Domitian was not only bold and quick to anger but also treacherous and
secretive; and so, deriving from these two characteristics
impulsiveness on the one hand and craftiness on the other, he would
often attack people with the sudden violence of a thunderbolt and again
would often injure them as the result of careful deliberation. The god
that he revered most was Minerva, in consequence of which he was wont
to celebrate the Panathenaea on a magnificent scale; on those occasions
he held contests of poets and orators and gladiators almost every year
at his Alban Villa. This estate, situated at the foot of the Alban
Mount, from which it received its name, he had set apart as a kind of
acropolis. There was no human being for whom he felt any genuine
affection, except a few women; but he always pretended to be fond of
the person whom at the moment he most desired to slay. So faithless was
he even towards those who showed his some favour or helped him in his
most revolting crimes, that, whenever persons provided him with large
sums of money or lodged false information against large numbers of
people, he was sure to destroy them, being especially careful to do so
in the case of slaves who had given information against their masters.
Accordingly, such persons, though they received money and honours and
offices in which they were his colleagues, lived in no greater honour
and security than other men. On the contrary, the very offences to
which they had been urged by Domitian were commonly made the pretext
for their destruction, his object being that they alone should appear
to have been the authors of the wrongdoing. It was with this same
purpose that, when an emperor fails to punish informers, he himself
makes them informers.
Though such was his behaviour towards all throughout the course of his
reign, yet he quite outdid himself in visiting disgrace and ruin upon
the friends of his father and of his brother. It is true, he issued a
proclamation confirming all the gifts made to any persons by them and
by other emperors; but this was mere vain show. He hated them because
they had not supplied all his numerous and unreasonable demands, as
well as because they had been held in some honour; for he regarded as
his enemy anyone who had enjoyed his father's or his brother's
affection beyond the ordinary or had been particularly influential.
Accordingly, though he himself entertained a passion for a eunuch named
Earinus, nevertheless, since Titus also had shown a great fondness for
eunuchs, in order to insult his memory, he forbade that any person in
the Roman Empire should thereafter be castrated. In general, he was
accustomed to say that those emperors who did not visit punishment upon
many men were not good emperors, but only fortunate.
This same emperor paid no heed to the praises which men bestowed upon
Titus for not having put a single senator to death, nor did he care
that the senate frequently saw fit to pass decrees that it should be
unlawful for the emperor to put to da any of his peers. A vast
difference, indeed, did it make to them whether it was on his own
responsibility or with the consent of the senate that he put out of the
way one or another of his number — as if, forsooth, they could offer
any opposition or refuse to condemn anybody! Some, however, would
praise Titus, though not in Domitian's hearing (for to do that would
have been as grave an offence as to revile the emperor in his presence
and within his hearing), but they would do so among themselves, so that
he hated them because he well knew that they were doing this secretly.
And indeed there was something else that resembled play-acting; for
Domitian pretended that he himself loved his brother and mourned him,
and he delivered the eulogy over him with tears in his eyes and urged
that the he be enrolled among the demigods — pretending just the
opposite of what he really desired. Indeed, he abolished the horse-race
that had been held on the birthday of Titus. In general, men were not
safe whether they shared in his grief or in his joy; for in the one
case they were bound to offend his real feelings and in the other to
show up his insincerity.
He planned to put his wife, Domitia, to death on the ground of
adultery, but having been dissuaded by Ursus, he divorced her, after
murdering Paris, the actor, in the middle of the street because of her.
And when many persons paid honour to that spot with flowers and
ointments, he ordered that they, too, should be slain. After this he
lived with his own niece (Julia, that is to say) as husband with wife,
making little effort at concealment. Then upon the demands of the
people he became reconciled with Domitia, but continued his relations
with Julia none the less.
He was putting many of the foremost men out of the way on many
different pretexts, some by means of murder and others by banishment.
He also removed many from Rome to other places and destroyed them; and
in the case of not a few he so contrived that they died by their own
hands in one way or another, so that they might be thought to have met
death by their own desire and not through compulsion.
He did not spare even the Vestal Virgins, but punished them on the
charge of having had intercourse with men. It is even said that, as a
result of the harsh and cruel character of their examination and the
great number of persons who were being accused and punished, one of the
pontifices, Helvius Agrippa, could not endure it, but, horror-stricken,
expired then and there in the senate-chamber.
Domitian prided himself also on the fact that he did not bury alive, as
was the custom, the Vestals whom he found to have had intercourse with
men, but ordered them to be put to death in some other way.
After this he set out for Gaul and plundered some of the tribes beyond
the Rhine that enjoyed treaty rights — a performance which filled him
with conceit as if he had achieved some great success; and he increased
the soldiers' pay, perhaps on account of this victory, commanding that
four hundred sesterces should be given to each man in place of the
three hundred that he had been receiving. Later he thought better of
it, but, instead of diminishing the amount of their pay, he reduced the
number of soldiers. Both changes entailed great injury to the State;
for he made its defenders too few in number and yet at the same time
very expensive to maintain.
Next he made a campaign into Germany and returned without having so
much as seen hostilities anywhere. But why should I go on and mention
the honours bestowed upon him on this occasion for this exploit or from
time to time upon the other emperors who were no better than he? For
they were bestowed merely to keep such rulers from suspecting, as they
would if the honours had been few and insignificant, that the people
saw through them, and from becoming angry in consequence. Yet Domitian
had this worst quality of all, that he desired to be flattered, and was
equally displeased with both sorts of men, those who paid court to him
and those who did not — with the former because they seemed to be
flattering him and with the latter because they seemed to despise him.
Nevertheless, he affected to take pleasure in the honours voted by the
senate. But he came near putting Ursus to death because he failed to
show pleasure at his sovereign's exploits; and then, at the request of
Julia, he appointed him consul.
However, being still more puffed up by his folly, he was elected consul
for ten years in succession and censor for life, being the first and
only man, whether private citizen or emperor, to be given this latter
honour; he also received the privilege of employing twenty-four lictors
and of wearing the triumphal garb whenever he entered the senate-house.
He changed the name of October to Domitianus because he had been born
in that month. Among the charioteers he instituted two more factions,
calling one the Golden and the other the Purple. To the spectators he
used to make many presents by means of the little balls; and once he
gave them a banquet while they remained in their seats and at night
provided for them wine that flowed freely in many different places.All
this naturally gave pleasure to the populace, but it was a cause of
ruin to the powerful. For, as he had no funds from which to make his
expenditures, he murdered many men, haling some of them before the
senate, but bringing charges against others when they were not even
present in Rome. He even went so far as to put some out of the way
treacherously by means of drugs secretly administered.
Many of the peoples tributary to the Romans revolted when contributions
of money were forcibly extorted from them; among these were the
Nasamones. They massacred all the tax-collectors and so completely
defeated Flaccus, the governor of Numidia, who proceeded against them,
that they even plundered his camp. But having discovered the wine and
other provisions there, they gorged themselves and fell asleep, and
Flaccus, learning of this, attacked them and annihilated them, even
destroying all the non-combatants. Domitian was elated at this success
and said to the senate: "I have forbidden the Nasamones to exist."
For he even insisted upon being regarded as a god and took vast pride
in being called "master" and "god." These titles were used not merely
in speech but also in written documents.
At this time the Romans became involved in a very serious war with the
Dacians, whose king was then Decebalus. This man was shrewd in his
understanding of warfare and shrewd also in the waging of war; he
judged well when to attack and chose the right moment to retreat; he
was an expert in ambuscades and a master in pitched battles; and he
knew not only how to follow up a victory well, but also how to manage
well a defeat. Hence he showed himself a worthy antagonist of the
Romans for a long time. I call the people Dacians, the names used by
the natives themselves as well as by the Romans, though I am not
ignorant that some Greek writers refer to them as Getae, whether that
is the right form or not; for the Getae of whom I myself know are those
that live beyond the Haemus range, along the Ister. Domitian, then,
made an expedition against this people, but did not take an active part
in the conflict. Instead, he remained in one of the cities of Moesia,
indulging in riotous living, as was his wont. For he was not only
indolent of body and timorous of spirit, but also most profligate and
lewd towards women and boys alike. He therefore sent others to conduct
the war and for the most part got the worst of it.
Decebalus, the king of the Dacians, was making overtures to Domitian,
promising him peace; but Domitian sent Fuscus against him with a large
force. On learning of this Decebalus sent to him an embassy anew with
the insulting proposal to make peace with the emperor, on condition
that every Roman should elect to pay two obols to Decebalus each year;
otherwise, he declared, he would make war and inflict great ills upon
the Romans.
Dio . . . Book LXVI . . . . When the soldiers who had made the campaign with Fuscus asked Domitian to lead them.
Domitian, wishing to requite the Quadi and the Marcomani because they
had not assisted him against the Dacians, entered Pannonia with the
intention of making war upon them; and he put to death the second group
of envoys which had been sent by the enemy to propose terms of peace.
The same emperor, having been defeated, laid the blame on his
commanders. For, though he claimed for himself a the successes, none of
which was due to him, yet he blamed others for the reverses, nothing
that they had been incurred in consequence of the orders issued by him.
Indeed, he hated those who succeeded and blamed those who met with
reverses.
Domitian, having been defeated by the Marcomani, took to flight, and
hastily sending messages to Decebalus, king of the Dacians, induced him
to make a truce, though he himself had hitherto refused to grant one in
response to the frequent requests of Decebalus. And so Decebalus
accepted his overtures, for he had suffered grievous hardships; yet he
did not wish to hold a conference with Domitian personally, but instead
sent Diegis with the men, to give him the arms and a few captives, who,
he pretended, were the only ones that he had. When this had been done,
Domitian placed a diadem on the head of Diegis, just as if he had truly
conquered and could give the Dacians anyone he pleased to be their
king. To the soldiers he granted honours and money. And, just as if he
had won a victory, he sent to Rome, among other things, envoys from
Decebalus and also a letter from the king, as he claimed, though rumour
declared that he had forged it. He graced the festival that followed
with many exhibits appropriate to a triumph, though they came from no
booty that he had captured; on the contrary, the truce had cost him
something besides his losses, for he had given large sums of money to
Decebalus on the spot as well as artisans of every trade pertaining to
both peace and war, and had promised to keep on giving large sums in
the future. The exhibits which he displayed really came from the store
of imperial furniture, which he at all times treated as captured
spoils, inasmuch as he had enslaved even the empire itself.
So many honours were voted to him that almost the whole world (so far
as it was under his dominion) was filled with his images and statues
constructed of both silver and gold. He also gave a very costly
spectacle, in regard to which we have noted nothing that was worthy of
historic record except that maidens contended in the foot-race. After
this, in the course of holding what purported to be triumphal
celebrations, he arranged numerous contests. In the Circus, for
example, he exhibited battles of infantry against infantry and again
battles between cavalry, and in a new place he produced a naval battle.
At this last event practically all the combatants and many of the
spectators as well perished. For, though a heavy rain and violent storm
came up suddenly, he nevertheless permitted no one to leave the
spectacle; and though he himself changed his clothing to thick woollen
cloaks, he would not allow the others to change their attire, so that
not a few fell sick and died. By way, no doubt, of consoling the people
for this, he provided for them at public expense a dinner lasting all
night. Often he would conduct the games also at night, and sometimes he
would pit dwarfs and women against each other.
At this time, then, he feasted the populace as described; and on
another occasion he entertained the foremost men among the senators and
knights in the following fashion. He prepared a room that was pitch
black on every side, ceiling, walls and floor, and had made ready bare
couches of the same colour resting on the uncovered floor; then he
invited in his guests alone at night without their attendants. And
first he set beside each of them a slab shaped like a gravestone,
bearing the guest's name and also a small lamp, such as hang in tombs.
Next comely naked boys, likewise painted black, entered like phantoms,
and after encircling the guests in an awe-inspiring dance took up their
stations at their feet. After this all the things that are commonly
offered at the sacrifices to departed spirits were likewise set before
the guests, all of them black and in dishes of a similar colour.
Consequently, every single one of the guests feared and trembled and
was kept in constant expectation of having his throat cut the next
moment, the more so as on the part of everybody but Domitian there was
dead silence, as if they were already in the realms of the dead, and
the emperor himself conversed only upon topics relating to death and
slaughter. Finally he dismissed them; but he had first removed their
slaves, who had stood in the vestibule, and now gave his guests in
charge of other slaves, whom they did not know, to be conveyed either
in carriages or litters, and by this procedure he filled them with far
greater fear. And scarcely had each guest reached his home and was
beginning to get his breath again, as one might say, when word was
brought him that a messenger from the Augustus had come. While they
were accordingly expecting to perish this time in any case, one person
brought in the slab, which was of silver, and then others in turn
brought in various articles, including the dishes that had been set
before them at the dinner, which were constructed of very costly
material; and last of all came that particular boy who had been each
guest's familiar spirit, now washed and adopted. Thus, after having
passed the entire night in terror, they received the gifts.
Thus was the triumphal celebration, or, as the crowd put it, such was
the funeral banquet that Domitian held for those who had died in Dacia
and in Rome. Even at this time, too, he slew some of the foremost men.
And in the case of a certain man who buried the body of one of the
victims, he deprived him of his property because it was on his estate
that the victim had died.
Other events worth recording that took place in the Dacian War are as
follows. Julianus, who was appointed by the emperor to conduct the war,
made many excellent regulations, one being his order that the soldiers
should inscribe their own names as well as those of their centurions
upon their shields, in order that those of their number who should
perform any particularly good or base deed might be more readily
recognized. He encountered the enemy at Tapae, and slew great numbers
of them. One of them, Vezinas, who ranked next to Decebalus, finding
that he could not get away alive, fell down purposely, as if dead; in
this manner he escaped notice and fled during the night. Decebalus,
fearing that the Romans, now that they had conquered, would proceed
against his royal residence, cut down the trees that were on the site
and put armour on the trunks, in order that the Romans might take them
for soldiers and so be frightened and withdraw; and this actually
happened.
Chariomerus, the king of the Cherusci, had been driven out of his
kingdom by the Chatti on account of his friendship for the Romans. At
first he gathered some companions and was successful in his attempt to
return; but later he was deserted by these men when he sent hostages to
the Romans, and so became the suppliant of Domitian. He did not secure
any military support but received money.
A certain Antonius, who was governor of Germany at this period,
revolted against Domitian; but Lucius Maximus overcame him and
destroyed him. Now so far as this victory was concerned Maximus does
not deserve any particular praise (for many others have won unexpected
victories, and moreover his troops contributed to his success), but for
his action in burning all the papers that were found in the chests of
Antonius, thus esteeming his own safety as of slight importance in
comparison with the preventing of their use for the purpose of
blackmailing anyone, I do not see how I can praise him enough.
Domitian, however, as he had got a pretext from that source, proceeded
to commit a series of murders even without the papers in question, and
it would be impossible to say how many he killed.
It would be impossible to discover the total number of those who were
executed by Domitian. Indeed, he condemned himself so severely for this
course that, in order to prevent any remembrance of those who were put
to death from surviving, he prohibited the entering of their names in
the records. Furthermore, he did not even send any communication to the
senate regarding those who had been put out of the way, though he sent
their heads as well as that of Antonius to Rome and caused them to be
exposed in the Forum.
One young man, Julius Calvaster, who had served as military tribune as
a stepping-stone to the senate, was saved in a most extraordinary way.
When it was being shown that he had had frequent meetings alone with
Antonius, and he had no other way to free himself from the charge of
conspiracy, he declared that he had met him for amorous intercourse;
and in fact he was of an appearance to inspire passion. Thus he was
acquitted. I will relate one more incident of this period, as follows,
and then desist. Lusianus Proclus, an aged senator, who spent most of
his time in the country, had set out with Domitian from Rome, feeling
constrained to do so, that he might not appear to have deserted him in
his peril and so be put to death. But when the news came, he said: "You
have conquered, emperor, as I always prayed; restore me, therefore, to
my country estate." Therefore he left him and retired to his farm; and
after this, though he survived a long time, he never came near him.
During this period some persons made a business of smearing needles
with poison and then pricking with them whomsoever they would. Many
persons who were thus attacked died without even knowing the cause, but
many of the murderers were informed against and punished. And this sort
of thing happened not only in Rome but over practically the whole world.
The same portents are said to have appeared to Ulpius Trajan and to
Acilius Glabrio when they entered upon the consulship at this time; to
Glabrio they announced destruction, but to Trajan his assumption of the
imperial office.
Many men and women alike among the wealthy were punished for adultery;
some of these women had been debauched by Domitian himself. Many
persons were also fined or put to death on other charges. Thus, a woman
was tried and put to death because she had undressed in front of an
image of Domitian, and a man for having associated with astrologers.
Among the many who perished at this time was Mettius Pompusianus, whom
Vespasian had failed to harm after learning from some report that he
would one day be sovereign, but on the contrary had shown him honour,
declaring: "He will surely remember me and will surely honour me in
return." But Domitian first exiled him to Corsica and now put him to
death, one of the complaints against him being that he had a map of the
world painted on the walls of his bed-chamber, and another complaint
being that he had excerpted and was wont to read the speeches of kings
and other leaders that are recorded in Livy. Also Maternus, a sophist,
was put out of the way because in a practice speech he had something
against tyrants. The emperor himself used to visit those who were
expecting to accuse or to give evidence of guilt and he would help to
frame and compose all that required to be said. Often, too, he would
talk to the prisoners alone, while holding their chains in his hands;
for he would not entrust to others the knowledge of what was going to
be said, and as for the accused, he feared them even in their bonds.
In Moesia the Lygians, having become involved in war with some of the
Suebi, sent envoys asking Domitian for aid. And they obtained a force
that was strong, not in numbers, but in dignity; for a hundred knights
alone were sent to help them. The Suebi, indignant at his giving help,
attached to themselves some Iazyges and were making their preparations
to cross the Ister with them.
Masyus, king of the Semnones, and Ganna, a virgin who was priestess in
Germany, having succeeded Veleda, came to Domitian and after being
honoured by him returned home.
As censor, likewise, his behaviour was noteworthy. He expelled
Caecilius Rufinus from the senate because he acted pantomimes, and rest
Claudius Pacatus, though an ex-centurion, to his master, because he was
proved to be a slave. But the deeds now to be related — deeds which he
performed as emperor — cannot be described in similar terms. I refer to
his killing of Arulenus Rusticus because he was a philosopher and
because he called Thrasea holy, and to his slaying of Herennius Senecio
because in his long career he had stood for no office after his
quaestorship and because he had written the biography of Helvidius
Priscus. Many others also perished as a result of this same charge of
philosophizing, and all the philosophers that were left in Rome were
banished once more. One Juventius Celsus, however, who had taken a
leading part in conspiring with certain others against Domitian and had
been accused of this, saved his life in a remarkable way. When he was
on the point of being condemned, he begged that he might speak to the
emperor in private, and thereupon did obeisance before him and after
repeatedly calling him "master" and "god" (terms that were already
being applied to him by others), he said: "I have done not of this
sort, but if I obtain a respite, I will pry into everything and will
not only bring information against many persons for you but also secure
their conviction." He was released on this condition, but did not
report any one; instead, by adding different excuses at different
times, he lived until the death of Domitian.
At this time the road leading from Sinuessa to Puteoli was paved with
stone. And the same year Domitian slew, along with many others, Flavius
Clemens the consul, although he was a cousin and had to wife Flavia
Domitilla, who was also a relative of the emperor's. The charge brought
against them both was that of atheism, a charge on which many others
who drifted into Jewish ways were condemned. Some of these were put to
death, and the rest were at least deprived of their property. Domitilla
was merely banished to Pandateria. But Glabrio, who had been Trajan's
colleague in the consulship, was put to death, having been accused of
the same crimes as most of the others, and, in particular, of fighting
as a gladiator with wild beasts. Indeed, his prowess in the arena was
the chief cause of the emperor's anger against him, an anger prompted
by jealousy. For in Glabrio's consulship Domitian had summoned him to
his Alban estate to attend the festival called the Juvenalia and had
imposed on him the task of killing a large lion; and Glabrio not only
had escaped all injury but had despatched the lion with most accurate
aim.
As a consequence of his cruelty the emperor was suspicious of all
mankind, and from now on ceased to repose hopes of safety in either the
freedmen or yet the prefects, whom he usually caused to be brought to
trail during their very term of office. He had first banished and now
slew Epaphroditus, Nero's freedman, accusing him of having failed to
defend Nero; for he wished by the vengeance that he took on Nero's
behalf to terrify his own freedmen long in advance, so that they should
venture no similar deed. Yet it availed him naught, for he became the
object of a conspiracy in the following year, and perished in the
consulship of Gaius Valens (who died after entering upon the consulship
in his 90o year) and of Gaius Antistius.
Those who attacked him and planned the deed were Parthenius, his
chamberlain, although he had been so highly honoured by the emperor as
to be allowed to wear a sword, and Sigerus, who was also one of the
chamberlains, together with Entellus, who was in charge of petitions,
and Stephanus, a freedman. The plot was not unknown to Domitia, the
emperor's wife, nor to the prefect Norbanus, nor to the latter's
colleague, Petronius Secundus; at least, this is the tradition. For
Domitia was ever an object of Domitian's hatred and consequently she
stood in terror of her life; and the others no longer loved him, some
of them because complaints had been lodged against them and others
because they were expecting complaints to be lodged. For my part, I
have heard also the following account — that Domitian, having become
suspicious of these persons, conceived the desire to kill them all at
the same time, and wrote their names on a two-leaved tablet of
linden-wood, which he placed under his pillow on the couch on which he
was wont to take his rest; and one of the naked "whispering" boys
filched it away while the emperor was asleep in the day-time and kept
it without knowing what it contained. Domitia then chanced upon it, and
reading what was written, gave information of the matter to those
concerned. Accordingly they hastened the plot which they already were
forming; yet they did not proceed to carry it out until they had
determined who was to succeed to the imperial office. They discussed
the matter with various men, and when none of them would accept it (for
all were afraid of them, believing that they were testing their
loyalty), they betook themselves to Nerva. For he was at once of the
noblest birth and of a most amiable nature, and he had furthermore been
in peril of his life as the result of being denounced by astrologers
who declared that he should be sovereign. It was this last circumstance
that made it easier for them to persuade him to accept the imperial
power. Domitian, of course, had not failed to take careful note of the
days and the hours when the foremost men had been born, and in
consequence was destroying in advance not a few of those who were not
even hoping for the attainment of power; and he would have slain Nerva,
had not one of the astrologers who was friendly to the latter declared
that the man would die within a few days. And so Domitian, believing
that this would really come to pass, did not wish to be guilty of this
additional murder, since Nerva was to die so soon in any case.
Since no event of such magnitude happens unforeseen, various
unfavourable omens occurred in the case of Domitian. Among other things
he himself dreamed that Rusticus approached him with a sword, and that
Minerva, whose statue he kept in his bed-chamber, had thrown away her
weapons, and, mounted upon a chariot drawn by black horses, was
plunging into an abyss. But the most remarkable circumstance of all was
the following. Larginus Proculus, having publicly announced in the
province of Germany that the emperor would die on the day when he
actually did die, had been sent on to Rome by the governor, and when
brought before Domitian ad again declared that it should so come to
pass. He was accordingly condemned to death, but his execution was
postponed in order that he might die after the emperor had escaped the
danger; but in the meantime Domitian was slain, and so Proculus' life
was saved and he received 400,000 sesterces from Nerva. Some one else,
also, had told Domitian on a previous occasion both the time and the
manner of his death, and then, upon being asked what manner of death
he, the prophet, should meet, had replied that he should be devoured by
dogs. Thereupon command was given that he should be burned alive, and
the fire was applied to him; but just then there was a great downpour
of rain, the pyre was extinguished, and later dogs found him lying upon
it with his hands bound behind him and tore him to pieces.
I have one more astonishing fact to record, which I shall give after
describing Domitian's end. As soon as he rose to leave the court-room
and was ready to take his afternoon rest, as was his cut, first
Parthenius removed the blade from the sword which always lay under his
pillow, so that Domitian should not have the use of it, and then he
sent in Stephanus, who was stronger than the others. Stephanus smote
Domitian, and though it was not a fatal blow, the emperor was
nevertheless knocked to the ground, where he lay prostrate. Then,
fearing that he might escape, Parthenius rushed in, or, as some
believe, he sent in Maximus, a freedman. Thus not only was Domitian
murdered, but Stephanus, too, perished when those who had not shared in
the conspiracy made a concerted rush upon him.
The matter of which I spoke, saying that it surprises me more than
anything else, is this. A certain Apollonius of Tyana on that very day
and at that very hour when Domitian was being murdered (as was
afterwards accurately determined by events that happened in both
places) mounted a lofty rock at Ephesus (or possibly it was somewhere
else) and having called together the populace, uttered these words:
"Good, Stephanus! Bravo, Stephanus! Smite the bloodthirsty wretch! You
have struck, you have wounded, you have slain." This is what actually
happened, though one should doubt it ten thousand times over. Domitian
had lived forty-four years, ten months and twenty-six days, and had
reigned fifteen years and five days. His body was stolen away and was
buried by his nurse Phyllis.
End of Etext Cassius Dio Roman History Epitome of Book LXVII
Return to www.BrainFly.Net