reward to receive, how shall he see the kingdom of heaven? I
forbid thee not to desire glory, but I would wish it to be the true
glory, that which proceeds from God. "Whose praise," it is said, "is
not of men, but of God." (Rom. ii. 29.) Let us be pious in secret not
cumbered with parade, and show, and hypocrisy.(5) Let us cast away the
sheep's clothing and rather let us become sheep. Noting is more
worthless than the glory of men. Should thou see a company of little
children, mere sucklings, wouldest thou desire glory from them? (1) Be
thus affected towards all men with respect to glory.
It is for this reason called vainglory. Dost thou
see the masks worn by stage-players? how beautiful and splendid they
are, fashioned to the extreme height of elegance. Canst thou show me
any such real countenance? By no means. What then? didst thou ever fall
in love with them? No. Wherefore? Because they are empty, imitating
beauty, but not being really beautiful. Thus human glory is empty, and
an imitation of glory: it is not true glory. That beauty only which is
natural, which is within, is lasting: that which is put on externally
often conceals deformity, conceals it from men until the evening. But
when the theater breaks-up, and the masks are taken off, each appears
what he really is.
Let us therefore pursue truth, and not be as if we
were on the stage and acting a part. For of what advantage is it, tell
me, to be gazed at by a multitude? It is vainglory, and nothing else.
For return to thy house, and solitude, and immediately all is
gone. Thou hast gone to the market-place, thou hast turned upon
thee the eyes of all present. What hast thou gained? Nothing. It
vanished, and passed away like dissolving smoke. Do we then love things
thus unsubstantial? How unreasonable is this! what madness! To one
thing only let us look, to the us, we shall despise, deride, and reject
it. We shall be affected as those who desire gold, but receive clay.
Let not any one praise thee, for it profits nothing; and if he blame
thee, it harms thee not. But with God praise and blame are attended
with real gain and loss, whilst all is vain that proceeds from men. And
herein we are made like unto God, that He needs not glory from men. "I
receive not" said Christ "honor from men." (John v. 41.) Is this then a
light thing, tell me? When thou art unwilling to despise glory, say,
"By despising it, I shall resemble God," and immediately thou wilt
despise it. But it is impossible that the slave of glory should not be
a slave to all, more servile than slaves in reality. For we do not
impose upon our slaves such tasks, as glory exacts from her captives.
Base and shameful are the things she makes them say, and do,(2) and
suffer, and when she sees them obedient, she is the more urgent in her
commands.
Let us fly then, I entreat you, let us fly from this
slavery. But how shall we be able? If we think seriously(3) of what is
in this world, if we observe that things present are a dream, a shadow,
and nothing better; we shall easily overcome this desire, and neither
in little nor in great things shall be led captive by it. But if in
little things we do not despise it, we shall easily be overcome by it
in the most important. Let us therefore remove far from us the sources
of it, and these are, folly, and meanness of mind, so that, if we
assume a lofty spirit, we shall be able to look beyond honor from the
multitude, and to extend our views to heaven, and obtain the good
things there. Of which God grant that we may all be partakers, by the
grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, &c.
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HOMILY III.
TITUS i. 12-14.
"One of themselves, even a prophet of their own, said,
The Creatians are always liars, evil beasts,
flow bellies. This witness is true. Wherefore
rebuke them sharply, that they may be sound in
the faith; Not giving heed to Jewish fables,
and commandments of men, that turn born the
truth."
THERE are several questions here. First, who it was
that said this? Secondly, why Paul quoted it? Thirdly, why he brings
forward a testimony that is not correct? Let us then offer a seasonable
solution of these, having premised some other things. For when Paul was
discoursing to the Athenians, in the course of his harangue he quoted
these words, "To the Unknown God": and again, "For we also are His
offspring, as certain also of your own poets have said." (Acts xvii.
23, 28.) It was Epimenides(1) who said Jove." On account of this
inscription, then, the poet ridiculing the Cretans as liars, as he
proceeds, introduces, to increase the ridicule, this passage.
For even a tomb, O King, of thee
They made, who never diedst, but aye shalt be. Jupiter is immortal: for
he says, "this witness is true"! What shall we say then? Or rather how
shall we solve this? The Apostle has not said this, but simply and
plainly applied this testimony to their habit of falsehood. Else why
has he not added," For even a tomb, O king, of thee, they made"? So
that the Apostle has not said this, but only that one had well said,
"The Creatians are always liars." But it is not only from hence that we
are confident that Jupiter is not a God. From many other arguments we
are able to prove this, and not from the testimony of the Cretans.
Besides, he has not said, that in this they were liars. Nay and it is
more probable that they were deceived as to this point too(2) For they
believed in other gods, on which account the Apostle calls them liars.
And as to the question, why does he cite the
testimonies of the Greeks? It is because we put them most to confusion
when we bring our testimonies and accusations from their own writers,
when we make those their accusers, who are admired among themselves.
For this reason he elsewhere quotes those words, "To the Unknown God."
For the Athenians, as they did not receive all their gods from the
beginning, but from time to time admitted some other, as those from the
Hyperboreans, the worship of Pain and the greater and the lesser
mysteries, so these same, conjecturing that besides these there might
be some other God, of whom they almost implying, "if there might be
some God unknown to them." He therefore said to them, Him whom you have
by anticipation acknowledged, I declare to you. But those words, "We
also are His offspring" are quoted from Aratus, who having preciously
said, "Earth's paths are full of Jove, the sea is full"--adds, "For we
justly nor properly applied to Jupiter, this he restores to God, since
the name of God belongs to Him alone, and is not lawfully bestowed upon
idol.
And from what writers should he address them? From
the Prophets? They would not have be- For this reason he says, "Unto
the Jews I became as a Jew, to them that are without law, as without
law, to those that are under the Law, as under the Law." (1 Cor. ix.
20, 21.) Thus does God too, as in the case of the wise men, He does not
conduct them by an Angel, nor a Prophet, nor an Apostle, nor an
Evangelist but how? By a start For as their art made them conversant
with these, He made use of such
529
means to guide them. So in the case of the oxen, that drew the ark. "If
it goeth up by the way of his own coast, then He hath done us this
great evil" (1 Sam. vi. 9), as their prophets suggested. Do these
prophets then speak the truth? No; but he refutes and confounds them
out of their own mouths. Again, in the case of the witch, because Saul
believed in her, he caused him to hear through her what was about to
befall him. Why then did Paul stop the mouth of the spirit, that said,
"These men are the servants of the most high God, which show unto us
the way of salvation"? (Acts XVI. 17.) And why did Christ hinder the
devils from speaking of Him? In this case there was reason, since the
miracles were going on. For here it was not a star that proclaimed Him,
but He Himself; and the demons again were not worshiped(1); for it was
not an image that spoke, that it should be forbidden. He also suffered
Balaam to bless, and did not restrain him. Thus He everywhere
condescends.
And what wonder? for He permitted opinions
erroneous, and unworthy of Himself, to prevail, as that He was a body
formerly,(2) and that He was visible. In opposition to which He says,
"God is a Spirit." (John iv. 24.) Again, that He delighted in
sacrifices, which is far from His nature. And He utters words at
variance with His declarations of Himself, and many such things. For He
nowhere considers His own dignity, but always what will be profitable
to us. And if a father considers not his own dignity, but talks
lispingly with his children, and calls their meat and drink not by
their Greek names, but by some childish and barbarous words, much more
doth God. Even in reproving He condescends, as when He speaks by the
prophet, "Hath a nation changed their gods?" (Jer. ii. 11), and in
every part of Scripture there are instances of His condescension both
in words and actions.
Ver. 13. "Wherefore rebuke them sharply, that they
may be sound in the faith."
This he says, because their disposition was froward,
deceitful, and dissolute. They have these numberless bad qualities; and
because they are prone to lying, deceiving, gluttonous, and slothful,
severe reproof is necessary. For such characters will not be managed by
mildness, "therefore rebuke them." He speaks not here of Gentiles, but
of his own people. "Sharply." Give them, he says, a stroke that cuts
deep. For one method is not to be employed with all, but they are to be
differently dealt with, according to their various characters and
dispositions. He does not here have recourse to exhortation. For as he
who treats with harshness the meek and ingenuous, may destroy them; so
he who flatters one that requires severity, causes him to perish, and
does not suffer him to be reclaimed.
"That they may be sound in the faith."
This then is soundness, to introduce nothing
spurious, nor foreign. But if they who are scrupulous about meats are
not sound, but are sick and weak; for, "Them that are weak," he says,
"receive ye, but not to doubtful disputations" (Rom xiv. 1); what can
be said of those who observe the same fasts, (with the Jews,) who keep
the sabbaths, who frequent the places that are consecrated by them? I
speak of that at Daphne,(3) of that which is called the cave of
Matrona, and of that plain in Cilicia, which is called Saturn's. How
are these sound? With them a heavier stroke is necessary. Why then does
he not do the same with the Romans? Because their dispositions were
different, they were of a nobler character.
Ver. 14. "Not giving heed," he says, "to Jewish
fables."
The Jewish tenets were fables in two ways, because
they were imitations, and because the thing was past its season, for
such things become fables at last. For when a thing ought not to be
done, and being done, is injurious, it is a fable even as it is
useless. As then those(4) ought not to be regarded, so neither ought
these. For this is not being sound. For if thou believest the Faith,
why dost thou add other things, as if the faith were not sufficient to
justify? Why dost thou enslave thyself by subjection to the Law? Hast
thou no confidence in what thou believest? This is a mark of an unsound
and unbelieving mind. For one who is faithful does not doubt, but such
an one evidently doubts.
Ver. 15. "Unto the pure," he says, "all things are
pure."
Thou seest that this is said to a particular purpose.
"But unto them that are defiled and unbelieving is
nothing pure."
Things then are not clean or unclean from their own
nature, but from the disposition of him who partakes of them.
"But even their mind and conscience is defiled."
Ver. 16. "They profess that they know God; but in
works they deny Him, being abominable, and disobedient, and to every
good work reprobate."
The swine therefore is clean. Why then was it
forbidden as unclean? It was not unclean by nature; for, "all things
are pure." Nothing is more unclean than a fish, inasmuch as it even
530
feeds upon human flesh. But it was permitted and considered clean.
Nothing is more unclean than a bird, for it eats worms; or than a stag,
which is said to have its name(1) from eating serpents. Yet all these
were eaten. Why then was the swine forbidden, and many other things?
Not because they were unclean, but to check excessive luxury. But had
this been said, they would not have been persuaded; they were
restrained therefore by the fear of uncleanness. For tell me, if we
enquire nicely into these things, what is more unclean than wine; or
than water, with which they mostly purified themselves? They touched
not the dead, and yet they were cleansed by the dead, for the victim
was dead, and with that they were cleansed. This therefore was a
doctrine for children. In the composition of wine does not dung form a
part? For as the vine draws moisture from the earth, so does it from
the dung that is thrown upon it. In short, if we wish to be very nice,
everything is unclean, otherwise if we please not to be nice, nothing
is unclean. Yet all things are pure. God made nothing unclean, for
nothing is unclean, except sin only. For that reaches to the soul, and
defiles it. Other uncleanness is human prejudice.
"But unto them that are defiled and unbelieving is
nothing pure; but even their mind and conscience is defiled."
For how can there be anything unclean among the
pure? But he that has a weak soul makes everything unclean, and if
there be set abroad a scrupulous enquiry into what is clean or unclean,
he will touch nothing. For even these things are not clean, I speak of
fish, and other things, according to their notions; (for "their mind
and conscience," he says, "is defiled,") but all are impure. Yet Paul
says not so; he turns the whole matter upon themselves. For nothing is
unclean, he says, but themselves, their mind and their conscience; and
nothing is more unclean than these;(2) but an evil will is unclean.
"They profess that they know God, but in works they
deny Him, being abominable and disobedient, and unto every good work
reprobate."
ii. 1. "But speak thou the things that become sound
doctrine."
This then is uncleanness. They are themselves
unclean. But be not thou silent on that account. Do thy part, although
they may not receive thee. Advise and counsel them, though they may not
be persuaded. Here he censures them more severely. For they who are mad
imagine that nothing stands still, yet this arises not from the objects
that are seen, but from the eyes that see. Because they are unsteady
and giddy, they think that the earth turns round with them, which yet
turns not, but stands firm. The derangement(3) is of their own state,
not from any affection of the element. So it is here, when the soul is
unclean, it thinks all things unclean. Therefore scrupulous observances
are no mark of purity, but it is the part of purity to be bold in all
things. For he that is pure by nature ventures upon all things, they
that are defiled, upon nothing. This we may say against Marcion. Seest
thou that it is a mark of purity to be superior to all defilement, to
touch nothing implies impurity. This holds even with respect to God.
That He assumed flesh is a proof of purity; if through fear He had not
taken it, there would have been defilement. He who eats not things that
seem unclean, is himself unclean and weak, he who eats, is neither. Let
us not call such pure, they are the unclean. He is pure, who dares to
feed upon all things. All this caution we ought to exercise towards the
things that defile the soul. For that is uncleanness, that is
defilement. None of these things is so. Those who have a vitiated
palate think what is set before them is unclean, but this is the effect
of their disorder. It becomes us therefore to understand the nature of
things pure, and things unclean.
MORAL. What then is unclean? Sin, malice,
covetousness, wickedness.(4) As it is written: "Wash you, make you
clean, put away the evil of your doings." (Isa. i. 16.) "Create in me a
clean heart, O God." (Ps. li. 10.) "Depart ye, depart ye, go ye out
from thence, touch no unclean thing." (Isa. lii. 52.) These observances
were emblems of purifications.(5) "Touch not a dead body," it is said.
For sin is such, it is dead and offensive. "The leper is unclean." For
sin is a leprosy, various and multiform. And that they had this
meaning, appears from what follows. For if the leprosy is general, and
overspreads the whole body, he is clean; if it is partial, he is
unclean. Thus you see that what is various and changeable is the
unclean thing. He again whose seed passes from him is unclean, consider
one that is so in soul, casting away his seed. He who is uncircumcised
is unclean. These things are not allegorical(6) but typical, for he who
does not cut off the wickedness of his heart is the unclean person. He
who worketh on the Sabbath is to be stoned, that is, he who is not at
all times devoted to God, shall perish.(7) You see how many varieties
531
of uncleanness there are. The woman in child-bed is unclean. Yet God
made child-birth, and the seed of copulation. Why then is the woman
unclean, unless something further was intimated? And what was this? He
intended to produce piety in the soul, and to deter it from
fornication. For if she is unclean who has borne a child, much more she
who has committed fornication. If to approach his own wife is not
altogether pure, much less to have intercourse with the wife of
another. He who attends a funeral is unclean, much more he who has
mixed in war and slaughter. And many kinds of uncleanness would be
found, if it were necessary to recount them all. But these things are
not now required of us. But all is transferred to the soul.
For bodily things are nearer to us, from these
therefore he introduced instruction. But it is not so now. For we ought
not to be confined to figures, and shadows, but to adhere to the truth,
and to uphold it: sin is the unclean thing. From that let us flee, from
that let us abstain. "If thou comest near it, it will bite(1) thee."
(Ecclus. xxi 2.) Nothing is more unclean than covetousness. Whence is
this manifest? From the facts themselves. For what does it not defile?
the hands, the soul, the very house where the ill-gotten treasure is
laid up. But the Jews consider this as nothing. And yet Moses carried
off the bones of Joseph. Samson drank from the jawbone of an ass, and
ate honey from the lion, and Elijah was nourished by ravens, and by a
widow woman. And tell me, if we were to be precise about these things,
what can be more unclean than our books, which are made of the skins of
animals? The fornicator, then, is not the only one that is unclean, hut
others more than he, as the adulterer. But both the one and the other
are unclean, not on account of the intercourse, (for according to that
reasoning a man cohabiting with his own wife would be unclean,) but
because of the wickedness of the act, and the injury done to his
neighbor in his nearest interests. Dost thou see that it is wickedness
that is unclean? He who had two wives was not unclean, and David who
had many wives was not unclean. But when he had one unlawfully, he
became unclean. Why? Because he had injured and defrauded his neighbor.
And the fornicator is not unclean on account of the intercourse, but on
account of the manner of it, because it injures the woman, and they
injure one another, making the woman common, and subverting the laws of
nature. For she ought to be the wife of one man, since it is said,
"Male and female created He them." (Gen. i. 27.) And, "they twain shall
be one flesh." Not "those many," but "they twain shall be one flesh."
Here then is injustice, and therefore the act is wicked. Again, when
anger exceeds due measure, it makes a man unclean, not in itself, but
because of its excess. Since it is not said, "He that is angry,"
merely, but "angry without a cause." Thus every way to desire overmuch
is unclean, for it proceeds from a greedy and irrational disposition.
Let us therefore be sober, I beseech you, let us be pure, in that which
is real purity, that we may be thought worthy to see God, through Jesus
Christ our Lord, with whom, &c.
HOMILY IV.
TITUS ii. 2--5.
"That the aged men be sober, grave, temperate, sound in faith, in
charity, in patience. The aged women likewise, that they be in behavior
as becometh holiness, not false accusers, not given to much wine,
teachers of good things; That they may teach the young women to be
sober, to love their husbands, to love their children, To be discreet,
chaste, keepers at home, good, obedient to their own husbands, that the
word of God he not blasphemed."
THERE are some failings which age has, that youth
has not. Some indeed it has in common with youth, but in addition it
has(2) a slowness, a timidity, a forgetfulness, an insensibility, and
an irritability. For this reason he exhorts old men concerning these
matters, "to be vigilant."(3) For there are many things which at this
period make men otherwise than vigilant, especially what I mentioned,
their general insensibility, and the difficulty of stirring or exciting
them. Wherefore he also adds, "grave, temperate.''(4) Here he means
prudent. For temperance is named froth the well-tempered(5) mind. For
there are, indeed there are, among the old, some who rave and are
beside themselves, some from wine, and some from sorrow. For old age
makes them narrowminded.
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"Sound in faith, in charity [love], in patience."
He has well added "in patience," for this quality
more especially befits old men.
Ver. 3. "The aged women likewise, that they be in
behavior as becometh holiness."
That is, that in their very dress and carriage they
exhibit modesty.
"Not false accusers, not given to much wine."
For this was particularly the vice of women and of
old age. For from their natural coldness at that period of life arises
the desire of wine, therefore he directs his exhortation to that point,
to cut off all occasion of drunkenness, wishing them to be far removed
from that vice, and to escape the ridicule that attends it. For the
fumes mount more easily from beneath, and the membranes (of the brain)
receive the mischief from their being impaired by age, and this
especially causes intoxication. Yet wine is necessary at this age,
because of its weakness, but much is not required. Nor do young women
require much, though for a different reason, because it kindles the
flame of lust. "Teachers of good things."
And yet thou forbiddest a woman to teach; how dost
thou command it here, when elsewhere thou sayest, "I suffer not a woman
to teach"? (1 Tim. ii. 12.) But mark what he has added, "Nor to usurp
authority over the man." For at the beginning it was permitted to men
to teach both men and women. But to women it is allowed to instruct by
discourse at home But they are nowhere permitted to preside, nor to
extend their speech to great length, wherefore he adds, "Nor to usurp
authority over the man."
Vet. 4. "That they may teach the young women to be
sober."
Observe how he binds the people together, how he
subjects the younger women to the elder. For he is not speaking there
of daughters, but merely in respect of age. Let each of the elder
women, he means, teach any one that is younger to be sober.
"To love their husbands."
This is the chief point of all that is good in a
household, "A man and his wife that agree together." (Ecclus. xxv. 1.)
For where this exists, there will be nothing that is unpleasant. For
where the head is in harmony with the body, and there is no
disagreement between them, how shall not all the other members be at
peace? For when the rulers are at peace, who is there to divide and
break up concord? as on the other hand, where these are ill disposed to
each other, there will be no good order in the house. This then is a
point of the highest importance, and of more consequence than wealth,
or rank, or power, or aught else. Nor has he said merely to be at
peace, but "to love their husbands." For where love is, no discord will
find admittance, far from it, other advantages too spring up.
"To love their children." This is well added, since
she who loves the root, will much more love the fruit.
"To be discreet, chaste, keepers at home, good." All
these spring from love. They become "good, and keepers at home," from
affection to their husbands.
"Obedient to their own husbands, that the word of
God be not blasphemed."
She who despises her husband, neglects also her
house; but from love springs great soberness, and all contention is
done away. And if he be a Heathen, he will soon be persuaded; and if he
be a Christian, he will become a better man. Seest thou the
condescension of Paul? He who in everything would withdraw us from
worldly concerns, here bestows his consideration upon domestic affairs.
For when these are well conducted, there will be room for spiritual
things, but otherwise, they too will be marred. For she who keeps at
home will be also sober, she that keeps at home will be also a prudent
manager, she will have no inclination for luxury, unseasonable
expenses, and other such things.
"That the word of God," he says, "be not blasphemed."
See how his first concern is for the preaching of
the word, not for worldly things; for when he writes to Timothy, he
says, "that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all godliness and
honesty" (1 Tim. ii. 2); and here, "that the word of God," and the
doctrine, "be not blasphemed." For if it should happen that a believing
woman, married to an unbeliever, should not be virtuous, the blasphemy
is usually carried on to God; but if she be of good character, the
Gospel obtains glory from her, and from her virtuous actions. Let those
women hearken who are united to wicked men or unbelievers; let them
hear, and learn to lead them to godliness by their own example. For if
thou gain nothing else, and do not attract thy husband to embrace right
doctrines, yet thou hast stopped his mouth, and dost not allow him to
blaspheme Christianity; and this is no mean thing, but great indeed,
that the doctrine should be admired through our conversation.
Ver. 6. "Young men likewise exhort to be
soberminded."
See how he everywhere recommends the observance of
decorum. For he has committed to women the greater part in the
instruction of women, having appointed the eider to teach the younger.
But the whole instruction of men he assigns to Titus himself. For
nothing is so difficult for that age as to overcome unlawful pleasures.
For neither the love of wealth, nor the
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desire of glory, or any other thing so much solicits the young, as
fleshly lust. Therefore passing over other things, he directs his
admonition to that vital point. Not however that he would have other
things neglected; for what says he?
Ver. 7. "In all things showing thyself a pattern of
good works."
Let the elder women, he says, teach the younger, but
do thou thyself exhort young men to be soberminded. And let the luster
of thy life be a common school of instruction, a pattern of virtue to
all, publicly exhibited, like some original model, containing in itself
all beauties, affording examples whence those who are willing may
easily imprint upon themselves any of its excellences.
Ver. 7, 8. "In [thy] doctrine showing uncorruptness,
gravity, sincerity, Sound speech that cannot be condemned; that he that
is of the contrary part may be ashamed, having no evil thing to say of
you."
By "him that is of the contrary part," he means the
devil, and every one who ministers to him. For when the life is
illustrious, and the discourse corresponds to it, being meek and
gentle, and affording no handle to the adversaries, it is of
unspeakable advantage. Of great use then is the ministry of the word,
not any common word, but that which is approved, and cannot be
condemned, affording no pretext to those who are willing to censure it.
Ver. 9. "Exhort servants to be obedient to their own
masters, and to please them well in all things."
Dost thou see what he has previously said, "that he
that is of the contrary part may be ashamed, having no evil thing to
say of you." He therefore is deserving of condemnation, who under
pretense of continence separates wives from their husbands, and he who
under any other pretext takes away servants from their masters. This is
not "speech that cannot be condemned," but it gives great handle to the
unbelieving, and opens the mouths of all against us.
"Not answering again."
Ver. 10. "Not purloining, but showing all good
fidelity, that they may adorn the doctrine of God our Saviour in all
things."
Thus he has well said in another place, "Doing
service as to the Lord, and not to men." For if thou servest thy master
with good will, yet the occasion of this service proceeds from thy
fear,(1) and he who with so great fear renders Him service, shall
receive the greater reward. For if he restrain not his hand, or his
unruly tongue, how shall the Gentile admire the doctrine that is among
us? But if they see their slave, who has been taught the philosophy of
Christ, displaying more self-command than their own philosophers, and
serving with all meekness and good will, he will in every way admire
the power of the Gospel. For the Greeks judge not of doctrines by the
doctrine itself, but they make the life and conduct the test of the
doctrines. Let women therefore and servants be their instructors by
their conversation. For both among themselves, and everywhere, it is
admitted that the race of servants is passionate, not open to
impression, intractable, and not very apt to receive instruction in
virtue, not from their nature, God forbid, but from their ill
breeding,(2) and the neglect of their masters. For those who rule them
care about nothing but their own service; or if they do sometimes
attend to their morals, they do it only to spare themselves the trouble
that would be caused them by their fornication, · their thefts,
or their drunkenness, and being thus neglected and having no one to
concern himself about them, they naturally sink into the very depths of
wickedness. For if under the direction of a father and mother, a
guardian, a master, and teacher, with suitable companions, with the
honor of a free condition, and many other advantages, it is difficult
to escape intimacies with the wicked, what can we expect from those who
are destitute of all these, and are mixed up with the wicked, and
associate fearlessly with whomsoever they will, no one troubling
herself about their friendships? What sort of persons do we suppose
they will be? On this account it is difficult for any servant to be,
good, especially when they have not the benefit of instruction either
from those without or from ourselves. They do not converse with free
men of orderly conduct, who have a great regard for their reputation.
For all these reasons it is a difficult and surprising thing that there
should ever be a good servant.
When therefore it is seen that the power of
religion, imposing a restraint upon a class naturally so self-willed,
has rendered them singularly well behaved and gentle, their masters,
however unreasonable they may be, will form a high opinion of our
doctrines. For it is manifest, that having previously infixed in their
souls a fear of the Resurrection, of the Judgment, and of all those
things which we are taught by our philosophy to expect after death,
they have been able to resist wickedness, having in their souls a
settled principle to counterbalance the pleasures of sin. So that it is
not by chance or without reason, that Paul shows so much consideration
for this class of men: since the more wicked they are, the more
admirable is the power of that preaching which reforms them. For we
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then most admire a physician, when he restores to a healthy and sane
state one who was despaired of, whom nothing benefited, who was unable
to command his unreasonable desires, and wallowed in them. And observe
what he most requires of them; the qualities which contribute most to
their masters' ease.
"Not answering again, not purloining"; that is, to
show all good will in matters intrusted to them, to be particularly
faithful in their masters' concerns, and obedient to their commands.
MORAL. Do not therefore think that I enlarge upon
this subject without a purpose. For the rest of my discourse will be
addressed to servants. Look not to this, my good friend, that thou
servest a man, but that thy service is to God, that thou adornest the
Gospel. Then thou wilt undertake everything in obedience to thy master,
bearing with him, though impatient, and angry without a cause. Consider
that thou art not gratifying him, but fulfilling the commandment of
God; then thou wilt easily submit to anything. And what I have said
before, I repeat here, that when our spiritual state is right, the
things of this life will follow. For a servant, so tractable and so
well disposed, will not only be accepted by God, and made partaker of
those glorious crowns, but his master himself, whom he serves so well,
even though he be brutish and stone-hearted, inhuman and ferocious,
will commend and admire him, and will honor him above all the rest, and
will set him over their heads though he be a Gentile.
And that servants are required to be thus disposed
towards a Gentile master, I will show you by an example. Joseph, who
was of a different religion from the Egyptian, was sold to the chief
cook.(1) What then did he? When he saw the young man was virtuous, he
did not consider the difference of their religion, but loved and
favored and admired him, and committed the others to his
superintendence, and knew nothing of the affairs of his own house
because of him. Thus he was a second master, and even more of a master
than his lord, for he knew more of his master's affairs than his master
himself. And even afterwards, as it seems to me, when he believed the
unjust accusation framed against him by his wife, yet from his former
regard for him, retaining a respect for that just man, he satisfied his
resentment with imprisonment. For if he had not greatly reverenced and
esteemed him from his former conduct, he would have thrust his sword
through his body, and dispatched him at once. "For jealousy is the rage
of a man; therefore he will not regard any ransom, neither will he rest
content, though thou givest many gifts." (Prov. vi. 34, 35.) And if
such is the jealousy of men in general, much more violent must it have
been with him, an Egyptian and barbarian, and injured as he thought by
one whom he had honored. For you all know that injuries do not affect
us in the same way from all persons, but that those grieve us most
bitterly and deeply which proceed from those who were well-affected
toward us, who had trusted us and whom we had trusted, and who had
received many kindnesses from us. He did not consider with himself, nor
say, What! have I taken a servant into my house, shared with him my
substance, made him free, and even greater than myself, and is this the
return that he makes me? He did not say this, so much was his mind
prepossessed by his previous respect for him. And what wonder if he
enjoyed so much honor in the house, when we see what great regard he
obtained even in a prison. You know how practiced in cruelty are the
dispositions of those who have the custody of prisons. They profit by
the misfortune of others, and harass those whom others support in their
afflictions, making a gain of them that is truly deplorable, with a
more than brutal cruelty. For they take advantage of those wretched
circumstances which ought to excite their pity. And we may further
observe, that they do not treat in the same manner all their prisoners;
for those who are confined upon accusation only, and who are
injuriously treated, they perhaps pity, but they punish with numberless
inflictions those who are imprisoned for shameful and atrocious crimes.
So that the keeper of the prison not only from the manner of such men
might have been expected to be inhuman, but from the cause for which he
was imprisoned. For who would not have been incensed against a young
man, who having been raised to so great honor, was charged with
requiting such favors by a base attempt upon the master's wife. Would
not the keeper, considering these things, the honor to which he had
been raised, and the crime for which he was imprisoned, would he not
have treated him with more than brutal cruelty? But he was raised above
all these things by his hope in God. For the virtue of the soul can
mollify even wild beasts. And by the same meekness which had gained his
master, he captivated also the keeper of the prison. Thus Joseph was
again a ruler, he ruled in the prison as he had ruled in the house. For
since he was destined to reign, it was fit that he should learn to be
governed, and while he was governed he became a governor, and presided
in the house.
For if Paul requires this of one who is(2) promoted
to a Church, saying, "If a man know not how to rule his own house, how
shall he take
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care of the Church of God?" (1 Tim. iii. 5), it was fit that he who was
to be a governor, should first be an excellent ruler of the house. He
presided over the prison, not as over a prison, but as if it had been a
house. For he alleviated the calamities of all, and took charge of
those who were imprisoned as if they had been his own members, not only
taking an interest in their misfortunes and consoling them, but if he
saw any one absorbed in thought, he went to him and enquired the cause,
and could not bear even to see any one dejected, or be easy till he had
relieved his dejection. Such love as this, many a one has not shown
even to his own children. And to these things may be traced the
beginning of his good fortune. For our part must go before, and then
the blessing of God will follow.
For that he did show this care and concern we learn
from the story. He saw, it is said, two eunuchs who had been cast into
prison by Pharaoh, his chief butler and chief baker, and he said,
"Wherefore look ye so sadly today?" (Gen. xl. 7.) And not from this
question only, but from the conduct of these men, we may discern his
merit. For, though they were the officers of the king, they did not
despise him, nor in their despair did they reject his services, but
they laid open to him all their secret, as to a brother who could
sympathize with them.
And all this has been said by me to prove, that
though the virtuous man be in slavery, in captivity, in prison; though
he be in the depth of the earth, nothing will be able to overcome him.
This I have said to servants, that they may learn that though they have
masters that are very brutes, as this Egyptian, or ferocious as the
keeper of the prison, they may gain their regard, and though they be
heathen as they were, or whatever they be, they may soon win them to
gentleness. For nothing is more engaging than good manners, nothing
more agreeable and delightful than meekness, gentleness, and obedience.
A person of this character is suitable to all. Such an one is not
ashamed of slavery, he does not avoid the poor, the sick, and the
infirm. For virtue is superior, and prevails over everything. And if it
has such power in slaves, how much more in those who are free? This
then let us practice, whether bond or free, men or women. Thus we shall
be loved both by God and men; and not only by virtuous men, but by the
wicked; nay by them more especially, for they more especially honor and
respect virtue. For as those who are under rule stand most in awe of
the meek, so do the vicious most revere the virtuous, knowing from what
they themselves have fallen. Since such then is the fruit of virtue,
this let us pursue, and attain. If we adhere to this, nothing will be
formidable, but all things easy and manageable. And though we pass
through the fire and through the water, all things yield to virtue,
even death itself. Let us then be zealous in the pursuit of it, that we
may attain the good things to come, in Jesus Christ our Lord, with
whom, &c.
HOMILY V.
TITUS ii. 11--14.
"For the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared unto all
men, Teaching them that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we
should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world;
Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great
God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; who gave Himself for us, that He
might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto Himself a peculiar
people, zealous of good works."
HAVING demanded from servants so great virtue, for
it is great virtue to adorn the doctrine of our God and Saviour in all
things, and charged them to give no occasion of offense to their
masters, even in common matters, he adds the just cause, why servants
should be such: "For the grace of God, that bringeth salvation, hath
appeared." Those who have God for their Teacher,(1) may well be such as
I have described, seeing their numberless sins have been forgiven to
them. For you know that in addition to other considerations, this in no
common degree awes and humbles the soul, that when it had innumerable
sins to answer for, it received not punishment, but obtained pardon,
and infinite favors. For if one, whose servant had committed many
offenses, instead of scourging him with thongs, should grant him a
pardon for all those, but should require an account of his future
conduct, and bid him beware of falling into the same faults again, and
should bestow high favors upon
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him, who do you think would not be overcome at hearing of such
kindness? But do not think that grace stops at the pardon of former
sins--it secures us against them in future, for this also is of grace.
Since if He were never to punish those who still do amiss, this would
not be so much grace, as encouragement to evil and wickedness.
"For the grace of God," he says, "hath appeared,
teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live
soberly, righteously, and godly in the present world; looking for the
blessed hope, and the glorious appearing of the great God and our
Saviour Jesus Christ." See, how together with the rewards he places the
virtue. And this is of grace, to deliver us from worldly things, and to
lead us to Heaven. He speaks here of two appearings; for there are two;
the first of grace, the second of retribution and justice.
"That denying ungodliness," he says, "and worldly
lusts."
See here the foundation of all virtue. He has not
said "avoiding," but "denying." Denying implies the greatest distance,
the greatest hatred and aversion. With as much resolution and zeal as
they turned from idols, with so much let them turn from vice itself,
and worldly lusts. For these too are idols, that is, worldly lusts, and
covetousness, and this he names idolatry. Whatever things are useful
for the present life are worldly lusts,(1) whatever things perish with
the present life are worldly lusts. Let us then have nothing to do with
these. Christ came, "that we should deny ungodliness."(2) Ungodliness
relates to doctrines, worldly lusts to a wicked life.
"And should live soberly, righteously, and godly in
the present world."
Dost thou see, what I always affirm, that it is not
sobriety only to abstain from fornication, but that we must be free
from other passions. So then he who loves wealth is not sober. For as
the fornicator loves women, so the other loves money, and even more
inordinately, for he is not impelled by so strong a passion. And he is
certainly a more powerless(3) charioteer who cannot manage a gentle
horse, than he who cannot restrain a wild and unruly one. What then?
says he, is the love of wealth weaker than the love of women? This is
manifest from many reasons. In the first place, lust springs from the
necessity of nature, and what arises from this necessity must be
difficult to restrain, since it is implanted in our nature. Secondly,
because the ancients had no regard for wealth, but for women they had
great regard, in respect of their chastity. And no one blamed him who
cohabited with his wife according to law, even to old age, but all
blamed him who hoarded money. And many of the Heathen philosophers
despised money, but none of them were indifferent to women, so that
this passion is more imperious than the other. But since we are
addressing the Church, let us not take our examples from the Heathens,
but from the Scriptures. This then the blessed Paul places almost in
the rank of a command. "Having food and raiment, let us be therewith
content."(4) (1 Tim. vi. 8.) But concerning women he says, "Defraud ye
not one the other, except it be with consent "--and "come together
again." (1 Cor. vii. 5.) And you see him often laying down rules for a
lawful intercourse, and he permits the enjoyment of this desire, and
allows of a second marriage, and bestows much consideration upon the
matter, and never punishes on account of it. But he everywhere condemns
him that is fond of money. Concerning wealth also Christ often
commanded that we should avoid the corruption of it, but He says
nothing about abstaining from a wife. For hear what He says concerning
money; "Whosoever forsaketh not all that he hath" (Luke xiv. 33); but
he nowhere says, "Whosoever forsaketh not his wife"; for he knew how
imperious that passion is. And the blessed Paul says, "Marriage is
honorable in all, and the bed undefiled" (Heb. xiii. 4); but he has
nowhere said that the care of riches is honorable, but the reverse.
Thus he says to Timothy, "They that will be rich fall into temptation
and a snare, and into many foolish and hurtful lusts." (1 Tim. vi. 9.)
He says not, they that will be covetous, but, they that will be rich.
And that you may learn from the common, notions the
true state of this matter, it must be set before you generally. If a
man were once for all deprived of money, he would no longer be
tormented with the desire of it, for nothing so much causes the desire
of wealth, as the possession of it. But it is not so with respect to
lust, but many who have been made eunuchs have not been freed from the
flame that burned within them, for the desire resides in other organs,
being seated inwardly in our nature. To what purpose then is this said?
Because the covetous is more intemperate than the fornicator, inasmuch
as the former gives way to a weaker passion. Indeed it proceeds less
from passion than from baseness of mind. But lust is natural, so that
if a man does not approach a woman, nature performs her part and
operation. But there is nothing of this sort in the case of avarice.
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"That we should live godly in this present world."
And what is this hope? what the reward of our labors?
"Looking for the blessed hope and the appearing."
For nothing is more blessed and more desirable than
that appearing. Words are not able to represent it, the blessings
thereof surpass our understanding.
"Looking for the blessed hope and glorious appearing
of our great God and Saviour."(1)
Where are those who say that the Son is inferior to
the Father?
"Our great God and Saviour." He who saved us when we
were enemies. What will He not do then when He has us approved?(2)
"The great God." When he says great with respect to
God, he says it not comparatively but absolutely,(3) after Whom no one
is great, since it is relative. For if it is relative, He is great by
comparison, not great by nature. But now He is incomparably great.
Ver. 14. "Who gave Himself for us, that He might
redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto Himself a peculiar people."
"Peculiar": that is, selected from the rest, and
having nothing in common with them.
"Zealous of good works."
Dost thou see that our part is necessary, not merely
works, but "zealous"; we should with all alacrity, with a becoming
earnestness, go forward in virtue. For when we were weighed down with
evils, and incurably diseased, it was of His lovingkindness that we
were delivered. But what follows after this is our part as well as His.
Ver. 15. "These things speak and exhort, and rebuke
with all authority."
"These things speak and exhort." Do you see how he
charges Timothy? "Reprove, rebuke, exhort." But here, "Rebuke with all
authority." For the manners of this people were more stubborn,
wherefore he orders them to be rebuked more roughly, and with all
authority. For there are some sins, which ought to be prevented by
command. We may with persuasion advise men to despise riches, to be
meek, and the like. But the adulterer, the fornicator, the defrauder,
ought to be brought to a better course by command. And those who are
addicted to augury and divination, and the like, should be corrected
"with all authority." Observe how he would have him insist on these
things with independence, and with entire freedom.(4)
"Let no man despise thee." But
Chap. iii. 1. "Put them in mind to be subject to
principalities and powers, to obey magistrates, to be ready to every
good work, to speak evil of no man, to be no brawlers."
What then? even when men do evil, may we nor revile
them? nay, but "to be ready to every good work, to speak evil of no
man." Hear the exhortation, "To speak evil of no man." Our lips should
be pure from reviling. For if our reproaches are true, it is not for us
to utter them, but for the Judge to enquire into the matter. "For why,"
he says, "dost thou judge thy brother?" (Rom. xiv. 10.) But if they are
not true, how great the fire.(5) Hear what the thief says to his
fellow-thief. "For we are also in the same condemnation." (Luke xxiii.
40.) We are running the same hazard.(6) If thou revilest others, thou
wilt soon fall into the same sins. Therefore the blessed Paul
admonishes us: "Let him that standeth, take heed lest he fall."(1 Cor.
x. 12.)
"To be no brawlers, but gentle, showing all meekness
unto all men."
Unto Greeks and Jews, to the wicked and the evil.
For when he says, "Let him that standeth take heed lest he fall," he
wakens their fears from the future; but here, on the contrary, he
exhorts them from the consideration of the past, and the same in what
follows;
Ver. 3. "For we ourselves also were sometimes
foolish."
Thus also he does in his Epistle to the Galatians,
where he says, "Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage
under the elements of the world." (Gal. iv. 4.) Therefore he says,
Revile no one, for such also thou wast thyself.
"For we ourselves also were sometimes foolish,
disobedient, deceived, serving divers lusts and pleasures, living in
malice and envy, hateful, and hating one another."
Therefore we ought to be thus to all, to be gently
disposed. For he who was formerly in such a state, and has been
delivered from it, ought not to reproach others, but to pray, to be
thankful to Him who has granted both to him and them deliverance from
such evils. Let no one boast; for all have sinned. If then, doing well
thyself, thou art inclined to revile others, consider thy own former
life, and the uncertainty of the future, and restrain thy anger.(7) For
if thou hast lived virtuously from thy earliest youth, yet nevertheless
thou mayest have many sins; and if thou hast not, as thou thinkest,
consider that this is not the effect of thy virtue, but of the
538
grace of God. For if He had not called thy forefathers, thou wouldest
have been disobedient. See here how he mentions every sort of
wickedness. How many things has not God dispensed by the Prophets and
all other means? have we heard?
"For we," he says, "were once deceived" Ver. 4. "But
after that the kindness and love of God our Saviour toward man
appeared." How? "Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but
according to His mercy He saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and
renewing of the Holy Ghost."
Strange! How were we drowned(1) in wickedness, so
that we could not be purified, but needed a new birth? For this is
implied by "Regeneration." For as when a house is in a ruinous state no
one places props under it, nor makes any addition to the old building,
but pulls it down to its foundations, and rebuilds it anew; so in our
case, God has not repaired us, but has made us anew. For this is "the
renewing of the Holy Ghost." He has made us new men. How? "By His
Spirit"; and to show this further, he adds,
Ver. 6. "Which He shed on us abundantly through
Jesus Christ our Saviour."
Thus we need the Spirit abundantly.
"That being justified by His grace"--again by grace
and not by debt--"we may be made heirs according to the hope of eternal
life."
At the same time there is an incitement to humility,
and a hope for the future. For if when we were so abandoned, as to
require to be born again, to be saved by grace, to have no good in us,
if then He saved us, much more will He save us in the world to come.
For nothing was worse than the brutality of mankind
before the coming of Christ. They were all affected towards each other
as if enemies and at war. Fathers slew their own sons, and mothers were
mad against their children. There was no order settled, no natural, no
written law; everything was subverted. There were adulteries
continually, and murders, and things if possible worse than murders,
and thefts; indeed we are told by one of the heathen, that this
practice was esteemed a point of virtue. And naturally, since they
worshiped a god(2) of such character. Their oracles frequently required
them to put such and such men to death. Let me tell you one of the
stories of that time. One Androgeus, the son of Minos, coming to
Athens, obtained a victory in wrestling, for which he was punished and
put to death. Apollo therefore, remedying one evil by another, ordered
twice seven youths to be executed on his account. What could be more
savage than this tyrannical command? And it was executed too. A man
undertook to atone the mad rage of the demon, and slew these young men,
because the deceit of the oracle prevailed with them. But afterwards,
when the young men resisted and stood upon their defense, it was no
longer done. If now it had been just, it ought not to have been
prevented, but if unjust, as undoubtedly it was, it ought not to have
been commanded at all. Then they worshiped boxers and wrestlers. They
waged constant wars in perpetual succession, city by city, village by
village, house by house. They were addicted to the love of boys, and
one of their wise men made a law that Paedrasty, as well as anointing
for wrestling,(3) should not be allowed to slaves, as if it was an
honorable thing; and they had houses for this purpose, in which it was
openly practiced. And if all that was done among them was related, it
would be seen that they openly outraged nature, and there was none to
restrain them. Then their dramas were replete with adultery, lewdness,
and corruption of every sort. In their indecent nocturnal assemblies,
women were admitted to the spectacle. There was seen the abomination of
a virgin sitting in the theater during the night, amidst a drunken
multitude of young men madly reveling. The very festival was the
darkness, and the abominable deeds practiced by them. On this account
he says, "For we ourselves also were sometimes foolish, disobedient,
deceived, serving divers lusts and pleasures." One man loved his
stepmother,(4) a woman her step-son, and in consequence hung herself.
For as to their passion for boys, whom they called their "Paedica," it
is not fit to be named. And would you see a son married to his mother?
This too happened among them, and what is horrible, though it was done
in ignorance, the god whom they worshiped did not prevent it, but
permitted this outrage to nature to be committed, and that though she
was a person of distinction. And if those, who, if for no other reason,
yet for the sake of their reputation with the multitude, might have
been expected to adhere to virtue; if they rushed thus headlong into
vice, what is it likely was the conduct of the greater part, who lived
in obscurity? What is more diversified than this pleasure? The wife of
a certain one fell in love with another man, and with the help of her
adulterer, slew her husband upon his return. The greater part of you
probably know the story. The son of the murdered man killed the
adulterer, and after him his mother, then he himself became mad, and
was haunted by furies.
539
After this the madman himself slew another man, and took his wife. What
can be worse than such calamities as these? But I mention these
instances taken from the Heathens,(1) with this view, that I may
convince the Gentiles, what evils then prevailed in the world. But we
may show the same from our own writings. For it is said, "They
sacrificed their sons and daughters unto devils." (Ps. cvi. 37.) Again,
the Sodomites were destroyed for no other cause than their unnatural
appetites. Soon after the coming of Christ, did not a king's daughter
dance at a banquet in the presence of drunken men, and did she not ask
as the reward of her dancing the murder and the head of a Prophet? "Who
can utter the mighty acts of the Lord?" (Ps. vi. 2.)
"Hateful," he says, "and hating one another." For it
must necessarily happen, when we let loose every pleasure on the soul,
that there should be much hatred. For where love is with virtue, no man
overreacheth another in any matter. Mark also what Paul says, "Be not
deceived, neither fornicators, nor idolaters nor adulterers, nor
effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind, nor covetous, nor
drunkards, nor revilers, shall inherit the kingdom of God. And such
were some of you." (1 Cor. vi. 9, 10.) Dost thou see how every species
of wickedness prevailed? It was a state of gross darkness, and the
corruption of all that was right. For if those who had the advantage of
prophecies, and who saw so many evils inflicted upon their enemies, and
even upon themselves, nevertheless did not restrain themselves but
committed numberless foolish crimes, what would be the case with
others? One of their lawgivers ordered that virgins should wrestle
naked in the presence of men. Many blessings on you! that ye cannot
endure the mention of it; but their philosophers were not ashamed of
the actual practice. Another, the chief of their philosophers, approves
of their going out to the war, and of their being common,(2) as if he
were a pimp and pander to their lusts. "Living
in malice and envy."
For if those who professed philosophy among them
made such laws, what shall we say of those who were not philosophers?
If such were the maxims of those who word a long beard, and assumed the
grave cloak,(3) what can be said of others? Woman was not made for
this, O man, to be prostituted as common. 0 ye subverters of all
decency, who use men, as if they were women, and lead out women to war,
as if they were men! This is the work of the devil, to subvert and
confound all things, to overleap the boundaries that have been
appointed from the beginning, and remove those which God has set to
nature. For God assigned to woman the care of the house only, to man
the conduct of public affairs. But you reduce the head to the feet, and
raise the feet to the head. You suffer women to bear arms, and are not
ashamed. But why do I mention these things? They introduce on the stage
a woman that murders her own children, nor are they ashamed to stuff
the ears of men with such abominable stories.
Ver. 4. "But after that the kindness and love of God
our Saviour towards man appeared, Not by works of righteousness which
we have done, but according to His mercy He saved us by the washing of
regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost, which He shed on us
abundantly through Jesus Christ our Saviour, that being justified by
His grace we should be made heirs according to the hope of eternal
life."
What means, "according to the hope"? That, as we
have hoped, so we shall enjoy eternal life, or because ye are even
already heirs.
"This is a faithful saying."
Because he had been speaking of things future and
not of the present, therefore he adds, that it is worthy of credit.
These things are true, he says, and this is manifest from what has gone
before. For He who has delivered us from such a state of iniquity, and
from so many evils, will assuredly impart to us the good things to
come, if we abide in grace. For all proceeds from the same kind concern.
MORAL. Let us then give thanks to God, and not
revile them; nor accuse them, but rather let us beseech them, pray for
them, counsel and advise them, though they should insult and spurn us.
For such is the nature of those who are diseased.(4) But those who are
concerned for the health of such persons do all things and bear all
things, though it may not avail, that they may not have themselves to
accuse of negligence. Know ye not that often, when a physician despairs
of a sick man, some relative standing by addresses him, "Bestow further
attendance, leave nothing undone, that I may not have to accuse myself,
that I may incur no blame,(5) no self-reproach." Do you not see the
great care that near kinsmen take of their relations, how much they do
for them, both entreating the physicians to cure them, and sitting
perseveringly beside them? Let us at least imitate them. And yet there
is no comparison between the objects of our concern. For if any
540
one had a son diseased in his body, he could not refuse to take a long
journey to free him from his disease. But when the soul is in a bad
state, no one concerns himself about it, but we all are indolent, all
careless, all negligent, and overlook our wives, our children, and
ourselves, when attacked(1) by this dangerous disease. But when it is
too late, we become sensible of it. Consider how disgraceful and absurd
it is to say afterwards, "we never looked for it, we never expected
that this would be the event." And it is no less dangerous than
disgraceful. For if in the present life it is the part of foolish men
to make no provision for the future, much more must it be so with
respect to the next life, when we hear many counseling us, and
informing us what is to be done, and what not to be done. Let us then
hold fast that hope.(2) Let us be careful of our salvation, let us in
all things call upon God, that He may stretch forth His hand to us. How
long will you be slothful? How long negligent? How long shall we be
careless of ourselves and of our fellow-servants? He hath shed richly
upon us the grace of His Spirit. Let us therefore consider how great is
the grace he has bestowed upon us, and let us show as great earnestness
ourselves, or, since this is not possible, some, although it be less.
For if after this grace we are insensible, the heavier will be our
punishment. "For if I," He says, "had not come and spoken unto them,
they had not had sin, but now they have no cloak for their sin." (John
XV. 22.) But God forbid that this should be said of us, and grant that
we may all be thought worthy of the blessings promised to those who
have loved Him, in Jesus Christ our Lord, &c.
HOMILY VI.
TITUS iii. 8--11.
"These things I will that thou affirm constantly, that they which have
believed in God might be careful to maintain good works. These things
are good and profitable unto men. But avoid foolish questions, and
genealogies, and contentions, and strivings about the law, for they are
unprofitable and vain. A man that is an heretic after the first and
second admonition reject. Knowing that he that is such is subverted,
and sinneth, being condemned of himself."
HAVING spoken of the love of God to man, of His
ineffable regard for us, of what we were and what He has done for us,
he has added, "These things I will that thou affirm constantly, that
they which have believed in God might be careful to maintain good
works"; that is, Discourse of these things, and from a consideration of
them exhort to almsgiving. For what has been said will not only apply
to humility, to the not being puffed up, and not reviling others, but
to every other virtue. So also in arguing with the Corinthians, he
says, "Ye know that our Lord being rich became poor, that we through
His poverty might be rich." (2 Cor. viii. 9.) Having considered the
care and exceeding love of God for man, he thence exhorts them to
almsgiving, and that not in a common and slight manner, but "that they
may be careful," he says, "to maintain good works," that is, both to
succor the injured, not only by money, but by patronage and protection,
and to defend the widows and orphans, and to afford a refuge to all
that are afflicted. For this is to maintain good works. For these
things, he says, are good and profitable unto men. "But avoid foolish
questions, and genealogies, and contentions, and strivings about the
law, for they are unprofitable and vain." What do these "genealogies"
mean? For in his Epistle to Timothy he mentions "fables and endless
genealogies." (1 Tim. i. 4.) [Perhaps both here and there glancing at
the Jews, who, priding themselves on having Abraham for their
forefather, neglected their own part. On this account he calls them
both "foolish and unprofitable"; for it is the part of folly to confide
in things unprofitable.(3)] "Contentions," he means, with heretics, in
which he would not have us labor to no purpose, where nothing is to be
gained, for they end in nothing. For when a man is perverted and
predetermined not to change his mind, whatever may happen, why
shouldest thou labor in vain, sowing upon a rock, when thou shouldest
spend thy honorable toil upon thy own people, in discoursing with them
upon almsgiving and every other virtue? How then does he elsewhere say,
"If God per-adventure will give them repentance" (2 Tim. ii. 25); but
here, "A man that is an heretic after the first and second admonition
reject, knowing
541
that he that is such is subverted and sinneth, being condemned of
himself"? In the former passage he speaks of the correction of those of
whom he had hope, and who had simply made opposition. But when he is
known and manifest to all, why dost thou contend(1) in vain? why dost
thou beat the air? What means, "being condemned of himself"? Because he
cannot say that no one has told him, no one admonished him; since
therefore after admonition he continues the same, he is self-condemned.
Ver. 12. "When I shall send Artemas unto thee, or
Tychicus; be diligent to come unto me to Nicopolis." What sayest thou?
After having appointed him to preside over Crete, dost thou again
summon him to thyself? It was not to withdraw him from that
occupation,(2) but to discipline him the more for it. For that he does
not call him to attend upon him, as if he took him everywhere with him
as his follower, appears from what he adds:
"For I have determined there to winter."
Now Nicopolis(3) is a city of Thrace.
Ver. 14. "Bring Zenas the lawyer and Apollos on
their journey diligently, that nothing be wanting unto them."
These were not of the number to whom Churches had
been intrusted, but of the number of his companions. But Apollos was
the more vehement, being "an eloquent man, and mighty in the
Scriptures." (Acts xviii. 24.) But if Zenas was a lawyer, you say, he
ought not to have been supported by others. But by a lawyer here is
meant one versed in the laws of the Jews. And he seems to say, supply
their wants abundantly, that nothing may be lacking to them.
Ver. 14, 15. "And let ours also learn to maintain
good works for necessary uses, that they be not unfruitful. All that
are with me salute thee. Greet them that love us in the faith."
That is, either those that love Paul himself,(4) or
those men that are faithful.
"Grace be with you all. Amen."
How then dost thou command him to stop the mouths of
gainsayers, if he must pass them by when they are doing everything to
their own destruction?(5) He means that he should not do it principally
for their advantage, for being once perverted in their minds, they
would not profit by it. But if they injured others, it behooved him to
withstand and contend with them; and manfully await(6) them, but if
thou art reduced to necessity, seeing them destroying others, be not
silent, but stop their mouths, from regard to those whom they would
destroy. It is not indeed possible for a zealous man of upright life to
abstain from contention, but so do as I have said. For the evil arises
from idleness and a vain philosophy, that one should be occupied about
words only. For it is a great injury to be uttering a superfluity of
words, when one ought to be teaching, or praying, or giving thanks. For
it is not right to be sparing of our money but not sparing of our
words; we ought rather to spare words than our money, and not to give
ourselves up to all sorts of persons.
What means, "that they be careful to maintain good
works"? That they wait not for those who are in want to come to them,
but that they seek out those who need their assistance. Thus the
considerate man shows his concern, and with great zeal will he perform
this duty. For in doing good actions, it is not those who receive the
kindness that are benefited, so much as those who do it that make gain
and profit, for it gives them confidence towards God. But in the other
case, there is no end of contention: therefore he calls the heretic
incorrigible. For as to neglect those for whom there is a hope of
conversion is the part of slothfulness, so to bestow pains upon those
who are diseased past remedy is the extreme of folly and madness; for
we render them more bold.
"And let ours," he says, "learn to maintain good
works for necessary uses, that they be not unfruitful." You observe
that he is more anxious for them than for those who are to receive
their kindnesses. For they might probably have been brought on their
way by many others, but I am concerned, he says, for our own friends.
For what advantage would it be to them, if others should dig up
treasures,(7) and maintain their teachers? This would be no benefit to
them, for they remained unfruitful. Could not Christ then, Who with
five loaves fed five thousand men, and with seven loaves fed four
thousand, could not He have supported Himself and His disciples?
MORAL. For what reason then was He maintained by
women? For women, it is said, followed Him, and ministered unto Him.
(Mark xv. 41.) It was to teach us from the first that He is concerned
for those who do good. Could not Paul, who supported others by his own
hands, have maintained himself without assistance from others? But you
see him receiving and requesting aid. And hear the reason for it. "Not
because I desire a gift," he says, "but I desire fruit that may abound
to your account."
542
(Phil. iv. 17.) And at the beginning too, when men sold all their
possessions and laid them at the Apostles' feet, the Apostles, seest
thou, were more concerned for them than for those who received their
alms. For if their concern had only been that the poor might by any
means be relieved, they would not have judged so severely of the sin of
Ananias and Sapphira, when they kept back their money. Nor would Paul
have charged men to give "not grudgingly nor of necessity." (2 Cor. ix.
7.) What sayest thou, Paul? dost thou discourage giving to the poor?
No, he answers; but I consider not their advantage only, but the good
of those who give. Dost thou see, that when the prophet gave that
excellent counsel to Nebuchadnezzar, he did not merely consider the
poor. For he does not content himself with saying, Give to the poor;
but what? "Break off thy sins by almsdeeds,(1) and thine iniquities by
showing mercy to the poor." (Dan. iv. 27.) Part with thy wealth, not
that others may be fed, but that thou mayest escape punishment. And
Christ again says, "Go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor...
and come and follow Me." (Matt. xix. 21.) Dost thou see that the
commandment was, given that he might be induced to follow Him? For as
riches are an impediment, therefore he commands them to be given to the
poor, instructing the soul to be pitiful and merciful, to despise
wealth, and to flee from covetousness. For he who has learnt to give to
him that needs, will in time learn not to receive from those who have
to give. This makes men like God. Yet virginity, and fasting, and lying
on the ground, are more difficult than this, but nothing is so strong
and powerful to extinguish the fire of our sins as almsgiving. It is
greater than all other virtues. It places the lovers of it by the side
of the King Himself, and justly. For the effect of virginity, of
fasting, of lying on the ground, is confined to those who practice
them, and no other is saved thereby. But almsgiving extends to all, and
embraces the members of Christ, and actions that extend their effects
to many are far greater than those which are confined to one.
For almsgiving is the mother of love, of that love,
which is the characteristic of Christianity, which is greater than all
miracles, by which the disciples of Christ are manifested. It is the
medicine of our sins, the cleansing of the filth of our souls, the
ladder fixed to heaven; it binds together the body of Christ. Would you
learn how excellent a thing it is? In the time of the Apostles, men
selling their possessions brought them to them, and they were
distributed. For it is said, "Distribution was made unto every man
according as he had need." (Acts iv. 35.) For tell me how, setting
aside the future, and not now considering the kingdom that is to come,
let us see who in the present life are the gainers, those who received,
or those who gave. The former murmured and quarreled with each other.
The latter had one soul. "They were of one heart, and of one soul," it
is said, "and grace was upon them all." (Acts iv. 32.) And they lived
in great simplicity.(2) Dost thou see that they were gainers even by
thus giving? Tell me now, with whom would you wish to be numbered, with
those who gave away their possessions, and had nothing, or with those
who received even the goods of others?
See the fruit of almsgiving, the separations and
hindrances were removed, and immediately their souls were knit
together. "They were all of one heart and of one soul." So that even
setting aside almsgiving, the arting with riches is attended with gain.
And these things I have said, that those who have not succeeded to an
inheritance from their forefathers may not be cast down, as if they had
less than those who are wealthy. For if they please they have more. For
they will more readily incline to almsgiving, like the widow, and they
will have no occasion for enmity towards their neighbor, and they will
enjoy freedom in every respect. Such an one cannot be threatened with
the confiscation of his goods, and he is superior to all wrongs. As
those who fly unincumbered with clothes are not easily caught, but they
who are incumbered with many garments and a long train are soon
overtaken, so it is with the rich man and the poor. The one, though he
be taken, will easily make his escape, whilst the other, though he be
not detained, is incumbered by cords of his own, by numberless cares,
distresses, passions, provocations, all which overwhelm the soul, and
not these alone, but many other things which riches draw after them. It
is much more difficult for a rich man to be moderate and to live
frugally, than for the poor, more difficult for him to be free from
passion. Then he, you say, will have the greater reward.--By no
means.--What, not if he overcomes greater difficulties?--But these
difficulties were of his own seeking. For we are not commanded to
become rich, but the reverse. But he prepares for himself so many
stumbling-blocks and impediments.
Others not only divest themselves of riches, but
macerate their bodies, as travelers in the narrow way. Instead of doing
this, thou heatest more intensely the furnace of thy passions, and
gettest more about thee.(3) Go therefore into the broad way, for it is
that which receives such as thee. But the narrow way is for those who
are
543
afflicted and straitened, who bear along with them nothing but those
burdens, which they can carry through it, as almsgiving, love for
mankind, goodness, and meekness. These if thou bearest, thou wilt
easily find entrance, but if thou takest with thee arrogance, a soul
inflamed with passions, and that load of thorns, wealth, there is need
of wide room for thee to pass, nor wilt thou well be able to enter into
the crowd without striking others, and coming down upon them on thy
way. In this case a wide distance from others is required. But he who
carries gold and silver, I mean the achievements of virtue, does not
cause his neighbors to flee from him, but brings men nearer to him,
even to link themselves with him.(1) But if riches in themselves are
thorns, what must covetousness be? Why dost thou take that away with
thee? Is it to make the flame greater by adding fuel to that fire? Is
not the fire of hell sufficient? Consider how the Three Children
overcame the furnace. Imagine that to be hell. With tribulation were
they plunged into it, bound and fettered; but within they found large
room; not so they that stood around without.
Something of this kind even now will be experienced,
if we will manfully resist the trials that encompass us. If we have
hope in God, we shall be in security, and have ample room, and those
who bring us into these straits shall perish. For it is written, "Whoso
diggeth a pit shall fall therein." (Ecclus. xxvi. 27.) Though they bind
our hands and our feet, the affliction will have power to set us loose.
For observe this miracle. Those whom men had bound, the fire set free.
As if certain persons were delivered up to the servants of their
friends, and the servants, from regard to the friendship of their
master, instead of injuring them, should treat them with much respect;
so the fire, when as it knew that the Three Children were the friends
of its Lord, burst their fetters, set them free, and let them go, and
became to them as a pavement, and was trodden under their feet. And
justly, since they had been cast into it for the glory of God. Let us,
as many of us as are afflicted, hold fast these examples.
But behold, they were delivered from their
affliction, you say, and we are not. True, they were delivered, and
justly; since they did not enter into that furnace expecting
deliverance, but as if to die outright. For hear what they say: "There
is a God in Heaven, Who will deliver us. But if not, be it known unto
thee, O King, that we will not serve thy gods, nor worship the golden
image which thou hast set up." (Dan. iii. 17, 18.) But we, as if
bargaining on the chastisements of the Lord, even fix a time, saying,
"If He does not show mercy till this time." Therefore it is that we are
not delivered. Surely Abraham did not leave his home expecting again to
receive his son, but as prepared to sacrifice him; and it was contrary
to his expectation that he received him again safe. And thou, when thou
fallest into tribulation, be not in haste to be delivered,(2) prepare
thy mind for all endurance, and speedily thou shalt be delivered from
thy affliction. For God brings it upon thee for this end, that He may
chasten thee. When therefore from the first we learn to bear it
patiently, and do not sink into despair, He presently relieves us, as
having effected the whole matter.
I should like to tell you an instructive story,
which has much of profit in it. What then is it? Once, when a
persecution arose, and a severe war was raging against the Church, two
men were apprehended. The one was ready to suffer anything whatever;
the other was prepared to submit with firmness to be beheaded, but with
fear and trembling shrunk from other tortures. Observe then the
dispensation towards these men. When the judge was seated, he ordered
the one who was ready to endure anything, to be beheaded. The other he
caused to be hung up and tortured, and that not once or twice, but from
city to city. Now why was this permitted? That he might recover through
torments that quality of mind which he had neglected, that he might
shake off all cowardice, and be no longer afraid to endure anything.
Joseph too, when he was urgent to escape from prison, was left to
remain there. For hear him saying, "Indeed I was stolen away out of the
land of the Hebrews; but do thou make mention of me to the king." (Gen.
xl. 14, 15.) And for this he was suffered to remain, that he might
learn not to place hope or confidence in men, but to cast all upon God.
Knowing these things therefore let us give thanks to God, and let us do
all things that are expedient for us, that we may obtain the good
things to come, through Jesus Christ our Lord, with whom to the Father
be glory, with the Holy Ghost, now and ever, and world without end.
Amen.
HOMILIES OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM,
ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE,
ON THE
EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL THE APOSTLE
TO
PHILEMON
ARGUMENT.
FIRST, it is necessary to state the argument of the
Epistle, then also the matters that are questioned respecting it. What
then is the argument? Philemon was a man of admirable and noble
character. That he was an admirable man is evident from the fact, that
his whole household was of believers,(1) and of such believers as even
to be called a Church: therefore he says in this Epistle, "And to the
Church that is in thy house." (v. 2.) He bears witness also to his
great obedience, and that "the bowels of the Saints are refreshed in
him." (v. 7.) And he himself in this Epistle commanded him to prepare
him a lodging. (v. 22.) It seems to me therefore that his house was
altogether" a lodging for the Saints. This excellent(3) man, then, had
a certain slave named Onesimus. This Onesimus, having stolen something
from his master, had run away. For that he had stolen, hear what he
says: "If he hath wronged thee, or oweth thee aught, I will repay
thee." (v. 18, 19.) Coming therefore to Paul at Rome, and having found
him in prison, and having enjoyed the benefit of his teaching, he there
also received Baptism. For that he obtained there the gift of Baptism
is manifest from his saying, "Whom I have begotten in my bonds." (v.
10.) Paul therefore writes, recommending him to his master, that on
every account he should forgive him, and receive him as one now
regenerate.(4)
But because some say, that it was superfluous that
this Epistle should be annexed, since he is making a request about a
small matter in behalf of one man, let them learn who make these
objections, that they are themselves deserving of very many censures.
For it was not only proper that these small Epistles, in behalf of
things so necessary, should have been inscribed,(5) but I wish that it
were possible to meet with one who could deliver to us the history of
the Apostles, not only all they wrote and spoke of, but of the rest of
their conversation, even what they ate, and when they ate, when they
walked, and where they sat,(6) what they did every day, in what parts
they were, into what house they entered, and where they lodged(7)--to
relate everything with minute exactness, so replete with advantage is
all that was done by them. But the greater part, not knowing the
benefit that would result thence, proceed to censure it.
For if only seeing those places where they sat or
where they were imprisoned, mere lifeless spots, we often transport our
minds thither, and imagine their virtue, and are excited by it,
546
and become more zealous, much more would this be the case, if we heard
their words and their other actions. But concerning a friend a man
enquires, where he lives, what he is doing, whither he is going: and
say, should we not make these enquiries(1) about these the general
instructors of the world? For when a man leads a spiritual life, the
habit, the walk, the words and the actions of such an one, in short,
all that relates to him, profits the hearers, and nothing is a
hindrance or impediment.
But it is useful for you to learn that this Epistle
was sent upon necessary matters. Observe therefore how many things are
rectified thereby. We have this one thing first, that in all things it
becomes one to be earnest. For if Paul bestows so much concern upon a
runaway, a thief, and a robber, and does not refuse nor is ashamed to
send him back with such commendations; much more does it become us not
to be negligent in such matters. Secondly, that we ought not to abandon
the race of slaves, even if they have proceeded to extreme wickedness.
For if a thief and a runaway become so virtuous that Paul was willing
to make him a companion, and says in this Epistle, "that in thy stead
he might have ministered unto me" (v. 13), much more ought we not to
abandon the free. Thirdly, that we ought not to withdraw slaves from
the service of their masters. For if Paul, who had such confidence in
Philemon, was unwilling to detain Onesimus, so useful and serviceable
to minister to himself, without the consent of his master, much less
ought we so to act. For if the servant is so excellent, he ought by all
means to continue in that service, and to acknowledge the authority of
his master, that he may be the occasion of benefit to all in that
house. Why dost thou take the candle from the candlestick to place it
in the bushel?
I wish it were possible to bring into the cities
those (servants) who are without. "What," say you, "if he also should
become corrupt." And why should he, I beseech you? Because he has come
into the city? But consider, that being without he will be much more
corrupt. For he who is corrupt being within, will he much more so being
without. For here he will be delivered from necessary care, his master
taking that care upon himself; but there the concern about those things
will draw him off perhaps even from things more necessary, and more
spiritual. On this account the blessed Paul, when giving them the best
counsel, said, "Art thou called, being a servant? care not for it: but
if even thou mayest be made free, use it rather" (1 Cor. vii. 21); that
is, abide in slavery.(2) But what is more important than all, that the
word of God be not blasphemed, as he himself says in one of his
Epistles. "Let as many servants as are under the yoke count their own
masters worthy of all honor, that the name of God and His doctrine be
not blasphemed." (1 Tim. vi. 1.) For the Gentiles also will say, that
even one who is a slave can be well pleasing to God. But now many are
reduced to the necessity of blasphemy, and of saying Christianity has
been introduced into life for the subversion of everything, masters
having their servants taken from them, and it is a matter of violence.
Let me also say one other thing. He teaches us not
to be ashamed of our domestics, if they are virtuous. For if Paul, the
most admirable of men, speaks thus much in favor of this one, much more
should we speak favorably of ours. There being then so many good
effects--and yet we have not mentioned all--does any one think it
superfluous that this Epistle was inserted? And would not this be
extreme folly? Let us then, I beseech you, apply to the Epistle written
by the Apostle. For having gained already so many advantages from it,
we shall gain more from the text.(3)
[NOTE.--The views of the Fathers on Slavery and
Emancipation were very conservative, as slavery was interwoven with the
whole structure of the Roman empire and could not be suddenly abolished
without a radical social revolution. But the spirit of Christianity
always suggested and encouraged individual emancipation and the
ultimate abolition of the institution by teaching the universal love of
God, the common redemption and brotherhood of men, and the sacredness
of personality. Comp. Bishop Lightfoot's Commentary on Colossians and
Philemon, and Schaff's Church History, I. 793-798; II. 347-354; III.
115-122. Möhler, in his Vermischte Schriften, II. 896 sqq., has
collected the views of St. Chrysostom on slavery, and says that since
the time of the Apostle Paul no one has done more valuable service to
slaves than St. Chrysostom.--P. S.]
547
HOMILY I.
PHILEMON i. 1-3.
"Paul, a prisoner of Jesus Christ, and Timothy our brother, unto
Philemon our dearly beloved, and fellow-laborer, And to our beloved
Apphia, and Archippus our fellow-soldier, and to the Church in thy
house: Grace to you, and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus
Christ."
THESE things are said to a master in behalf of a
servant. Immediately at the outset, he has pulled down his spirit, and
not suffered him to be ashamed, he has quenched his anger; calling
himself a prisoner, he strikes him with compunction, and makes him
collect himself, and makes it appear that present things are nothing.
For if a chain for Christ's sake is not a shame but a boast, much more
is slavery not to be considered a reproach. And this he says, not
exalting himself, but for a good purpose doing this, showing thence
that he was worthy of credit; and this he does not for his own sake,
but that he may more readily obtain the favor. As if he had said, "It
is on your account that I am invested with this chain." As he also has
said elsewhere, there indeed showing his concern, but here his
trustworthiness.
Nothing is greater than this boast, to be called
"the stigmatized(1) of Christ." "For I bear in my body the marks of the
Lord Jesus." (Gal. vi. 17.)
"The prisoner of the Lord." For he had been bound on
His account. Who would not be struck with awe, who would not be humbled
when he hears of the chains of Christ? Who would not be ready to give
up even his own life, much less one domestic?
"And Timothy our brother."
He joins another also with himself, that he, being
entreated by many, may the more readily yield and grant the favor.
"Unto Philemon our dearly beloved, and
fellow-laborer."
If "beloved," then his confidence is not boldness
nor forwardness, but a proof of much affection. If a "fellow-laborer,"
then not only may he be instructed in such a matter, but he ought to
acknowledge it as a favor. For he is gratifying himself, he is building
up the same work. So that apart from any request, he says, thou hast
another necessity for granting the favor. For if he is profitable to
the Gospel, and thou art anxious to promote the Gospel, then oughtest
thou not to be entreated, but to entreat.
Ver. 2. "And to our beloved Apphia."
It seems to me that she was his partner in life.
Observe the humility of Paul; he both joins Timothy with him in his
request, and asks not only the husband, but the wife also, and some one
else, perhaps a friend.
"And Archippus," he says, "our fellow-soldier."
Not wishing to effect such things by command, and
not taking it ill, if he did not immediately comply with his request;
but he begs them to do what a stranger might have done(2) to aid his
request. For not only the being requested by many, but the petition
being urged to many, contributes to its being granted. And on this
account he says, "And Archippus our fellow-soldier." If thou art a
fellow-soldier, thou oughtest also to take a concern in these things.
But this is the Archippus, about whom he says in his Epistle to the
Colossians, "Say to Archippus, Take heed to the ministry which thou
hast received in the Lord, that thou fulfill it." (Col. iv. 17.) It
seems to me too, that he, whom he joins with him in this request, was
also one of the Clergy. And he calls him his fellow-soldier, that he
may by all means cooperate with him.
"And to the Church in thy house."
Here he has not omitted even the slaves. For he knew
that often even the words of slaves have power to overthrow their
master; and more especially when his request was in behalf of a slave.
And perhaps it was they particularly who exasperated him. He does not
suffer them therefore to fall into envy,(3) having honored them by
including them in a salutation with their masters. And neither does he
allow the master to take offense. For if he had made mention of them by
name, perhaps he would have been angry. And if he had not mentioned
them at all, he(4) might have been displeased. Observe therefore how
prudently he has found a way by his manner of mentioning them, both to
honor them by his mention of them, and not to wound him. For the name
of the "Church" does not suffer masters to be angry, even though they
are reckoned together with their servants. For the Church knows not the
distinction of master and servant. By good actions and by sins she
defines the one and the other. If then it is a
548
Church, be not displeased that thy slave is saluted with thee. "For in
Christ Jesus there is neither bond nor free." (Gal. iii. 28.) "Grace to
you, and peace."
By mentioning "grace," he brings his own sins to his
remembrance. Consider, he says, how great things God has pardoned in
thee, how by grace thou art saved. Imitate thy Lord. And he prays for
"peace" to him; and naturally: for it comes then when we imitate Him,
then grace abides. Since even that servant who was unmerciful to his
fellow-servants, until he demanded the hundred pence, had the grace of
his master abiding on him. But when he made that demand, it was taken
from him, and he was delivered to the tormentors.
MORAL. Considering these things, then, let us also
be merciful and forgiving towards those who have trespassed against us.
The offenses against us here are a hundred pence, but those from us
against God are ten thousand talents. But you know that offenses are
also judged by the quality of the persons: for instance, he who has
insulted a private person has done wrong, but not so much as he who has
insulted a magistrate, and he who has offended a greater magistrate
offends in a higher degree, and he who offends an inferior one in a
lower degree; but he who insults the king offends much more. The injury
indeed is the same, but it becomes greater by the excellence of the
person. And if he who insults a king receives intolerable punishment,
on account of the superiority(1) of the person; for how many talents
will he be answerable who insults God? so that even if we should commit
the same offenses against God, that we do against men, even so it is
not an equal thing: but as great as is the difference between God and
men, so great is that between the offenses against Him and them.
But now I find also that the offenses exceed, not
only in that they become great by the eminence of the person, but by
their very nature. And it is a horrible saying that I am about to
utter, and truly awful, but it is necessary to be said, that it may
even so shake our minds and strike them with tenor, showing that we
fear men much more than God, and we honor men much more than God. For
consider, he that commits adultery knows that God sees him, yet he
disregards Him; but if a man see him, he restrains his lust. Does not
such a one not only honor men above God, not only insult God, but,
which is even much more dreadful, whilst he fears them, despise Him?
For if he sees them, he restrains the flame of lust, but rather what
flame? it is not a flame, but a willfulness. For if indeed it was not
lawful to have intercourse with a woman, the matter perhaps would be a
flame, but now(2) it is insult and wantonness. For if he should see
men, he desists from his mad passion, but for the longsuffering of God
he has less regard. Again, another who steals, is conscious that he is
committing robbery, and endeavors to deceive men, and defends himself
against those who accuse him, and clothes his apology with a fair show;
but though he cannot thus prevail with God, he does not regard Him, nor
stand in awe of Him, nor honor Him. And if the king indeed commands us
to abstain from other men's goods, or even to give away our own, all
readily contribute, but when God commands not to rob, not to gather
other men's goods, we do not forbear.
Do you see then that we honor men more than God? It
is a sad and grievous saying, a heavy charge. But show that it is
grievous; flee from the fact! But if you fear not the fact, how can I
believe you when you say, We fear your words, you lay a burden on us!
It is you that by the deed lay a burden on yourselves, and not our
words. And if I but name the words of which you do the deeds, you are
offended. And is not this absurd?
May the thing spoken by me prove false! I would
rather myself in That Day bear the imputation of ill language, as
having vainly and causelessly reproached you, than see you accused of
such things.
But not only do you honor men more than God, but you
compel others to do so likewise. Many have thus compelled their
domestics and slaves. Some have drawn them into marriage against their
will, and others have forced them to minister to disgraceful services,
to infamous love, to acts of rapine, and fraud, and violence: so that
the accusation is twofold, and neither can they obtain pardon upon the
plea of necessity. For if you yourself do wrong things unwillingly, and
on account of the command of the ruler, not even so is it by any means
a sufficient excuse: but the offense becomes heavier, when you compel
them also to fall into the same sins. For what pardon can there be any
more for such an one?
These things I have said, not from a wish to condemn
you, but to show in how many things we are debtors to God. For if by
honoring men even equally with God, we insult God, how much more, when
we honor men above Him? But if those offenses that are committed
against men are shown to be much greater against God; how much more
when the actual offense is greater and more grievous in its own quality.
Let any one examine himself, and he will see
549
that he does everything on account of men. Exceedingly blessed we
should be, if we did as many things for the sake of God, as we do for
the sake of men, and of the opinion of men, and for the dread or the
respect of men. If then we have so many things to answer for, we ought
with all alacrity to forgive those who injure us, who defraud us, and
not to bear malice. For there is a way to the forgiveness of our sins
that needs no labors, nor expense of wealth, nor any other things, but
merely our own choice. We have no need to set out upon our travels, nor
go beyond the boundaries of our country, nor submit to dangers and
toils, but only to will.
What excuse, tell me, shall we have in things that
appear difficult,(1) when we do not do even a light thing, attended too
with so much gain and so much benefit, and no trouble? Canst thou not
despise wealth? Canst thou not spend thy substance on the needy? Canst
thou not will anything that is good? Canst thou not forgive him that
has injured thee? For if thou hadst not so many things to answer for,
and God had only commanded thee to forgive, oughtest thou not to do it?
But now having so many things to answer for, dost thou not forgive? and
that too, knowing that thou art required to do it on account of things
which thou hast from Him? If indeed we go to our debtor, he knowing it,
receives us courteously, and shows us honor, and pays us every
attention in a liberal way; and that though he is not paying off his
debt, but because he wishes to render us merciful in our demand of
payment: and thou, who owest so much to God, and art commanded to
forgive that thou mayest receive in return, dost not thou forgive? And
wherefore not, I beseech you? Woe is me! How much of goodness do we
receive, and what wickedness do we show in return! What sleepiness!
what indolence How easy a thing is virtue, attended too with much
advantage; and how laborious a thing is vice! But we, flying from that
which is so light, pursue that which is heavier than lead.
Here there is no need of bodily strength, nor of
wealth, nor possessions, nor of power, nor of friendship, nor of any
other thing; but it is sufficient only to will, and all is
accomplished. Hath some one grieved thee, and insulted thee, and mocked
thee? But consider, how often thou hast done such things to others, and
even to the Lord Himself; and forbear, and forgive him it. Consider
that thou sayest, "Forgive us our debts, as we also forgive our
debtors." (Matt. vi. 13.) Consider, that if thou dost not forgive, thou
wilt not be able to say this with confidence: but if thou forgivest,
thou demandest the matter as a debt, not by reason of the nature of the
thing, but on account of the lovingkindness of Him that hath granted
it. And wherein is it equal, that one who forgives his fellow-servants
should receive remission of the sins committed against the Lord? but
nevertheless we do receive such great lovingkindness, because He is
rich in mercy and pity.
And that I may show that even without these things,
and without the remission, thou art a gainer by forgiving, consider how
many friends such a person has, how the praises of such an one are
everywhere sounded by men who go about saying, "This is a good man, he
is easily reconciled, he knows not to bear malice, he is no sooner
stricken than he is healed." When such an one falls into any
misfortune, who will not pity him? when he has offended, who will not
pardon him? When he asks a favor of others, who will not grant it to
him? Who will not be willing to be the friend and servant of so good a
soul? Yea, I entreat you, let us do all things for Him,(2) not to our
friends, not to our relations only, but even to our domestics. For He
says, "Forbearing threatening, knowing that your Master also is in
heaven." (Eph. vi. 9.)
If we forgive our neighbors their trespasses, ours
will be forgiven to us, if we bestow alms, if we be humble. For this
also taketh away sins. For if the publican, only for saying, "God be
merciful to me a sinner" (Luke xviii. 13), went down justified, much
more we also, if we be humble and contrite, shall be able to obtain
abundant lovingkindness. If we confess our own sins and condemn
ourselves, we shall be cleansed from the most of our defilement. For
there are many ways that purify. Let us therefore in every way war
against the devil. I have said nothing difficult, nothing burdensome.
Forgive him that has injured thee, have pity on the needy, humble thy
soul, and though thou be a grievous sinner, thou wilt be able to obtain
the kingdom, by these means purging off thy sins themselves, and wiping
off their stain. And God grant that we all, having purified ourselves
here by confession from all the filth of our sins, may there obtain the
blessings promised in Christ Jesus our Lord, &c.
550
HOMILY II.
PHILEMON i. 4-6.
"I thank my God, making mention of thee always in my prayers, Hearing
of thy love and faith, which thou hast towards the Lord Jesus, and
toward all saints. That the communication of thy faith may become
effectual by the acknowledging [in the knowledge] of every good thing
which is in us,(1) in Christ Jesus."
HE does not immediately at the commencement ask the
favor, but having first admired the man, and having praised him for his
good actions, and having shown no small proof of his love, that he
always made mention of him in his prayers, and having said that many
are refreshed by him, and that he is obedient and complying in all
things; then he puts it last of all, by this particularly putting him
to the blush.(2) For if others obtain the things which they ask, much
more Paul. If coming before others, he was worthy to obtain, much more
when he comes after others, and asks a thing not pertaining to himself,
but in behalf of another. Then, that he may not seem to have written on
this account only, and that no one may say, "If it were not for
Onesimus thou wouldest not have written," see how he assigns other
causes also of his Epistle; In the first place manifesting his love,
then also desiring that a lodging may be prepared for him.
"Hearing," he says, "of thy love."
This is wonderful, and much greater than if being
present he had seen it when he(3) was present. For it is plain that
from its being excessive it had become manifest, and had reached even
to Paul. And yet the distance between Rome and Phrygia was not small.
For he seems to have been there from the mention of Archippus. For the
Colossians were of Phrygia, writing to whom he said, "When this Epistle
is read among you, cause that it be read also in the Church of the
Laodiceans, and that ye likewise read the Epistle from Laodicea." (Col.
iv. 16.) And this is a city of Phrygia.
I pray, he says, "that the communication of thy
faith may become effectual in the knowledge of every good thing which
is in Christ Jesus." Dost thou see him first giving, before he
receives, and before he asks a favor himself bestowing a much greater
one of his own? "That the communication of thy faith," he says, "may
become effectual by the acknowledging of every good thing which is in
you in Christ Jesus"; that is, that thou mayest attain all virtue, that
nothing may be deficient. For so faith becomes effectual, when it is
accompanied with works. For "without works faith is dead." (Jas. ii.
26.) And he has not said, "Thy faith," but "the communication of thy
faith," connecting it with himself, and showing that it is one body,
and by this particularly making him ashamed to refuse. If thou art a
partaker, he says, with respect to the faith, thou oughtest to
communicate also with respect to other things.
Ver. 7. "For we have [I had] great joy and
consolation in thy love, because the bowels [hearts] of the Saints are
refreshed by thee, brother."
Nothing so shames us into giving, as to bring
forward the kindnesses bestowed on others, and particularly when a man
is more entitled to respect than they. And he has not said, "If you do
it to others, much more to me"; but he has insinuated the same thing,
though he has contrived to do it in another and a more gracious manner.
"I had joy," that is, thou hast given me confidence
from the things which thou hast done to others. "And consolation," that
is, we are not only gratified, but we are also comforted. For they are
members of us. If then there ought to be such an agreement, that in the
refreshing of any others who are in affliction, though we obtain
nothing, we should be delighted on their account, as if it were one
body that was benefited; much more if you shall refresh us also. And he
has not said, "Because thou yieldest, and compliest," but even more
vehemently and emphatically, "because the bowels of the Saints," as if
it were for a darling child fondly loved by its parents, so that this
love and affection shows that he also is exceedingly beloved by them.
Ver. 8. "Wherefore, though I might be much bold in
Christ to enjoin thee that which is convenient [befitting]."
Observe how cautious he is, lest any of the things
which were spoken even from exceeding love should so strike the hearer,
as that he should be hurt. For this reason before he says, "to enjoin
thee," since it was offensive, although, as spoken out of love, it was
more proper to soothe him, yet nevertheless from an excess of delicacy,
he as it were corrects it by saying, "Having confidence," by which he
implies that Philemon was a great man,(4) that is "Thou hast given
551
confidence to us." And not only that, but adding the expression "in
Christ," by which he shows that it was not that he was more illustrious
in the world, not that he was more powerful, but it was on account of
his faith in Christ,--then he also adds, "to enjoin thee," and not that
only, but "that which is convenient," that is, a reasonable action. And
see out of how many things he brings proof for this. Thou doest good to
others, he says, and to me, and for Christ's sake, and that the thing
is reasonable, and that love giveth, wherefore also he adds,
Ver. 9. "Yet for love's sake, I rather beseech thee."
As if he had said, I know indeed that I can effect
it by commanding with much authority, from things which have already
taken place. But because I am very solicitous about this matter, "I
beseech thee." He shows both these things at once; that he has
confidence in him for he commands him;(1) and that he is exceedingly
concerned about the matter, wherefore he beseeches him.
"Being such an one," he says, "as Paul the aged."
Strange! how many things are here to shame him into compliance! Paul,
from the quality of his person, from his age, because he was old, and
from what was more just than all, because he was also "a prisoner of
Jesus Christ."
For who would not receive with open arms a combatant
who had been crowned? Who seeing him bound for Christ's sake, would not
have granted him ten thousand favors? By so many considerations having
previously soothed his mind, he has not immediately introduced the
name, but defers making so great a request. For you know what are the
minds of masters towards slaves that have run away; and particularly
when they have done this with robbery, even if they have good masters,
how their anger is increased. This anger then having taken all these
pains to soothe, and having first persuaded him readily to serve him in
anything whatever, and having prepared his soul to all obedience, then
he introduces his request, and says, "I beseech thee," and with the
addition of praises, "for my son whom I have begotten in my bonds."
Again the chains are mentioned to shame him into
compliance, and then the name. For he has not only extinguished his
anger, but has caused him to be delighted. For I would not have called
him my son, he says, if he were not especially profitable. What I
called Timothy, that I call him also. And repeatedly showing his
affection, he urges him by the very period of his new birth, "I have
begotten him in my bonds," he says, so that on this account also he was
worthy to obtain much honor, because he was begotten in his very
conflicts, in his trials in the cause of Christ.
"Onesimus,"
Ver. 11. "Which in time past was to thee
unprofitable."
See how great is his prudence, how he confesses the
man's faults, and thereby extinguishes his anger. I know, he says, that
he was unprofitable.
"But now" he will be "profitable to thee and to me."
He has not said he will be useful to thee, lest he
should contradict it, but he has introduced his own person, that his
hopes may seem worthy of credit, "But now," he says, "profitable to
thee and to me." For if he was profitable to Paul, who required so
great strictness, much more would he be so to his master. Ver. 12.
"Whom I have sent again to thee." By this also he has quenched his
anger, by delivering him up. For masters are then most enraged, when
they are entreated for the absent, so that by this very act he
mollified him the more.
Ver. 12. "Thou therefore receive him, that is mine
own bowels."
And again he has not given the bare name, but uses
with it a word that might move him, which is more affectionate than
son. He has said, "son," he has said, "I have begotten" him(2), so that
it was probable a he would love him much, because he begot him in his
trials. For it is manifest that we are most inflamed with affection for
those children, who have been born to us in dangers which we have
escaped, as when the Scripture saith," Woe, Barochabel! and again when
Rachel names Benjamin, "the son of my sorrow." (Gen. xxxv. 18.)
"Thou therefore," he says, "receive him, that is
mine own bowels." He shows the greatness of his affection. He has not
said, Take him back,(5) he has not said, Be not angry,(6) that "receive
him"; that is, he is worthy not only of pardon, but of honor. Why?
Because he is become the son of Paul.
Ver. 13. "Whom I would have retained with me, that
in thy stead he might have ministered unto me in the bonds of the
Gospel."
Dost thou see after how much previous preparation,
he has at length brought him honorably before his master, and observe
with how much wisdom he has done this. See for how much he makes him
answerable, and how much he honors the other. Thou hast found, he says,
a way by which thou mayest through him
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repay thy service to me. Here he shows that he has considered his
advantage more than that of his slave, and that he respects him
exceedingly.
Ver. 14. "But without thy mind," he says, "would I
do nothing; that thy benefit should not be, as it were, of necessity,
but willingly."
This particularly flatters the person asked, when
the thing being profitable in itself, it is brought out with his
concurrence. For two good effects are produced thence, the one person
gains, and the other is rendered more secure. And he has not said, That
it should not be of necessity, but "as it were of necessity." For I
knew, he says, that not having learnt(1) it, but coming to know it at
once, thou wouldest not have been angry, but nevertheless out of an
excess of consideration, that it should "not be as it were of
necessity."
Ver. 15, 16. "For perhaps he was therefore parted
from thee for a season that thou shouldest have him for ever; no longer
as a bond-servant."
He has well said, "perhaps," that the master may
yield. For since the flight arose from perverseness, and a corrupt
mind, and not from such intention, he has said, "perhaps." And he has
not said, therefore he fled, but, therefore he was "separated,"(2) by a
more fair sounding expression softening him the more. And he has not
said, He separated himself, but, "he was separated." For it was not his
own arrangement that he should depart either for this purpose or for
that. Which also Joseph says, in making excuse for his brethren, "For
God did send me hither" (Gen. xlv. 5), that is, He made use of their
wickedness for a good end. "Therefore," he says, "he was parted for a
season."(3) Thus he contracts the time, acknowledges the offense, and
turns it all to a providence.(4) "That thou shouldest receive him," he
says, "for ever," not for the present season only, but even for the
future, that thou mightest always have him, no longer a slave, but more
honorable than a slave. For thou wilt have a slave abiding with thee,
more well-disposed than a brother, so that thou hast gained both in
time, and in the quality of thy slave. For hereafter he will not run
away. "That thou shouldest receive him," he says, "for ever," that is,
have him again.
"No longer as a bond-servant, but more than a
bond-servant, a brother beloved, especially to me."
Thou hast lost a slave for a short time, but thou
wilt find a brother for ever, not only thy brother, but mine also. Here
also there is much virtue. But if he is my brother, thou also wilt not
be ashamed of him. By calling him his son, he hath shown his natural
affection; and by calling him his brother, his great good will for him,
and his equality in honor.
MORAL. These things are not written without an
object, but that we masters may not despair of our servants, nor press
too hard on them, but may learn to pardon the offenses of such
servants, that we may not be always severe, that we may not from their
servitude be ashamed to make them partakers with us in all things when
they are good. For if Paul was not ashamed to call one "his son, his
own bowels, his brother, his beloved," surely we ought not to be
ashamed. And why do I say Paul? The Master of Paul is not ashamed to
call our servants His own brethren; and are we ashamed? See how He
honors us; He calls our servants His own brethren, friends, and
fellow-heirs. See to what He has descended! What therefore having done,
shall we have accomplished our whole duty? We shall never in any wise
do it; but to whatever degree of humility we have come, the greater
part of it is still left behind. For consider, whatever thou doest,
thou doest to a fellow-servant, but thy Master hath done it to thy
servants. Hear and shudder! Never be elated at thy humility!
Perhaps you laugh at the expression, as if humility
could puff up. But be not surprised at it, it puffs up, when it is not
genuine. How, and in what manner? When it is practiced to gain the
favor of men, and not of God, that we may be praised, and be
high-minded. For this also is diabolical. For as many are vainglorious
on account of their not being vainglorious,(5) so are they elated on
account of their humbling themselves, by reason of their being
high-minded. For instance, a brother has come, or even a servant thou
hast received him, thou hast washed his feet; immediately thou thinkest
highly of thyself. I have done, thou sayest, what no other has done. I
have achieved humility. How then may any one continue in humility? If
he remembers the command of Christ, which says, "When ye shall have
done all things, say, We are unprofitable servants." (Luke xvii. 10.)
And again the Teacher of the world, saying, "I count not myself to have
apprehended." (Phil. iii. 13.) He who has persuaded himself that he has
done no great thing, however many things he may have done, he alone can
be humble-minded, he who thinks that he has not reached perfection.
Many are elated on account of their humility; but
let not us be so affected. Hast thou done any act of humility? be not
proud of it, otherwise all the merit of it is lost. Such was the
Pharisee, he was puffed up because he gave his tythes to the poor, and
he lost all the merit of
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it. (Luke xviii. 12.) But not so the publican. Hear Paul again saying,
"I know nothing by myself, yet am I not hereby justified." (1 Cor. iv.
4.) Seest thou that he does not exalt himself, but by every means
abases and humbles himself, and that too when he had arrived at the
very summit. And the Three Children were in the fire, and in the midst
of the furnace, and what said they? "We have sinned and committed
iniquity with our fathers." (Song, v. 6, in Sept.; Dan. iii. 29, 30; v.
16.) This it is to have a contrite heart; on this account they could
say, "Nevertheless in a contrite heart and a humble spirit let us be
accepted." Thus even after they had fallen into the furnace they were
exceedingly humbled, even more so than they were before. For when they
saw the miracle that was wrought, thinking themselves unworthy of that
deliverance, they were brought lower in humility. For when we are
persuaded that we have received great benefits beyond our desert, then
we are particularly grieved. And yet what benefit had they received
beyond their desert? They had given themselves up to the furnace; they
had been taken captive for the sins of others; for they were still
young; and they murmured not, nor were indignant, nor did they say,
What good is it to us that we serve God, or what advantage have we in
worshiping Him? This man is impious, and is become our lord. We are
punished with the idolatrous by an idolatrous king. We have been led
into captivity. We are deprived of our country, our freedom, all
our paternal goods, we are become prisoners and slaves, we are enslaved
to a barbarous king. None of these things did they say. But what? "We
have sinned and committed iniquity." And not for themselves but for
others they offer prayers. Because, say they, "Thou hast delivered us
to a hateful and a wicked king." Again, Daniel, being a second time
cast into the pit, said, "For God hath remembered me." Wherefore should
He not remember(1) thee, O Daniel, when thou didst glorify Him before
the king, saying, "Not for any wisdom that I have"? (Dan. ii. 30.) But
when thou wast cast into the den of lions, because thou didst not obey
that most wicked decree, wherefore should He not remember thee? For
this very reason surely should He.(2) Wast thou not cast into it on His
account? "Yea truly," he says, "but I am a debtor for many things." And
if he said such things after having displayed so great virtue, what
should we say after this? But hear what David says, "If He thus say, I
have no delight in thee, behold here am I, let Him do to me as seemeth
good unto Him." (2 Sam. xv. 26.) And yet he had an infinite number of
good things to speak of. And Eli also says, "It is the Lord: let Him do
what seemeth Him good." (1 Sam. iii. 18.)
This is the part of well-disposed servants, not only
in His mercies, but in His corrections, and in punishments wholly to
submit to Him. For how is it not absurd,(3) if we bear with masters
beating their servants, knowing that they will spare them, because they
are their own;(4) and yet suppose that God in punishing will not spare?
This also Paul has intimated, saying, "Whether we live or die, we are
the Lord's." (Rom. xiv. 8.) A man, we say, wishes not his property to
be diminished, he knows how he punishes, he is punishing his own
servants. But surely no one of us spares more than He Who brought us
into being out of nothing, Who maketh the sun to rise, Who causeth
rain; Who breathed our life into us, Who gave His own Son for us.
But as I said before, and on which account I have
said all that I have said, let us be humble-minded as we ought, let us
be moderate as we ought. Let it not be to us an occasion of being
puffed up. Art thou humble, and humbler than all men? Be not
high-minded on that account, neither reproach others, lest thou lose
thy boast. For this very cause thou art humble, that thou mayest be
delivered from the madness of pride; if therefore through thy humility
thou fallest into that madness, it were better for thee not to be
humble. For hear Paul saying, "Sin work-eth death in me by that which
is good, that sin by the commandment might become exceeding sinful."
(Rom. vii. 13.) When it enters into thy thought to admire thyself
because thou art humble, consider thy Master, to what He descended, and
thou wilt no longer admire thyself, nor praise thyself, but wilt deride
thyself as having done nothing. Consider thyself altogether to be a
debtor. Whatever thou hast done, remember that parable, "Which of you
having a servant ... will say unto him, when he is come in, Sit down to
meat? ... I say unto you, Nay ... but stay and serve me." (From Luke
xvii. 7, 8.) Do we return thanks to our servants, for waiting upon us?
By no means. Yet God is thankful to us, who serve not Him, but do that
which is expedient for ourselves.
But let not us be so affected, as if He owed us
thanks, that He may owe us the more, but as if we were discharging a
debt. For the matter truly is a debt, and all that we do is of debt.
For if when we purchase slaves with our money, we wish them to live
altogether for us, and whatever they have to have it for ourselves, how
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much more must it be so with Him, who brought us out of nothing into
being, who after this bought us with His precious Blood, who paid down
such a price for us as no one would endure to pay for his own son, who
shed His own Blood for us? If therefore we had ten thousand souls, and
should lay them all down for Him, should we make Him an equal return?
By no means. And why? Because He did this, owing us nothing, but the
whole was a matter of grace. But we henceforth are debtors: and being
God Himself, He became a servant, and not being subject to death,
subjected Himself to death in the flesh. We, if we do not lay down our
lives for Him, by the law of nature must certainly lay them down, and a
little later shall be separated from it,(1) however unwillingly. So
also in the case of riches, if we do not bestow them for His sake, we
shall render them up from necessity at our end. So it is also with
humility. Although we are not humble for His sake, we shall be made
humble by tribulations, by calamities, by over-ruling powers. Seest
thou therefore how great is the grace! He hath not said, "What great
things do the Martyrs do? Although they die not forMe, they certainly
will die." But He owns Himself much indebted to them, because they
voluntarily resign that which in the course of nature they were about
to resign shortly against their will. He hath not said, "What great
thing do they, who give away their riches? Even against their will they
will have to surrender them." But He owns Himself much indebted to them
too, and is not ashamed to confess before all that He, the Master, is
nourished by His slaves.
For this also is the glory of a Master, to have
grateful slaves. And this is the glory of a Master, that He should thus
love His slaves. And this is the glory of a Master, to claim for His
own what is theirs. And this is the glory of a Master, not to he
ashamed to confess them before all. Let us therefore be stricken with
awe at this so great love of Christ. Let us be inflamed with this
love-potion. Though a man be low and mean, yet if we hear that he loves
us, we are above all things warmed with love towards him, and honor him
exceedingly. And do we then love? and when our Master loveth us so
much, we are not excited? Let us not, I beseech you, let us not be so
indifferent with regard to the salvation of our souls, but let us love
Him according to our power, and let us spend all upon His love, our
life, our riches, our glory, everything, with delight, with joy, with
alacrity, not as rendering anything to Him, but to ourselves. For such
is the law of those who love. They think that they are receiving
favors, when they are suffering wrong for the sake of their beloved.
Therefore let us he so affected towards our Lord, that we(3) also may
partake of the good things to come in Christ Jesus our Lord.
HOMILY III.
PHILEMON i. 17-19.
"If thou count me therefore a partner, receive him as myself. If he
hath wronged thee at all, or oweth thee aught, put that to mine
account; I Paul write it with mine own hand, I will repay it: that I
say not to thee how thou owest unto me even thine own self besides."
NO procedure is so apt to gain a hearing,(2) as not
to ask for everything at once. For see after how many praises, after
how much preparation he hath introduced this great matter. After having
said that he is "my son," that he is a partaker of the Gospel, that he
is "my bowels," that thou receivest him back "as a brother," and "hold
him as a brother," then he has added "as myself." And Paul was not
ashamed to do this. For he who was not ashamed to be called the servant
of the faithful, but confesses that he was such, much more would he not
refuse this. But what he says is to this effect. If thou art of the
same mind with me, if thou runnest upon the same terms,(4) if thou
considerest me a friend, receive him as myself.
"If he hath wronged thee at all." See where and when
he has introduced the mention of the injury; last, after having said so
many things in his behalf. For since the loss of money is particularly
apt to annoy men, that he might not accuse him of this, (for it was
most likely that it was spent,) then he brings in this, and says, "If
he hath wronged thee." He does not say, If he has stolen anything; but
what? "If
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he hath wronged thee." At the same time he both confessed the offense,
and not as if it were the offense of a servant, but of a friend against
a friend, making use of the expression of "wrong" rather than of theft.
"Put that to mine account," he says, that is, reckon
the debt to me, "I will repay it." Then also with that spiritual
pleasantry,
"I Paul write(1) it with mine own hand." At once
movingly and pleasantly; if when Paul did not refuse to execute a bond
for him, he should refuse to receive him! This would both shame
Philemon into compliance, and bring Onesimus out of trouble. "I write
it," he says, "with mine own hand." Nothing is more affectionate than
these "bowels," nothing more earnest, nothing more zealous. See what(2)
great concern he bestows in behalf of one man. "Albeit I do not say to
thee how thou owest unto me even thine own self besides." Then that it
might not appear insulting to him, whom he requests, if he had not the
confidence to ask and obtain in behalf of a theft, he in some measure
relieves this, saying, "That I say not unto thee how thou owest to me
even thine own self besides." Not only thine own things, but thyself
also. And this proceeded from love, and was according to the rule of
friendship, and was a proof of his great confidence. See how he
everywhere provides for both, that he may ask with great
security, and that this may not seem a sign of too little(3) confidence
in him.
Ver. 20. "Yea, brother."
What is, "Yea, brother"? Receive him, he says. For
this we must understand though unexpressed. For dismissing all
pleasantry, he again pursues his former considerations, that is,
serious ones. And yet even these are serious. For the things that
proceed from Saints are of themselves serious, even when they are
pleasantry.
"Yea, brother, let me have joy of thee in the Lord,
refresh my heart in Christ."(4)
That is, thou grantest the favor to the Lord, not to
me. "My heart," that is, toward thyself.
Ver. 21. "Having confidence in thy obedience, I
write unto thee."
What stone would not these things have softened?
What wild beast would not these things have rendered mild, and prepared
to receive him heartily? After having borne witness to him by so many
great testimonies of his goodness, he is not ashamed again to excuse
himself. He says, Not barely requesting it, nor as commanding it, nor
arbitrarily, but "having confidence in thy obedience I wrote unto
thee." What he had said at the beginning, "having confidence," that he
also says here in the sealing up of his letter.
"Knowing that thou wilt also do more than I say."
At the same time in saying this he excited him. For
he would have been ashamed, though for nothing else, if having such
credit with him as this, that he would do more than he said,--he should
not do so much.
Ver. 22. "But withal prepare me also a lodging: for
I trust that through your prayers I shall be given unto you."
This also was the part of one who was exceedingly
confident--or rather this too was in behalf of Onesimus, that not being
indifferent, but knowing that he upon his return would know the things
relating to him, they might lay aside all remembrance of the wrong, and
might the rather grant the favor. For great was the influence and the
honor of Paul residing among them, of Paul in his age, of Paul after
imprisonment. Again, it is a proof of their love that he says that they
pray; and to attribute to them so much as that they pray for "him." For
although I be now in danger, yet nevertheless you will see me if ye
pray for it.
Ver. 23. "Epaphras, my fellow-prisoner in Christ
Jesus, saluteth thee."
He was sent by the Colossians, so that from this it
appears that Philemon was also at Colossae. And he calls him his
"fellow-prisoner," showing that he also was in much tribulation, so
that if not on his own account, yet on account of the other, it was
right that he should be heard. For he that is in tribulation, and
overlooks himself, and is concerned for others, deserves to be heard.
And he puts him to shame from another consideration,
if his countryman is a fellow-prisoner with Paul and suffers affliction
with him, and he himself does not grant him a favor in behalf of his
own servant. And he has added, "my fellow-prisoner in Christ Jesus,"
instead of on account of Christ.
Ver. 24. "Mark, Aristarchus, Demas, Luke, my
fellow-workers."
Why then does he put Luke last? And yet he elsewhere
says, "Only Luke is with me" (2 Tim. iv. 11), and "Demas," he says, was
one of those who "forsook him, having loved the present world." (2 Tim.
iv. 10.) All these things, although they are mentioned elsewhere, yet
nevertheless ought not to be passed over here without enquiry, nor
ought we merely to hear them as things of course. But how comes he to
say that he who forsook him salutes them? For
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"Erastus," he says, "abode at Corinth." (2 Tim. iv. 20.) He adds
Epaphras, both as known to them, and being of their country. And Mark,
as being himself also an admirable man. Why then does he number Demas
with these? Perhaps it was after this that he became more remiss, when
he saw the dangers multiplied. But Luke being last became first. And
from these indeed he salutes him, urging him the more to obedience, and
calls them his fellow-laborers, and in this way shames him into
granting the request.
Ver. 25. "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with
your spirit. Amen."
MORAL. He hath closed his Epistle with a prayer. And
indeed prayer is a great good, salutary, and preservative of our souls.
But it is great when we do things worthy of it, and do not render
ourselves unworthy. And thou too, therefore, when thou goest to the
priest, and he shall say to thee, "The Lord will have mercy on thee, my
son," do not confide in the word only, but add also works. Do acts
worthy of mercy, God will bless thee, my son, if indeed thou doest
things worthy of blessing. He will bless thee, if thou showest mercy to
thy neighbor. For the things which we wish to obtain from God, of those
we ought first to impart to our neighbors. But if we deprive our
neighbors of them, how can we wish to obtain them? "Blessed," He says,
"are the merciful: for they shall obtain mercy." (Matt. v. 7.) For if
men show mercy to such, much more will God, but to the unmerciful by no
means. "For he shall have judgment without mercy to him that hath
showed no mercy." (Jas. ii. 13.)
An excellent thing is mercy! Why then hast thou not
done it to another? Dost thou wish to be pardoned, when thou offendest?
why then dost thou not thyself pardon him who has offended thee? But
thou comest to God, asking of Him the kingdom of heaven, and thou
thyself dost not give money when it is begged of thee. For this cause
we do not obtain mercy, because we do not show mercy. But why? you say.
Is not this also a part of mercy, to show mercy to the unmerciful?
Nay!(1) For he that treated with the greatest kindness the hard-hearted
cruel man, that had done numberless ills to his neighbor, how should he
be merciful? What then, say you? Hath not the Layer saved us, who had
committed infinite evils? It hath delivered us from them, not that we
should commit them again, but that we may not commit them. For "how
shall we," it is said, "that are dead to sin, live any longer therein"?
(Rom. vi. 2.)
"What then? shall we sin because we are not under
the law? God forbid." (v. 15.) For this cause God hath delivered thee
from those sins that thou mightest no more run back to that dishonor.
Since even physicians relieve their feverish patients from their heat,
not that they may abuse their health to their injury and disorder,
(since it would be better to be sick, if one was about to use his
health only that he might confine himself again to his bed,) but having
learnt the evils that arise from sickness, they may no longer fall into
the same, that they may the more securely preserve their health, that
they may do everything that conduces to its preservation.
How then? you say: what is the lovingkindness of
God, if He is not about to save the bad? For oftentimes I hear many
talking in this way, that He is the Friend of man, and will by all
means save all. That we may not therefore vainly deceive ourselves,
(for I remember that I made a promise of this kind to you,) come let us
to-day move this argument. I lately discoursed with you about Hell, and
I deferred my argument upon the lovingkindness of God. It is proper
therefore to-day to resume it. That there will, then, be a hell, we
have, as I think, sufficiently proved, bringing forward the deluge, and
former evils, and arguing that it is not possible that He who performed
these things should leave the men of the present age unpunished. For if
thus He chastised those who sinned before the Law, He will not let
those go unpunished who after grace have committed greater wickedness.
It has been questioned therefore how is He good? how merciful to man,
if at least He punishes? and we have deferred the argument, that we
might not overwhelm your ears with a multitude of words.
Come, to-day let us discharge the debt, and show how
good is God, even in punishing. For this discourse would be suitable
for us in opposition to the heretics. Let us therefore pay earnest heed
to it. God, standing in no need of anything from us, yet created us.
For that He stood in need of us, is manifest from His having made us
after a long time. For He might have made us long ago, if He had needed
us. For if He Himself was, even without us, and we were made in later
times, He made us, not needing us.
He made the Heaven, the earth, the sea, all things
that exist, for our sake. Tell me, are not these marks of goodness? And
many things one might mention. But to cut short the matter, "He maketh
the sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sendeth rain on the just
and on the unjust." (Matt. v. 45.) Is not this a mark of goodness? No,
you say. For I said once m conversing with a Marcionite, Are not these
things a mark of goodness? and he answered, If
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He did not call men to account for their sins, it were a mark of
goodness. But if He calls them to account, it is not goodness. That
man, however, is not now present. But come, let us repeat what
was then said, and more beside. For I, out of my superfluity, show that
if He did not call men to account, He would not be good; but because He
does call them to account, therefore He is good.
For, say, if He did not call us to account, would
human life then have endured? Should we not then have fallen into the
state of beasts? For if when there is this fear impending over us, and
the giving account, and judgments, we have gone beyond fishes in
devouring one another, we have thrown wolves and lions into the shade
in ravaging one another's possessions; if He did not call us to
account, and we were persuaded of this, with how great tumult and
confusion would life be filled? What would be the fabled labyrinth
after this, compared with the perplexities of the world? Would you not
see numberless indecencies and disorders? For who then would have
respected his father any more? Or who would have spared his mother? Who
would have left unattempted any pleasure, any wickedness? And that the
matter is so, I will endeavor to show you from one house only. How? You
who raise these questions and who have servants; if I could make it
manifest to these, that if they should destroy the family of their
masters,(1) if they should insult their persons, if they should plunder
everything, if they should turn things upside down, if they should
treat them as enemies, they would not threaten them, nor correct them,
nor punish them, nor even grieve them with a word, would this be any
proof of goodness? I maintain that this is the extreme of cruelty, not
only because the wife and children are betrayed by this unreasonable
kindness, but because the slaves themselves are destroyed before them.
For they will be drunkards, wanton, dissolute, and more irrational than
any beasts. Is this, tell me, a proof of goodness, to trample upon the
noble nature of the soul, and to destroy both themselves and others
beside? Seest thou that to call men to account is a proof of great
goodness? But why do I speak of slaves, who more readily fall into
these sins? But let a man have sons, and let him permit them to do
everything they will, and let him not punish them; will they not be
worse than anything? tell me. In the case of men then, it is a mark of
goodness to punish, and of cruelty not to punish, and is it not so in
the case of God? So that because He is good, therefore He has prepared
a hell.
And do you wish that I should speak of another
instance of God's goodness? It is not only this, but that He does not
suffer the good to become bad. For if they were destined to meet with
the same things, they would all be bad. But now this also does not a
little console the good. For hear the Prophet, saying, "The righteous
shall rejoice when he seeth the vengeance upon the ungodly, he shall
wash his hands in the blood of the sinner." (Ps. lviii. 10.) Not
rejoicing on account of it, God forbid! but fearing lest he should
suffer the same things, he will render his own life more pure. This
then is a mark of His great care. Yes, you say, but He ought only to
threaten, and not to punish also. But if He does punish, and still you
say it is a matter of threat, and on that account become more
sloth-fill, if it were really but a threat, would you not become more
supine? If the Ninevites had known it was a matter of threat, they
would not have repented, But because they repented, they cause the
threat to stop at words only. Dost thou wish it to be a threat only?
Thou hast the disposal of that matter. Become a better man, and it
stops only at the threat. But if, which be far from thee! thou
despiseth the threat, thou wilt come to the experience of it. The men
before(2) the flood, if they had feared the threat, would not have
experienced the execution of it. And we, if we fear the threat, shall
not expose ourselves to experience the reality. God forbid we should.
And may the merciful God grant that we all henceforth, having been
brought to sound mind, may obtain those unspeakable blessings. Of which
may we all be thought worthy, through the grace and loving-kindness of
our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom to the Father, together with the Holy
Ghost, be glory, power, and honor, now and for ever and ever. Amen.
End of Etext Commentary on Galatians by St. John Chrysostom